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Ho QV, Young MJ. Mineralocorticoid receptors, macrophages and new mechanisms for cardiovascular disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 593:112340. [PMID: 39134137 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Viet Ho
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia
| | - Morag J Young
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia; Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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2
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Wang A, Ma Q, Mbikyo MB, Miao L, Cui N, Fu H, Yu J, Wu Q, Sun Y, Li Z. Successful treatment of resistant hypertension and severe complications in a 63-year-old man with primary aldosteronism without adrenalectomy: A case report. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33688. [PMID: 39044991 PMCID: PMC11263627 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA), often due to aldosteronoma, commonly causes secondary hypertension and typically requires surgery. We present a case of an elderly man with longstanding hypertension, complicated by cerebral hemorrhage and myocardial infarction. Enhanced CT imaging identified a right-sided aldosteronoma and left adrenal gland fullness. Combined with upright supine aldosterone ratio, captopril challenge test, bilateral adrenal venous sampling, and CYP11B1/CYP11B2 fusion gene testing, the diagnosis of PA was confirmed. Despite the absence of surgical intervention in this patient, pharmacotherapy effectively managed hypertension and enhanced cardiac function, thereby underscoring the advantageous utilization of aldosterone antagonists in non-surgical candidates diagnosed with PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Muisha B. Mbikyo
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Linlin Miao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Nan Cui
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Haoran Fu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
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3
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Islamuddin M, Qin X. Renal macrophages and NLRP3 inflammasomes in kidney diseases and therapeutics. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:229. [PMID: 38740765 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are exceptionally diversified cell types and perform unique features and functions when exposed to different stimuli within the specific microenvironment of various kidney diseases. In instances of kidney tissue necrosis or infection, specific patterns associated with damage or pathogens prompt the development of pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1). These M1 macrophages contribute to exacerbating tissue damage, inflammation, and eventual fibrosis. Conversely, anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2) arise in the same circumstances, contributing to kidney repair and regeneration processes. Impaired tissue repair causes fibrosis, and hence macrophages play a protective and pathogenic role. In response to harmful stimuli within the body, inflammasomes, complex assemblies of multiple proteins, assume a pivotal function in innate immunity. The initiation of inflammasomes triggers the activation of caspase 1, which in turn facilitates the maturation of cytokines, inflammation, and cell death. Macrophages in the kidneys possess the complete elements of the NLRP3 inflammasome, including NLRP3, ASC, and pro-caspase-1. When the NLRP3 inflammasomes are activated, it triggers the activation of caspase-1, resulting in the release of mature proinflammatory cytokines (IL)-1β and IL-18 and cleavage of Gasdermin D (GSDMD). This activation process therefore then induces pyroptosis, leading to renal inflammation, cell death, and renal dysfunction. The NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1-IL-1β-IL-18 pathway has been identified as a factor in the development of the pathophysiology of numerous kidney diseases. In this review, we explore current progress in understanding macrophage behavior concerning inflammation, injury, and fibrosis in kidneys. Emphasizing the pivotal role of activated macrophages in both the advancement and recovery phases of renal diseases, the article delves into potential strategies to modify macrophage functionality and it also discusses emerging approaches to selectively target NLRP3 inflammasomes and their signaling components within the kidney, aiming to facilitate the healing process in kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Islamuddin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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4
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Assersen KB, Jensen BL, Enggaard C, Vanhoutte PM, Hansen PBL. Histamine H 2-receptor antagonism improves conduit artery endothelial function and reduces plasma aldosterone level without lowering arterial blood pressure in angiotensin II-hypertensive mice. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:307-321. [PMID: 38279994 PMCID: PMC10847227 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Aldosterone through the mineralocorticoid receptor MR has detrimental effects on cardiovascular disease. It reduces the bioavailability of nitric oxide and impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. In resistance arteries, aldosterone impairs the sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle cells to nitric oxide by promoting the local secretion of histamine which activates H2 receptors. The present experiments tested in vivo and ex vivo the hypothesis that systemic H2-receptor antagonism reduces arterial blood pressure and improves vasodilatation in angiotensin II-induced chronic hypertension. Hypertension was induced by intravenous infusion of angiotensin II (60 ng kg-1 min-1) in conscious, unrestrained mice infused concomitantly with the H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine (27.8 µg kg-1 min-1) or vehicle for 24 days. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded by indwelling arterial catheter. Resistance (mesenteric) and conductance (aortae) arteries were harvested for perfusion myography and isometric tension recordings by wire myography, respectively. Plasma was analyzed for aldosterone concentration. ANGII infusion resulted in elevated arterial blood pressure and while in vivo treatment with ranitidine reduced plasma aldosterone concentration, it did not reduce blood pressure. Ranitidine improved ex vivo endothelial function (acetylcholine 10-9 to 10-6 mol L-1) in mesenteric resistance arteries. This was abolished by ex vivo treatment with aldosterone (10-9 mol L-1, 1 h). In aortic segments, in vivo ranitidine treatment impaired relaxation. Activation of histamine H2 receptors promotes aldosterone secretion, does not affect arterial blood pressure, and protects endothelial function in conduit arteries but promotes endothelial dysfunction in resistance arteries during angiotensin II-mediated hypertension. Aldosterone contributes little to angiotensin II-induced hypertension in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Assersen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 21, Odense C, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Boye L Jensen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 21, Odense C, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Camilla Enggaard
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 21, Odense C, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pernille B L Hansen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 21, Odense C, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark
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5
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Ibarrola J, Jaffe IZ. The Mineralocorticoid Receptor in the Vasculature: Friend or Foe? Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:49-70. [PMID: 37788489 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042022-015223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Originally described as the renal aldosterone receptor that regulates sodium homeostasis, it is now clear that mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) are widely expressed, including in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Ample data demonstrate that endothelial and smooth muscle cell MRs contribute to cardiovascular disease in response to risk factors (aging, obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis) by inducing vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Extrapolating from its role in disease, evidence supports beneficial roles of vascular MRs in the context of hypotension by promoting inflammation, wound healing, and vasoconstriction to enhance survival from bleeding or sepsis. Advances in understanding how vascular MRs become activated are also reviewed, describing transcriptional, ligand-dependent, and ligand-independent mechanisms. By synthesizing evidence describing how vascular MRs convert cardiovascular risk factors into disease (the vascular MR as a foe), we postulate that the teleological role of the MR is to coordinate responses to hypotension (the MR as a friend).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Ibarrola
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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6
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Hundemer GL, Leung AA, Kline GA, Brown JM, Turcu AF, Vaidya A. Biomarkers to Guide Medical Therapy in Primary Aldosteronism. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:69-94. [PMID: 37439256 PMCID: PMC10765164 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is an endocrinopathy characterized by dysregulated aldosterone production that occurs despite suppression of renin and angiotensin II, and that is non-suppressible by volume and sodium loading. The effectiveness of surgical adrenalectomy for patients with lateralizing PA is characterized by the attenuation of excess aldosterone production leading to blood pressure reduction, correction of hypokalemia, and increases in renin-biomarkers that collectively indicate a reversal of PA pathophysiology and restoration of normal physiology. Even though the vast majority of patients with PA will ultimately be treated medically rather than surgically, there is a lack of guidance on how to optimize medical therapy and on key metrics of success. Herein, we review the evidence justifying approaches to medical management of PA and biomarkers that reflect endocrine principles of restoring normal physiology. We review the current arsenal of medical therapies, including dietary sodium restriction, steroidal and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, epithelial sodium channel inhibitors, and aldosterone synthase inhibitors. It is crucial that clinicians recognize that multimodal medical treatment for PA can be highly effective at reducing the risk for adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes when titrated with intention. The key biomarkers reflective of optimized medical therapy are unsurprisingly similar to the physiologic expectations following surgical adrenalectomy: control of blood pressure with the fewest number of antihypertensive agents, normalization of serum potassium without supplementation, and a rise in renin. Pragmatic approaches to achieve these objectives while mitigating adverse effects are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Hundemer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Alexander A Leung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gregory A Kline
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jenifer M Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anand Vaidya
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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7
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Feldman RD, Sanjanwala R, Padwal R, Leung AA. Revising the Roles of Aldosterone in Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology: From Electocortin to Baxdrostat. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:1808-1815. [PMID: 37734710 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone was initially identified as a hormone primarily related to regulation of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. However, over the past 20 years there has been an increasing appreciation of its role in regulation of vascular function and pathophysiology in the setting of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding the biology of aldosterone as it relates to the pathophysiology and the management of vascular disease-especially related to hypertension. The review focuses on 3 key areas: 1) advances in our understanding of the cellular mechanisms by which aldosterone mediates its cellular effects, 2) identification of the hidden epidemic of aldosteronism as a mediator of hypertension, and 3) appreciating new therapeutic advances in the clinical pharmacology of aldosterone inhibition in cardiovascular and renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Feldman
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Rohan Sanjanwala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady School of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Raj Padwal
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander A Leung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Feraco A, Gorini S, Mammi C, Lombardo M, Armani A, Caprio M. Neutral Effect of Skeletal Muscle Mineralocorticoid Receptor on Glucose Metabolism in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087412. [PMID: 37108574 PMCID: PMC10139152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is able to regulate the transcription of a number of genes in the myotube, although its roles in skeletal muscle (SM) metabolism still await demonstration. SM represents a major site for glucose uptake, and its metabolic derangements play a pivotal role in the development of insulin resistance (IR). The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of SM MR in mediating derangements of glucose metabolism in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. We observed that mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD mice) showed impaired glucose tolerance compared to mice fed a normal diet (ND mice). Mice fed a 60% HFD treated with the MR antagonist Spironolactone (HFD + Spiro) for 12 weeks revealed an improvement in glucose tolerance, as measured with an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, compared with HFD mice. To investigate if blockade of SM MR could contribute to the favorable metabolic effects observed with pharmacological MR antagonism, we analyzed MR expression in the gastrocnemius, showing that SM MR protein abundance is downregulated by HFD compared to ND mice and that pharmacological treatment with Spiro was able to partially revert this effect in HFD + Spiro mice. Differently from what we have observed in adipose tissue, where HDF increased adipocyte MR expression, SM MR protein was down-regulated in our experimental model, suggesting a completely different role of SM MR in the regulation of glucose metabolism. To confirm this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of MR blockade on insulin signaling in a cellular model of IRin C2C12 myocytes, which were treated with or without Spiro. We confirmed MR protein downregulation in insulin-resistant myotubes. We also analyzed Akt phosphorylation upon insulin stimulation, and we did not observe any difference between palmitate- and palmitate + Spiro-treated cells. These results were confirmed by in vitro glucose uptake analysis. Taken together, our data indicate that reduced activity of SM MR does not improve insulin signaling in mouse skeletal myocytes and does not contribute to the favorable metabolic effects on glucose tolerance and IR induced by systemic pharmacological MR blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Feraco
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorini
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Armani
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
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9
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Crompton M, Ferguson JK, Ramnath RD, Onions KL, Ogier AS, Gamez M, Down CJ, Skinner L, Wong KH, Dixon LK, Sutak J, Harper SJ, Pontrelli P, Gesualdo L, Heerspink HL, Toto RD, Welsh GI, Foster RR, Satchell SC, Butler MJ. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism in diabetes reduces albuminuria by preserving the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e154164. [PMID: 36749631 PMCID: PMC10077489 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The glomerular endothelial glycocalyx (GEnGlx) forms the first part of the glomerular filtration barrier. Previously, we showed that mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation caused GEnGlx damage and albuminuria. In this study, we investigated whether MR antagonism could limit albuminuria in diabetes and studied the site of action. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats developed albuminuria, increased glomerular albumin permeability (Ps'alb), and increased glomerular matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity with corresponding GEnGlx loss. MR antagonism prevented albuminuria progression, restored Ps'alb, preserved GEnGlx, and reduced MMP activity. Enzymatic degradation of the GEnGlx negated the benefits of MR antagonism, confirming their dependence on GEnGlx integrity. Exposing human glomerular endothelial cells (GEnC) to diabetic conditions in vitro increased MMPs and caused glycocalyx damage. Amelioration of these effects confirmed a direct effect of MR antagonism on GEnC. To confirm relevance to human disease, we used a potentially novel confocal imaging method to show loss of GEnGlx in renal biopsy specimens from patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). In addition, patients with DN randomized to receive an MR antagonist had reduced urinary MMP2 activity and albuminuria compared with placebo and baseline levels. Taken together, our work suggests that MR antagonists reduce MMP activity and thereby preserve GEnGlx, resulting in reduced glomerular permeability and albuminuria in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Crompton
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne K. Ferguson
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Raina D. Ramnath
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L. Onions
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anna S. Ogier
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Gamez
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Down
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Skinner
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kitty H. Wong
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren K. Dixon
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Judit Sutak
- Pathology Department, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J. Harper
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Pontrelli
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Hiddo L. Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert D. Toto
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Gavin I. Welsh
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca R. Foster
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C. Satchell
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Butler
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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10
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Ortiz A, Ferro CJ, Balafa O, Burnier M, Ekart R, Halimi JM, Kreutz R, Mark PB, Persu A, Rossignol P, Ruilope LM, Schmieder RE, Valdivielso JM, Del Vecchio L, Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Sarafidis P. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for nephroprotection and cardioprotection in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:10-25. [PMID: 33944938 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) develops in ∼40% of patients with diabetes and is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. Patients with CKD, especially those with diabetes mellitus, are at high risk of both developing kidney failure and cardiovascular (CV) death. The use of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers to reduce the incidence of kidney failure in patients with DKD dates back to studies that are now ≥20 years old. During the last few years, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have shown beneficial renal effects in randomized trials. However, even in response to combined treatment with RAS blockers and SGLT2is, the renal residual risk remains high with kidney failure only deferred, but not avoided. The risk of CV death also remains high even with optimal current treatment. Steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) reduce albuminuria and surrogate markers of CV disease in patients already on optimal therapy. However, their use has been curtailed by the significant risk of hyperkalaemia. In the FInerenone in reducing kiDnEy faiLure and dIsease prOgression in DKD (FIDELIO-DKD) study comparing the actions of the non-steroidal MRA finerenone with placebo, finerenone reduced the progression of DKD and the incidence of CV events, with a relatively safe adverse event profile. This document presents in detail the available evidence on the cardioprotective and nephroprotective effects of MRAs, analyses the potential mechanisms involved and discusses their potential future place in the treatment of patients with diabetic CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM and School of Medicine, GEENDIAB, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charles J Ferro
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham,UK.,University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Olga Balafa
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michel Burnier
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert Ekart
- Department of Dialysis, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Clinical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jean-Michel Halimi
- Service de Néphrologie-Hypertension, Dialyses, Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours University, Tours, France.,F-CRIN INI-CRCT Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists, Nancy, France
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick B Mark
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alexandre Persu
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Brussels, Belgium.,Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Rossignol
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116, CHRU de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, F-CRIN INI-CRCT Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists, Nancy, France.,Association Lorraine de Traitement de l'Insuffisance Rénale, Nancy, France
| | - Luis M Ruilope
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research imas12, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER-CV, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roland E Schmieder
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital of the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jose M Valdivielso
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group and UDETMA, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Carmine Zoccali
- CNR-IFC, Clinical Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Hypertension and Renal Diseases Unit, Ospedali Riuniti, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesca Mallamaci
- CNR-IFC, Clinical Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Hypertension and Renal Diseases Unit, Ospedali Riuniti, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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11
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Endothelial and Vascular Smooth Muscle Dysfunction in Hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115263. [PMID: 36174768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of essential hypertension involves several factors. Vascular dysfunction, characterized by endothelial dysfunction, low-grade inflammation and structural remodeling, plays an important role in the initiation and maintenance of essential hypertension. Although the mechanistic pathways by which essential hypertension develops are poorly understood, several pharmacological classes available on the clinical settings improve blood pressure by interfering in the cardiac output and/or vascular function. This review is divided in two major sections. The first section depicts the major molecular pathways as renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), endothelin, nitric oxide signalling pathway and oxidative stress in the development of vascular dysfunction. The second section describes the role of some pharmacological classes such as i) RAAS inhibitors, ii) dual angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, iii) endothelin-1 receptor antagonists, iv) soluble guanylate cyclase modulators, v) phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and vi) sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in the context of hypertension. Some classes are already approved in the treatment of hypertension, but others are not yet approved. However, due to their potential benefits these classes were included.
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12
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Peavey J, Parmar VM, Malek G. Nuclear Receptor Atlases of Choroidal Tissues Reveal Candidate Receptors Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells 2022; 11:2386. [PMID: 35954227 PMCID: PMC9367936 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid is a vulnerable tissue site in the eye, impacted in several blinding diseases including age related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the leading cause of central vision loss in the aging population. Choroidal thinning and choriocapillary dropout are features of the early form of AMD, and endothelial dysfunction and vascular changes are primary characteristics of the neovascular clinical sub-type of AMD. Given the importance, the choroidal endothelium and outer vasculature play in supporting visual function, a better understanding of baseline choroidal signaling pathways engaged in tissue and cellular homeostasis is needed. Nuclear receptors are a large family of transcription factors responsible for maintaining various cellular processes during development, aging and disease. Herein we developed a comprehensive nuclear receptor atlas of human choroidal endothelial cells and freshly isolated choroidal tissue by examining the expression levels of all members of this transcription family using quantitative real time PCR. Given the close relationship between the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), this data was cross-referenced with the expression profile of nuclear receptors in human RPE cells, to discover potential overlap versus cell-specific nuclear receptor expression. Finally, to identify candidate receptors that may participate in the pathobiology of AMD, we cataloged nuclear receptor expression in a murine model of wet AMD, from which we discovered a subset of nuclear receptors differentially regulated following neovascularization. Overall, these databases serve as useful resources establishing the influence of nuclear receptor signaling pathways on the outer vascular tissue of the eye, while providing a list of receptors, for more focused investigations in the future, to determine their suitability as potential therapeutic targets for diseases, in which the choroid is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Peavey
- Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (J.P.); (V.M.P.)
| | - Vipul M. Parmar
- Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (J.P.); (V.M.P.)
| | - Goldis Malek
- Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (J.P.); (V.M.P.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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13
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Bauersachs J, Lother A. Mineralocorticoid receptor activation and antagonism in cardiovascular disease: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2022; 12:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Salazar-Enciso R, Guerrero-Hernández A, Gómez AM, Benitah JP, Rueda A. Aldosterone-Induced Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Pump Upregulation Counterbalances Cav1.2-Mediated Ca2+ Influx in Mesenteric Arteries. Front Physiol 2022; 13:834220. [PMID: 35360237 PMCID: PMC8963271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.834220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In mesenteric arteries (MAs), aldosterone (ALDO) binds to the endogenous mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and increases the expression of the voltage-gated L-type Cav1.2 channel, an essential ion channel for vascular contraction, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ store refilling, and Ca2+ spark generation. In mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells (MASMCs), Ca2+ influx through Cav1.2 is the indirect mechanism for triggering Ca2+ sparks. This process is facilitated by plasma membrane-sarcoplasmic reticulum (PM-SR) nanojunctions that drive Ca2+ from the extracellular space into the SR via Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ (SERCA) pump. Ca2+ sparks produced by clusters of Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) at PM-SR nanodomains, decrease contractility by activating large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa channels), which generate spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs). Altogether, Cav1.2, SERCA pump, RyRs, and BKCa channels work as a functional unit at the PM-SR nanodomain, regulating intracellular Ca2+ and vascular function. However, the effect of the ALDO/MR signaling pathway on this functional unit has not been completely explored. Our results show that short-term exposure to ALDO (10 nM, 24 h) increased the expression of Cav1.2 in rat MAs. The depolarization-induced Ca2+ entry increased SR Ca2+ load, and the frequencies of both Ca2+ sparks and STOCs, while [Ca2+]cyt and vasoconstriction remained unaltered in Aldo-treated MAs. ALDO treatment significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of the SERCA pump, which counterbalanced the augmented Cav1.2-mediated Ca2+ influx at the PM-SR nanodomain, increasing SR Ca2+ content, Ca2+ spark and STOC frequencies, and opposing to hyperpolarization-induced vasoconstriction while enhancing Acetylcholine-mediated vasorelaxation. This work provides novel evidence for short-term ALDO-induced upregulation of the functional unit comprising Cav1.2, SERCA2 pump, RyRs, and BKCa channels; in which the SERCA pump buffers ALDO-induced upregulation of Ca2+ entry at the superficial SR-PM nanodomain of MASMCs, preventing ALDO-triggered depolarization-induced vasoconstriction and enhancing vasodilation. Pathological conditions that lead to SERCA pump downregulation, for instance, chronic exposure to ALDO, might favor the development of ALDO/MR-mediated augmented vasoconstriction of mesenteric arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Salazar-Enciso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Agustín Guerrero-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana M. Gómez
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Benitah
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Angélica Rueda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Angélica Rueda,
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15
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Imamura Y, Suzuki A, Nomoto M, Takano M, Sawa S, Hoki R, Kikuchi N, Yoshida Y, Uto K, Niinami H, Hagiwara N. Acute decompensated heart failure in a patient with primary aldosteronism successfully treated with an adrenalectomy: A case report. J Cardiol Cases 2022; 25:140-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jccase.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Cai M, McNamara K, Yamazaki Y, Harada N, Miyashita M, Tada H, Ishida T, Sasano H. The role of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids under the impact of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human breast lesions. Med Mol Morphol 2022; 55:110-122. [PMID: 35103835 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-022-00312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We attempted to explore the possible involvement of the in situ availability of mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the pathogenesis of mammary ductal carcinoma. We also explored their individual profiles among different subtypes of invasive ductal carcinomas of no special type (IDC-NST) by evaluating the status of MR, Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1/2 at each stage of the putative cascade of the mammary ductal proliferative disorders. In this study, IDC-NST, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), and non-pathological breast tissues were all evaluated by immunohistochemistry. MR was significantly lower in ADH than in DCIS or IDC-NST. 11βHSD2 was significantly lower in ADH than normal breast tissue and 11βHSD1 was significantly higher in DCIS than normal, ADH, or IDC-NST. MR in progesterone receptor (PR)-positive IDC-NST cases tended to be associated with the Ki-67 labeling index. Results of the present study demonstrated that the status of MR and GR in conjunction with the 11βHSDs was correlated with the development of low-grade proliferative disorders in mammary glands. In addition, the potential crosstalk between MR and PR could also influence cell proliferation of breast carcinoma cells but further investigations are required for clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Cai
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keely McNamara
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Narumi Harada
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Minoru Miyashita
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tada
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takanori Ishida
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. .,Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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Lyngsø KS, Jensen BL, Hansen PBL, Dimke H. Endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor ablation confers protection towards endothelial dysfunction in experimental diabetes in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13731. [PMID: 34519423 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM With diabetes comes a significant risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Circulating aldosterone levels increase in patients with diabetes. Aldosterone can directly affect vascular function via activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). We hypothesized that aldosterone via endothelial MR impairs endothelial function in a murine model of experimental diabetes. METHOD Endothelial cell-specific mineralocorticoid receptor knockout MRflox/flox ; Tie2-Cre mice (ECMR-KO) and wild-type FVB littermates were subjected to an experimental type-1 diabetic model by low dose streptozotocin injections (55mg/kg/day) for five consecutive days. After 10 weeks of diabetes, second-order mesenteric resistance arteries were perfused ex vivo to evaluate vessel contractility and endothelial function. The effect of ex vivo incubation with aldosterone with and without the antagonist, spironolactone was determined. RESULTS Diabetic ECMR-KO and wild-type mice had similar, elevated, plasma aldosterone concentration while only diabetic wild-type mice displayed elevated urine albumin excretion and cardiac and kidney hypertrophy at 10 weeks. There were no differences in contraction (Emax and EC50 ) to thromboxane receptor agonist (U46619) and elevated K+ between groups. Wild-type diabetic mice showed impaired acetylcholine (ACh)-dependent relaxation, while diabetic ECMR-KO mice had intact ACh-mediated relaxation. Aldosterone incubation ex vivo impaired ACh mediated relaxation and rendered responses similar to diabetic WT arteries. Direct, ex vivo aldosterone effects were absent in ECMR-KO animals. Ex vivo inhibitory effects of aldosterone on endothelial relaxation in arteries from WT were abolished by spironolactone. CONCLUSION These findings show that endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor activation accounts for diabetes-induced systemic endothelial dysfunction in experimental diabetes and may explain the cardiovascular protection by MR antagonists in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S. Lyngsø
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Boye L. Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Pernille B. L. Hansen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
- Department of Nephrology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
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18
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Behar-Cohen F, Zhao M. Mineralocorticoid pathway in retinal health and diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:3190-3204. [PMID: 34877649 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the retina, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is expressed in retinal and choroidal vessels and in cells from neural and glial origins. Like in the brain, the major ligand of the MR is cortisol and the MR/glucocorticoid receptor (GR) balance regulates the activation of the MR pathway. Experimental MR pathway activation using either pharmacological agents or transgenic manipulation favors retinal and choroidal pathology. In various models of retinal diseases, such as glaucomatous neuropathy, retinopathy of prematurity, ischemic retinopathies, diabetic retinopathy and choroidal neovascularization, MR antagonism exerts beneficial effects, demonstrating its potential in the treatment of major blinding retinal diseases. But specific formulations are required to optimize the bioavailability of MR antagonists in various compartments of the eye and molecular biomarkers of MR pathway activation remain to be identify in humans to select patients amenable to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Behar-Cohen
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin Ophtalmopole, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, From physiopathology of retinal diseases to clinical advances, Paris, France
| | - Min Zhao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, From physiopathology of retinal diseases to clinical advances, Paris, France
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19
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Bauersachs J, López-Andrés N. Mineralocorticoid receptor in cardiovascular diseases-Clinical trials and mechanistic insights. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:3119-3134. [PMID: 34643952 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2), a transcription factor of the nuclear receptor family, present in the kidney and in various other non-epithelial cells including the heart and the vasculature. Indeed, extra-renal pathophysiological effects of this hormone have been characterized, extending its actions to the cardiovascular system. A growing body of clinical and pre-clinical evidence suggests that mineralocorticoid receptor overactivation plays an important pathophysiological role in cardiovascular remodelling by promoting cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, arterial stiffness and in inflammation and oxidative stress. The following review article outlines the role of mineralocorticoid receptor in cardiovascular disease with a focus on myocardial remodelling and heart failure (HF) including clinical trials as well as cellular and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research. Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
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20
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Liu Z, Xiao M, Du Z, Li M, Guo H, Yao M, Wan X, Xie Z. Dietary supplementation of Huangshan Maofeng green tea preventing hypertension of older C57BL/6 mice induced by desoxycorticosterone acetate and salt. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 88:108530. [PMID: 33080347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Senile hypertension affects the life quality of aged population. Dietary intervention plays a pivotal role in the prevention of hypertension. There are few reports concerning the effects and mechanisms of green tea supplementation preventing age related hypertension. The current study investigated the effect and mechanism of dietary supplement of Huangshan Maofeng green tea (HSMF) on prevention of hypertension induced by deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and salt in old C57BL/6 mice. Our results showed that HSMF dose-dependently prevented the increase of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure induced by DOCA plus salt (DS) at 51-week-old mice. And HSMF significantly reduced the agonists' stimulated contraction of mesenteric arteries isolated from the old mice. The expression of vasoconstrictor genes and inflammatory cytokines in aorta were suppressed observably by HSMF supplementation compared with DS group. The protein expression of PKCα in the aorta was dose-dependently decreased by HSMF compared to DS group. The phosphorylation level of MYPT1, CPI-17and MLC20 was also restrained by HSMF in the aorta. Furthermore, HSMF protected kidney by maintaining integrity of glomeruli and tubules and remarkably decreased the NGAL level in plasma. HSMF also suppressed the kidney inflammation by decreasing inflammatory cytokines expression and the macrophage infiltration. Our results proved that dietary supplement of HSMF remarkably improved the vascular functions and protected kidney injury, and thus prevented hypertension induced by DS in older C57BL/6 mice. Our data indicated that the dietary supplement of HSMF may potentially be used as a food additive for preventing hypertension for aged people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui Academy of Medical Science, Hefei, China
| | - Mengchao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaofeng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; School of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Mengwan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Center for Biotechnology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
| | - Zhongwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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21
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Abdel Ghafar MT. An overview of the classical and tissue-derived renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its genetic polymorphisms in essential hypertension. Steroids 2020; 163:108701. [PMID: 32717198 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a specific hormonal cascade implicated in the blood pressure control and sodium balance regulation. Several components of this pathway have been identified including renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensins with a wide range of distinct subtypes and receptors, and aldosterone. The RAAS is not only confined to the systemic circulation but also exists locally in specific tissues such as the heart, brain, and blood vessels with a particular paracrine action. Alteration of RAAS function can contribute to the development of hypertension and the emergence of its associated end-organ damage. Genotypic variations of the different genes of RAAS cascade have been linked to the susceptibility to essential hypertension. Accordingly, to understand the pathogenesis of essential hypertension and its related complications, deep insight into the physiological and genetic aspects of RAAS with its different components and pathways is necessary. In this review, we aimed to illustrate the physiological and genetic aspects of RAAS and the underlying mechanisms which link this system to the predisposition to essential hypertension.
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22
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Kaye R, Chandra S, Sheth J, Boon CJF, Sivaprasad S, Lotery A. Central serous chorioretinopathy: An update on risk factors, pathophysiology and imaging modalities. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 79:100865. [PMID: 32407978 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a common form of vision loss, typically seen in working-age men. The pathophysiology behind CSC still eludes us, however significant advances have been made in understanding this disease over the last decade using information from genetic and cell-based studies and imaging modalities. This review aims to give an overview of the current pathophysiology hypotheses surrounding CSC in addition to future directions in cellular work from human induced pluripotent stem cell derived choroidal endothelial cells from CSC patients. Furthermore, this review will provide the reader with an update on the clinical aspects of CSC including risk factors, diagnostic challenges and findings from multimodal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kaye
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Shruti Chandra
- NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, 162, City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom
| | - Jay Sheth
- Surya Eye Institute and Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands; Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Ophthalmology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, 162, City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Lotery
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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23
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Yun W, Qian L, Cheng Y, Tao W, Yuan R, Xu H. Periplocymarin Plays an Efficacious Cardiotonic Role via Promoting Calcium Influx. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1292. [PMID: 32973521 PMCID: PMC7466735 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Periplocymarin, which belongs to cardiac glycosides, is an effective component extracted from Periplocae Cortex. However, its cardiovascular effects remain unidentified. In the present study, injection of periplocymarin (5 mg/kg) through external jugular vein immediately increased the mean arterial pressure (MAP) in anesthetized C57BL/6 mice. Ex vivo experiments using mouse mesenteric artery rings were conducted to validate the role of periplocymarin on blood vessels. However, periplocymarin failed to induce vasoconstriction directly, and had no effects on vasoconstriction induced by phenylephrine (Phe) and angiotensin II (Ang II). In addition, vasodilatation induced by acetylcholine (Ach) was insusceptible to periplocymarin. Echocardiography was used to evaluate the effects of periplocymarin on cardiac function. The results showed that the injection of periplocymarin significantly increase the ejection fraction (EF) in mice without changing the heart rate. In vitro studies using isolated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) revealed that periplocymarin transiently increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration observed by confocal microscope. But in Ca2+-free buffer, this phenomenon vanished. Besides, inhibition of sodium potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase) by digoxin significantly suppressed the increase of MAP and EF in mice, and the influx of Ca2+ in cardiomyocytes, mediated by periplocymarin. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that periplocymarin increased the contractility of myocardium by promoting the Ca2+ influx of cardiomyocytes via targeting on Na+-K+-ATPase, which indirectly led to the instantaneous rise of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Yun
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Qian
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yanyan Cheng
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- College of Nursing, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ruqiang Yuan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hu Xu
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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24
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Touyz RM, Rios FJ, Alves-Lopes R, Neves KB, Camargo LL, Montezano AC. Oxidative Stress: A Unifying Paradigm in Hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36:659-670. [PMID: 32389339 PMCID: PMC7225748 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of hypertension involves complex interactions among genetic, environmental, and pathophysiologic factors that influence many regulatory systems. Hypertension is characteristically associated with vascular dysfunction, cardiovascular remodelling, renal dysfunction, and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Emerging evidence indicates that the immune system is also important and that activated immune cells migrate and accumulate in tissues promoting inflammation, fibrosis, and target-organ damage. Common to these processes is oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favour of the oxidants that leads to a disruption of oxidation-reduction (redox) signalling and control and molecular damage. Physiologically, reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signalling molecules and influence cell function through highly regulated redox-sensitive signal transduction. In hypertension, oxidative stress promotes posttranslational modification (oxidation and phosphorylation) of proteins and aberrant signalling with consequent cell and tissue damage. Many enzymatic systems generate ROS, but NADPH oxidases (Nox) are the major sources in cells of the heart, vessels, kidneys, and immune system. Expression and activity of Nox are increased in hypertension and are the major systems responsible for oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. Here we provide a unifying concept where oxidative stress is a common mediator underlying pathophysiologic processes in hypertension. We focus on some novel concepts whereby ROS influence vascular function, aldosterone/mineralocorticoid actions, and immunoinflammation, all important processes contributing to the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Francisco J Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rhéure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Karla B Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Spencer S, Wheeler‐Jones C, Elliott J. Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in renal injury: A potential therapeutic target in feline chronic kidney disease. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:243-267. [PMID: 32128854 PMCID: PMC8614124 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence supporting mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation as a powerful mediator of renal damage in laboratory animals and humans. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms are proposed, with the strongest evidence supporting aldosterone-induced vasculopathy, exacerbation of oxidative stress and inflammation, and increased growth factor signalling promoting fibroblast proliferation and deranged extracellular matrix homeostasis. Further involvement of the MR is supported by extensive animal model experiments where MR antagonists (such as spironolactone and eplerenone) abrogate renal injury, including ischaemia-induced damage. Additionally, clinical trials have shown MR antagonists to be beneficial in human chronic kidney disease (CKD) in terms of reducing proteinuria and cardiovascular events, though current studies have not evaluated primary end points which allow conclusions to made about whether MR antagonists reduce mortality or slow CKD progression. Although differences between human and feline CKD exist, feline CKD shares many characteristics with human disease including tubulointerstitial fibrosis. This review evaluates the evidence for the role of the MR in renal injury and summarizes the literature concerning aldosterone in feline CKD. MR antagonists may represent a promising therapeutic strategy in feline CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spencer
- Comparative Biomedical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | | | - Jonathan Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
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26
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Feraco A, Marzolla V, Scuteri A, Armani A, Caprio M. Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Metabolic Syndrome: From Physiology to Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:205-217. [PMID: 31843490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, several studies have shown that activity of extra-renal mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) regulates vascular tone, adipogenesis, adipose tissue function, and cardiomyocyte contraction. In mice, abnormal activation of MR in the vasculature and in adipose tissue favors the occurrence of several components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), such as hypertension, obesity, and glucose intolerance. Accordingly, high levels of aldosterone are associated with obesity and MetS in humans, suggesting that altered activation of aldosterone-MR system in extra-renal tissues leads to profound metabolic dysfunctions. In this context, in addition to the classical indications for heart failure and hypertension, MR antagonists (MRAs) nowadays represent a promising approach to tackle cardiovascular and metabolic disorders occurring in the MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Feraco
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Marzolla
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Scuteri
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Armani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy.
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27
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Barrera‐Chimal J, Jaisser F. Vascular and inflammatory mineralocorticoid receptors in kidney disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13390. [PMID: 31529757 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation in the kidney can occur outside the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron in sites including the endothelium, smooth muscle and inflammatory cells. MR activation in these cells has deleterious effects on kidney structure and function by promoting oxidative injury, endothelial dysfunction and stiffness, vascular remodelling and calcification, decreased relaxation and activation of T cells and pro-inflammatory macrophages. Here, we review the data showing the cellular consequences of MR activation in endothelial, smooth muscle and inflammatory cells and how this affects the kidney in pathological situations. The evidence demonstrating a benefit of pharmacological or genetic MR inhibition in various models of kidney disease is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Barrera‐Chimal
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Cardiovascular y Trasplante Renal Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Mexico City Mexico
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM U1116 Clinical Investigation Centre Lorraine University Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy France
- INI‐CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) F‐CRIN Network Nancy France
- INSERM UMRS 1138 Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers Sorbonne University Paris Descartes University Paris France
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28
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Impact of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist in renal transplant patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Nephrol 2019; 33:529-538. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-019-00681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Moss ME, Carvajal B, Jaffe IZ. The endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor: Contributions to sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 203:107387. [PMID: 31271793 PMCID: PMC6848769 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death for both men and women. The observation that premenopausal women are protected from cardiovascular disease relative to age-matched men, and that this protection is lost with menopause, has led to extensive study of the role of sex steroid hormones in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. However, the molecular basis for sex differences in cardiovascular disease is still not fully understood, limiting the ability to tailor therapies to male and female patients. Therefore, there is a growing need to investigate molecular pathways outside of traditional sex hormone signaling to fully understand sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Emerging evidence points to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a steroid hormone receptor activated by the adrenal hormone aldosterone, as one such mediator of cardiovascular disease risk, potentially serving as a sex-dependent link between cardiovascular risk factors and disease. Enhanced activation of the MR by aldosterone is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Emerging evidence implicates the MR specifically within the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels in mediating some of the sex differences observed in cardiovascular pathology. This review summarizes the available clinical and preclinical literature concerning the role of the MR in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure, with a special emphasis on sex differences in the role of endothelial-specific MR in these pathologies. The available data regarding the molecular mechanisms by which endothelial-specific MR may contribute to sex differences in cardiovascular disease is also summarized. A paradigm emerges from synthesis of the literature in which endothelial-specific MR regulates vascular function in a sex-dependent manner in response to cardiovascular risk factors to contribute to disease. Limitations in this field include the relative paucity of women in clinical trials and, until recently, the nearly exclusive use of male animals in preclinical investigations. Enhanced understanding of the sex-specific roles of endothelial MR could lead to novel mechanistic insights underlying sex differences in cardiovascular disease incidence and outcomes and could identify additional therapeutic targets to effectively treat cardiovascular disease in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Moss
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Brigett Carvajal
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America.
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30
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Chen ZW, Tsai CH, Pan CT, Chou CH, Liao CW, Hung CS, Wu VC, Lin YH. Endothelial Dysfunction in Primary Aldosteronism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205214. [PMID: 31640178 PMCID: PMC6829211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is characterized by excess production of aldosterone from the adrenal glands and is the most common and treatable cause of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that participates in the regulation of electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and tissue remodeling. The excess of aldosterone caused by PA results in an increase in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, and even arrhythmia and heart failure. Endothelial dysfunction is a well-established fundamental cause of cardiovascular diseases and also a predictor of worse clinical outcomes. Accumulating evidence indicates that aldosterone plays an important role in the initiation and progression of endothelial dysfunction. Several mechanisms have been shown to contribute to aldosterone-induced endothelial dysfunction, including aldosterone-mediated vascular tone dysfunction, aldosterone- and endothelium-mediated vascular inflammation, aldosterone-related atherosclerosis, and vascular remodeling. These mechanisms are activated by aldosterone through genomic and nongenomic pathways in mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent and independent manners. In addition, other cells have also been shown to participate in these mechanisms. The complex interactions among endothelium, inflammatory cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts are crucial for aldosterone-mediated endothelial dysregulation. In this review, we discuss the association between aldosterone and endothelial function and the complex mechanisms from a molecular aspect. Furthermore, we also review current clinical research of endothelial dysfunction in patients with PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
- Cardiovascular center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin 64041, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsuan Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
- Cardiovascular center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Jin-Shan Branch, New Taipei City 20844, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Ting Pan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
- Cardiovascular center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin 64041, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hung Chou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10041, Taiwan.
| | - Che-Wei Liao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 30059, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Sheng Hung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
- Cardiovascular center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
- Cardiovascular center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
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31
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Bousquet E, Zhao M, Daruich A, Behar-Cohen F. Mineralocorticoid antagonists in the treatment of central serous chorioetinopathy: Review of the pre-clinical and clinical evidence. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187:107754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Barrera-Chimal J, Jaisser F. Vascular mineralocorticoid receptor activation and disease. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107796. [PMID: 31521629 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor activation in endothelial and smooth muscle cells can promote vascular disease by increasing oxidative stress, promoting inflammation, accelerating vascular stiffness, remodeling, and calcification, altering vessel responsiveness to various vasoactive factors, thus altering vascular tone and blood pressure, and by altering angiogenesis. Here, we review the recent evidence highlighting the impact of vascular mineralocorticoid receptor activation in pathological situations, including kidney injury, vascular injury associated with metabolic diseases, atherosclerosis, cerebral vascular injury during hypertension, vascular stiffening and aging, pulmonary hypertension, vascular calcification, cardiac remodeling, wound healing, inflammation, thrombosis, and disorders related to angiogenic defects in the eye. The possible mechanisms implicating mineralocorticoid receptor activation in various vascular disorders are discussed. Altogether, recent evidence points towards pharmacological mineralocorticoid receptor inhibition as a strategy to treat diseases in which overactivation of the mineralocorticoid receptor in endothelial and/or smooth muscle cells may play a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Cardiovascular y Trasplante Renal, Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM U1116, Clinical Investigation Centre, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) F-CRIN Network, Nancy, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006, Paris, France.
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33
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Faulkner JL, Belin de Chantemèle EJ. Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2019; 21:78. [PMID: 31485760 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-019-0981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the latest reports of the contributions of the endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor to endothelial dysfunction and hypertension to begin to determine the clinical potential for this pathway for hypertension treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor expression is sex-specifically increased in female mice and humans compared with males. Moreover, the expression of endothelial mineralocorticoid receptors is increased by endothelial progesterone receptor activation and naturally occurring fluctuations in progesterone levels (estrous, pregnancy) predict endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor expression levels in female mice. These data follow many previous reports that have indicated that endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor deletion is protective in the development of obesity- and diabetes-associated endothelial dysfunction in female mouse models. These studies have more recently been followed up by reports indicating that both intact endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor expression are required for obesity-associated, leptin-mediated endothelial dysfunction in female mice. In addition, the intra-endothelial signaling pathway for endothelial mineralocorticoid receptors to induce dysfunction requires the intact expression of α-epithelial sodium channels (αENaC) in endothelial cells in females. Endothelial mineralocorticoid receptors are sex-specifically upregulated in the vasculature of females, a sex difference which is driven by endothelial progesterone receptor activation, and increased activity of these endothelial mineralocorticoid receptors is a crucial mediator of endothelial dysfunction, and potentially hypertension, in obese female experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Faulkner
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Eric J Belin de Chantemèle
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Efficacy and safety of dosage-escalation of low-dosage esaxerenone added to a RAS inhibitor in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuria: a single-arm, open-label study. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1572-1581. [PMID: 31239535 PMCID: PMC8075891 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The stimulation of mineralocorticoid receptors is linked to the development of hypertension and cardiovascular or renal damage in patients with diabetes, and the blockade of these receptors may be an effective treatment option. This open-label study with a 12-week treatment period assessed the antihypertensive (primary) and antialbuminuric (secondary) efficacy and safety of esaxerenone as an add-on therapy to a renin–angiotensin system inhibitor in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuria (urinary albumin-creatinine ratio 30 to <1000 mg/g•Cr). Esaxerenone was administered over 12 weeks at a starting dosage of 1.25 mg/day, which was gradually titrated to 2.5 mg/day and 5 mg/day at weeks 4, 6, or 8 according to the dosage-escalation criteria based on serum K+ levels, the estimated glomerular filtration rate, and the likelihood/occurrence of hypotension. Of the 51 patients enrolled, 44 (86.3%) reached an esaxerenone dosage of 2.5 or 5 mg/day. The changes from the baseline in sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressures were −13.7 mmHg (p < 0.05) and −6.2 mmHg (p < 0.05), respectively. Significant decreases in blood pressure occurred regardless of age, baseline systolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin level, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. The urinary albumin-creatinine ratio decreased by 32.4% from the baseline (p < 0.05). Two consecutive serum K+ measurements ≥ 5.5 mEq/L occurred in one patient but resolved after dosage reduction. Esaxerenone showed antihypertensive and antialbuminuric effects and a low risk of hyperkalemia with dosage titration from 1.25 mg in Japanese hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuria receiving a renin–angiotensin system inhibitor.
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Steroids Redux: Targeting the Mineralocorticoid Axis in Sepsis. Crit Care Med 2019; 45:1582-1583. [PMID: 28816849 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Barrera-Chimal J, Girerd S, Jaisser F. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and kidney diseases: pathophysiological basis. Kidney Int 2019; 96:302-319. [PMID: 31133455 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a global health concern, and its prevalence is increasing. The ultimate therapeutic option for CKD is kidney transplantation. However, the use of drugs that target specific pathways to delay or halt CKD progression, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors is limited in clinical practice. Mineralocorticoid receptor activation in nonclassical tissues, such as the endothelium, smooth muscle cells, inflammatory cells, podocytes, and fibroblasts may have deleterious effects on kidney structure and function. Several preclinical studies have shown that mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) ameliorate or cure kidney injury and dysfunction in different models of kidney disease. In this review, we present the preclinical evidence showing a benefit of MRAs in acute kidney injury, the transition from acute kidney injury to CKD, hypertensive and diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, and kidney toxicity induced by calcineurin inhibitors. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms responsible for renoprotection related to MRAs that lead to reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and hemodynamic alterations. The available clinical data support a benefit of MRA in reducing proteinuria in diabetic kidney disease and improving cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients. Moreover, a benefit of MRAs in kidney transplantation has also been observed. The past and present clinical trials describing the effect of MRAs on kidney injury are presented, and the risk of hyperkalemia and use of other options, such as potassium binding agents or nonsteroidal MRAs, are also addressed. Altogether, the available preclinical and clinical data support a benefit of using MRAs in CKD, an approach that should be further explored in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Cardiovascular y Trasplante Renal, Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sophie Girerd
- Transplant Unit, Nephrology Department, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1116, Clinical Investigation Centre, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Investigation Network Initiative - Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists, French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Nancy, France
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1116, Clinical Investigation Centre, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Investigation Network Initiative - Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists, French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Nancy, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, UMRS 1138, Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
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37
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Biwer LA, Wallingford MC, Jaffe IZ. Vascular Mineralocorticoid Receptor: Evolutionary Mediator of Wound Healing Turned Harmful by Our Modern Lifestyle. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:123-134. [PMID: 30380007 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpy158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is indispensable for survival through its critical role in maintaining blood pressure in response to sodium scarcity or bleeding. Activation of MR by aldosterone in the kidney controls water and electrolyte homeostasis. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of MR function, specifically in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. The evolving roles for vascular MR are summarized in the areas of (i) vascular tone regulation, (ii) thrombosis, (iii) inflammation, and (iv) vascular remodeling/fibrosis. Synthesis of the data supports the concept that vascular MR does not contribute substantially to basal homeostasis but rather, MR is poised to be activated when the vasculature is damaged to coordinate blood pressure maintenance and wound healing. Specifically, MR activation in the vascular wall promotes vasoconstriction, inflammation, and exuberant vascular remodeling with fibrosis. A teleological model is proposed in which these functions of vascular MR may have provided a critical evolutionary survival advantage in the face of mechanical vascular injury with bleeding. However, modern lifestyle is characterized by physical inactivity and high fat/high sodium diet resulting in diffuse vascular damage. Under these modern conditions, diffuse, persistent and unregulated activation of vascular MR contributes to post-reproductive cardiovascular disease in growing populations with hypertension, obesity, and advanced age.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Hemodynamics
- Humans
- Life Style
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Risk Factors
- Sedentary Behavior
- Signal Transduction
- Sodium, Dietary/adverse effects
- Vascular Remodeling
- Wound Healing
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Biwer
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary C Wallingford
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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38
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Pathophysiological mechanisms of mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. Hypertens Res 2018; 42:293-300. [PMID: 30523293 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated the potential contributions of aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients with primary aldosteronism have a higher risk of CVD and CKD than those with essential hypertension. MR is strongly expressed in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages, glomerular mesangial cells, podocytes, and proximal tubular cells. In these cardiovascular and renal cells, aldosterone-induced cell injury is prevented by MR blockade. Interestingly, MR antagonists elicit beneficial effects on CVD and CKD in subjects with low or normal plasma aldosterone levels. Recent studies have shown that during development of CVD and CKD, cardiovascular and renal MR is activated by glucocorticoid and ligand-independent mechanisms, such as Rac1 signaling pathways. These data indicate that inappropriate activation of local MR contributes to cardiovascular and renal tissue injury through aldosterone-dependent and -independent mechanisms. In this review, recent findings on the specific role of cardiovascular and renal MR in the pathogenesis of CVD and CKD are summarized.
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Butler MJ, Ramnath R, Kadoya H, Desposito D, Riquier-Brison A, Ferguson JK, Onions KL, Ogier AS, ElHegni H, Coward RJ, Welsh GI, Foster RR, Peti-Peterdi J, Satchell SC. Aldosterone induces albuminuria via matrix metalloproteinase-dependent damage of the endothelial glycocalyx. Kidney Int 2018; 95:94-107. [PMID: 30389198 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone contributes to end-organ damage in heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Mineralocorticoid-receptor inhibitors limit activation of the receptor by aldosterone and slow disease progression, but side effects, including hyperkalemia, limit their clinical use. Damage to the endothelial glycocalyx (a luminal biopolymer layer) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and albuminuria, but to date no one has investigated whether the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is affected by aldosterone. In vitro, human glomerular endothelial cells exposed to 0.1 nM aldosterone and 145 mMol NaCl exhibited reduced cell surface glycocalyx components (heparan sulfate and syndecan-4) and disrupted shear sensing consistent with damage of the glycocalyx. In vivo, administration of 0.6 μg/g/d of aldosterone (subcutaneous minipump) and 1% NaCl drinking water increased glomerular matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity, reduced syndecan 4 expression, and caused albuminuria. Intravital multiphoton imaging confirmed that aldosterone caused damage of the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx and increased the glomerular sieving coefficient for albumin. Targeting matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 with a specific gelatinase inhibitor preserved the glycocalyx, blocked the rise in glomerular sieving coefficient, and prevented albuminuria. Together these data suggest that preservation of the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx may represent a novel strategy for limiting the pathological effects of aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Butler
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Raina Ramnath
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Kadoya
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dorinne Desposito
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anne Riquier-Brison
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joanne K Ferguson
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karen L Onions
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anna S Ogier
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hesham ElHegni
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard J Coward
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gavin I Welsh
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca R Foster
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Assersen KB, Jensen PS, Briones AM, Rasmussen LM, Marcussen N, Toft A, Vanhoutte PM, Jensen BL, Hansen PBL. Periarterial fat from two human vascular beds is not a source of aldosterone to promote vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1670-F1682. [PMID: 30280597 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00391.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse adipocytes have been reported to release aldosterone and reduce endothelium-dependent relaxation. It is unknown whether perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) releases aldosterone in humans. The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that human PVAT releases aldosterone and induces endothelial dysfunction. Vascular reactivity was assessed in human internal mammary and renal segmental arteries obtained at surgery. The arteries were prepared with/without PVAT, and changes in isometric tension were measured in response to the vasoconstrictor thromboxane prostanoid receptor agonist U46619 and the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine. The effects of exogenous aldosterone and of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist eplerenone were determined. Aldosterone concentrations were measured by ELISA in conditioned media incubated with human adipose tissue with/without angiotensin II stimulation. Presence of aldosterone synthase and MR mRNA was examined in perirenal, abdominal, and mammary PVAT by PCR. U46619 -induced tension and acetylcholine-induced relaxation were unaffected by exogenous and endogenous aldosterone (addition of aldosterone and MR blocker) in mammary and renal segmental arteries, both in the presence and absence of PVAT. Aldosterone release from incubated perivascular fat was not detectable. Aldosterone synthase expression was not consistently observed in human adipose tissues in contrast to that of MR. Thus, exogenous aldosterone does not affect vascular reactivity and endothelial function in ex vivo human arterial segments, and the tested human adipose tissues have no capacity to synthesize/release aldosterone. In perspective, physiologically relevant effects of aldosterone on vascular function in humans are caused by systemic aldosterone originating from the adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Assersen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Pia S Jensen
- Department for Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - Ana M Briones
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital La Paz, Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Madrid , Spain
| | - Lars M Rasmussen
- Department for Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - Anja Toft
- Department of Urology, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Boye L Jensen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Pernille B L Hansen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark.,Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg , Sweden
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41
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Zhou X, Hu C, Yao L, Fan Z, Sun L, Wang Y, Xu Z. Effect of adjunctive corticosteroids on clinical outcomes in adult patients with septic shock - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and trial sequential analysis. J Crit Care 2018; 48:296-306. [PMID: 30269009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of corticosteroids on clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched databases for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published prior to March 12, 2018. The relative risk (RR), mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) were performed. RESULTS Seventeen RCTs were identified. Overall, corticosteroid therapy was not associated with a lower short-term mortality compared with placebo. Sub-analysis of trials with a low risk of bias demonstrated a beneficial effect of corticosteroids in reducing short-term mortality. Sub-analysis revealed that a daily dose of 200 mg hydrocortisone provided no benefit in reducing short-term mortality (random-effects RR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.90-1.06, P = 0.555; TSA-adjusted CI: 0.88-1.09; I2 = 0%), and the boundary for futility was crossed. However, a significant reduction in short-term mortality was found in a subgroup of trials that received dual corticosteroids (random-effects RR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79-0.97, P = 0.013; I2 = 0%), but this benefit disappeared after adjustment with TSA (TSA-adjusted CI: 0.76-1.02). CONCLUSIONS Future trials are unlikely to detect a reduction in short-term mortality at a daily doses of 200 mg hydrocortisone. More evidence is required to confirm the beneficial effects of dual corticosteroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhou
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Caibao Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China.
| | - Lina Yao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Zhen Fan
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Zhaojun Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China.
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Heming N, Sivanandamoorthy S, Meng P, Bounab R, Annane D. Immune Effects of Corticosteroids in Sepsis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1736. [PMID: 30105022 PMCID: PMC6077259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a life-threatening organ dysfunction, results from a dysregulated host response to invading pathogens that may be characterized by overwhelming systemic inflammation or some sort of immune paralysis. Sepsis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment is nonspecific and relies on source control and organ support. Septic shock, the most severe form of sepsis is associated with the highest rate of mortality. Two large multicentre trials, undertaken 15 years apart, found that the combination of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone significantly reduces mortality in septic shock. The corticosteroids family is composed of several molecules that are usually characterized according to their glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid power, relative to hydrocortisone. While the immune effects of glucocorticoids whether mediated or not by the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor have been investigated for several decades, it is only very recently that potential immune effects of mineralocorticoids via non-renal mineralocorticoid receptors have gained popularity. We reviewed the respective role of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in counteracting sepsis-associated dysregulated immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Heming
- General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France.,U1173 Laboratory Inflammation and Infection, University of Versailles SQY-Paris Saclay - INSERM, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | | | - Paris Meng
- General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France
| | - Rania Bounab
- General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France
| | - Djillali Annane
- General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France.,U1173 Laboratory Inflammation and Infection, University of Versailles SQY-Paris Saclay - INSERM, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
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43
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Nakamura T, Kurihara I, Kobayashi S, Yokota K, Murai-Takeda A, Mitsuishi Y, Morisaki M, Kohata N, Oshima Y, Minami Y, Shibata H, Itoh H. Intestinal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Contributes to Epithelial Sodium Channel-Mediated Intestinal Sodium Absorption and Blood Pressure Regulation. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.008259. [PMID: 29929989 PMCID: PMC6064907 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) has pathological roles in various cell types, including renal tubule cells, myocytes, and smooth muscle cells; however, the role of MR in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) has not been sufficiently evaluated. The intestine is the sensing organ of ingested sodium; accordingly, intestinal MR is expected to have essential roles in blood pressure (BP) regulation. Methods and Results We generated IEC‐specific MR knockout (IEC‐MR‐KO) mice. With a standard diet, fecal sodium excretion was 1.5‐fold higher in IEC‐MR‐KO mice, with markedly decreased colonic expression of β‐ and γ‐epithelial sodium channel, than in control mice. Urinary sodium excretion in IEC‐MR‐KO mice decreased by 30%, maintaining sodium balance; however, a low‐salt diet caused significant reductions in body weight and BP in IEC‐MR‐KO mice, and plasma aldosterone exhibited a compensatory increase. With a high‐salt diet, intestinal sodium absorption markedly increased to similar levels in both genotypes, without an elevation in BP. Deoxycorticosterone/salt treatment elevated BP and increased intestinal sodium absorption in both genotypes. Notably, the increase in BP was significantly smaller in IEC‐MR‐KO mice than in control mice. The addition of the MR antagonist spironolactone to deoxycorticosterone/salt treatment eliminated the differences in BP and intestinal sodium absorption between genotypes. Conclusions Intestinal MR regulates intestinal sodium absorption in the colon and contributes to BP regulation. These regulatory effects are associated with variation in epithelial sodium channel expression. These findings suggest that intestinal MR is a new target for studying the molecular mechanism of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Kurihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yokota
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayano Murai-Takeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Mitsuishi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuha Morisaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Kohata
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Oshima
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Minami
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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The endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor: mediator of the switch from vascular health to disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2018; 26:97-104. [PMID: 27930384 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endothelial dysfunction is an early feature of vascular disease induced by cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). In growing populations with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism improves endothelial function. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the specific role of endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor in vascular function in health and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Using transgenic mice with mineralocorticoid receptor expression specifically modulated in endothelial cells, recent studies support the emerging concept that while endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor may be protective in health, in the presence of CRFs, endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor activity contributes to endothelial dysfunction and progression of vascular disease. Proposed mechanisms include a role for endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor in decreased nitric oxide production and bioavailability, increased vascular oxidative stress, regulation of epithelial sodium channels that enhance vascular stiffness, and increased endothelial cell adhesion molecules promoting inflammation. The role of endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor may also depend on the sex, race, or vascular bed involved. SUMMARY Recent advances support the idea that endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor is a mediator of the switch from vascular health to disease in response to CRFs. Further investigation of the molecular mechanism is underway to identify therapeutic interventions that will limit the detrimental effects of endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor in patients at cardiovascular risk.
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45
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Laursen SB, Finsen S, Marcussen N, Quaggin SE, Hansen PBL, Dimke H. Endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor ablation does not alter blood pressure, kidney function or renal vessel contractility. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193032. [PMID: 29466427 PMCID: PMC5821352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone blockade confers substantial cardiovascular and renal protection. The effects of aldosterone on mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) expressed in endothelial cells (EC) within the renal vasculature have not been delineated. We hypothesized that lack of MR in EC may be protective in renal vasculature and examined this by ablating the Nr3c2 gene in endothelial cells (EC-MR) in mice. Blood pressure, heart rate and PAH clearance were measured using indwelling catheters in conscious mice. The role of the MR in EC on contraction and relaxation was investigated in the renal artery and in perfused afferent arterioles. Urinary sodium excretion was determined by use of metabolic cages. EC-MR transgenics had markedly decreased MR expression in isolated aortic endothelial cells as compared to littermates (WT). Blood pressure and effective renal plasma flow at baseline and following AngII infusion was similar between groups. No differences in contraction and relaxation were observed between WT and EC-MR KO in isolated renal arteries during baseline or following 2 or 4 weeks of AngII infusion. The constriction or dilatations of afferent arterioles between genotypes were not different. No changes were found between the groups with respect to urinary excretion of sodium after 4 weeks of AngII infusion, or in urinary albumin excretion and kidney morphology. In conclusion, deletion of the EC-MR does not confer protection towards the development of hypertension, endothelial dysfunction of renal arteries or renal function following prolonged AngII-infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel B. Laursen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stine Finsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susan E. Quaggin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Pernille B. L. Hansen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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46
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Wehling M. Rapid actions of aldosterone revisited: Receptors in the limelight. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:94-98. [PMID: 28126566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones like aldosterone have been conclusively shown to elicit both late genomic and rapid, nongenomically initiated responses. Aldosterone was among the first for which rapid, clinically relevant effects were even shown in humans. Yet, after over 30 years of research, the nature of receptors involved in rapid actions of aldosterone is still unclear. Such effects may be assigned to the classical, intracellular steroid receptors, in this case mineralocorticoid receptors (MR, class IIa action Mannheim classification). They typically disappear in knockout models and are blocked by MR-antagonists such as spironolactone, as shown for several cellular and physiological, e.g. renal or cardiovascular effects. In contrast, there is also consistent evidence suggesting type IIb effects involving structurally different receptors ("membrane receptors") being insensitive to classic antagonists and persistent in knockout models; IIb effects have lately even been confirmed by atomic force detection of surface receptors which bind aldosterone but not spironolactone. Type IIa and b may coexist in the same cell with IIa often augmenting early IIb effects. So far cloning of IIb receptors was unsuccessful; therefore results on G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) being potentially involved in rapid aldosterone action raised considerable interest. Surprisingly, GPER1 does not bind aldosterone. Though under these circumstances GPER1 should not yet be considered as IIb-receptor, it might be an intermediary signaling enhancer of mineralocorticoid action as shown for epithelial growth factor receptors reconciling those results. We still seem to be left without IIb-receptors whose identification would however be highly desirable and essential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wehling
- University of Heidelberg, Clinical Pharmacology Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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47
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Belden Z, Deiuliis JA, Dobre M, Rajagopalan S. The Role of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Inflammation: Focus on Kidney and Vasculature. Am J Nephrol 2017; 46:298-314. [PMID: 29017166 PMCID: PMC6863172 DOI: 10.1159/000480652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The remarkable success of clinical trials in mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) inhibition in heart failure has driven research on the physiological and pathological role(s) of nonepithelial MR expression. MR is widely expressed in the cardiovascular system and is a major determinant of endothelial function, smooth muscle tone, vascular remodeling, fibrosis, and blood pressure. An important new dimension is the appreciation of the role MR plays in immune cells and target organ damage in the heart, kidney and vasculature, and in the development of insulin resistance. SUMMARY The mechanism for MR activation in tissue injury continues to evolve with the evidence to date suggesting that activation of MR results in a complex repertoire of effects involving both macrophages and T cells. MR is an important transcriptional regulator of macrophage phenotype and function. Another important feature of MR activation is that it can occur even with normal or low aldosterone levels in pathological conditions. Tissue-specific conditional models of MR expression in myeloid cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes have been very informative and have firmly demonstrated a critical role of MR as a key pathophysiologic variable in cardiac hypertrophy, transition to heart failure, adipose inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Finally, the central nervous system activation of MR in permeable regions of the blood-brain barrier may play a role in peripheral inflammation. Key Message: Ongoing clinical trials will help clarify the role of MR blockade in conditions, such as atherosclerosis and chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Belden
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Deiuliis
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mirela Dobre
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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48
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Aldosterone and Vascular Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Murine Endotoxic and Human Septic Shock*. Crit Care Med 2017; 45:e954-e962. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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49
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Molecular Mechanisms of Sodium-Sensitive Hypertension in the Metabolic Syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 19:60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-017-0759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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50
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DuPont JJ, Jaffe IZ. 30 YEARS OF THE MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR: The role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the vasculature. J Endocrinol 2017; 234. [PMID: 28634267 PMCID: PMC5518626 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) was cloned 30 years ago, it has become clear that MR is expressed in extra-renal tissues, including the cardiovascular system, where it is expressed in all cells of the vasculature. Understanding the role of MR in the vasculature has been of particular interest as clinical trials show that MR antagonism improves cardiovascular outcomes out of proportion to changes in blood pressure. The last 30 years of research have demonstrated that MR is a functional hormone-activated transcription factor in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the role of vascular MR in regulating blood pressure and vascular function, and its contribution to vascular disease. Specifically, vascular MR contributes directly to blood pressure control and to vascular dysfunction and remodeling in response to hypertension, obesity and vascular injury. The literature is summarized with respect to the role of vascular MR in conditions including: pulmonary hypertension; cerebral vascular remodeling and stroke; vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction; acute kidney injury; and vascular pathology in the eye. Considerations regarding the impact of age and sex on the function of vascular MR are also described. Further investigation of the precise molecular mechanisms by which MR contributes to these processes will aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J DuPont
- Molecular Cardiology Research InstituteTufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research InstituteTufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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