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Du Y, Xiao X, You HZ, Hou ZY, Yang XD, Wang J, Tang J, Wang Y. Association of High Plasma Levels of Serpin E1, IGFBP2, and CCL5 With Refractory Epilepsy in Children by Cytokine Profiling. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024; 63:953-962. [PMID: 37731223 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231201245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines participate in the pathology of epilepsy and the development of drug resistance. In this study, we combined a cytokine array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to identify new cytokines in the plasma from children on early stage of the onset of epilepsy (EOE) and children with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Compared with healthy controls, a broad up-regulation of cytokines was observed in patients with EOE, and many of the cytokines were not previously reported. In patients with DRE, most of these up-regulated cytokines maintained at relatively low levels close to those in controls; only a few of them, including CCL5, Serpin E1, and IGFBP2, remained at high levels. The dramatic difference in cytokine profile could be a strong clue for the incidence of DRE, and DRE-associated cytokines appeared to have the potential to be new biomarkers for epilepsy prognosis and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Zhen You
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Yuan Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihong Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingyan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Korczeniewska OA, Husain S, Hoque M, Soteropoulos P, Khan J, Eliav E, Benoliel R. Time-Course Progression of Whole Transcriptome Expression Changes of Trigeminal Ganglia Compared to Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rats Exposed to Nerve Injury. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:101-117. [PMID: 37524222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain (NP) are complex with multiple genes, their interactions, environmental and epigenetic factors being implicated. Transcriptional changes in the trigeminal (TG) and dorsal root (DRG) ganglia have been implicated in the development and maintenance of NP. Despite efforts to unravel molecular mechanisms of NP, many remain unknown. Also, most of the studies focused on the spinal system. Although the spinal and trigeminal systems share some of the molecular mechanisms, differences exist. We used RNA-sequencing technology to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the TG and DRG at baseline and 3 time points following the infraorbital or sciatic nerve injuries, respectively. Pathway analysis and comparison analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed pathways. Additionally, upstream regulator effects were investigated in the two systems. DEG (differentially expressed genes) analyses identified 3,225 genes to be differentially expressed between TG and DRG in naïve animals, 1,828 genes 4 days post injury, 5,644 at day 8 and 9,777 DEGs at 21 days postinjury. A comparison of top enriched canonical pathways revealed that a number of signaling pathway was significantly inhibited in the TG and activated in the DRG at 21 days postinjury. Finally, CORT upstream regulator was predicted to be inhibited in the TG while expression levels of the CSF1 upstream regulator were significantly elevated in the DRG at 21 days postinjury. This study provides a basis for further in-depth studies investigating transcriptional changes, pathways, and upstream regulation in TG and DRG in rats exposed to peripheral nerve injuries. PERSPECTIVE: Although trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia are homologs of each other, they respond differently to nerve injury and therefore treatment. Activation/inhibition of number of biological pathways appear to be ganglion/system specific suggesting that different approaches might be required to successfully treat neuropathies induced by injuries in spinal and trigeminal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Korczeniewska
- Center for Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Seema Husain
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Mainul Hoque
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Patricia Soteropoulos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Junad Khan
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Eli Eliav
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Rafael Benoliel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sourasky Medical Center, Ichilov, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Li W, Wu J, Zeng Y, Zheng W. Neuroinflammation in epileptogenesis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269241. [PMID: 38187384 PMCID: PMC10771847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of enduring neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous and recurrent seizures with heterogeneous etiology, clinical expression, severity, and prognosis. Growing body of research investigates that epileptic seizures are originated from neuronal synchronized and excessive electrical activity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated and 30% of epileptic patients still are resistant to the currently available pharmacological treatments with recurrent seizures throughout life. Over the past two decades years accumulated evidences provide strong support to the hypothesis that neuroinflammation, including microglia and astrocytes activation, a cascade of inflammatory mediator releasing, and peripheral immune cells infiltration from blood into brain, is associated with epileptogenesis. Meanwhile, an increasing body of preclinical researches reveal that the anti-inflammatory therapeutics targeting crucial inflammatory components are effective and promising in the treatment of epilepsy. The aim of the present study is to highlight the current understanding of the potential neuroinflammatory mechanisms in epileptogenesis and the potential therapeutic targets against epileptic seizures.
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Chen Y, Nagib MM, Yasmen N, Sluter MN, Littlejohn TL, Yu Y, Jiang J. Neuroinflammatory mediators in acquired epilepsy: an update. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:683-701. [PMID: 36745211 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders that have diverse etiologies but are commonly characterized by spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Although the mechanisms underlying the epileptic seizures mostly remain poorly understood and the causes often can be idiopathic, a considerable portion of cases are known as acquired epilepsy. This form of epilepsy is typically associated with prior neurological insults, which lead to the initiation and progression of epileptogenesis, eventually resulting in unprovoked seizures. A convergence of evidence in the past two decades suggests that inflammation within the brain may be a major contributing factor to acquired epileptogenesis. As evidenced in mounting preclinical and human studies, neuroinflammatory processes, such as activation and proliferation of microglia and astrocytes, elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and upregulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, are commonly observed after seizure-precipitating events. An increased knowledge of these neuroinflammatory processes in the epileptic brain has led to a growing list of inflammatory mediators that can be leveraged as potential targets for new therapies of epilepsy and/or biomarkers that may provide valued information for the diagnosis and prognosis of the otherwise unpredictable seizures. In this review, we mainly focus on the most recent progress in understanding the roles of these inflammatory molecules in acquired epilepsy and highlight the emerging evidence supporting their candidacy as novel molecular targets for new pharmacotherapies of acquired epilepsy and the associated behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marwa M Nagib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nelufar Yasmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Taylor L Littlejohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Jiang S, Shi F, Shi K, Jin W. Targeting CCL5 signaling attenuates neuroinflammation after seizure. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:317-330. [PMID: 36440924 PMCID: PMC9804050 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a neurological condition that causes unprovoked, recurrent seizures. Accumulating evidence from clinical and experimental studies indicates that neuroinflammation exacerbates seizure activity. METHODS We investigated the transcriptional changes occurring in specific brain domains of a seizure mouse model, using 10× Genomics spatial transcriptomics. Differential gene expression and pathway analysis were applied to investigate potential signaling targets for seizure, including CCL5/CCR5 pathway. Maraviroc, an FDA-approved C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist, was used to verify the impact of CCL5/CCR5 signaling in seizure mice. RESULTS We found distinguished regional transcriptome features in the hippocampus of seizure mice. The hippocampus exhibited unique inflammatory gene signatures, including glia activation, apoptosis, and immune response in seizure mice. Especially, we observed notable expression of C-C chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) throughout the entire seizure hippocampus. Blockade of CCL5/CCR5 signaling via maraviroc prevented microglia activation and neuron degeneration in seizure mice. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the potential of CCL5/CCR5 signaling for targeting neuroinflammation after seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Zhang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Department of NeurologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Yan Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shihe Jiang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fu‐Dong Shi
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Department of NeurologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Kaibin Shi
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wei‐Na Jin
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Feng YQ, Xu ZZ, Wang YT, Xiong Y, Xie W, He YY, Chen L, Liu GY, Li X, Liu J, Wu Q. Targeting C–C Chemokine Receptor 5: Key to Opening the Neurorehabilitation Window After Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:876342. [PMID: 35573839 PMCID: PMC9095921 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.876342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the world’s second major cause of adult death and disability, resulting in the destruction of brain tissue and long-term neurological impairment; induction of neuronal plasticity can promote recovery after stroke. C–C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) can direct leukocyte migration and localization and is a co-receptor that can mediate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into cells. Its role in HIV infection and immune response has been extensively studied. Furthermore, CCR5 is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), is engaged in various physiological activities such as brain development, neuronal differentiation, communication, survival, and learning and memory capabilities, and is also involved in the development of numerous neurological diseases. CCR5 is differentially upregulated in neurons after stroke, and the inhibition of CCR5 in specific regions of the brain promotes motor and cognitive recovery. The mechanism by which CCR5 acts as a therapeutic target to promote neurorehabilitation after stroke has rarely been systematically reported yet. Thus, this review aims to discuss the function of CCR5 in the CNS and the mechanism of its effect on post-stroke recovery by regulating neuroplasticity and the inflammatory response to provide an effective basis for clinical rehabilitation after stroke.
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Wolinski P, Ksiazek-Winiarek D, Glabinski A. Cytokines and Neurodegeneration in Epileptogenesis. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030380. [PMID: 35326336 PMCID: PMC8945903 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common brain disorder characterized by a heterogenous etiology. Its main features are recurrent seizures. Despite many clinical studies, about 30% of cases are refractory to treatment. Recent studies suggested the important role of immune-system elements in its pathogenesis. It was suggested that a deregulated inflammatory process may lead to aberrant neural connectivity and the hyperexcitability of the neuronal network. The aim of our study was the analysis of the expression of inflammatory mediators in a mouse model of epilepsy and their impact on the neurodegeneration process located in the brain. We used the KA-induced model of epilepsy in SJL/J mice and performed the analysis of gene expression and protein levels. We observed the upregulation of IL1β and CXCL12 in the early phase of KA-induced epilepsy and elevated levels of CCL5 at a later time point, compared with control animals. The most important result obtained in our study is the elevation of CXCL2 expression at both studied time points and its correlation with the neurodegeneration observed in mouse brain. Increasing experimental and clinical data suggest the influence of peripheral inflammation on epileptogenesis. Thus, studies focused on the molecular markers of neuroinflammation are of great value and may help deepen our knowledge about epilepsy, leading to the discovery of new drugs.
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Łukawski K, Czuczwar SJ. Emerging therapeutic targets for epilepsy: Preclinical insights. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:193-206. [PMID: 35130119 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2039120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Around 30% of patients with epilepsy suffer from drug-resistant seizures. Drug-resistant seizures may have significant consequences such as sudden death in epilepsy, injuries, memory disturbances, and childhood learning and developmental problems. Conventional and newer available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) work via numerous mechanisms - mainly through inhibition of voltage-operated Na+ and/or Ca2+ channels, excitation of K+ channels, enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition and/or blockade of glutamate-produced excitation. However, the discovery and development of novel brain targets may improve the future pharmacological management of epilepsy and hence is of pivotal importance. AREAS COVERED This article examines novel drug targets such as brain multidrug efflux transporters and inflammatory pathways; it progresses to discuss possible strategies for the management of drug-resistant seizures. Reduction of the consequences of blood brain barrier dysfunction and enhancement of anti-oxidative defense are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Novel drug targets comprise brain multidrug efflux transporters, TGF-β, Nrf2-ARE or m-TOR signaling and inflammatory pathways. Gene therapy and antagomirs seem the most promising targets. Epileptic foci may be significantly suppressed by viral-vector-mediated gene transfer, leading to an increased in situ concentration of inhibitory factors (for instance, galanin). Also, antagomirs offer a promising possibility of seizure inhibition by silencing micro-RNAs involved in epileptogenesis and possibly in seizure generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łukawski
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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PCSK9 Imperceptibly Affects Chemokine Receptor Expression In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313026. [PMID: 34884827 PMCID: PMC8657700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a protease secreted mainly by hepatocytes and in lesser quantities by intestines, pancreas, and vascular cells. Over the years, this protease has gained importance in the field of cardiovascular biology due to its regulatory action on the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). However, recently, it has also been shown that PCSK9 acts independent of LDLR to cause vascular inflammation and increase the severity of several cardiovascular disorders. We hypothesized that PCSK9 affects the expression of chemokine receptors, major mediators of inflammation, to influence cardiovascular health. However, using overexpression of PCSK9 in murine models in vivo and PCSK9 stimulation of myeloid and vascular cells in vitro did not reveal influences of PCSK9 on the expression of certain chemokine receptors that are known to be involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation. Hence, we conclude that the inflammatory effects of PCSK9 are not associated with the here investigated chemokine receptors and additional research is required to elucidate which mechanisms mediate PCSK9 effects independent of LDLR.
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CCL4 induces inflammatory signalling and barrier disruption in the neurovascular endothelium. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100370. [PMID: 34755124 PMCID: PMC8560974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During neuroinflammation many chemokines alter the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the entry of macromolecules and immune cells into the brain. As the milieu of the brain is altered, biochemical and structural changes contribute to the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and may impact on neurogenesis. The chemokine CCL4, previously known as MIP-1β, is upregulated in a wide variety of central nervous system disorders, including multiple sclerosis, where it is thought to play a key role in the neuroinflammatory process. However, the effect of CCL4 on BBB endothelial cells (ECs) is unknown. Materials and methods Expression and distribution of CCR5, phosphorylated p38, F-actin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) were analysed in the human BBB EC line hCMEC/D3 by Western blot and/or immunofluorescence in the presence and absence of CCL4. Barrier modulation in response to CCL4 using hCMEC/D3 monolayers was assessed by measuring molecular flux of 70 kDa RITC-dextran and transendothelial lymphocyte migration. Permeability changes in response to CCL4 in vivo were measured by an occlusion technique in pial microvessels of Wistar rats and by fluorescein angiography in mouse retinae. Results CCR5, the receptor for CCL4, was expressed in hCMEC/D3 cells. CCL4 stimulation led to phosphorylation of p38 and the formation of actin stress fibres, both indicative of intracellular chemokine signalling. The distribution of junctional proteins was also altered in response to CCL4: junctional ZO-1 was reduced by circa 60% within 60 min. In addition, surface VE-cadherin was redistributed through internalisation. Consistent with these changes, CCL4 induced hyperpermeability in vitro and in vivo and increased transmigration of lymphocytes across monolayers of hCMEC/D3 cells. Conclusion These results show that CCL4 can modify BBB function and may contribute to disease pathogenesis. The chemokine CCL4 induced phosphorylation of P38 in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). CCL4 treatment resulted in reduction of plasma membrane VE-cadherin and junctional ZO-1. CCL4 induced neurovascular barrier breakdown in vitro and in vivo.
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Di Sapia R, Zimmer TS, Kebede V, Balosso S, Ravizza T, Sorrentino D, Castillo MAM, Porcu L, Cattani F, Ruocco A, Aronica E, Allegretti M, Brandolini L, Vezzani A. CXCL1-CXCR1/2 signaling is induced in human temporal lobe epilepsy and contributes to seizures in a murine model of acquired epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105468. [PMID: 34358616 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL1, a functional murine orthologue of the human chemokine CXCL8 (IL-8), and its CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors were investigated in a murine model of acquired epilepsy developing following status epilepticus (SE) induced by intra-amygdala kainate. CXCL8 and its receptors were also studied in human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The functional involvement of the chemokine in seizure generation and neuronal cell loss was assessed in mice using reparixin (formerly referred to as repertaxin), a non-competitive allosteric inhibitor of CXCR1/2 receptors. We found a significant increase in hippocampal CXCL1 level within 24 h of SE onset that lasted for at least 1 week. No changes were measured in blood. In analogy with human TLE, immunohistochemistry in epileptic mice showed that CXCL1 and its two receptors were increased in hippocampal neuronal cells. Additional expression of these molecules was found in glia in human TLE. Mice were treated with reparixin or vehicle during SE and for additional 6 days thereafter, using subcutaneous osmotic minipumps. Drug-treated mice showed a faster SE decay, a reduced incidence of acute symptomatic seizures during 48 h post-SE, and a delayed time to spontaneous seizures onset compared to vehicle controls. Upon reparixin discontinuation, mice developed spontaneous seizures similar to vehicle mice, as shown by EEG monitoring at 14 days and 2.5 months post-SE. In the same epileptic mice, reparixin reduced neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus vs vehicle-injected mice, as assessed by Nissl staining at completion of EEG monitoring. Reparixin administration for 2 weeks in mice with established chronic seizures, reduced by 2-fold on average seizure number vs pre-treatment baseline, and this effect was reversible upon drug discontinuation. No significant changes in seizure number were measured in vehicle-injected epileptic mice that were EEG monitored in parallel. Data show that CXCL1-IL-8 signaling is activated in experimental and human epilepsy and contributes to acute and chronic seizures in mice, therefore representing a potential new target to attain anti-ictogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Di Sapia
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
| | - Till S Zimmer
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Valentina Kebede
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
| | - Silvia Balosso
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
| | - Diletta Sorrentino
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
| | | | - Luca Porcu
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
| | - Franca Cattani
- R&D Department, Dompé farmaceutici S.p.A., L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Ruocco
- R&D Department, Dompé farmaceutici S.p.A., L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy.
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Nishibori M, Wang D, Ousaka D, Wake H. High Mobility Group Box-1 and Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122650. [PMID: 33321691 PMCID: PMC7764171 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory responses are involved in the progression of brain injuries induced by a diverse range of insults, including ischemia, hemorrhage, trauma, epilepsy, and degenerative diseases. During the processes of inflammation, disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) may play a critical role in the enhancement of inflammatory responses and may initiate brain damage because the BBB constitutes an interface between the brain parenchyma and the bloodstream containing blood cells and plasma. The BBB has a distinct structure compared with those in peripheral tissues: it is composed of vascular endothelial cells with tight junctions, numerous pericytes surrounding endothelial cells, astrocytic endfeet, and a basement membrane structure. Under physiological conditions, the BBB should function as an important element in the neurovascular unit (NVU). High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), a nonhistone nuclear protein, is ubiquitously expressed in almost all kinds of cells. HMGB1 plays important roles in the maintenance of chromatin structure, the regulation of transcription activity, and DNA repair in nuclei. On the other hand, HMGB1 is considered to be a representative damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) because it is translocated and released extracellularly from different types of brain cells, including neurons and glia, contributing to the pathophysiology of many diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). The regulation of HMGB1 release or the neutralization of extracellular HMGB1 produces beneficial effects on brain injuries induced by ischemia, hemorrhage, trauma, epilepsy, and Alzheimer’s amyloidpathy in animal models and is associated with improvement of the neurological symptoms. In the present review, we focus on the dynamics of HMGB1 translocation in different disease conditions in the CNS and discuss the functional roles of extracellular HMGB1 in BBB disruption and brain inflammation. There might be common as well as distinct inflammatory processes for each CNS disease. This review will provide novel insights toward an improved understanding of a common pathophysiological process of CNS diseases, namely, BBB disruption mediated by HMGB1. It is proposed that HMGB1 might be an excellent target for the treatment of CNS diseases with BBB disruption.
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Chaudhry SR, Kinfe TM, Lamprecht A, Niemelä M, Dobreva G, Hänggi D, Muhammad S. Elevated level of cerebrospinal fluid and systemic chemokine CCL5 is a predictive biomarker of clinical outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Cytokine 2020; 133:155142. [PMID: 32485621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathophysiology of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is highly complex. Bleeding from ruptured aneurysm causes increase in intracranial pressure that disrupts blood-brain barrier leading to infiltration of peripheral immune cells. Interactions between the infiltrated leukocytes and the resident brain cells in the injured tissue mainly determine the delayed tissue damage. Recruitment of leukocytes in the injured brain is mainly mediated by the chemokines. Chemokine C-C motif ligand 5 (CCL5) is a potent pro-inflammatory chemokine shown to be upregulated in preclinical SAH studies. However, detailed clinical investigations exploring the association of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and systemic CCL5 and post-aSAH complications and clinical outcome are still lacking. This study investigated CSF and systemic CCL5 after aSAH and its association with clinical outcome and post-aSAH complications. METHODS CSF and serum from control and aSAH patients were obtained after centrifugation of the CSF and peripheral blood, and were preserved at -80 °C until quantification by an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Patient pertinent data, post-aSAH complications and clinical outcome (modified Rankin scale [mRS] and Glasgow outcome scale [GOS]) were retrieved from patient records. RESULTS A significant increase in CSF and serum CCL5 levels was observed on post-aSAH day 1 and day 7 compared to control patients. Dichotomization of patients to poor (mRS 3-6 or GOS 1-3) and good (mRS 0-2 or GOS 4-5) clinical outcomes showed significantly higher serum CCL5 levels in patients with good clinical outcome at discharge, but lower CSF CCL5 levels. Interestingly, significantly lower serum CCL5 levels were observed on post-aSAH day 7 in patients who have additional intracerebral bleeding or the patients who developed chronic hydrocephalus or pneumonia. Whereas, CSF CCL5 levels significantly increased on post-aSAH day 1 in patients developing chronic hydrocephalus, delayed ischemic neurological deficits and intraventricular hemorrhage. CSF CCL5 levels on post-aSAH day 1 were correlated with poor clinical outcome, however, serum CCL5 levels on post-aSAH day 7 were correlated with good clinical outcome. CONCLUSION Systemic and CSF CCL5 levels were elevated after aSAH and levels of serum CCL5 on day 7 were associated independently with clinical outcome (GOS and mRS) at discharge. Therapeutic approaches targeting CCL5 might be beneficial in aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafqat Rasul Chaudhry
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Thomas Mehari Kinfe
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery and Stereotaxy, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gergana Dobreva
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Hänggi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sajjad Muhammad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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14
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Chen C, Chu SF, Ai QD, Zhang Z, Chen NH. CKLF1/CCR5 axis is involved in neutrophils migration of rats with transient cerebral ischemia. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106577. [PMID: 32446198 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1) is a chemokine increased significantly in ischemic brain poststroke. It shows chemotaxis effects on various immune cells, but the mechanisms of CKLF1 migrating neutrophils are poorly understood. Recent studies have provided evidence that CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), a receptor of CKLF1, is involved in ischemic stroke. PURPOSES To investigate the effects of HIF-1α guided AAV in ischemic brain, investigating the outcome of stroke, and examining the involvement of CKLF1/CCR5 axis in recruitment of neutrophils. RESULTS HIF-1α guided AAV knocked down CKLF1 in ischemic area and alleviated brain damage of rats. CKLF1 migrated neutrophils through CCR5, worsening inflammatory responses. Akt/GSK-3β pathway may involve in CKLF1/CCR5 axis guided neutrophils chemotaxis. CONCLUSIONS CKLF1/CCR5 axis is involved in neutrophils migration of rats with transient cerebral ischemia. CKLF1/CCR5 axis may be a useful target for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Qi-di Ai
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
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15
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Baruah J, Vasudevan A, Köhling R. Vascular Integrity and Signaling Determining Brain Development, Network Excitability, and Epileptogenesis. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1583. [PMID: 32038280 PMCID: PMC6987412 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the etiological mechanisms leading up to epilepsy has undergone radical changes over time due to more insights into the complexity of the disease. The traditional hypothesis emphasized network hyperexcitability and an imbalance of inhibition and excitation, eventually leading to seizures. In this context, the contribution of the vascular system, and particularly the interactions between blood vessels and neuronal tissue, came into focus only recently. Thus, one highly exciting causative or contributing factor of epileptogenesis is the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the context of not only posttraumatic epilepsy, but also other etiologies. This hypothesis is now recognized as a synergistic mechanism that can give rise to epilepsy, and BBB repair for restoration of cerebrovascular integrity is considered a therapeutic alternative. Endothelial cells lining the inner surface of blood vessels are an integral component of the BBB system. Sealed by tight junctions, they are crucial in maintaining homeostatic activities of the brain, as well as acting as an interface in the neurovascular unit. Additional potential vascular mechanisms such as inflammation, altered neurovascular coupling, or changes in blood flow that can modulate neuronal circuit activity have been implicated in epilepsy. Our own work has shown how intrinsic defects within endothelial cells from the earliest developmental time points, which preclude neuronal changes, can lead to vascular abnormalities and autonomously support the development of hyperexcitability and epileptiform activity. In this article, we review the importance of vascular integrity and signaling for network excitability and epilepsy by highlighting complementary basic and clinical research studies and by outlining possible novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugajyoti Baruah
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Angiogenesis and Brain Development Laboratory, Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Anju Vasudevan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Angiogenesis and Brain Development Laboratory, Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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16
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Hasan MT, Campbell E, Sizova O, Lyle V, Akkaraju G, Kirkpatrick DL, Naumov AV. Multi-Drug/Gene NASH Therapy Delivery and Selective Hyperspectral NIR Imaging Using Chirality-Sorted Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1175. [PMID: 31416250 PMCID: PMC6721580 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can serve as drug delivery/biological imaging agents, as they exhibit intrinsic fluorescence in the near-infrared, allowing for deeper tissue imaging while providing therapeutic transport. In this work, CoMoCAT (Cobalt Molybdenum Catalyst) SWCNTs, chirality-sorted by aqueous two-phase extraction, are utilized for the first time to deliver a drug/gene combination therapy and image each therapeutic component separately via chirality-specific SWCNT fluorescence. Each of (7,5) and (7,6) sorted SWCNTs were non-covalently loaded with their specific payload: the PI3 kinase inhibitor targeting liver fibrosis or CCR5 siRNA targeting inflammatory pathways with the goal of addressing these processes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), ultimately to prevent its progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. PX-866-(7,5) SWCNTs and siRNA-(7,6) SWCNTs were each imaged via characteristic SWCNT emission at 1024/1120 nm in HepG2 and HeLa cells by hyperspectral fluorescence microscopy. Wavelength-resolved imaging verified the intracellular transport of each SWCNT chirality and drug release. The therapeutic efficacy of each formulation was further demonstrated by the dose-dependent cytotoxicity of SWCNT-bound PX-866 and >90% knockdown of CCR5 expression with SWCNT/siRNA transfection. This study verifies the feasibility of utilizing chirality-sorted SWCNTs for the delivery and component-specific imaging of combination therapies, also suggesting a novel nanotherapeutic approach for addressing the progressions of NASH to hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tanvir Hasan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298840, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Elizabeth Campbell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298840, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Olga Sizova
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Veronica Lyle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298840, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Giridhar Akkaraju
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, 2955 South University Drive, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | | | - Anton V Naumov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298840, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
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17
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Wang Y, Li Z. RNA-seq analysis of blood of valproic acid-responsive and non-responsive pediatric patients with epilepsy. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:373-383. [PMID: 31258675 PMCID: PMC6566089 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disorder, affecting ~70 million individuals worldwide. However, approximately one-third of the patients are refractory to epilepsy medication. Of note, 100% of patients with genetic epilepsy who are resistant to the traditional drug, valproic acid (VPA), are also refractory to the other anti-epileptic drugs. The aim of the present study was to compare the transcriptomes in VPA responders and non-responders, to explore the mechanism of action of VPA and identify possible biomarkers to predict VPA resistance. Thus, RNA-seq was employed for transcriptomic analysis, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed using Cuffdiff software and the DAVID database was used to infer the functions of the DEGs. A protein-protein interaction network was obtained using STRING and visualized with Cytoscape. A total of 389 DEGs between VPA-responsive and non-responsive pediatric patients were identified. Of these genes, 227 were upregulated and 162 were downregulated. The upregulated DEGs were largely associated with cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptor-binding factors, whereas the downregulated DEGs were associated with cation channels, iron ion binding proteins, and immunoglobulin E receptors. In the pathway analysis, the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction were mostly enriched by the DEGs. Furthermore, three modules were identified by protein-protein interaction analysis, and the potential hub genes, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 and 4, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, which are known to be closely associated with epilepsy, were identified. These specific chemokines may participate in processes associated with VPA resistance and may be potential biomarkers for monitoring the efficacy of VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China.,Hainan Provincial Key Lab of R&D of Tropical Herbs, College of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
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18
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Ravizza T, Vezzani A. Pharmacological targeting of brain inflammation in epilepsy: Therapeutic perspectives from experimental and clinical studies. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:133-142. [PMID: 30564772 PMCID: PMC6293065 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a pathogenic role of unabated neuroinflammation in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including epilepsy. Neuroinflammation is not a bystander phenomenon of the diseased brain tissue, but it may contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability underlying seizure generation, cell loss, and neurologic comorbidities. Several molecules, which constitute the inflammatory milieu in the epileptogenic area, activate signaling pathways in neurons and glia resulting in pathologic modifications of cell function, which ultimately lead to alterations in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Herein we report the up-to-date experimental and clinical evidence that supports the neuromodulatory role of inflammatory mediators, their related signaling pathways, and involvement in epilepsy. We discuss how these mechanisms can be harnessed to discover and validate targets for novel therapeutics, which may prevent or control pharmacoresistant epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ravizza
- Department of NeuroscienceIRCCS – Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological ResearchMilanoItaly
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of NeuroscienceIRCCS – Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological ResearchMilanoItaly
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19
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Kuriakose M, Rama Rao KV, Younger D, Chandra N. Temporal and Spatial Effects of Blast Overpressure on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Traumatic Brain Injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8681. [PMID: 29875451 PMCID: PMC5989233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a “signature wound” in soldiers during training and in combat and has also become a major cause of morbidity in civilians due to increased insurgency. This work examines the role of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption as a result of both primary biomechanical and secondary biochemical injury mechanisms in bTBI. Extravasation of sodium fluorescein (NaF) and Evans blue (EB) tracers were used to demonstrate that compromise of the BBB occurs immediately following shock loading, increases in intensity up to 4 hours and returns back to normal in 24 hours. This BBB compromise occurs in multiple regions of the brain in the anterior-posterior direction of the shock wave, with maximum extravasation seen in the frontal cortex. Compromise of the BBB is confirmed by (a) extravasation of tracers into the brain, (b) quantification of tight-junction proteins (TJPs) in the brain and the blood, and (c) tracking specific blood-borne molecules into the brain and brain-specific proteins into the blood. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the BBB compromise occurs as a part of initial biomechanical loading and is a function of increasing blast overpressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kuriakose
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
| | - Kakulavarapu V Rama Rao
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA.
| | - Daniel Younger
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
| | - Namas Chandra
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA.
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20
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van Vliet EA, Aronica E, Vezzani A, Ravizza T. Review: Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets and biomarker candidates in epilepsy: emerging evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 44:91-111. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. A. van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - E. Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; Center for Neuroscience; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN); Cruquius The Netherlands
| | - A. Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; Milano Italy
| | - T. Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; Milano Italy
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21
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Ahmad SF, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Bakheet SA, Al-Ayadhi LY, Attia SM. Upregulation of peripheral CXC and CC chemokine receptor expression on CD4 + T cells is associated with immune dysregulation in children with autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:211-220. [PMID: 28986277 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by disturbances in social interactions and communication, restricted repetitive interests, and stereotyped behavior. Cumulative evidence recommends that there are immune alterations in ASD. Chemokine receptors are known to play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS) and in many neuro inflammatory disorders. The main objective of this study was to explore the role of CXC and CC chemokine receptors signaling in children with autism. We examined chemokine receptor production of CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR5, and CXCR7 in all peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in CD4+ T cells of typically developing control children (TD) and autistic children (AU). We also examined chemokine receptor production of CCR3, CCR5, CCR7, and CCR9 in all PBMCs and in CD4+ T cells of AU and TD samples using flow cytometric analysis. In addition, we measured mRNA expression levels of CXC and CC chemokine receptors using quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Our results showed the increased production of CXCR2+, CXCR3+, CXCR5+, and CXCR7+ and CCR3+, CCR5+, CCR7+, and CCR9+ in all PBMCs and in CD4+ T cells of children with AU as compared to TD controls. Our results show that chemokine receptor signaling components might provide unique therapeutic targets for children with AU and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Yousef Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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22
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Aronica E, Bauer S, Bozzi Y, Caleo M, Dingledine R, Gorter JA, Henshall DC, Kaufer D, Koh S, Löscher W, Louboutin JP, Mishto M, Norwood BA, Palma E, Poulter MO, Terrone G, Vezzani A, Kaminski RM. Neuroinflammatory targets and treatments for epilepsy validated in experimental models. Epilepsia 2017; 58 Suppl 3:27-38. [PMID: 28675563 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence that has accumulated over the past decade strongly supports the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of human epilepsy. Specific inflammatory molecules and pathways have been identified that influence various pathologic outcomes in different experimental models of epilepsy. Most importantly, the same inflammatory pathways have also been found in surgically resected brain tissue from patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy. New antiseizure therapies may be derived from these novel potential targets. An essential and crucial question is whether targeting these molecules and pathways may result in anti-ictogenesis, antiepileptogenesis, and/or disease-modification effects. Therefore, preclinical testing in models mimicking relevant aspects of epileptogenesis is needed to guide integrated experimental and clinical trial designs. We discuss the most recent preclinical proof-of-concept studies validating a number of therapeutic approaches against inflammatory mechanisms in animal models that could represent novel avenues for drug development in epilepsy. Finally, we suggest future directions to accelerate preclinical to clinical translation of these recent discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,SEIN-Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yuri Bozzi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Jan A Gorter
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A
| | - Sookyong Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.,Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Michele Mishto
- Charite University Medicine Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Braxton A Norwood
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Neuroscience Division, Expesicor LLC, Kalispell, Montana, U.S.A
| | - Eleonora Palma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael O Poulter
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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23
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Cerri C, Caleo M, Bozzi Y. Chemokines as new inflammatory players in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2017; 136:77-83. [PMID: 28780154 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A large series of clinical and experimental studies supports a link between inflammation and epilepsy, indicating that inflammatory processes within the brain are important contributors to seizure recurrence and precipitation. Systemic inflammation can precipitate seizures in children suffering from epileptic encephalopathies, and hallmarks of a chronic inflammatory state have been found in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Research performed on animal models of epilepsy further corroborates the idea that seizures upregulate inflammatory mediators, which in turn may enhance brain excitability and neuronal degeneration. Several inflammatory molecules and their signaling pathways have been implicated in epilepsy. Among these, the chemokine pathway has increasingly gained attention. Chemokines are small cytokines secreted by blood cells, which act as chemoattractants for leukocyte migration. Recent studies indicate that chemokines and their receptors are also produced by brain cells, and are involved in various neurological disorders including epilepsy. In this review, we will focus on a subset of pro-inflammatory chemokines (namely CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CX3CL1) and their receptors, and their increasingly recognized role in seizure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cerri
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Yuri Bozzi
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Neurodevelopmental Disorders Research Group, Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
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24
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Increased Transendothelial Transport of CCL3 Is Insufficient to Drive Immune Cell Transmigration through the Blood-Brain Barrier under Inflammatory Conditions In Vitro. Mediators Inflamm 2017. [PMID: 28626344 PMCID: PMC5463143 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6752756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neuroinflammatory diseases are characterized by massive immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system. Identifying the underlying mechanisms could aid in the development of therapeutic strategies specifically interfering with inflammatory cell trafficking. To achieve this, we implemented and validated a blood–brain barrier (BBB) model to study chemokine secretion, chemokine transport, and leukocyte trafficking in vitro. In a coculture model consisting of a human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line and human astrocytes, proinflammatory stimulation downregulated the expression of tight junction proteins, while the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines was upregulated. Moreover, chemokine transport across BBB cocultures was upregulated, as evidenced by a significantly increased concentration of the inflammatory chemokine CCL3 at the luminal side following proinflammatory stimulation. CCL3 transport occurred independently of the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5, albeit that migrated cells displayed increased expression of CCR1 and CCR5. However, overall leukocyte transmigration was reduced in inflammatory conditions, although higher numbers of leukocytes adhered to activated endothelial cells. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that prominent barrier activation following proinflammatory stimulation is insufficient to drive immune cell recruitment, suggesting that additional traffic cues are crucial to mediate the increased immune cell infiltration seen in vivo during neuroinflammation.
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Immune Alterations in CD8+ T Cells Are Associated with Neuronal C-C and C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Regulation Through Adenosine A2A Receptor Signaling in a BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Autistic Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2603-2616. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Albert V, Subramanian A, Agrawal D, Bhoi SK, Pallavi P, Mukhopadhayay AK. RANTES levels in peripheral blood, CSF and contused brain tissue as a marker for outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:139. [PMID: 28340601 PMCID: PMC5366123 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes activation of several neurochemical and physiological cascades, leading to neurological impairment. We aimed to investigate the level of novel chemokine RANTES in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and contused brain tissue in traumatic brain injury patients and to correlate the expression of this chemokine with the severity of head injury and neurological outcome. Methods This longitudinal case control study was performed on 70 TBI patients over a period of 30 months. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and Glasgow outcome score were used to assess the severity of head injury and clinical outcome. Level of RANTES was quantified in plasma (n = 60), CSF (N = 10) and contused brain tissue (n = 5). Alterations in the plasma levels on 1st and 5th day following TBI were assessed. Patients were categorized as severe (GCS < 8) (SHI), moderate and mild Head injury (GCS > 8–14). 15 healthy volunteers were taken as the control group. Results The median plasma RANTES levels were 971.3 (88.40–1931.1); 999.2 (31.2–2054.9); 471.8 (370.9–631.9) for SHI, MHI and healthy control respectively and showed statistically significant variation (p = 0.005). There was no statistical difference in the mean 1st and 5th day RANTES levels for the SHI group. However, admission RANTES levels were significantly higher in patients who died than those who survived (p = 0.04). Also, RANTES levels were significantly higher in plasma as compared to contused brain tissue and CSF (p = 0.0001). Conclusion This is the first study of its kind which shows that there is significant correlation of admission RANTES levels and early mortality. Another interesting finding was the significant upregulated in the expression of RANTES in plasma, compared to CSF and contused brain tissue following severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venencia Albert
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110022, India
| | - Arulselvi Subramanian
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110022, India.
| | - Deepak Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110022, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Bhoi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110022, India
| | - Pooja Pallavi
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110022, India
| | - A K Mukhopadhayay
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110022, India
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K Singh S, Kulshreshtha D, K Singh A, K Maurya P, K Thacker A. Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in Adults and Its Correlation with Cytokine Levels in the Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 70:374-377. [PMID: 28003589 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2016.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a major health problem in developing countries including India. Neuronal injury in encephalitis is attributed to direct toxicity from pathogens and proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we assessed cytokine levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and their correlation with clinical symptoms. In our study, patients with AES for a duration of less than 2 weeks underwent brain imaging followed by CSF analysis for routine parameters and viral studies. We assessed interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) levels in the serum samples of all patients and in 50 CSF samples and compared them with serum cytokine levels of 64 age- and sex-matched controls. Of the 87 AES patients, 13 had Japanese encephalitis (JE). Serum IL-6, IL-10, and RANTES levels were significantly elevated in patients with AES compared with that in controls. Serum IL-10 levels were significantly reduced while RANTES levels were significantly elevated in patients who died. CSF IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly elevated in the non-JE group compared with that in JE patients. RANTES levels in the CSF were high in patients who had no seizures. IL-10 exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by modulating the innate and adaptive immune response, thus limiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Higher IL-10 levels were found to be protective in patients with acute encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dinkar Kulshreshtha
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - Ajai K Singh
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - Pradeep K Maurya
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences
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Bakheet SA, Alzahrani MZ, Nadeem A, Ansari MA, Zoheir KMA, Attia SM, AL-Ayadhi LY, Ahmad SF. Resveratrol treatment attenuates chemokine receptor expression in the BTBR T + tf/J mouse model of autism. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 77:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Liu JX, Cao X, Liu Y, Tang FR. Altered expression of neuronal CCR6 during pilocarpine induced status epilepticus in mice. Epilepsy Res 2016; 126:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dennie D, Louboutin JP, Strayer DS. Migration of bone marrow progenitor cells in the adult brain of rats and rabbits. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:136-157. [PMID: 27114746 PMCID: PMC4835673 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i4.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis takes place in the adult mammalian brain in three areas: Subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG); subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle; olfactory bulb. Different molecular markers can be used to characterize the cells involved in adult neurogenesis. It has been recently suggested that a population of bone marrow (BM) progenitor cells may migrate to the brain and differentiate into neuronal lineage. To explore this hypothesis, we injected recombinant SV40-derived vectors into the BM and followed the potential migration of the transduced cells. Long-term BM-directed gene transfer using recombinant SV40-derived vectors leads to expression of the genes delivered to the BM firstly in circulating cells, then after several months in mature neurons and microglial cells, and thus without central nervous system (CNS) lesion. Most of transgene-expressing cells expressed NeuN, a marker of mature neurons. Thus, BM-derived cells may function as progenitors of CNS cells in adult animals. The mechanism by which the cells from the BM come to be neurons remains to be determined. Although the observed gradual increase in transgene-expressing neurons over 16 mo suggests that the pathway involved differentiation of BM-resident cells into neurons, cell fusion as the principal route cannot be totally ruled out. Additional studies using similar viral vectors showed that BM-derived progenitor cells migrating in the CNS express markers of neuronal precursors or immature neurons. Transgene-positive cells were found in the subgranular zone of the DG of the hippocampus 16 mo after intramarrow injection of the vector. In addition to cells expressing markers of mature neurons, transgene-positive cells were also positive for nestin and doublecortin, molecules expressed by developing neuronal cells. These cells were actively proliferating, as shown by short term BrdU incorporation studies. Inducing seizures by using kainic acid increased the number of BM progenitor cells transduced by SV40 vectors migrating to the hippocampus, and these cells were seen at earlier time points in the DG. We show that the cell membrane chemokine receptor, CCR5, and its ligands, enhance CNS inflammation and seizure activity in a model of neuronal excitotoxicity. SV40-based gene delivery of RNAi targeting CCR5 to the BM results in downregulating CCR5 in circulating cells, suggesting that CCR5 plays an important role in regulating traffic of BM-derived cells into the CNS, both in the basal state and in response to injury. Furthermore, reduction in CCR5 expression in circulating cells provides profound neuroprotection from excitotoxic neuronal injury, reduces neuroinflammation, and increases neuronal regeneration following this type of insult. These results suggest that BM-derived, transgene-expressing, cells can migrate to the brain and that they become neurons, at least in part, by differentiating into neuron precursors and subsequently developing into mature neurons.
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Li L, Zhi D, Shen Y, Liu K, Li H, Chen J. Effects of CC-chemokine receptor 5 on ROCK2 and P-MLC2 expression after focal cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion injury in rats. Brain Inj 2016; 30:468-73. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1129557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Łukawski K, Gryta P, Łuszczki J, Czuczwar SJ. Exploring the latest avenues for antiepileptic drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:369-82. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1154840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jongbloets BC, van Gassen KLI, Kan AA, Olde Engberink AHO, de Wit M, Wolterink-Donselaar IG, Groot Koerkamp MJA, van Nieuwenhuizen O, Holstege FCP, de Graan PNE. Expression Profiling after Prolonged Experimental Febrile Seizures in Mice Suggests Structural Remodeling in the Hippocampus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145247. [PMID: 26684451 PMCID: PMC4684321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizures are the most prevalent type of seizures among children up to 5 years of age (2–4% of Western-European children). Complex febrile seizures are associated with an increased risk to develop temporal lobe epilepsy. To investigate short- and long-term effects of experimental febrile seizures (eFS), we induced eFS in highly febrile convulsion-susceptible C57BL/6J mice at post-natal day 10 by exposure to hyperthermia (HT) and compared them to normotherm-exposed (NT) mice. We detected structural re-organization in the hippocampus 14 days after eFS. To identify molecular candidates, which entrain this structural re-organization, we investigated temporal changes in mRNA expression profiles eFS 1 hour to 56 days after eFS. We identified 931 regulated genes and profiled several candidates using in situ hybridization and histology at 3 and 14 days after eFS. This is the first study to report genome-wide transcriptome analysis after eFS in mice. We identify temporal regulation of multiple processes, such as stress-, immune- and inflammatory responses, glia activation, glutamate-glutamine cycle and myelination. Identification of the short- and long-term changes after eFS is important to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart C Jongbloets
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Koen L I van Gassen
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne A Kan
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke H O Olde Engberink
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marina de Wit
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inge G Wolterink-Donselaar
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marian J A Groot Koerkamp
- Molecular Cancer Research, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Onno van Nieuwenhuizen
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank C P Holstege
- Molecular Cancer Research, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre N E de Graan
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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The Chemokine MIP-1α/CCL3 impairs mouse hippocampal synaptic transmission, plasticity and memory. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15862. [PMID: 26511387 PMCID: PMC4625372 DOI: 10.1038/srep15862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are signaling molecules playing an important role in immune regulations. They are also thought to regulate brain development, neurogenesis and neuroendocrine functions. While chemokine upsurge has been associated with conditions characterized with cognitive impairments, their ability to modulate synaptic plasticity remains ill-defined. In the present study, we specifically evaluated the effects of MIP1-α/CCL3 towards hippocampal synaptic transmission, plasticity and spatial memory. We found that CCL3 (50 ng/ml) significantly reduced basal synaptic transmission at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse without affecting NMDAR-mediated field potentials. This effect was ascribed to post-synaptic regulations, as CCL3 did not impact paired-pulse facilitation. While CCL3 did not modulate long-term depression (LTD), it significantly impaired long-term potentiation (LTP), an effect abolished by Maraviroc, a CCR5 specific antagonist. In addition, sub-chronic intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of CCL3 also impair LTP. In accordance with these electrophysiological findings, we demonstrated that the icv injection of CCL3 in mouse significantly impaired spatial memory abilities and long-term memory measured using the two-step Y-maze and passive avoidance tasks. These effects of CCL3 on memory were inhibited by Maraviroc. Altogether, these data suggest that the chemokine CCL3 is an hippocampal neuromodulator able to regulate synaptic plasticity mechanisms involved in learning and memory functions.
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Srivastava A, Dixit AB, Banerjee J, Tripathi M, Sarat Chandra P. Role of inflammation and its miRNA based regulation in epilepsy: Implications for therapy. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 452:1-9. [PMID: 26506013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to develop innovative therapeutic strategies to counteract epilepsy, a common disabling neurological disorder. Despite the recent advent of additional antiepileptic drugs and respective surgery, the treatment of epilepsy remains a major challenge. The available therapies are largely based on symptoms, and these approaches do not affect the underlying disease processes and are also associated frequently with severe side effects. This is mainly because of the lack of well-defined targets in epilepsy. The discovery that inflammatory mediators significantly contribute to the onset and recurrence of seizures in experimental seizure models, as well as the presence of inflammatory molecules in human epileptogenic tissue, highlights the possibility of targeting specific inflammation related pathways to control seizures that are otherwise resistant to the available AEDs. Emerging studies suggest that miRNAs have a significant role in regulating inflammatory pathways shown to be involved in epilepsy. These miRNAs can possibly be used as novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of epilepsy as well as serve as diagnostic biomarkers of epileptogenesis. This review highlights the immunological features underlying the pathogenesis of epileptic seizures and the possible miRNA mediated approaches for drug resistant epilepsies that modulate the immune-mediated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpna Srivastava
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Banerjee Dixit
- Center of Excellence for Epilepsy, A joint NBRC-AIIMS collaboration, NBRC, Manesar, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Banerjee
- Center of Excellence for Epilepsy, A joint NBRC-AIIMS collaboration, NBRC, Manesar, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - P Sarat Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Arisi GM, Foresti ML, Katki K, Shapiro LA. Increased CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and IL-1β cytokine concentration in piriform cortex, hippocampus, and neocortex after pilocarpine-induced seizures. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:129. [PMID: 26133170 PMCID: PMC4509848 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytokines and chemokines play an important role in the neuroinflammatory response to an initial precipitating injury such as status epilepticus (SE). These signaling molecules participate in recruitment of immune cells, including brain macrophages (microglia), as well as neuroplastic changes, deterioration of damaged tissue, and epileptogenesis. This study describes the temporal and brain region pattern expression of numerous cytokines, including chemokines, after pilocarpine-induced seizures and discusses them in the larger context of their potential involvement in the changes that precede the development of epilepsy. Findings Adult rats received pilocarpine to induce SE and 90 min after seizure onset were treated with diazepam to mitigate seizures. Rats were subsequently deeply anesthetized and brain regions (hippocampus, piriform cortex, neocortex, and cerebellum) were freshly dissected at 2, 6, and 24 h or 5 days after seizures. Using methodology identical to our previous studies, simultaneous assay of multiple cytokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, interleukin IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was performed and compared to control rats. These proteins were selected based on existing evidence implicating them in the epileptogenic progression. A robust increase in CCL2 and CCL3 concentrations in the hippocampus, piriform cortex, and neocortex was observed at all time-points. The concentrations peaked with a ~200-fold increase 24 h after seizures and were two orders of magnitude greater than the significant increases observed for CCL5 and IL-1β in the same brain structures. TNF-α levels were altered in the piriform cortex and neocortex (24 h) and in the hippocampus (5 days) after SE. Conclusions Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus causes a rapid increase of multiple cytokines in limbic and neocortical regions. Understanding the precise spatial and temporal pattern of cytokines and chemokine changes could provide more viable therapeutic targets to reduce, reverse, or prevent the development of epilepsy following a precipitating injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Arisi
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Department of Surgery, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Baylor Scott and White Health Care, Department of Neurosurgery, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Present address: Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Lab 3A, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil.
| | - Maira L Foresti
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Department of Surgery, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Baylor Scott and White Health Care, Department of Neurosurgery, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Present address: Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Lab 3A, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil.
| | - Khurshed Katki
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Department of Surgery, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Baylor Scott and White Health Care, Department of Neurosurgery, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
| | - Lee A Shapiro
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Department of Surgery, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Baylor Scott and White Health Care, Department of Neurosurgery, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
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Cantó E, Tintoré M, Villar LM, Costa C, Nurtdinov R, Álvarez-Cermeño JC, Arrambide G, Reverter F, Deisenhammer F, Hegen H, Khademi M, Olsson T, Tumani H, Rodríguez-Martín E, Piehl F, Bartos A, Zimova D, Kotoucova J, Kuhle J, Kappos L, García-Merino JA, Sánchez AJ, Saiz A, Blanco Y, Hintzen R, Jafari N, Brassat D, Lauda F, Roesler R, Rejdak K, Papuc E, de Andrés C, Rauch S, Khalil M, Enzinger C, Galimberti D, Scarpini E, Teunissen C, Sánchez A, Rovira A, Montalban X, Comabella M. Chitinase 3-like 1: prognostic biomarker in clinically isolated syndromes. Brain 2015; 138:918-31. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Transcriptome and histopathological changes in mouse brain infected with Neospora caninum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7936. [PMID: 25604996 PMCID: PMC4300462 DOI: 10.1038/srep07936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite that causes neurological disorders in dogs and cattle. It can cause nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis and a variety of neuronal symptoms are observed, particularly in dogs. However, the pathogenic mechanism, including the relationship between the parasite distribution and the clinical signs, is unclear. In this study, to understand the pathogenic mechanism of neosporosis, parasite distribution and lesions were assessed in the brain of mice infected with N. caninum (strain Nc-1). Host gene expression was also analyzed with RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The histopathological lesions in the frontal lobe and the medulla oblongata were significantly more severe in symptomatic mice than in asymptomatic mice, although no association between the severity of the lesions and parasite numbers was found. In infected mice, the expression of 772 mouse brain genes was upregulated. A GOstat analysis predicted that the upregulated genes were involved in the host immune response. Genes whose expression correlated positively and negatively with parasite numbers were involved in the host immune response, and neuronal morphogenesis and lipid metabolic processes, respectively. These results suggest that changes in the gene expression profile associated with neuronal functions as well as immune responses can contribute to the pathogenesis in N. caninum-infected animals.
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Leung A, Ahn S, Savvidis G, Kim Y, Iskandar D, Luna MJ, Kim KS, Cunningham M, Chung S. Optimization of pilocarpine-mediated seizure induction in immunodeficient NodScid mice. Epilepsy Res 2014; 109:114-8. [PMID: 25524850 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has been modeled in mice using pilocarpine induction, with variable results depending on specific strains. To allow efficient xenotransplantation for the purpose of optimizing potential cell-based therapy of human TLE, we have determined the optimal dosing strategy to produce spontaneous recurring seizures in immunodeficient NodScid mice. Multiple 100mg/kg injections of pilocarpine have been shown to be more effective than single 300-400mg/kg injections for inducing spontaneous seizures in NodScid mice. Under our optimal conditions, 88.1 ± 2.9% of the mice experienced status epilepticus (SE) with a survival rate of 61.8 ± 5.9%. Surviving SE mice displayed spontaneous recurrent seizures at a frequency of 2.8 ± 0.9 seizures/day for a duration of 41.1 ± 3.5s. The widely used method of a single injection of pilocarpine was significantly less efficient in inducing seizures in NodScid mice. Therefore, we have determined that a multiple injection "ramping up" of 100mg/kg of pilocarpine is optimal for inducing TLE-like spontaneous seizures in NodScid mice. Using this method, mice with SE efficiently developed SRS and expressed mossy fiber sprouting, a signature histopathological feature of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Leung
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sandra Ahn
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - George Savvidis
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yeachan Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Danielle Iskandar
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Maria Jose Luna
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Miles Cunningham
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Sangmi Chung
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Franasiak JM, Burns KA, Slayden O, Yuan L, Fritz MA, Korach KS, Lessey BA, Young SL. Endometrial CXCL13 expression is cycle regulated in humans and aberrantly expressed in humans and Rhesus macaques with endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:442-51. [PMID: 25031316 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114542011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
C-X-C ligand 13 (CXCL13), a regulator of mucosal immunity, is secreted by human endometrial epithelium and may be involved in embryo implantation. However, cyclic expression of human endometrial CXCL13 in health and disease is not well studied. This study examines cycle stage-specific endometrial CXCL13 expression in normal humans when compared to those with biopsy-confirmed, stage 1 to 4 endometriosis using real-time reverse transcriptase, real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Eutopic endometrial CXCL13 expression was also compared between normal, control Rhesus macaques, and macaques with advanced endometriosis. In healthy women, CXLC13 messenger RNA expression was minimal in the proliferative phase and maximal in the secretory phase. However, in the presence of endometriosis, proliferative-phase endometrial expression markedly increased in both humans and rhesus subjects (P < .05). The cross-species and cross-stage concordance suggests a pathophysiologic role for CXCL13 in endometriosis and its use as a biomarker for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Franasiak
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Basking Ridge, NJ, USA * Jason M. Franasiak and Katherine A. Burns contributed equally and should both be regarded as joint first authors
| | - Katherine A Burns
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA * Jason M. Franasiak and Katherine A. Burns contributed equally and should both be regarded as joint first authors
| | - Ov Slayden
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Lingwen Yuan
- Ob/Gyn, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marc A Fritz
- Ob/Gyn, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Matsumoto J, Takata F, Machida T, Takahashi H, Soejima Y, Funakoshi M, Futagami K, Yamauchi A, Dohgu S, Kataoka Y. Tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated brain pericytes possess a unique cytokine and chemokine release profile and enhance microglial activation. Neurosci Lett 2014; 578:133-8. [PMID: 24993300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain pericytes are involved in neurovascular dysfunction, neurodegeneration and/or neuroinflammation. In the present study, we focused on the proinflammatory properties of brain pericytes to understand their participation in the induction of inflammation at the neurovascular unit (NVU). The NVU comprises different cell types, namely, brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and microglia. Among these, we found pericytes to be the most sensitive to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, possessing a unique cytokine and chemokine release profile. This was characterized by marked release of interleukin (IL)-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α. Furthermore, TNF-α-stimulated pericytes induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and IL-1β mRNAs, as an index of BV-2 microglial cell activation state, to the highest levels. Based on these findings, the possibility that brain pericytes act specifically as TNF-α-sensitive cells and as effectors of TNF-α through the release of proinflammatory factors, and that, as such, they have a role in inducing brain inflammation, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Care Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan.
| | - Fuyuko Takata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; BBB Laboratory, PharmaCo-Cell Co., Ltd., Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Takashi Machida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yuki Soejima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Miho Funakoshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Koujiro Futagami
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Care Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shinya Dohgu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yasufumi Kataoka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; BBB Laboratory, PharmaCo-Cell Co., Ltd., Nagasaki, Japan.
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42
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Louboutin JP, Agrawal L, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. Oxidative Stress Is Associated with Neuroinflammation in Animal Models of HIV-1 Tat Neurotoxicity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3:414-38. [PMID: 26784879 PMCID: PMC4665482 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 trans-acting protein Tat, an essential protein for viral replication, is a key mediator of neurotoxicity. If Tat oxidant injury and neurotoxicity have been described, consequent neuroinflammation is less understood. Rat caudate-putamens (CPs) were challenged with Tat, with or without prior rSV40-delivered superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase. Tat injection caused oxidative stress. Administration of Tat in the CP induced an increase in numbers of Iba-1- and CD68-positive cells, as well as an infiltration of astrocytes. We also tested the effect of more protracted Tat exposure on neuroinflammation using an experimental model of chronic Tat exposure. SV(Tat): a recombinant SV40-derived gene transfer vector was inoculated into the rat CP, leading to chronic expression of Tat, oxidative stress, and ongoing apoptosis, mainly located in neurons. Intra-CP SV(Tat) injection induced an increase in microglia and astrocytes, suggesting that protracted Tat production increased neuroinflammation. SV(SOD1) or SV(GPx1) significantly reduced neuroinflammation following Tat administration into the CP. Thus, Tat-induced oxidative stress, CNS injury, neuron loss and inflammation may be mitigated by antioxidant gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Lokesh Agrawal
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - David S Strayer
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Abstract
Few would experience greater benefit from the development of biomarkers than those who suffer from epilepsy. Both the timing of individual seizures and the overall course of the disease are highly unpredictable, and the associated morbidity is considerable. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop biomarkers that can predict the progression of epilepsy and treatment response. Doing so may also shed light on the mechanisms of epileptogenesis and pharmacoresistance, which remain elusive despite decades of study. However, recent advances suggest the possible identification of circulating epilepsy biomarkers – accessible in blood, cerebrospinal fluid or urine. In this review, we focus on advances in several areas: neuroimmunology and inflammation; neurological viral infection; exemplary pediatric syndromes; and the genetics of pharmacoresistance, as relevant to epilepsy. These are fertile areas of study with great potential to yield accessible epilepsy biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Hegde
- UCSF Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue C-440, San Francisco, CA 94143-0138, USA
- Epilepsy Center of Excellence, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, 127E, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Daniel H Lowenstein
- UCSF Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue C-440, San Francisco, CA 94143-0138, USA
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Marchi N, Granata T, Janigro D. Inflammatory pathways of seizure disorders. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:55-65. [PMID: 24355813 PMCID: PMC3977596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy refers to a cluster of neurological diseases characterized by seizures. Although many forms of epilepsy have a well-defined immune etiology, in other forms of epilepsy an altered immune response is only suspected. In general, the hypothesis that inflammation contributes to seizures is supported by experimental results. Additionally, antiepileptic maneuvers may act as immunomodulators and anti-inflammatory therapies can treat seizures. Triggers of seizure include a bidirectional communication between the nervous system and organs of immunity. Thus, a crucial cellular interface protecting from immunological seizures is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we summarize recent advances in the understanding and treatment of epileptic seizures that derive from a non-neurocentric viewpoint and suggest key avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Marchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Functional Genomics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Damir Janigro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Lv R, Xu X, Luo Z, Shen N, Wang F, Zhao Y. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) inhibits the overexpression of MCP-1 and attenuates microglial activation in the hippocampus of a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rat model. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:39-45. [PMID: 24348761 PMCID: PMC3861516 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on MCP-1 expression and microglial activation in the hippocampus of a rat model of pilocarpine (PILO)-induced status epilepticus (SE). Moreover, seizure susceptibility, frequency and severity as well as brain damage were analyzed and changes in behavior were recorded. Chemokine MCP-1 expression and microglial activation were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) and NeuN staining were used for the evaluation of tissue damage. Our results showed that although SE resulted in the upregulation of MCP-1 and microglial activation in the rat hippocampus 24 h after seizure onset, pretreatment with PDTC significantly inhibited the MCP-1 overexpression and attenuated the microglial activation. These effects were accompanied by neurodegenerative amelioration. To the best of our knowledge, these findings indicated for the first time that the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway may contribute to MCP-1 upregulation and microglial activation in the context of epilepsy. PDTC was also shown to exert anticonvulsant activity and to have a neuroprotective effect on the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, potentially through attenuating microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilang Lv
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200210, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200210, P.R. China ; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200210, P.R. China
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200210, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Yongbo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Abstract
Inflammation is one of the most important endogenous defence mechanisms in an organism. It has been suggested that inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of a number of human epilepsies and convulsive disorders, and there is clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that inflammatory processes within the CNS may either contribute to or be a consequence of epileptogenesis. This review discusses evidence from human studies on the role of inflammation in epilepsy and highlights potential new targets in the inflammatory cascade for antiepileptic drugs. A number of mechanisms have been shown to be involved in CNS inflammatory reactions. These include an inflammatory response at the level of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), immune-mediated damage to the CNS, stress-induced release of inflammatory mediators and direct neuronal dysfunction or damage as a result of inflammatory reactions. Mediators of inflammation in the CNS include interleukin (IL)-1β, tumour necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor-κB and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). IL-1β, BBB and high-mobility group box-1-TLR4 signalling appear to be the most promising targets for anticonvulsant agents directed at inflammation. Such agents may provide effective therapy for drug-resistant epilepsies in the future.
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Fabene PF, Laudanna C, Constantin G. Leukocyte trafficking mechanisms in epilepsy. Mol Immunol 2013; 55:100-4. [PMID: 23351392 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that affects 1% of the world population and is characterized by chronically reoccurring seizures. Seizures are initiated by abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Epilepsy requires life long anti-convulsant therapy and current therapies for epilepsy selectively target neuronal activity. In the last decade, cytokines and vascular alterations have been discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of epilepsy, suggesting a potential role for inflammation mechanisms in seizure induction. More recently, it has been shown that leukocyte trafficking plays a key role in seizure generation, and that anti-leukocyte adhesion therapy has therapeutic and preventative effects in an experimental model of human epilepsy. These results were supported by evidence in humans showing that leukocytes accumulate in the brain parenchyma of patients with different types of epilepsy. Finally, recent clinical observations suggest that therapies able to interfere with leukocyte trafficking may have a therapeutic effect in epilepsy. The emerging role for leukocytes and leukocyte adhesion mechanisms in seizure generation provides insight into the mechanisms of brain damage and may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo F Fabene
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, Section of Anatomy, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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48
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Erickson MA, Hansen K, Banks WA. Inflammation-induced dysfunction of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 at the blood-brain barrier: protection by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:1085-94. [PMID: 22809665 PMCID: PMC3434291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment in two blood-brain barrier (BBB) efflux transporters, p-glycoprotein (Pgp) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) are thought to contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by resulting in the brain accumulation of their substrate amyloid beta peptide (Aβ). The initial cause of impaired efflux, however, is unknown. We have shown that induction of systemic inflammation by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide impairs the efflux of Aβ from the brain, suggesting that systemic inflammation could be one such initiator. In this study, we determined whether pre-administration of the antioxidant N-aceytlcysteine (Nac) has a protective effect against LPS-induced Aβ transporter dysfunction. Our findings were that Nac protected against LPS-induced Aβ transport dysfunction at the BBB through an LRP-1-dependent and Pgp-independent mechanism. This was associated with Nac exerting antioxidant effects in the periphery but not the brain, despite an increased rate of entry of Nac into the brain following LPS. We also found that Nac pre-administration resulted in lower blood levels of the cytokines and chemokines interferon-γ, interleukin-10, CCL2, CCL4, and CCL5, but only lowered CCL4 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Finally, we observed that hippocampal cytokine responses to LPS were decreased compared to cortex. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism by which antioxidants prevent Aβ accumulation in the brain caused by inflammation, and therefore protect against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Erickson
- Saint Louis University, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, St. Louis, MO, USA,GRECC, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim Hansen
- GRECC, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Seattle, WA, USA,University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A. Banks
- GRECC, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Seattle, WA, USA,University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Zhu XB, Wang YB, Chen O, Zhang DQ, Zhang ZH, Cao AH, Huang SY, Sun RP. Characterization of the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus (SE) in juvenile rats. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:602-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Kang S, Louboutin JP, Datta P, Landel CP, Martinez D, Zervos AS, Strayer DS, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES. Loss of HtrA2/Omi activity in non-neuronal tissues of adult mice causes premature aging. Cell Death Differ 2012; 20:259-69. [PMID: 22976834 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
mnd2 mice die prematurely as a result of neurodegeneration 30-40 days after birth due to loss of the enzymatic activity of the mitochondrial quality control protease HtrA2/Omi. Here, we show that transgenic expression of human HtrA2/Omi in the central nervous system of mnd2 mice rescues them from neurodegeneration and prevents their premature death. Interestingly, adult transgenic mnd2 mice develop accelerated aging phenotypes, such as premature weight loss, hair loss, reduced fertility, curvature of the spine, heart enlargement, increased autophagy, and death by 12-17 months of age. These mice also have elevated levels of clonally expanded mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions in their tissues. Our results provide direct genetic evidence linking mitochondrial protein quality control to mtDNA deletions and aging in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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