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Wang H, Jing C, Peng H, Liu S, Zhao H, Zhang W, Chen X, Hu F. Parental whole life-cycle exposure to tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) disrupts embryonic development and thyroid system in zebrafish offspring. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114313. [PMID: 36410141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), an emerging environmental pollutant, has been frequently detected in natural waters. The objective of this study was to investigate possible parental transfer of TCEP and transgenerational effects on the early development and thyroid hormone homeostasis in F1 larvae following parental whole life-cycle exposure to TCEP. To this end, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.8, 4, 20 and 100 μg/L) of TCEP for 120 days until sexual maturation. Parental exposure to TCEP resulted in significant levels of TCEP, developmental toxicity including decreased survival and final hatching rates, accelerated heart rate and elevated malformation rate, as well as induction of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in F1 offspring. In F1 eggs, declined thyroxin (T4) levels were observed, consistent with those in plasma of F0 adult females, indicating the maternal transfer of thyroid endocrine disruption to the offspring. In addition, mRNA levels of several genes along the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were significantly modified in F1 larvae, which could be linked to transgenerational developmental toxicity and thyroid hormone disruption. For the first time, we revealed that the parental exposure to environmentally relevant levels of TCEP could cause developmental toxicity and thyroid endocrine disruption in subsequent unexposed generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chen Jing
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hangke Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shangshu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haocheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Weini Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Fengxiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China.
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Wei J, Liang Y, Jiang N, Hu G. IFN-γ differential expression in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis of thyroidectomized rats. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:317. [PMID: 36514041 PMCID: PMC9749148 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ is critical for both thyroid and ovarian function, while thyroxine, secreted from the thyroid gland, regulates the ovarian function via the hypothalamus-pituitary -ovary axis. However, the effect of thyroxine on INF-γ involved in the regulation of hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis ovarian function is hitherto unknown. Therefore, we set up three groups including a sham-operated group, an experimental thyroidectomized group, and an experimental thyroidectomized group treated with T4 to reveal the IFN-γ expression levels in the in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovary by immunohistochemical staining, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. IFN-γ-like immunoreactive-positive substances were visualized in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovary, which were located mainly in the cytoplasm of the hypothalamic neurons anterior pituitary cells, luteal cells, and theca cells in the ovary of hypothyroidism rats, respectively. RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that the rats in the experimental thyroidectomized group treated with T4 had significantly elevated expression of IFN-γ at both the mRNA and protein levels. Thyroxine affects the expression of IFN-γ in the thalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis, which may influence the secretion of IFN-γ to regulate ovarian function during hypothyroidism. This work highlights the potential effect of thyroxine on the involvement of INF-γ in the modulation of the ovarian function in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Wei
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Changping, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCVM, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Changping, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ningbo Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCVM, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Changping, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ge Hu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Changping, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Cheng R, Zhang J, He Y, Liao C, Wang L, Zhang X. Parental exposure to waterborne selenite induces transgenerational development toxicity in zebrafish offspring. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134838. [PMID: 35561769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excessive selenium (Se), especially selenite form exerts great toxicity to fish. Most studies have attached considerable attention to the adverse effects of Se on parental fish. However, the transgenerational toxicity of Se on fish has been rarely reported. In the present study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of Na₂SeO₃ (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/L) for 120 days. And the exposed zebrafish (F0) were allowed to spawn with normal zebrafish after sexual maturity. Subsequently, the offspring (F1) were cultured in clean water for 5 days. In the F0 generation, exposure to 100 μg/L Na₂SeO₃ significantly increased the Se content in the tissues (liver, brain and gonad) and decreased the body length and weight. After parental exposure to 100 μg/L Na₂SeO₃, the increased mortality, elevated malformation rate and reduced body length were measured in F1 zebrafish. The Se content was only significantly increased in F1 larvae derived from exposed females in the 100 μg/L exposure group. The contents of thyroid hormones (THs), growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) significantly decreased in F0 and F1 zebrafish. The transcriptional levels of genes along the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis were detected to further explore the possible mechanisms of Se-induced thyroid and growth hormone disruption. The results suggest that the toxicity of Se in zebrafish can be markedly transmitted to offspring. And the transgenerational development toxicity might be different due to the differences in gender of exposed parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya He
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenlei Liao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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He R, Guo D, Lin C, Zhang WG, Fan J. Enantioselective bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, and thyroid disruption assessment of cis-metconazole enantiomers in zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 248:106205. [PMID: 35640362 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chiral triazole pesticides may cause enantioselectively adverse effects to non-target organisms. In this work, we employed zebrafish as an aquatic organism model to explore stereoselective acute toxicity, bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, and thyroid disruption of cis-metconazole enantiomers. The median lethal concentration values of (1S, 5R)-metconazole, (1R, 5S)-metconazole, and the mixture of them against zebrafish were 4.01, 2.61 and 3.17 mg⋅L-1, respectively. (1R, 5S)-Metconazole was preferentially bioaccumulated in zebrafish than (1S, 5R)-metconazole, and the bioconcentration factor of (1R, 5S)-metconazole was 1.28-fold larger than that of (1S, 5R)-metconazole. Then, the activity order of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S transferase enzymes in zebrafish was expressed as (1S, 5R)-metconazole > the mixture > (1R, 5S)-metconazole, while the order of malondialdehyde content in zebrafish was (1R, 5S)-metconazole > the mixture > (1S, 5R)-metconazole. Moreover, cis-metconazole exhibited enantioselective regulation effects on the levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in zebrafish, and (1R, 5S)-metconazole possessed stronger thyroid disruption ability to zebrafish than the others. By virtue of molecular docking methodology, the binding affair and docking energy results supported that interactions between (1R, 5S)-metconazole and thyroid hormone receptors were much stronger than those between (1S, 5R)-metconazole and same receptors. This study of enantioselective evaluation of cis-metconazole in zebrafish can provide favorable information for risk assessments of chiral pesticides toward environment and health of aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujian He
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dong Guo
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chun Lin
- School of Logistics, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Wei-Guang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Abstract
µ-Crystallin is a NADPH-regulated thyroid hormone binding protein encoded by the CRYM gene in humans. It is primarily expressed in the brain, muscle, prostate, and kidney, where it binds thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism and thermogenesis. It also acts as a ketimine reductase in the lysine degradation pathway when it is not bound to thyroid hormone. Mutations in CRYM can result in non-syndromic deafness, while its aberrant expression, predominantly in the brain but also in other tissues, has been associated with psychiatric, neuromuscular, and inflammatory diseases. CRYM expression is highly variable in human skeletal muscle, with 15% of individuals expressing ≥13 fold more CRYM mRNA than the median level. Ablation of the Crym gene in murine models results in the hypertrophy of fast twitch muscle fibers and an increase in fat mass of mice fed a high fat diet. Overexpression of Crym in mice causes a shift in energy utilization away from glycolysis towards an increase in the catabolism of fat via β-oxidation, with commensurate changes of metabolically involved transcripts and proteins. The history, attributes, functions, and diseases associated with CRYM, an important modulator of metabolism, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Kinney
- Department of Physiology School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Robert J Bloch
- Department of Physiology School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Weber A, Pawar HN, Klein JR. Thyroid stimulating hormone β-subunit splice variant is expressed in all fractional subsets of bone marrow hematopoietic cells and peripheral blood leukocytes and is modulated during bacterial infection. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113495. [PMID: 32360559 PMCID: PMC7309478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary, is used to regulate thyroid hormone secretion. It has been known for over three decades that TSH is made by the cells of the immune system; however, the functional role of immune system TSH is unclear. We previously demonstrated that an alternatively-spliced isoform of TSHβ, referred to as the TSHβ splice variant (TSHβv), is the primary form of TSHβ made by hematopoietic cells in mice and humans. Most studies have linked TSHβv expression to myeloid cells of the immune system; however, it has recently been demonstrated that plasma cells in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis may be a source of immune system TSHβv. Here, we demonstrate that TSHβv is expressed in bone marrow precursors of lymphoid cells, monocytes, and granulocytes, as well as in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells. Plasma cells generated by in vitro culture with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and MLN cells from mice infected with L. monocytogenes expressed TSHβv. There was an increase in the intensity of intracellular TSHβv expression in MLN cells following exposure to LPS, and in the proportion of TSHβv+ CD138+ MLN cells following L. monocytogenes infection. The number of TSHβv+ cells increased in MLN cells, particularly among CD138+ cells, following bacterial infection. This was confirmed by an increase in gene expression of BLIMP-1, the transcription factor for CD138, following infection. Levels of circulating thyroxine dropped significantly in mice 24 hrs post-infection. These findings suggest that immune system TSHβv may contribute to the host immune response during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Weber
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hitesh N Pawar
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John R Klein
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Liu C, Miao J, Liu X, Zhao Z, Kou T, Liu J, Wang R, Li L, Dong Q. HPT axis‑independent TSHβ splice variant regulates the synthesis of thyroid hormone in mice. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4514-4522. [PMID: 30942410 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) consists of an α‑subunit and a unique β‑subunit. The first in‑frame TSHβ splice variant produced by the cells of immune system was identified in 2009. The TSHβ splice variant and native TSHβ exhibit different expression profiles, and research has been conducted to elucidate the role of the TSHβ splice variant in different diseases. However, understanding of the fundamental physiological characteristics of the TSHβ splice variant is currently limited. To verify whether the TSHβ splice variant has the potential to induce thyroid follicular cells to synthesize thyroid hormone, in vivo and in vitro stimulation experiments were conducted in the present study. A total of 60 C57BL/6 mice were divided into control‑, 5 and 10 µg TSHβ splice variant‑treated groups at random. Mice were sacrificed at 0.5, 1 and 4 h after intraperitoneal injection, and serum levels of tri‑iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were determined using a radioimmunoassay. Thyroid follicular cells were isolated from the thyroids of mice, and stimulated with 2 µg/ml TSHβ splice variant. Supernatants were collected, and the levels of T3 and T4 were detected. The protein expression levels of the sodium‑iodide symporter, thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin in thyroid follicular cells were quantified using western blot analysis. To verify whether the TSHβ splice variant expression was regulated by the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑thyroid (HPT) axis, similar to native TSHβ, a total of 60 C57BL/6 mice were equally divided into control, 2 mg/kg T3 intraperitoneal injection and 0.05 mg/kg thyroid‑releasing hormone intraperitoneal injection groups at random. Mice were sacrificed at 1 and 4 h after injection. Alterations in the expression of the TSHβ splice variant in the pituitary, thyroid, peripheral blood leukocytes and spleen tissues were detected using western blot analysis. The present study demonstrated that the TSHβ splice variant is not regulated by the HPT axis and may affect thyroid hormone synthesis. Modifications in the expression of the TSHβ splice variant may occur in a uniquely regulated manner to provide peripheral immunological compartments with a source of activated cells, particularly under immune stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Jun Miao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Department of Pathology, 66336 Millitary Hospital, Gaobeidian, Hebei 074000, P.R. China
| | - Zhankao Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Tianlei Kou
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Lanying Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Qian Dong
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
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Klein JR. Novel Splicing of Immune System Thyroid Stimulating Hormone β-Subunit-Genetic Regulation and Biological Importance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:44. [PMID: 30804891 PMCID: PMC6371030 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary, controls the production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the thyroid. TSH is also known to be produced by the cells of the immune system; however, the physiological importance of that to the organism is unclear. We identified an alternatively-spliced form of TSHβ that is present in both humans and mice. The TSHβ splice variant (TSHβv), although produced at low levels by the pituitary, is the primary form made by hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow, and by peripheral leukocytes. Recent studies have linked TSHβv functionally to a number of health-related conditions, including enhanced host responses to infection and protection against osteoporosis. However, TSHβv also has been associated with autoimmune thyroiditis in humans. Yet to be identified is the process by which the TSHβv isoform is produced. Here, a set of genetic steps is laid out through which human TSHβv is generated using splicing events that result in a novel transcript in which exon 2 is deleted, exon 3 is retained, and the 3' end of intron 2 codes for a signal peptide of the TSHβv polypeptide.
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Cheng H, Yan W, Wu Q, Liu C, Gong X, Hung TC, Li G. Parental exposure to microcystin-LR induced thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish offspring, a transgenerational toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:981-988. [PMID: 28763935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR is the most poisonous and commonly encountered hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria in an aquatic ecosystem, and it may cause thyroid dysfunction in fish. The present study aimed to reveal the effects of transgenerational toxicity of MCLR on the thyroid endocrine system under sub-chronic exposure conditions. Adult zebrafish (F0) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (1, 5 and 25 μg/L) of MCLR for 45 days. The produced F1 embryos were then tested without further MCLR treatment. In the F0 generation, exposure to 25 μg/L MCLR reduced thyroxine (T4) but not 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine (T3) levels in females, while the T4 and T3 levels were unchanged in males. After parental exposure to MCLR, we observed a decreased hatching and growth retardation correlated with reduced thyroid hormone levels in the F1 offspring. The gene transcription and protein expression along the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis were detected to further investigate the possible mechanisms of MCLR-induced thyroid disruption. Our results indicated MCLR could disturb the thyroid endocrine system under environmentally relevant concentrations and the disrupting effects could be remarkably transmitted to its F1 offspring. We regard these adverse effects as a parental transgenerational toxicity of MCLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houcheng Cheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards & Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Qin Wu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuying Gong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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van der Spek AH, Fliers E, Boelen A. Thyroid hormone metabolism in innate immune cells. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:R67-R81. [PMID: 27852725 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism and thyroid status have been linked to various aspects of the immune response. There is extensive literature available on the effects of thyroid hormone on innate immune cells. However, only recently have authors begun to study the mechanisms behind these effects and the role of intracellular TH metabolism in innate immune cell function during inflammation. This review provides an overview of the molecular machinery of intracellular TH metabolism present in neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells and the role and effects of intracellular TH metabolism in these cells. Circulating TH levels have a profound effect on neutrophil, macrophage and dendritic cell function. In general, increased TH levels result in an amplification of the pro-inflammatory response of these cells. The mechanisms behind these effects include both genomic and non-genomic effects of TH. Besides a pro-inflammatory effect induced by extracellular TH, the cellular response to pro-inflammatory stimuli appears to be dependent on functional intracellular TH metabolism. This is illustrated by the fact that the deiodinase enzymes and in some cell types also thyroid hormone receptors appear to be crucial for adequate innate immune cell function. This overview of the literature suggests that TH metabolism plays an important role in the host defence against infection through the modulation of innate immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H van der Spek
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fröhlich E, Wahl R. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Impact of isolated TSH levels in and out of normal range on different tissues. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R29-41. [PMID: 26392471 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Routine treatment of thyroid cancer (TC) includes long-term suppression of TSH. The necessity of this treatment in low- and intermediate-risk patients as well as the extent of TSH suppression is currently under discussion. A literature search was performed to illustrate the role of TSH in extrathyroidal cells and to identify potential reasons for different effects of exogenously suppressed and endogenously low TSH levels. Although adverse effects of subnormal and supranormal TSH blood levels on heart and brain have not been consistently found, studies show a clear negative effect of suppressed TSH levels on bone mineral density. Experimental data also support an important role of TSH in the immune system. The ability of levothyroxine (l-T4) to regulate TSH levels and triiodothyronine levels in a physiological manner is limited. Reduction of circadian changes in TSH levels, decrease of thyroid hormone-binding proteins, prevention of potential compensatory increases of TSH levels (e.g., in old age), and unresponsiveness of TSH-producing cells to TRH on l-T4 treatment might cause adverse effects of suppressed TSH levels. In view of the adverse effects of aggressive TSH suppression, achieving the suggested levels of TSH between 0.9 and 1 mU/l in the treatment of low-to-intermediate risk TC patients appears justified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Wahl
- Center for Medical ResearchMedical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, Graz, AustriaInternal Medicine (Department of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry), University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Muellerstrasse 10, Tuebingen, Germany
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Montufar-Solis D, Klein JR. Splenic Leukocytes Traffic to the Thyroid and Produce a Novel TSHβ Isoform during Acute Listeria monocytogenes Infection in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146111. [PMID: 26771831 PMCID: PMC4714905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid stimulating hormone beta-subunit (TSHβ) with TSHα form a glycoprotein hormone that is produced by the anterior pituitary in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Although TSHβ has been known for many years to be made by cells of the immune system, the role of immune system TSH has remained unclear. Recent studies demonstrated that cells of the immune system produce a novel splice variant isoform of TSHβ (TSHβv), but little if any native TSHβ. Here, we show that within three days of systemic infection of mice with Listeria monocytogenes, splenic leukocytes synthesized elevated levels of TSHβv. This was accompanied by an influx of CD14+, Ly6C+, Ly6G+ cells into the thyroid of infected mice, and increased levels of intrathyroidal TSHβv gene expression. Adoptive transfer of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled splenic leukocytes from infected mice into non-infected mice migrated into the thyroid as early as forty-eight hours post-cell transfer, whereas CFSE-labeled cells from non-infected mice failed to traffic to the thyroid. These findings demonstrate for the first time that during bacterial infection peripheral leukocytes produce elevated levels of TSHβv, and that spleen cells traffic to the thyroid where they produce TSHβv intrathyroidally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Montufar-Solis
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, United States of America
| | - John R. Klein
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu CR, Miao J, Zhao ZK, Li LY, Liu YM, Zhang YL, Li XH, Liu YQ, Gu YJ, Zhao Y, Luo JW. Functional human TSHβ splice variant produced by plasma cell may be involved in the immunologic injury of thyroid in the patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 414:132-42. [PMID: 26170068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in areas of the world where iodine levels are sufficient. However, the pathogenesis of HT has not been completely elucidated. The first functional human TSHβ splice variant was supposed to be involved in the pathology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The question remains as to which kind of intrathyroid cells expresses functional TSHβ splice variant and whether there are expression variations of functional TSHβ splice variant in the injured thyroid of patient with HT. For the answer to this question, immune-injured thyroids were obtained from 30 patients with HT. Localization study of functional TSHβ splice variant in injured thyroid was done by immunofluorescence double staining. Transcription and translation level of functional TSHβ splice variant were detected by using qRT-PCR and semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry method, respectively. The correlation between expression level of functional TSHβ splice variant and degree of thyroid follicles damage was assessed. It was firstly identified that functional TSHβ splice variant was predominately expressed by plasma cells infiltrated around follicles and germinal center in injured thyroid of patient with HT. Of particular interest, the TSHβ splice variant was expressed at significantly higher levels in the thyroid tissues of patients with HT than that in the normal thyroid tissues, furthermore, expression level of TSHβ splice variant was positive related with the degree of follicles damage in thyroid of patient with HT. These findings defined the immune-derived functional TSHβ splice variant that resided in the thyroid of patient with HT, which exerted the unique effects on the pathogenesis of HT, meanwhile, we considered these findings to have significant implications for understanding immune-endocrine interactions in a number of ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-rong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China.
| | - Jun Miao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Zhan-kao Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Lan-ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of Health, Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Ya-min Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Yong-liang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Xue-hua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Yan-qing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Yan-jun Gu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Jian-wen Luo
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
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Klein JR. Biological Impact of the TSHβ Splice Variant in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:155. [PMID: 24778635 PMCID: PMC3985016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a glycoprotein hormone composed of α and β chains, is produced by thyrotrope cells of the anterior pituitary. Within the conventional endocrine loop, pituitary-derived TSH binds to receptors in the thyroid, resulting in the release of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 and T3 in turn regulate nearly every aspect of mammalian physiology, including basal metabolism, growth and development, and mood and cognition. Although TSHβ has been known for years to be produced by cells of the immune system, the significance of that has remained largely unclear. Recently, a splice variant of TSHβ (TSHβv), which consists of a truncated but biologically functional portion of the native form of TSHβ, was shown to be produced by bone marrow cells and peripheral blood leukocytes, particularly cells of the myeloid/monocyte lineage. In contrast, full-length native TSHβ is minimally produced by cells of the immune system. The present article will describe the discovery of the TSHβv and will discuss its potential role in immunity and autoimmunity, inflammation, and bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Klein
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
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15
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Caban A, Dolińska B, Budziński G, Oczkowicz G, Ostróżka-Cieślik A, Cierpka L, Ryszka F. The effect of HTK solution modification by addition of thyrotropin and corticotropin on biochemical indices reflecting ischemic damage to porcine kidney. Transplant Proc 2014; 45:1720-2. [PMID: 23769031 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of perfusion with HTK (histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate, Custodiol®, Dr. Franz Kohler Chemie, Germany) solution, modified by the addition of porcine thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and corticotropin (ACTH), on selected biochemical parameters of porcine renal damage within 24 and 48 hours after the onset of cold ischemia time. METHODS Each study group consisted of 10 adult pigs. During harvesting the kidneys were rinsed with Ringer solution (group 1), HTK (group 2), HTK-TSH (1 μg/dL) or HTK-ACTH (1 μg/dL) in groups 3 and 4. The solutions were cooled to 4°C-6°C. Within 30 minutes of the first perfusion, the discharged fluid was clear and the kidneys cooled to 4°C. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase, asparagine and alanine aminotransferases, lactates, total protein, potassium, calcium, and pH were determined in the perfusate. After 24 and 48 hours the rinsing procedure and the above-mentioned tests were repeated. Differences between the means of 2 independent samples were tested with a nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS As the result of hormone addition, in both time intervals it was possible to observe considerably lower protein concentrations (g/L) in perfusates compared with HTK solution, without an addition. At 24 hours, we measured following values: 36 ± 4, 8 ± 3 and 6 ± 1 versus 48 hours, 34 ± 1, 2 ± 1, and 4 ± 1 in groups 2, 3, and 4. A similar pattern was observed with LDH (U/L) at 48 hours: 662 ± 89, 374 ± 151, and 386 ± 111, respectively. Lactate concentrations (mmol/L) were then significantly higher: 1.4 ± 0.3 in the TSH group and 1.2 ± 0.5 in the ACTH group as opposed to 0.2 ± 0.1 in unmodified HTK group. CONCLUSION We observed the possibility of cytoprotective actions of TSH and ACTH addition to the perfusion fluid during cold ischemia, positive effects that were especially visible upon prolonged 48-hour storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Caban
- Department of General Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Kasztanowa.
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Zheng X, Zhu Y, Liu C, Liu H, Giesy JP, Hecker M, Lam MHW, Yu H. Accumulation and biotransformation of BDE-47 by zebrafish larvae and teratogenicity and expression of genes along the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:12943-51. [PMID: 23110413 DOI: 10.1021/es303289n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation and effects of BDE-47 and two analogues, 6-OH-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47, on ontogeny and profiles of transcription of genes along the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed from 4 h post fertilization (hpf) to 120 hpf were investigated. The 96 h-LC(50) of the most toxic compound, based on teratogenicity, was 330 μg of 6-OH-BDE-47/L. 6-OH-BDE-47 significantly down-regulated expression of mRNA of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), thyroid hormone receptors (TRs, including TRα and TRβ), sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), and transthyretin (TTR) while up-regulating expression of thyroglobulin (TG) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Spontaneous movement was affected by 1 mg of 6-OH-BDE-47/L or 5 mg of 6-MeO-BDE-47/L. BDE-47 did not alter activity of larvae at any concentration tested. 6-MeO-BDE-47 significantly up-regulated expression of mRNA of TRH, TRα, TRβ and NIS. Both 6-OH-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47 affected the thyroid hormone pathway. BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47 were accumulated more than 6-OH-BDE-47. 6-MeO-BDE-47 was transformed into 6-OH-BDE-47, but BDE-47 was not transformed into it. In summary, the synthetic brominated flame retardant, BDE-47, did not elicit the adverse effects caused by the other two analogues and appeared to have less toxicological relevance than the two natural product analogues 6-OH- and 6-MeO-BDE-47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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De Vito P, Balducci V, Leone S, Percario Z, Mangino G, Davis PJ, Davis FB, Affabris E, Luly P, Pedersen JZ, Incerpi S. Nongenomic effects of thyroid hormones on the immune system cells: New targets, old players. Steroids 2012; 77:988-95. [PMID: 22414628 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that thyroid hormones, l-thyroxine (T(4)) and 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3)), act as modulators of the immune response. Immune functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and cytokine synthesis and release, are altered in hypo- and hyper-thyroid conditions, even though for many immune cells no clear correlation has been found between altered levels of T(3) or T(4) and effects on the immune responses. Integrins are extracellular matrix proteins that are important modulators of many cellular responses, and the integrin αvβ3 has been identified as a cell surface receptor for thyroid hormones. Rapid signaling via this plasma membrane binding site appears to be responsible for many nongenomic effects of thyroid hormones, independent of the classic nuclear receptors. Through the integrin αvβ3 receptor the hormone can activate both the ERK1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways, with downstream effects including intracellular protein trafficking, angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. It has recently become clear that an important downstream target of the thyroid hormone nongenomic pathway may be the mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR. New results demonstrate the capability of T(3) or T(4) to induce in the short time range important responses related to the immune function, such as reactive oxygen species production and cell migration in THP-1 monocytes. Thus thyroid hormones seem to be able to modulate the immune system by a combination of rapid nongenomic responses interacting with the classical nuclear response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo De Vito
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Liu C, Li L, Ying F, Xu C, Zang X, Gao Z. A newly identified TSHβ splice variant is involved in the pathology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10019-30. [PMID: 22752807 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin (TSH) is a protein that plays a key role in the control of thyroid function. TSH consists of a common α-subunit and a unique β-subunit; the latter is responsible for hormone specificity. A novel splice variant of human TSHβ was identified in 2009. To date, only the tissue distribution of the human TSHβ splice variant mRNA has been studied. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the protein translated from this splice variant. Salting-out, dialysis and concentration of serum proteins were followed by immunoprecipitation to identify the hTSHβ splice variant in serum. Stable CHO cell lines expressing the hTSHβ splice variant and V5-hTSHα were generated. After co-culture, co-immunoprecipitation was used to determine if the hTSHβ splice variant can dimerise with TSHα. We showed for the first time that the hTSHβ splice variant exists in human serum and dimerises with TSHα. To explore the relationship between the TSHβ splice variant and the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis, we assessed variations in the mRNA expression of the TSHβ splice variant in the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients using quantitative RT-PCR. We found that the mRNA expression levels of the TSHβ splice variant were higher in the PBLs of HT patients who were not undergoing prednisone therapy (n = 10, P < 0.0001) and in the PBLs of HT patients with a longer duration of illness (>18 months) who were undergoing prednisone therapy (n = 5, P = 0.023) than in those of the control group. This pattern was reversed in the PBLs of HT patients with a shorter duration of illness (<9 months) who were undergoing prednisone therapy (n = 8, P < 0.0001). Dexamethasone inhibition of the TSHβ splice variant mRNA expression occurred in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These results demonstrated that the TSHβ splice variant may participate in the pathogenesis of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, QiXiangTai Road No22, HePing District, Tianjin 300070, China
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Harvey S, Arámburo C, Sanders EJ. Extrapituitary production of anterior pituitary hormones: an overview. Endocrine 2012; 41:19-30. [PMID: 22169962 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-011-9557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein hormones from the anterior pituitary gland have well-established endocrine roles in their peripheral target glands. It is, however, now known that these proteins are also produced within many of their target tissues, in which they act as local autocrine or paracrine factors, with physiological and/or pathophysiological significance. This emerging concept is the focus of this brief review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada,
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De Vito P, Incerpi S, Pedersen JZ, Luly P, Davis FB, Davis PJ. Thyroid hormones as modulators of immune activities at the cellular level. Thyroid 2011; 21:879-90. [PMID: 21745103 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that thyroid hormones, L-thyroxine (T(4)) and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T(3)), are modulators of the immune response. In monocytes, macrophages, leukocytes, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes, a wide range of immune functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytokine synthesis and release are altered under hypo- and hyperthyroid conditions. SUMMARY Hyperthyroidism decreases the proinflammatory activities of monocytes and macrophages, whereas enhancement of phagocytosis and increased levels of ROS may occur during hypothyroidism. The expression of proinflammatory molecules such as macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and interleukin-1β increases in hypothyroidism. However, in Kupffer cells, proinflammatory activities such as the respiratory burst, nitric oxide synthase activity, and tumor necrosis factor-α expression may result from increased T(3) levels. Thyroid hormones also affect natural killer cell activity and cell-mediated immune responses. Still, for many immune cells no clear correlation has been found so far between abnormally high or low T(3) or T(4) levels and the effects observed on the immune responses. CONCLUSIONS In this review we outline the contributions of thyroid hormones to different aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses. The relationship between thyroid hormones and immune cells is complex and T(3) and T(4) may modulate immune responses through both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. Future studies of the molecular signaling mechanisms involved in this cross-talk between thyroid hormones and the immune system may support development of new strategies to improve clinical immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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