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Cacheiro-Llaguno C, Hernández-Subirá E, Díaz-Muñoz MD, Fresno M, Serrador JM, Íñiguez MA. Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Human T Cells by Glucocorticoid Receptor-Mediated Transrepression of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13275. [PMID: 36362060 PMCID: PMC9653600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the key enzyme in prostanoid synthesis from arachidonic acid (AA). Two isoforms, named COX-1 and COX-2, are expressed in mammalian tissues. The expression of COX-2 isoform is induced by several stimuli including cytokines and mitogens, and this induction is inhibited by glucocorticoids (GCs). We have previously shown that the transcriptional induction of COX-2 occurs early after T cell receptor (TCR) triggering, suggesting functional implications of this enzyme in T cell activation. Here, we show that dexamethasone (Dex) inhibits nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-mediated COX-2 transcriptional induction upon T cell activation. This effect is dependent on the presence of the GC receptor (GR), but independent of a functional DNA binding domain, as the activation-deficient GRLS7 mutant was as effective as the wild-type GR in the repression of NFAT-dependent transcription. Dex treatment did not disturb NFAT dephosphorylation, but interfered with activation mediated by the N-terminal transactivation domain (TAD) of NFAT, thus pointing to a negative cross-talk between GR and NFAT at the nuclear level. These results unveil the ability of GCs to interfere with NFAT activation and the induction of pro-inflammatory genes such as COX-2, and explain some of their immunomodulatory properties in activated human T cells.
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Shen T, Yue C, Wang X, Wang Z, Wu Y, Zhao C, Chang P, Sun X, Wang W. NFATc1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and facilitates colorectal cancer metastasis by targeting SNAI1. Exp Cell Res 2021; 408:112854. [PMID: 34597678 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic recurrence remains a major cause of colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality. In this study, we investigated the mechanistic role of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) in CRC metastasis. First, we explored the potential role of NFATc1 in CRC using bioinformatics and hypothesized that NFATc1 might play different roles at different stages of CRC development. Then, we examined the relative expression of NFATc1 in 25 CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues, and further analyzed the correlation between NFATc1 expression levels and clinical stages in 120 CRC patients. The role of NFATc1 in CRC metastasis and the molecular mechanisms were investigated in both in vitro and in vivo models. Our results showed that the expression of NFATc1 was increased in metastatic CRC tissues and positively associated with clinical stages (stage I vs. stage II, III or IV) of CRC. Overexpression of NFATc1 promoted CRC cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, SNAI1 was verified as the direct transcriptional target of NFATc1 and interacted with SLUG to promote EMT. Remarkably, our lung and liver metastasis mouse model demonstrated that NFATc1 overexpression accelerated CRC metastasis, and treatment with FK506, a calcineurin-NFAT pathway inhibitor, could suppress CRC metastasis in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that NFATc1 could transcriptionally activate SNAI1, which in turn interacts with SLUG to mediate EMT to promote CRC metastasis. Thus, making NFATc1 a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Shen
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chenyang Yue
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xingjie Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zijun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yunhua Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chenye Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pengkang Chang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Shin N, Jung N, Lee SE, Kong D, Kim NG, Kook MG, Park H, Choi SW, Lee S, Kang KS. Pimecrolimus interferes the therapeutic efficacy of human mesenchymal stem cells in atopic dermatitis by regulating NFAT-COX2 signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:482. [PMID: 34454603 PMCID: PMC8399851 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) therapy has recently been considered a promising treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD) due to their immunomodulation and tissue regeneration ability. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that hMSCs alleviate allergic inflammation in murine AD model by inhibiting the activation of mast cells and B cells. Also our phase I/IIa clinical trial showed clinical efficacy and safety of hMSCs in moderate-to-severe adult AD patients. However, hMSCs therapy against atopic dermatitis have had poor results in clinical field. Therefore, we investigated the reason behind this result. We hypothesized that drug–cell interaction could interfere with the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells, and investigated whether coadministration with pimecrolimus, one of the topical calcineurin inhibitors, could influence the therapeutic potential of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) in AD. Methods hUCB-MSCs were subcutaneously injected to AD-induced mice with or without pimecrolimus topical application. To examine whether pimecrolimus influenced the immunomodulatory activity of hUCB-MSCs, hUCB-MSCs were treated with pimecrolimus. Results Pimecrolimus disturbed the therapeutic effect of hUCB-MSCs when they were co-administered in murine AD model. Moreover, the inhibitory functions of hUCB-MSCs against type 2 helper T (Th2) cell differentiation and mast cell activation were also deteriorated by pimecrolimus treatment. Interestingly, we found that pimecrolimus decreased the production of PGE2, one of the most critical immunomodulatory factors in hUCB-MSCs. And we demonstrated that pimecrolimus downregulated COX2-PGE2 axis by inhibiting nuclear translocation of NFAT3. Conclusions Coadministration of pimecrolimus with hMSCs could interfere with the therapeutic efficacy of hMSCs in atopic dermatitis, and this is the first study that figured out the interaction of hMSCs with other drugs in cell therapy of atopic dermatitis. Therefore, this study might give rise to improvement of the clinical application of hMSCs therapy and facilitate the widespread application of hMSCs in clinical field. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02547-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nari Shin
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhee Jung
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co. Ltd., Ace Highend Tower 8, 84, Gasan digital 1-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08590, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Lee
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Kong
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Gyo Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Geun Kook
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwanhee Park
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co. Ltd., Ace Highend Tower 8, 84, Gasan digital 1-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08590, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Won Choi
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co. Ltd., Ace Highend Tower 8, 84, Gasan digital 1-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08590, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Hudson L, Begg M, Wright B, Cheek T, Jahoda CAB, Reynolds NJ. Dominant effect of gap junction communication in wound-induced calcium-wave, NFAT activation and wound closure in keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:8171-8183. [PMID: 34180060 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wounding induces a calcium wave and disrupts the calcium gradient across the epidermis but mechanisms mediating calcium and downstream signalling, and longer-term wound healing responses are incompletely understood. As expected, live-cell confocal imaging of Fluo-4-loaded normal human keratinocytes showed an immediate increase in [Ca2+ ]i at the wound edge that spread as a calcium wave (8.3 µm/s) away from the wound edge with gradually diminishing rate of rise and amplitude. The amplitude and area under the curve of [Ca2+ ]i flux was increased in high (1.2 mM) [Ca2+ ]o media. 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (18αGA), a gap-junction inhibitor or hexokinase, an ATP scavenger, blocked the wound-induced calcium wave, dependent in part on [Ca2+ ]o . Wounding in a high [Ca2+ ]o increased nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) but not NFkB activation, assessed by dual-luciferase receptor assays compared to unwounded cells. Treatment with 18αGA or the store-operated channel blocker GSK-7975A inhibited wound-induced NFAT activation, whereas treatment with hexokinase did not. Real-time cell migration analysis, measuring wound closure rates over 24 h, revealed that 18αGA essentially blocked wound closure whereas hexokinase and GSK-7975A showed relatively minimal effects. Together these data indicate that while both gap-junction communication and ATP release from damaged cells are important in regulating the wound-induced calcium wave, long-term transcriptional and functional responses are dominantly regulated by gap-junction communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hudson
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Malcolm Begg
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK
| | - Blythe Wright
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tim Cheek
- Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Nick J Reynolds
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Zidane M, Truong T, Lesueur F, Xhaard C, Cordina-Duverger E, Boland A, Blanché H, Ory C, Chevillard S, Deleuze JF, Souchard V, Ren Y, Zemmache MZ, Canale S, Borson-Chazot F, Schvartz C, Mariné Barjoan E, Guizard AV, Laurent-Puig P, Mulot C, Guibon J, Karimi M, Schlumberger M, Adjadj E, Rubino C, Guenel P, Cazier JB, de Vathaire F. Role of DNA Repair Variants and Diagnostic Radiology Exams in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis of Two Case-Control Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:1208-1217. [PMID: 33827984 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the increased use and diversity of diagnostic procedures, it is important to understand genetic susceptibility to radiation-induced thyroid cancer. METHODS On the basis of self-declared diagnostic radiology examination records in addition to existing literature, we estimated the radiation dose delivered to the thyroid gland from diagnostic procedures during childhood and adulthood in two case-control studies conducted in France. A total of 1,071 differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) cases and 1,188 controls from the combined studies were genotyped using a custom-made Illumina OncoArray DNA chip. We focused our analysis on variants in genes involved in DNA damage response and repair pathways, representing a total of 5,817 SNPs in 571 genes. We estimated the OR per milli-Gray (OR/mGy) of the radiation dose delivered to the thyroid gland using conditional logistic regression. We then used an unconditional logistic regression model to assess the association between DNA repair gene variants and DTC risk. We performed a meta-analysis of the two studies. RESULTS The OR/mGy was 1.02 (95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.03). We found significant associations between DTC and rs7164173 in CHD2 (P = 5.79 × 10-5), rs6067822 in NFATc2 (P = 9.26 × 10-5), rs1059394 and rs699517 both in ENOSF1/THYS, rs12702628 in RPA3, and an interaction between rs7068306 in MGMT and thyroid radiation doses (P = 3.40 × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a role for variants in CDH2, NFATc2, ENOSF1/THYS, RPA3, and MGMT in DTC risk. IMPACT CDH2, NFATc2, ENOSF1/THYS, and RPA3 have not previously been shown to be associated with DTC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Zidane
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), 94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud Orsay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Thérèse Truong
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), 94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud Orsay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Fabienne Lesueur
- Inserm, U900, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Mines ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Constance Xhaard
- INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC-P 1433, CHRU Nancy, France
- INSERM U1116, FCRIN INI-CRCT, Lorraine Université, Nancy, France
| | - Emilie Cordina-Duverger
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), 94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud Orsay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Hélène Blanché
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), Paris, France
- Laboratory of Excellence GENMED (Medical Genomics)
| | - Catherine Ory
- CEA, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, iRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale (LCE), Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sylvie Chevillard
- CEA, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, iRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale (LCE), Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), Paris, France
- Laboratory of Excellence GENMED (Medical Genomics)
| | - Vincent Souchard
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), 94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud Orsay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Yan Ren
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), 94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud Orsay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Mohammed Zakarya Zemmache
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), 94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud Orsay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Françoise Borson-Chazot
- Rhône-Alpes Thyroid Cancer Registry, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286), RTH Laennec Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Lyon
| | - Claire Schvartz
- Thyroid Cancer Registry of Champagne-Ardennes, Institut Jean Godinot, Reims, Cancer Registry of Isère, Meylan
| | | | - Anne-Valérie Guizard
- Registre Général des Tumeurs du Calvados, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France
- U1086 INSERM-UCN "ANTICIPE," Caen, France
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, EPIGENETEC, Paris, France
| | - Claire Mulot
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, EPIGENETEC, Paris, France
| | - Julie Guibon
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), 94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud Orsay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Inserm, U900, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Mines ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Mojgan Karimi
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), 94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud Orsay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Martin Schlumberger
- Université Paris-Sud Orsay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Elizabeth Adjadj
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Carole Rubino
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), 94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud Orsay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Pascal Guenel
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), 94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud Orsay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Cazier
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Florent de Vathaire
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), 94800 Villejuif, France.
- Université Paris-Sud Orsay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Do NQ, Zheng S, Park B, Nguyen QTN, Choi BR, Fang M, Kim M, Jeong J, Choi J, Yang SJ, Yi TH. Camu-Camu Fruit Extract Inhibits Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses by Regulating NFAT and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways in High Glucose-Induced Human Keratinocytes. Molecules 2021; 26:3174. [PMID: 34073317 PMCID: PMC8198278 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myrciaria dubia (HBK) McVaugh (camu-camu) belongs to the family Myrtaceae. Although camu-camu has received a great deal of attention for its potential pharmacological activities, there is little information on the anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects of camu-camu fruit in skin diseases. In the present study, we investigated the preventative effect of 70% ethanol camu-camu fruit extract against high glucose-induced human keratinocytes. High glucose-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was inhibited by camu-camu fruit treatment. In response to ROS reduction, camu-camu fruit modulated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling pathways related to inflammation by downregulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, camu-camu fruit treatment activated the expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and subsequently increased the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1) expression to protect keratinocytes against high-glucose-induced oxidative stress. These results indicate that camu-camu fruit is a promising material for preventing oxidative stress and skin inflammation induced by high glucose level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Quynh Do
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Shengdao Zheng
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Bom Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Quynh T. N. Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Bo-Ram Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea;
| | - Minzhe Fang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Minseon Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
- Snow White Factory Co., Ltd., 807 Nonhyeonro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06032, Korea;
| | - Jeehaeng Jeong
- Snow White Factory Co., Ltd., 807 Nonhyeonro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06032, Korea;
| | - Junhui Choi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Su-Jin Yang
- Gu Star Co., Ltd., 7/F, Cheongho B/D, 19, Eonju-ro 148-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06054, Korea;
| | - Tae-Hoo Yi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
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7
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Dulong J, Kouakou C, Mesloub Y, Rorteau J, Moratille S, Chevalier FP, Vinasco-Sandoval T, Martin MT, Lamartine J. NFATC2 Modulates Radiation Sensitivity in Dermal Fibroblasts From Patients With Severe Side Effects of Radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:589168. [PMID: 33392083 PMCID: PMC7772431 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.589168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that 5 to 15% of radiotherapy patients exhibit severe side-effects in non-cancerous tissues, the molecular mechanisms involved are still poorly known, and the links between cellular and tissue radiosensitivity are still debated. We here studied fibroblasts from non-irradiated skin of patients with severe sequelae of radiotherapy, to determine whether specific basal cell activities might be involved in susceptibility to side-effects in normal tissues. Compared to control cells, patient fibroblasts exhibited higher radiosensitivity together with defects in DNA repair. Transcriptome profiling of dermal fibroblasts from 16 radiotherapy patients with severe side-effects and 8 healthy individuals identified 540 genes specifically deregulated in the patients. Nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFATC2) was the most differentially expressed gene, poorly expressed at both transcript and protein level, whereas the NFATC2 gene region was hypermethylated. Furthermore, NFATC2 expression correlated with cell survival after irradiation. Finally, silencing NFATC2 in normal cells by RNA interference led to increased cellular radiosensitivity and defects in DNA repair. This study demonstrates that patients with clinical hypersensitivity also exhibit intrinsic cellular radiosensitivity in their normal skin cells. It further reveals a new role for NFATC2 as a potential regulator of cellular sensitivity to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Dulong
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR5305, University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon I, IBCP, Lyon, France
| | - Clara Kouakou
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR5305, University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon I, IBCP, Lyon, France
| | - Yasmina Mesloub
- CEA, Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, DRF/IBFJ/iRCM, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Julie Rorteau
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR5305, University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon I, IBCP, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Moratille
- CEA, Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, DRF/IBFJ/iRCM, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Fabien P. Chevalier
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR5305, University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon I, IBCP, Lyon, France
| | - Tatiana Vinasco-Sandoval
- CEA, Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, DRF/IBFJ/iRCM, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Michèle T. Martin
- CEA, Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, DRF/IBFJ/iRCM, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Jérôme Lamartine
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR5305, University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon I, IBCP, Lyon, France
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8
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The constitutive activity of the viral-encoded G protein-coupled receptor US28 supports a complex signalling network contributing to cancer development. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:1493-1504. [PMID: 32779712 PMCID: PMC7458396 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
US28 is a viral G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). This receptor, expressed both during lytic replication and viral latency, is required for latency. US28 is binding to a wide variety of chemokines but also exhibits a particularly high constitutive activity robustly modulating a wide network of cellular pathways altering the host cell environment to benefit HCMV infection. Several studies suggest that US28-mediated signalling may contribute to cancer progression. In this review, we discuss the unique structural characteristics that US28 acquired through evolution that confer a robust constitutive activity to this viral receptor. We also describe the wide downstream signalling network activated by this constitutive activation of US28 and discuss how these signalling pathways may promote and support important cellular aspects of cancer.
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9
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Liu XY, Xiao YK, Hwang E, Haeng JJ, Yi TH. Antiphotoaging and Antimelanogenesis Properties of Ginsenoside C-Y, a Ginsenoside Rb2 Metabolite from American Ginseng PDD-ginsenoside. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1412-1423. [PMID: 31074886 DOI: 10.1111/php.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are compounds responsible for the primary pharmacological effects of American ginseng. Compound-Y (C-Y) is a minor ginsenoside and a metabolite of Panax ginseng. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of ginsenoside UVB-irradiated NHDFs and its potential for use as an antihyperpigmentation agent through ginsenoside C-Y as a functional food and cosmetic ingredient. Ginsenoside C-Y is a natural antioxidant isolated from the American ginseng PDD-ginsenoside. Our data showed that ginsenoside C-Y block UVB-exposed ROS, restrict MMP-1 production and promote procollagen type I synthesis. Interestingly, ginsenoside C-Y suppresses UVB-exposed VEGF, and TNF-α secretion, could be related with NFAT signal path. Ginsenoside C-Y has exhibited photoaging effects by increasing TGF-β1 level, fortifying Nrf2 nuclear translocation and restricting AP-1 and MAPK phosphorylation. Assessment of the melanogenic response indicated that ginsenoside C-Y inhibited melanin secretion and tyrosinase activity and decreased melanin content in Melan-a and zebrafish embryos. These results suggest that ginsenoside C-Y can be used as a potential botanical agent to protect premature skin from UVB-induced photodamage and prevent skin hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Liu
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yong-Kun Xiao
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Eunson Hwang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | | | - Tae-Hoo Yi
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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10
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Role of PGE-2 and Other Inflammatory Mediators in Skin Aging and Their Inhibition by Topical Natural Anti-Inflammatories. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin aging is due to two types of aging processes, “intrinsic” (chronological) aging and “extrinsic” (external factor mediated) aging. While inflammatory events, triggered mainly by sun exposure, but also by pollutants, smoking and stress, are the principle cause of rapid extrinsic aging, inflammation also plays a key role in intrinsic aging. Inflammatory events in the skin lead to a reduction in collagen gene activity but an increase in activity of the genes for matrix metalloproteinases. Inflammation also alters proliferation rates of cells in all skin layers, causes thinning of the epidermis, a flattening of the dermo-epidermal junction, an increase in irregular pigment production, and, finally, an increased incidence of skin cancer. While a large number of inflammatory mediators, including IL-1, TNF-alpha and PGE-2, are responsible for many of these damaging effects, this review will focus primarily on the role of PGE-2 in aging. Levels of this hormone-like mediator increase quickly when skin is exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), causing changes in genes needed for normal skin structure and function. Further, PGE-2 levels in the skin gradually increase with age, regardless of whether or not the skin is protected from UVR, and this smoldering inflammation causes continuous damage to the dermal matrix. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, PGE-2 is strongly linked to skin cancer. This review will focus on: (1) the role of inflammation, and particularly the role of PGE-2, in accelerating skin aging, and (2) current research on natural compounds that inhibit PGE-2 production and how these can be developed into topical products to retard or even reverse the aging process, and to prevent skin cancer.
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11
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Hwang E, Gao W, Xiao Y, Ngo HTT, Yi T. Helianthus annuus
L. flower prevents UVB‐induced photodamage in human dermal fibroblasts by regulating the MAPK/AP‐1, NFAT, and Nrf2 signaling pathways. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:601-612. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunson Hwang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University Giheung‐gu Yongin‐si Gyeonggi‐do South Korea
| | - Wei Gao
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University Giheung‐gu Yongin‐si Gyeonggi‐do South Korea
| | - Yong‐kun Xiao
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University Giheung‐gu Yongin‐si Gyeonggi‐do South Korea
- Tianjin Ginkingsen Health Technology Co., Ltd Binhai Gaoxin Tianjin China
| | - Hien T. T. Ngo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University Giheung‐gu Yongin‐si Gyeonggi‐do South Korea
| | - Tae‐Hoo Yi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University Giheung‐gu Yongin‐si Gyeonggi‐do South Korea
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12
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Ultraviolet light-induced gasdermin C expression is mediated via TRPV1/calcium/calcineurin/NFATc1 signaling. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2859-2866. [PMID: 30226565 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermin (GSDM)‑C is a member of the GSDM gene family and is expressed in the epithelial cells of various tissue types, including skin. GSDMC expression is induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and contributes to UV‑induced matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression in human skin keratinocytes. However, how UV irradiation induces GSDMC expression remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) and a calcium/calcineurin‑signaling pathway in UV‑induced GSDMC expression in human skin keratinocytes. Suppression of TRPV1 activity by treatment with the TRPV1 antagonists capsazepine and ruthenium red significantly reduced UV‑induced GSDMC expression, whereas direct activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin, a TRPV1 agonist, increased GSDMC expression. The results demonstrated that extracellular calcium and calcineurin activity may be necessary for UV‑induced GSDMC expression in HaCaT cells. In addition, UV‑induced GSDMC expression was either decreased or increased following knockdown or overexpression of nuclear factor of activated T‑cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), respectively. These data suggested that TRPV1 may serve an important role in the induction of GSDMC expression by UV and that UV‑induced GSDMC expression may be mediated via a calcium/calcineurin/NFATc1 pathway.
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13
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Hwang E, Ngo HT, Seo SA, Park B, Zhang M, Gao W, Hoo Yi T. Urtica thunbergiana prevents UVB-induced premature skin aging by regulating the transcription factor NFATc1: An in vitro and in vivo study. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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14
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Li L, Duan Z, Yu J, Dang HX. NFATc1 regulates cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:918-28. [PMID: 27350254 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NFATc1 (nuclear factor of activated T‑cells c1) is associated with malignancy in several cancer models. However, the expression and function of NFATc1 in ovarian cancer remain elusive. In the present study, we investigated the role of NFATc1 in human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) using human ovarian adenocarcinoma SKOV3 cells and patient characteristics. NFATc1 expression was silenced by siRNA in the SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell line and in human ovarian cancer nude mouse xenografts. Real‑time PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemical staining, MTT, flow cytometry, transwell, erasion trace and mouse assays were used to detect NFATc1 expression, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell invasion and migration, tumor growth and angiogenesis. Survival analysis was performed to assess the correlation between NFATc1 expression and survival. NFATc1 was overexpressed in the SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell line and in human serous/mucinous ovarian cancer tissues. The silencing of NFATc1 expression by siRNA reduced cell proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis in vitro and decreased the ovarian cancer cell tumorigenesis in vivo in nude mice. NFATc1 overexpression in high‑grade serous ovarian carcinomas was an independent prognostic factor of poor overall survival and of early relapse (P<0.01) in a univariate analysis. Our present data provide evidence that NFATc1 is overexpressed in human serous/mucinous ovarian cancer and is associated with a poor prognosis. NFATc1 silencing regulates the cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion and migration. NFATc1 thus has the potential to be a therapeutic target and to be used in EOC diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Department of Physical Examination, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoning Duan
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jihui Yu
- Department of Physical Examination, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Xing Dang
- Department of PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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15
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Determination of the Action Spectrum of UVR-Induced Mitochondrial DNA Damage in Human Skin Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2512-2518. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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A systems-biological study on the identification of safe and effective molecular targets for the reduction of ultraviolet B-induced skin pigmentation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10305. [PMID: 25980672 PMCID: PMC4434836 DOI: 10.1038/srep10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the process of melanin synthesis through keratinocytes-melanocytes interaction, which is triggered by the damaging effect of ultraviolet-B (UVB) rays. It is known that melanogenesis influences diverse cellular responses, including cell survival and apoptosis, via complex mechanisms of feedback and crosstalk. Therefore, an attempt to suppress melanin production by modulating the melanogenesis pathway may induce perturbations in the apoptotic balance of the cells in response to UVB irradiation, which results in various skin diseases such as melasma, vitiligo, and skin cancer. To identify such appropriate target strategies for the reduction of UVB-induced melanin synthesis, we reconstructed the melanogenesis signaling network and developed a Boolean network model. Mathematical simulations of the melanogenesis network model revealed that the inhibition of beta-catenin in the melanocytes effectively reduce melanin production while having minimal influence on the apoptotic balance of the cells. Exposing cells to a beta-catenin inhibitor decreased pigmentation but did not significantly change the B-cell Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2 expression, a potent regulator of apoptotic balance. Thus, our systems analysis suggests that the inhibition of beta-catenin may be the most appropriate target strategy for the reduction of UVB-induced skin pigmentation.
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17
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Zhang J, He S, Wang Y, Brulois K, Lan K, Jung JU, Feng P. Herpesviral G protein-coupled receptors activate NFAT to induce tumor formation via inhibiting the SERCA calcium ATPase. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004768. [PMID: 25811856 PMCID: PMC4374719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of proteins that transmit signal to regulate an array of fundamental biological processes. Viruses deploy diverse tactics to hijack and harness intracellular signaling events induced by GPCR. Herpesviruses encode multiple GPCR homologues that are implicated in viral pathogenesis. Cellular GPCRs are primarily regulated by their cognate ligands, while herpesviral GPCRs constitutively activate downstream signaling cascades, including the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway. However, the roles of NFAT activation and mechanism thereof in viral GPCR tumorigenesis remain unknown. Here we report that GPCRs of human Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kGPCR) and cytomegalovirus (US28) shortcut NFAT activation by inhibiting the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), which is necessary for viral GPCR tumorigenesis. Biochemical approaches, entailing pharmacological inhibitors and protein purification, demonstrate that viral GPCRs target SERCA2 to increase cytosolic calcium concentration. As such, NFAT activation induced by vGPCRs was exceedingly sensitive to cyclosporine A that targets calcineurin, but resistant to inhibition upstream of ER calcium release. Gene expression profiling identified a signature of NFAT activation in endothelial cells expressing viral GPCRs. The expression of NFAT-dependent genes was up-regulated in tumors derived from tva-kGPCR mouse and human KS. Employing recombinant kGPCR-deficient KSHV, we showed that kGPCR was critical for NFAT-dependent gene expression in KSHV lytic replication. Finally, cyclosporine A treatment diminished NFAT-dependent gene expression and tumor formation induced by viral GPCRs. These findings reveal essential roles of NFAT activation in viral GPCR tumorigenesis and a mechanism of “constitutive” NFAT activation by viral GPCRs. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of proteins that transmit signal across plasma membrane. Herpesviral GPCRs (vGPCRs) activate diverse signaling cascades and are implicated in viral pathogenesis (e.g., tumor development). In contrast to cellular GPCRs that are chiefly regulated via cognate ligand-association, vGPCRs are constitutively active independent of ligand-binding. vGPCRs provide useful tools to dissect signal transduction from plasma membrane receptors to nuclear transcription factors. To probe the activation of nuclear factor of T cells (NFAT), we demonstrate that vGPCRs target the ER calcium ATPase to increase cytosolic calcium concentration and activate NFAT. Inhibition of NFAT activation impairs tumor formation induced by vGPCRs, implying the antitumor therapeutic potential via disabling NFAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shanping He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Brulois
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ke Lan
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation through disturbance of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway by human herpesvirus 6B U54 tegument protein. J Virol 2014; 88:12910-4. [PMID: 25122795 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02107-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) proteins are key regulators involved in multiple physiological mechanisms, such as immune response and cell growth. The capacity of selective calcineurin/NFAT inhibitors to decrease NFAT-dependent cancer cell progression, particularly in breast cancer, has already been demonstrated. In this study, we report a role for the human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) U54 tegument protein in inhibiting MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting NFAT activation.
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19
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Hayashi S, Ueno N, Murase A, Takada J. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of novel and diverse cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors as anti-inflammatory drugs. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 29:846-67. [PMID: 24517373 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.864650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the pivotal role of cyclooxygenase (COX) in the inflammatory processes, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that suppress COX activities have been used clinically for the treatment of inflammatory diseases/syndromes; however, traditional NSAIDs exhibit serious side-effects such as gastrointestinal damage and hyper sensitivity owing to their COX-1 inhibition. Also, COX-2 inhibition-derived suppressive or preventive effects against initiation/proliferation/invasion/motility/recurrence/metastasis of various cancers/tumours such as colon, gastric, skin, lung, liver, pancreas, breast, prostate, cervical and ovarian cancers are significant. In this study, design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of various novel {2-[(2-, 3- and/or 4-substituted)-benzoyl, (bicyclic heterocycloalkanophenyl)carbonyl or cycloalkanecarbonyl]-(5- or 6-substituted)-1H-indol-3-yl}acetic acid analogues were investigated to seek and identify various chemotypes of potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, resulting in the discovery of orally potent agents in the peripheral-inflammation model rats. The SARs and physicochemical properties for the analogues are described as significant findings. For graphical abstract: see Supplementary Material. ( www.informahealthcare.com/enz ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Hayashi
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Nagoya Laboratories, Pfizer Japan Inc. , Taketoyo, Aichi , Japan
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20
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Maru GB, Gandhi K, Ramchandani A, Kumar G. The Role of Inflammation in Skin Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 816:437-69. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Gambichler T, Terras S, Skrygan M. Cyclooxygenase 2 expression and apoptosis in normal and psoriatic epidermis models exposed to salt water soaks and narrowband ultraviolet B radiation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 29:180-3. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Gambichler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - S. Terras
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - M. Skrygan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
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22
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Induction of a chloracne phenotype in an epidermal equivalent model by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is dependent on aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and is not reproduced by aryl hydrocarbon receptor knock down. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 73:10-22. [PMID: 24161567 PMCID: PMC3885976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a potent activator of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and causes chloracne in humans. The pathogenesis and role of AhR in chloracne remains incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the mechanisms contributing to the development of the chloracne-like phenotype in a human epidermal equivalent model and identify potential biomarkers. METHODS Using primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), we studied AhR activation by XRE-luciferase, AhR degradation and CYP1A1 induction. We treated epidermal equivalents with high affinity TCDD or two non-chloracnegens: β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) and 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE). Using Western blotting and immunochemistry for filaggrin (FLG), involucrin (INV) and transglutaminase-1 (TGM-1), we compared the effects of the ligands on keratinocyte differentiation and development of the chloracne-like phenotype by H&E. RESULTS In NHEKs, activation of an XRE-luciferase and CYP1A1 protein induction correlated with ligand binding affinity: TCDD>β-NF>ITE. AhR degradation was induced by all ligands. In epidermal equivalents, TCDD induced a chloracne-like phenotype, whereas β-NF or ITE did not. All three ligands induced involucrin and TGM-1 protein expression in epidermal equivalents whereas FLG protein expression decreased following treatment with TCDD and β-NF. Inhibition of AhR by α-NF blocked TCDD-induced AhR activation in NHEKs and blocked phenotypic changes in epidermal equivalents; however, AhR knock down did not reproduce the phenotype. CONCLUSION Ligand-induced CYP1A1 and AhR degradation did not correlate with their chloracnegenic potential, indicating that neither CYP1A1 nor AhR are suitable biomarkers. Mechanistic studies showed that the TCDD-induced chloracne-like phenotype depends on AhR activation whereas AhR knock down did not appear sufficient to induce the phenotype.
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23
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Tie X, Han S, Meng L, Wang Y, Wu A. NFAT1 is highly expressed in, and regulates the invasion of, glioblastoma multiforme cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66008. [PMID: 23762456 PMCID: PMC3675208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family have been identified as regulators of oncogenic transformation in several human malignancies. A prominent member of this family, NFAT1, is associated with tumor cell survival, apoptosis, migration and invasion. Here, we investigated the role of NFAT1 in glioma cells. In 111 clinical samples, microarray analysis demonstrated that NFAT1 was over-expressed in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), compared with low-grade gliomas, a result confirmed by RT-PCR in 24 clinical samples and in the U87 and U251 cell lines. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence stain indicated that over-expressed NFAT1 was mainly located in the nucleus, where it acted as a transcription factor. After treatment with the NFAT antagonist cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506, levels of NFAT1 in the nuclei of U87 GBM cells were dramatically reduced. The invasive potential of U87 cells was reduced by the same treatment, as well as by inhibition of NFAT1 expression using small hairpin RNA. Proliferation of U87 cells was unaffected by CsA, FK506 and NFAT1 shRNA transfection. Clustering analysis and Pearson correlation analysis of microarray data showed that the expression of NFAT1 correlated with the expression of the invasion-related genes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) and MMP-9, a result confirmed by in vitro analysis. These findings demonstrate that NFAT1 contributes to the invasive potential but not the proliferation of GBM cells, and suggest that CsA may find application as an adjuvant in combined treatment strategies for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Tie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sheng Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingxuan Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) is a highly effective, relatively safe, affordable and widely used therapeutic option for moderate psoriasis.
Ultraviolet B (UVB) is a highly effective, relatively safe, affordable and widely used therapeutic option for moderate psoriasis. Several types of UVB lamp are available to treat psoriasis, both broadband and narrowband, allowing a choice of spectral emission. However despite years of clinical use, the mechanism of action of UVB in clearing psoriasis remained incompletely understood. Moreover, there has been little insight into how the relative effectiveness of different UVB wavelengths linked to the mechanism of action, although it is known that the action spectrum for clearance of psoriasis differs from the action spectrum of erythema. This paper examines the existing literature from which our current treatments have evolved, and offers new insight into the use of keratinocyte apoptosis as a biomarker which may help to optimise UV treatment in the future. When combined with a systems biology approach, this potential biomarker may provide insight into which wavelengths of UV are the most effective in clearing psoriasis, allowing a more rational and potentially an individually tailored approach to optimising phototherapy for psoriasis.
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25
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Cai YQ, Chen SR, Pan HL. Upregulation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells by nerve injury contributes to development of neuropathic pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:161-8. [PMID: 23386250 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.202192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury induces long-term changes in gene expression in the nociceptive circuitry and can lead to chronic neuropathic pain. However, the transcriptional mechanism involved in neuropathic pain is poorly understood. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc) is a transcriptional factor regulated by the Ca(2+)-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin. In this study, we determined nerve injury-induced changes in the expression of NFATc1-c4 in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cords and their role in the development of neuropathic pain. The mRNA of NFATc1-c4 was detected in the rat DRG and dorsal spinal cord. Nerve injury transiently elevated NFATc1-c3 mRNA levels and persistently increased NFATc4 and C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) mRNA levels in the DRG. However, NFATc1-c4 mRNA levels in the spinal cord were not altered significantly by nerve injury. Nerve injury also significantly increased the protein level of dephosphorylated NFATc4 in the DRG. Intrathecal injection of the specific NFATc inhibitor 11R-VIVIT or the calcineurin inhibitor FK-506 (tacrolimus) early after nerve injury significantly attenuated the development of tactile allodynia. In addition, treatment with FK-506 or 11R-VIVIT significantly reduced the mRNA levels of NFATc4 and CCR2 but not large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels, in the DRG after nerve injury. Our findings suggest that peripheral nerve injury causes a time-dependent change in NFATc1-c4 expression in the DRG. Calcineurin-NFATc-mediated expression of pronociceptive cytokines contributes to the transition from acute to chronic pain after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Qing Cai
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Voskamp P, Bodmann CA, Koehl GE, Rebel HG, Van Olderen MGE, Gaumann A, El Ghalbzouri A, Tensen CP, Bavinck JNB, Willemze R, Geissler EK, De Gruijl FR. Dietary immunosuppressants do not enhance UV-induced skin carcinogenesis, and reveal discordance between p53-mutant early clones and carcinomas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 6:129-38. [PMID: 23233735 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs are thought to cause the dramatically increased risk of carcinomas in sun-exposed skin of organ transplant recipients. These drugs differ in local effects on skin. We investigated whether this local impact is predictive of skin cancer risk and may thus provide guidance on minimizing the risk. Immunosuppressants (azathioprine, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and rapamycin) were assessed on altering the UV induction of apoptosis in human skin models and of p53 mutant cell clones (putative tumor precursors) and ensuing skin carcinomas (with mutant p53) in the skin of hairless mice. Rapamycin was found to increase apoptosis (three-fold), whereas cyclosporine decreased apoptosis (three-fold). Correspondingly, a 1.5- to five-fold reduction (P = 0.07) or a two- to three-fold increase (P < 0.001) was found in cell clusters overexpressing mutant p53 in chronically UV-exposed skin of mice that had been fed rapamycin or cyclosporine, respectively. Deep sequencing showed, however, that the allelic frequency (∼5%) of the hotspot mutations in p53 (codons 270 and 275) remained unaffected. The majority of cells with mutated p53 seemed not to overexpress the mutated protein. Unexpectedly, none of the immunosuppressants admixed in high dosages to the diet accelerated tumor development, and cyclosporine even delayed tumor onset by approximately 15% (P < 0.01). Thus, in contrast to earlier findings, the frequency of p53-mutant cells was not predictive of the incidence of skin carcinoma. Moreover, the lack of any accelerative effect on tumor development suggests that immunosuppressive medication is not the sole cause of the dramatic increase in skin cancer risk in organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Voskamp
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.
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Yunis R, Albrecht H, Kalanetra KM, WU S, Rocke DM. Genomic characterization of a three-dimensional skin model following exposure to ionizing radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2012; 53:860-75. [PMID: 22915785 PMCID: PMC3483859 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrs063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at characterizing the genomic response to low versus moderate doses of ionizing radiation (LDIR versus MDIR) in a three-dimensional (3D) skin model, which exhibits a closer tissue complexity to human skin than monolayer cell cultures. EpiDermFT skin plugs were exposed to 0, 0.1 and 1 Gy doses of X-rays and harvested at 5 min, 3, 8 and 24 h post-irradiation (post-IR). RNA was interrogated for global gene expression alteration. Our results show that MDIR modulated a larger number of genes over the course of 24 h compared to LDIR. However, immediately and throughout the first 3h post-IR, LDIR modulated a larger number of genes than MDIR, mostly associated with cell-cell signaling and survival promotion. Significant modulation of pathways was detected only at 3 h post-IR in MDIR with induction of genes promoting apoptosis. Collectively, the data show different dynamics in the response to LDIR versus MDIR, especially in cell-cycle distribution. LDIR-exposed tissues showed signs of attempted cell-cycle re-entry as early as 3 h post-IR, but were arrested beyond 8 h at the G1/S checkpoint. At 24 h, cells appeared to accumulate at the G2/M checkpoint. MDIR-exposed tissues did not exhibit a prolonged G1/S arrest but rather a prolonged G2/M arrest, which was sustained at least up to 24 h. By 24 h cells exhibited signs of recovery in both LDIR- and MDIR-exposed tissues. In summary, the most pronounced difference in the initial cellular response to LDIR versus MDIR is the promotion of protection and survival in LDIR versus the promotion of apoptosis in MDIR.
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Lysophosphatidic acid promotes cell migration through STIM1- and Orai1-mediated Ca2+(i) mobilization and NFAT2 activation. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:793-802. [PMID: 23096711 PMCID: PMC3572452 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) enhances cell migration and promotes wound healing in vivo, but the intracellular signaling pathways regulating these processes remain incompletely understood. Here we investigated the involvement of agonist-induced Ca2+ entry and STIM1 and Orai1 proteins in regulating nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) signaling and LPA-induced keratinocyte cell motility. As monitored by Fluo-4 imaging, stimulation with 10 μℳ LPA in 60 μℳ Ca2+o evoked Ca2+i transients owing to store release, whereas addition of LPA in physiological 1.2 mℳ Ca2+o triggered store release coupled to extracellular Ca2+ entry. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) was blocked by the SOCE inhibitor diethylstilbestrol (DES), STIM1 silencing using RNA interference (RNAi), and expression of dominant/negative Orai1R91W. LPA induced significant NFAT activation as monitored by nuclear translocation of green fluorescent protein-tagged NFAT2 and a luciferase reporter assay, which was impaired by DES, expression of Orai1R91W, and inhibition of calcineurin using cyclosporin A (CsA). By using chemotactic migration assays, LPA-induced cell motility was significantly impaired by STIM1, CsA, and NFAT2 knockdown using RNAi. These data indicate that in conditions relevant to epidermal wound healing, LPA induces SOCE and NFAT activation through Orai1 channels and promotes cell migration through a calcineurin/NFAT2-dependent pathway.
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Zuo Z, Ouyang W, Li J, Costa M, Huang C. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mediates arsenite inhibition of UVB-induced cellular apoptosis in mouse epidermal Cl41 cells. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2012; 12:607-16. [PMID: 22463588 DOI: 10.2174/156800912801784802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is an environmental human carcinogen, and has been shown to act as a co-carcinogen with solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation in mouse skin tumor induction even at low concentrations. However, the precise mechanism of its co-carcinogenic action is largely unknown. Apoptosis plays an essential role as a protective mechanism against neoplastic development in the organism by eliminating genetically damaged cells. Thus, suppression of apoptosis is thought to contribute to carcinogenesis. It is known that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) can promote carcinogenesis by inhibiting cell apoptosis under stress conditions; and our current studies investigated the potential contribution of COX-2 to the inhibitory effect of arsenite in UV-induced cell apoptosis in mouse epidermal Cl41 cells. We found that treatment of cells with low concentration (5 μM) arsenite attenuated cellular apoptosis upon UVB radiation accompanied with a coinductive effect on COX-2 expression and nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) transactivation. Our results also showed that the COX-2 induction by arsenite and UVB depended on an NFκB pathway because COX-2 co-induction could be attenuated in either p65-deficient or p50-deficient cells. Moreover, UVB-induced cell apoptosis could be dramatically reduced by the introduction of exogenous COX-2 expression, whereas the inhibitory effect of arsenite on UVB-induced cell apoptosis could be impaired in COX-2 knockdown C141 cells. Our results indicated that COX-2 mediated the anti-apoptotic effect of arsenite in UVB radiation through an NFκB-dependent pathway. Given the importance of apoptosis evasion during carcinogenesis, we anticipated that COX-2 induction might be at least partially responsible for the co-carcinogenic effect of arsenite on UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zuo
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, 10987, USA
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Ray M, Yunis R, Chen X, Rocke DM. Comparison of low and high dose ionising radiation using topological analysis of gene coexpression networks. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:190. [PMID: 22594378 PMCID: PMC3443446 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing use of imaging procedures in medicine has raised concerns about exposure to low-dose ionising radiation (LDIR). While the disastrous effects of high dose ionising radiation (HDIR) is well documented, the detrimental effects of LDIR is not well understood and has been a topic of much debate. Since little is known about the effects of LDIR, various kinds of wet-lab and computational analyses are required to advance knowledge in this domain. In this paper we carry out an "upside-down pyramid" form of systems biology analysis of microarray data. We characterised the global genomic response following 10 cGy (low dose) and 100 cGy (high dose) doses of X-ray ionising radiation at four time points by analysing the topology of gene coexpression networks. This study includes a rich experimental design and state-of-the-art computational systems biology methods of analysis to study the differences in the transcriptional response of skin cells exposed to low and high doses of radiation. RESULTS Using this method we found important genes that have been linked to immune response, cell survival and apoptosis. Furthermore, we also were able to identify genes such as BRCA1, ABCA1, TNFRSF1B, MLLT11 that have been associated with various types of cancers. We were also able to detect many genes known to be associated with various medical conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our method of applying network topological differences can aid in identifying the differences among similar (eg: radiation effect) yet very different biological conditions (eg: different dose and time) to generate testable hypotheses. This is the first study where a network level analysis was performed across two different radiation doses at various time points, thereby illustrating changes in the cellular response over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ray
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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31
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López-Camarillo C, Ocampo EA, Casamichana ML, Pérez-Plasencia C, Álvarez-Sánchez E, Marchat LA. Protein kinases and transcription factors activation in response to UV-radiation of skin: implications for carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:142-72. [PMID: 22312244 PMCID: PMC3269678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an important environmental factor that leads to immune suppression, inflammation, photoaging, and skin carcinogenesis. Here, we reviewed the specific signal transduction pathways and transcription factors involved in the cellular response to UV-irradiation. Increasing experimental data supporting a role for p38, MAPK, JNK, ERK1/2, and ATM kinases in the response network to UV exposure is discussed. We also reviewed the participation of NF-κB, AP-1, and NRF2 transcription factors in the control of gene expression after UV-irradiation. In addition, we discussed the promising chemotherapeutic intervention of transcription factors signaling by natural compounds. Finally, we focused on the review of data emerging from the use of DNA microarray technology to determine changes in global gene expression in keratinocytes and melanocytes in response to UV treatment. Efforts to obtain a comprehensive portrait of the transcriptional events regulating photodamage of intact human epidermis after UV exposure reveals the existence of novel factors participating in UV-induced cell death. Progress in understanding the multitude of mechanisms induced by UV-irradiation could lead to the potential use of protein kinases and novel proteins as specific targets for the prevention and control of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- César López-Camarillo
- Genomics Sciences Program, Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, University Autonomous of Mexico City, Av. San Lorenzo 290, 03100, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.L.-C.); (E.Á.-S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +55-5488-6661 ext. 15307
| | - Elena Aréchaga Ocampo
- Carcinogenesis Laboratory, National Institute of Cancerology, Av. Saint Fernando 22, 14080, México; E-Mail:
| | - Mavil López Casamichana
- Genomics Sciences Program, Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, University Autonomous of Mexico City, Av. San Lorenzo 290, 03100, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.L.-C.); (E.Á.-S.)
| | - Carlos Pérez-Plasencia
- Massive Sequencing Unit, National Institute of Cancerology, Av. Saint Fernando 22, 14080, México; E-Mail:
- Genomics Laboratory, FES-I, UBIMED, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. De los Barrios 1, 54090, México
| | - Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez
- Genomics Sciences Program, Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, University Autonomous of Mexico City, Av. San Lorenzo 290, 03100, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.L.-C.); (E.Á.-S.)
| | - Laurence A. Marchat
- Biotechnology Program, Institutional Program of Molecular Biomedicine, National School of Medicine and Homeopathy of the National Polytechnic Institute, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 239, 07320, Mexico; E-Mail:
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Luoma JI, Kelley BG, Mermelstein PG. Progesterone inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels is a potential neuroprotective mechanism against excitotoxicity. Steroids 2011; 76:845-55. [PMID: 21371490 PMCID: PMC3129396 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of progesterone following traumatic brain injury has recently entered phase III clinical trials as a means of neuroprotection. Although it has been hypothesized that progesterone protects against calcium overload following excitotoxic shock, the exact mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of progesterone have yet to be determined. We found that therapeutic concentrations of progesterone to be neuroprotective against depolarization-induced excitotoxicity in cultured striatal neurons. Through use of calcium imaging, electrophysiology and the measurement of changes in activity-dependent gene expression, progesterone was found to block calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels, leading to alterations in the signaling of the activity-dependent transcription factors NFAT and CREB. The effects of progesterone were highly specific to this steroid hormone, although they did not appear to be receptor mediated. In addition, progesterone did not inhibit AMPA or NMDA receptor signaling. This analysis regarding the effect of progesterone on calcium signaling provides both a putative mechanism by which progesterone acts as a neuroprotectant, as well as affords a greater appreciation for its potential far-reaching effects on cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie I Luoma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Brooke G Kelley
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Paul G Mermelstein
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Liu B, Wen JK, Li BH, Fang XM, Wang JJ, Zhang YP, Shi CJ, Zhang DQ, Han M. Celecoxib and acetylbritannilactone interact synergistically to suppress breast cancer cell growth via COX-2-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e185. [PMID: 21796157 PMCID: PMC3199716 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of celecoxib is associated with a significant decrease in breast cancer risk. However, the long-term use of high-dose celecoxib might be limited owing to cardiovascular side effects. In this study, we found that acetylbritannilactone (ABL), extract from a Chinese medicinal herb, could reduce celecoxib dose and potentiate the growth-inhibitory effect in breast cancer cells. ABL enhanced the apoptotic effect of celecoxib in COX-2-expressing cells, but had little effect in COX-2-negative cells. The apoptosis induced by the combination treatment disappeared when COX-2 was knocked down, whereas the lack of apoptotic effects in COX-2-negative cells was reversed after COX-2 transfection. However, the combination treatment induced a G(0)/G(1) phase arrest independent of whether or not the cells expressed COX-2. The G(0)/G(1) arrest was attributed to a decreased expression of cyclinD1, cyclinE, CDK2 and CDK6, especially the upregulation of p21. In addition, inhibition of Akt and p38 signaling pathways was required by the synergism, as the constitutively active Akt and p38 protected cells against apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by the combination treatment. In vivo, administration of celecoxib and ABL were more effective than the individual agents against xenograft tumor growth. Thus, our data suggested that the combinatorial approach of celecoxib and ABL might be helpful for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
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Histamine regulates cyclooxygenase 2 gene activation through Orai1-mediated NFκB activation in lung cancer cells. Cell Calcium 2011; 50:27-35. [PMID: 21605904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Histamine, an important chemical mediator, has been shown to regulate inflammation and allergic responses. Stimulation of histamine receptors results in a significant increase in cytoplasmic Ca(2+), which could be mediated by inositol trisphosphate (IP(3))-dependent store-operated Ca(2+) channels (SOC). However, the link between histamine-mediated signaling and activation of inflammatory genes such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is still unknown. Our study indicated that the COX-2 protein was highly expressed in human lung cancer cells. Following stimulation with 10 μM of histamine, both store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) and COX-2 gene expression were evoked. Histamine-mediated COX-2 activation can be prevented by 2-APB and SKF-96365, SOC channel inhibitors. In addition, deletion analysis of the COX-2 promoter suggested that the region between -80 bp and -250 bp, which contains NFκB binding sites, is the key element for histamine-mediated signaling. Knocking down ORAI1, one of the essential molecules of store-operated calcium channels, attenuated histamine-mediated COX-2 expression and NFκB activation. These results indicated that ORAI1-mediated NFκB activation was an important signaling pathway, responsible for transmitting histamine signals that trigger inflammatory reactions.
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Musson REA, Hensbergen PJ, Westphal AH, Temmink WPM, Deelder AM, van Pelt J, Mullenders LHF, Smit NPM. UVA1 radiation inhibits calcineurin through oxidative damage mediated by photosensitization. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1392-9. [PMID: 21354304 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein phosphatase calcineurin has been gradually revealing itself as the central controller of our immune response, although it is involved in a wide array of signaling pathways related to cellular development and cell cycle progression. As such, calcineurin is an attractive, yet delicate, therapeutic target for the prevention of allograft rejection and treatment of several inflammatory skin conditions. However, calcineurin activity is not only sensitive to immunosuppressants such as cyclosporin A and tacrolimus, but also subject to modulation by reactive oxygen species. We have recently shown, both in vivo and in vitro, that UVA1 radiation suppresses calcineurin activity. In this paper, we present evidence that this activity loss is due to singlet oxygen and superoxide generated by photosensitization and show that a closely related phosphatase, PP2A, is not affected. Furthermore, a survey of this damage reveals oxidation of several Met and Cys residues as well as an overall conformational change. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the hypothesis that UVA1 and calcineurin inhibitors both affect the same signal transduction pathway in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben E A Musson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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36
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Fiorentino DF, Chen RO, Stewart DB, Brown KK, Sundram UN. The direct cellular target of topically applied pimecrolimus may not be infiltrating lymphocytes. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:996-1003. [PMID: 21166661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topically applied calcineurin inhibitors have been shown to be effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. When systemically administered, these agents cause immunosuppression via inhibition of calcineurin in lymphocytes. As topical agents, the mechanism of action is poorly defined. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that skin-infiltrating lymphocytes are directly targeted when calcineurin inhibitors are applied to the skin. METHODS Ten patients with atopic dermatitis were treated with 1% pimecrolimus cream twice daily to target lesions. Skin biopsies were performed before and 48 h after beginning therapy. We assessed the cellular localization of NFAT1 and NFAT2 as a surrogate measure of intracellular calcineurin activity (e.g. increasing cytoplasmic localization with increasing calcineurin inhibition). RESULTS All patients showed a clinical response, at both 48 h and 2 weeks. As previously described, NFAT2 localized to the follicular keratinocytes, and its activation was partially inhibited by topical pimecrolimus. NFAT1 was found to be expressed by follicular and interfollicular keratinocytes, and its mostly nuclear localization was not affected by topical pimecrolimus therapy. Both NFAT1 and NFAT2 were found in the infiltrating lymphocytes. However, using both manual counting as well as an automated method to assess nuclear intensity of NFAT staining, we found that the proportion of infiltrating leucocytes with nuclear ('activated') NFAT did not change following therapy with pimecrolimus. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that topical pimecrolimus does not act primarily by inhibiting the calcineurin/NFAT axis in lymphocytes but may instead act by other mechanisms, possibly by decreasing NFAT2 activity in follicular keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Fiorentino
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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37
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Alique M, Calleros L, Luengo A, Griera M, Iñiguez MÁ, Punzón C, Fresno M, Rodríguez-Puyol M, Rodríguez-Puyol D. Changes in extracellular matrix composition regulate cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 300:C907-18. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00176.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular diseases are characterized by a sustained synthesis and accumulation of abnormal extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen type I. The extracellular matrix transmits information to cells through interactions with membrane components, which directly activate many intracellular signaling events. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that eicosanoids derived from cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 participate in a number of pathological processes in immune-mediated renal diseases, and it is known that protein kinase B (AKT) may act through different transcription factors in the regulation of the COX-2 promoter. The present results show that progressive accumulation of collagen I in the extracellular medium induces a significant increase of COX-2 expression in human mesangial cells, resulting in an enhancement in PGE2 production. COX-2 overexpression is due to increased COX-2 mRNA levels. The study of the mechanism implicated in COX-2 upregulation by collagen I showed focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation. Furthermore, we observed that the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway by collagen I and collagen I-induced COX-2 overexpression was abolished by PI3K and AKT inhibitors. Additionally, we showed that the cAMP response element (CRE) transcription factor is implicated. Finally, we studied COX-2 expression in an animal model, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hypertensive rats. In renal tissue and vascular walls, COX-2 and collagen type I content were upregulated. In summary, our results provide evidence that collagen type I increases COX-2 expression via the FAK/PI3K/AKT/cAMP response element binding protein signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Alique
- Departamento de Fisiología,
- Inststuto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, and
| | - Laura Calleros
- Departamento de Fisiología,
- Inststuto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, and
| | - Alicia Luengo
- Departamento de Fisiología,
- Inststuto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, and
| | - Mercedes Griera
- Departamento de Fisiología,
- Inststuto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, and
| | - Miguel Ángel Iñiguez
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Mardrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Punzón
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Mardrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Mardrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Diego Rodríguez-Puyol
- Inststuto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, and
- Nephrology Section of the “Príncipe de Asturias Hospital,” Alcala University, Alcalá de Henares,
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Lee YS, Kim DW, Kim S, Choi HI, Lee Y, Kim CD, Lee JH, Lee SD, Lee YH. Downregulation of NFAT2 promotes melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. Anat Cell Biol 2010; 43:303-9. [PMID: 21267404 PMCID: PMC3026182 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2010.43.4.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) proteins are, calcium-regulated transcription factors, key regulator of stimulation-dependent gene activation. In our microarray analysis for the genes expressed in human black and white hairs, NFAT2 was significantly upregulated in the white hair, compared to the black hair. The aim of this study was to investigate functional role of NFAT2 in melanogenesis. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the expression of NFAT2 protein in B16 melanoma cells. Our data showed that NFAT2 expression was increased in the hypopigmented B16 cells, while tyrosinase and MITF expression was decreased. To investigate the potential role of NFAT2, the recombinant adenovirus expressing microRNA specific for NFAT2 was transduced into the cultured B16 melanoma cells. Consistently, inhibition of NFAT2 enhanced tyrosinase activity and melanin content. Moreover, cyclosporine A, which is known as a calcineurin inhibitor blocking NFAT activation, enhanced tyrosinase activity and melanin content. These data suggest that NFAT2 may play an important role in regulation of melanogenesis in melanocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sook Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Huang H, Chikazu D, Voznesensky OS, Herschman HR, Kream BE, Drissi H, Pilbeam CC. Parathyroid hormone induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in murine osteoblasts: role of the calcium-calcineurin-NFAT pathway. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:819-29. [PMID: 19821778 PMCID: PMC3153333 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.091019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Murine MC3T3-E1 and MC-4 cells were stably transfected with -371/+70 bp of the murine cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promoter fused to a luciferase reporter (Pluc371) or with Pluc371 carrying site-directed mutations. Mutations were made in (1) the cAMP response element (CRE) at -57/-52 bp, (2) the activating protein-1 (AP-1)-binding site at -69/-63 bp, (3) the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT)-binding site at -77/-73 bp, and (4) both the AP-1 and NFAT sites, which comprise a composite consensus sequence for NFAT/AP-1. Single mutation of CRE, AP-1, or NFAT sites decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated COX-2 promoter activity 40% to 60%, whereas joint mutation of NFAT and AP-1 abrogated the induction. On electrophoretic mobility shift analysis, PTH stimulated binding of phosphorylated CREB to an oligonucleotide spanning the CRE and binding of NFATc1, c-Fos, and c-Jun to an oligonucleotide spanning the NFAT/AP-1 composite site. Mutation of the NFAT site was less effective than mutation of the AP-1 site in competing binding to the composite element, suggesting that cooperative interactions of NFATc1 and AP-1 are more dependent on NFAT than on AP-1. Both PTH and forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclase, stimulated NFATc1 nuclear translocation. PTH- and forskolin-stimulated COX-2 promoter activity was inhibited 56% to 80% by calcium chelation or calcineurin inhibitors and 60% to 98% by protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors. These results indicate an important role for the calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway in the PTH induction of COX-2 and suggest that cross-talk between the cAMP/PKA pathway and the calcium-calcineurin-NFAT pathway may play a role in other functions of PTH in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hechang Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, CT, USA
| | - Daichi Chikazu
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Olga S Voznesensky
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, CT, USA
| | - Harvey R Herschman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA School of MedicineLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Barbara E Kream
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, CT, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, CT, USA
| | - Carol C Pilbeam
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, CT, USA
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Gledhill K, Rhodes LE, Brownrigg M, Haylett AK, Masoodi M, Thody AJ, Nicolaou A, Tobin DJ. Prostaglandin-E2 is produced by adult human epidermal melanocytes in response to UVB in a melanogenesis-independent manner. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 23:394-403. [PMID: 20236442 PMCID: PMC2881306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Excessive ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure induces erythema, mediated in part by prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2). While keratinocytes are a major PGE2 source, epidermal melanocytes (EM) also express PGE2-production machinery. It is unclear whether EM-produced PGE2 contributes to UVR-induced skin inflammation, and whether this is correlated with melanogenesis. Epidermal melanocytes were cultured from skin phototype-1 and -4 donors, followed by assessment of PGE2 production and melanogenesis. Epidermal melanocytes expressed cytoplasmic phospholipase-A2, cyclooxygenase-1, cytoplasmic prostaglandin-E synthase and microsomal prostaglandin-E synthase-1, -2. Epidermal melanocytes produced PGE2 under basal conditions, which increased further after arachidonic acid stimulation. Epidermal melanocytes expressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and a selective COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) reduced PGE2 production. Ultraviolet B-induced PGE2 production was positively correlated with skin phototype-1, despite variability between individual EM donors. By contrast, there was no correlation between PGE2 production by EM and their melanogenic status. Thus, EM may contribute to UVR-induced erythema, with role of donor skin phototype more important than their melanogenic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Gledhill
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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Smit N, Musson R, Romijn F, van Rossum H, van Pelt J. Effects of Ultraviolet A-1 Radiation on Calcineurin Activity and Cytokine Production in (Skin) Cell Cultures. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:360-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Sen B, Styner M, Xie Z, Case N, Rubin CT, Rubin J. Mechanical loading regulates NFATc1 and beta-catenin signaling through a GSK3beta control node. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:34607-17. [PMID: 19840939 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.039453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation can prevent adipogenic and improve osteogenic lineage allocation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), an effect associated with the preservation of beta-catenin levels. We asked whether mechanical up-regulation of beta-catenin was critical to reduction in adipogenesis as well as other mechanical events inducing alternate MSC lineage selection. In MSC cultured under strong adipogenic conditions, mechanical load (3600 cycles/day, 2% strain) inactivated GSK3beta in a Wnt-independent fashion. Small interfering RNA targeting GSK3beta prevented both strain-induced induction of beta-catenin and an increase in COX2, a factor associated with increased osteoprogenitor phenotype. Small interfering RNA knockdown of beta-catenin blocked mechanical reduction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and adiponectin, implicating beta-catenin in strain inhibition of adipogenesis. In contrast, the effect of both mechanical and pharmacologic inhibition of GSK3beta on the putative beta-catenin target, COX2, was unaffected by beta-catenin knockdown. GSK3beta inhibition caused accumulation of nuclear NFATc1; mechanical strain increased nuclear NFATc1, independent of beta-catenin. NFATc1 knockdown prevented mechanical stimulation of COX2, implicating NFATc1 signaling. Finally, inhibition of GSK3beta caused association of RNA polymerase II with the COX2 gene, suggesting transcription initiation. These results demonstrate that mechanical inhibition of GSK3beta induces activation of both beta-catenin and NFATc1 signaling, limiting adipogenesis via the former and promoting osteoblastic differentiation via NFATc1/COX2. Our novel findings suggest that mechanical loading regulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation through inhibition of GSK3beta, which in turn regulates multiple downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buer Sen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Abstract
Background: Metastatic melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer and with an overall 5-year survival rate of <11%, there is an acute need for novel therapeutic strategies. Activating mutations in the BRAF oncogene are present in 50–70% of cases and contribute to tumourigenesis, thus, defining downstream targets of oncogenic BRAF may help define novel targets for therapeutic intervention. The Ca2+/calcineurin-regulated transcription factor, Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), is important in the pathogenesis of several human cancers, target genes of which are also known to contribute to melanoma progression. One such NFAT target gene is COX-2, increased expression of which correlates with poor prognosis; however, upstream regulators of COX-2 in melanoma remain undefined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate NFAT expression and activity in metastatic melanoma and establish whether or not oncogenic BRAF signalling modulates NFAT activity and determine if NFAT is a key upstream regulator of COX-2 in melanoma. Methods: Nuclear factor of activated T-cells transcriptional activity and protein expression were determined in three human metastatic melanoma cell lines with differing B-RAF mutational status. NFAT activation by oncogenic BRAFV600E was explored by BRAFV600E overexpression and application of the specific MEK inhibitor PD98059. Regulation of COX-2 expression by NFAT was investigated using NFAT-targeted siRNA, calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin A and FK506, in addition to COX-2 luciferase reporter vectors that selectively lacked NFAT binding sites. Results: NFAT transcriptional activity was increased in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells compared with wild-type cells. Furthermore, in wild-type cells, overexpression of BRAFV600E increased NFAT activity, which was blocked by the MEK inhibitor PD98059. Using calcineurin inhibitors and siRNA-mediated knockdown of NFAT2 and 4, we show NFAT is required for COX-2 promoter activation and protein induction in metastatic melanoma cells. Conclusion: NFAT2 and 4 are expressed in human metastatic melanoma cell lines and are activated by oncogenic BRAFV600E via MEK/ERK signalling. NFAT is an important upstream regulator of COX-2 in metastatic melanoma. Furthermore, as the BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway is hyperactive in other malignancies and MEK/ERK are also activated by oncogenic RAS in 30% of all human cancers, the potential to exploit NFAT signalling for therapeutic benefit warrants further investigation.
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Franco R, Sánchez-Olea R, Reyes-Reyes EM, Panayiotidis MI. Environmental toxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis: ménage à trois. Mutat Res 2008; 674:3-22. [PMID: 19114126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an evolutionary conserved homeostatic process involved in distinct physiological processes including organ and tissue morphogenesis, development and senescence. Its deregulation is also known to participate in the etiology of several human diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders. Environmental stressors (cytotoxic agents, pollutants or toxicants) are well known to induce apoptotic cell death and to contribute to a variety of pathological conditions. Oxidative stress seems to be the central element in the regulation of the apoptotic pathways triggered by environmental stressors. In this work, we review the established mechanisms by which oxidative stress and environmental stressors regulate the apoptotic machinery with the aim to underscore the relevance of apoptosis as a component in environmental toxicity and human disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Franco
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, 111. T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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