1
|
Ordinola-Zapata R, Costalonga M, Dietz M, Lima BP, Staley C. The root canal microbiome diversity and function. A whole-metagenome shotgun analysis. Int Endod J 2024; 57:872-884. [PMID: 36861850 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the root canal microbiome composition and bacterial functional capability in cases of primary and secondary apical periodontitis utilizing whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing. METHODOLOGY Twenty-two samples from patients with primary root canal infections, and 18 samples obtained from previously treated teeth currently diagnosed with apical periodontitis were analysed with whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing at a depth of 20 M reads. Taxonomic and functional gene annotations were made using MetaPhlAn3 and HUMAnN3 software. The Shannon and Chao1 indices were utilized to measure alpha diversity. Differences in community composition were evaluated utilizing analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) using Bray-Curtis dissimilarities. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare differences in taxa and functional genes. RESULTS Microbial community variations within a community were significantly lower in secondary relative to primary infections (alpha diversity p = .001). Community composition was significantly different in primary versus secondary infection (R = .11, p = .005). The predominant taxa observed among samples (>2.5%) were Pseudopropionibacterium propionicum, Prevotella oris, Eubacterium infirmum, Tannerella forsythia, Atopobium rimae, Peptostreptococcus stomatis, Bacteroidetes bacterium oral taxon 272, Parvimonas micra, Olsenella profusa, Streptococcus anginosus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Eubacterium brachy and Solobacterium moorei. The Wilcoxon rank test revealed no significant differences in relative abundances of functional genes in both groups. Genes with greater relative abundances (top 25) were associated with genetic, signalling and cellular processes including the iron and peptide/nickel transport system. Numerous genes encoding toxins were identified: exfoliative toxin, haemolysins, thiol-activated cytolysin, phospholipase C, cAMP factor, sialidase, and hyaluronic glucosaminidase. CONCLUSIONS Despite taxonomic differences between primary and secondary apical periodontitis, the functional capability of the microbiomes was similar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ordinola-Zapata
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Massimo Costalonga
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew Dietz
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nonaka S, Okamoto R, Katsuta Y, Kanetsuki S, Nakanishi H. Gingipain-carrying outer membrane vesicles from Porphyromonas gingivalis cause barrier dysfunction of Caco-2 cells by releasing gingipain into the cytosol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 707:149783. [PMID: 38493746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Ingestion of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, disrupts the intestinal barrier in mice. However, the involvement of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) secreted from P. gingivalis in the destruction of the intestinal barrier remains unclear. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that OMVs carrying gingipains, the major cysteine proteases produced by P. gingivalis, affects the intestinal barrier function. OMVs increased the permeability of the Caco-2 cell monolayer, a human intestinal epithelial cell line, accompanied by degradation of the tight junction protein occludin. In contrast, OMVs prepared from mutant strains devoid of gingipains failed to induce intestinal barrier dysfunction or occludin degradation in Caco-2 cells. A close histological examination revealed the intracellular localization of gingipain-carrying OMVs. Gingipain activity was detected in the cytosolic fraction of Caco-2 cells after incubation with OMVs. These results suggest that gingipains were internalized into intestinal cells through OMVs and transported into the cytosol, where they then directly degraded occludin from the cytosolic side. Thus, P. gingivalis OMVs might destroy the intestinal barrier and induce systemic inflammation via OMV itself or intestinal substances leaked into blood vessels, causing various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saori Nonaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan.
| | - Rin Okamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| | - Yui Katsuta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| | - Shiori Kanetsuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kinskey JC, Huda TI, Gozlan EC, Quach JU, Arturo JF, Chobrutskiy A, Chobrutskiy BI, Blanck G. The presence of intratumoral Porphyromonas gingivalis correlates with a previously defined pancreatic adenocarcinoma, immune cell expression phenotype and with tumor resident, adaptive immune receptor features. Carcinogenesis 2023; 44:411-417. [PMID: 37195907 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) and the pancreatic microbiome is not fully understood, although bacteria may decrease the effectiveness of chemotherapy and lead to anti-apoptotic, pro-inflammatory microenvironments. To better understand the relationship between the PAAD microbiome and the microenvironment, we identified Porphyromonas gingivalis-positive PAAD samples and found a strong association between intratumoral P. gingivalis and: (i) an immune cell gene expression phenotype previously defined by others as gene program 7; and (ii) recovery of immunoglobulin recombination, sequencing reads. We applied a novel chemical complementarity scoring algorithm, suitable for a big data setting, and determined that the previously established P. gingivalis antigen, rpgB had a reduced chemical complementarity with T-cell receptor (TCR) complementarity-determining region-3 amino acid sequences recovered from PAAD samples with P. gingivalis in comparison to TCR-rpgB chemical complementarity represented by the PAAD samples that lacked P. gingivalis. This finding strengthens the existing body of evidence correlating P. gingivalis with PAAD, which may have implications for the treatment and prognosis of patients. Furthermore, demonstrating the correlation of P. gingivalis and gene program 7 raises the question of whether P. gingivalis infection is responsible for the gene program 7 subdivision of PAAD?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Kinskey
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Taha I Huda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Etienne C Gozlan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jessica U Quach
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Juan F Arturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Andrea Chobrutskiy
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Boris I Chobrutskiy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Visentin D, Gobin I, Maglica Ž. Periodontal Pathogens and Their Links to Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1832. [PMID: 37513004 PMCID: PMC10385044 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens that play a role in the development and progression of periodontitis have gained significant attention due to their implications in the onset of various systemic diseases. Periodontitis is characterized as an inflammatory disease of the gingival tissue that is mainly caused by bacterial pathogens. Among them, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Tannerella forsythia are regarded as the main periodontal pathogens. These pathogens elicit the release of cytokines, which in combination with their virulence factors induce chronic systemic inflammation and subsequently impact neural function while also altering the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. The primary objective of this review is to summarize the existing information regarding periodontal pathogens, their virulence factors, and their potential association with neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. We systematically reviewed longitudinal studies that investigated the association between periodontal disease and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. Out of the 24 studies examined, 20 showed some degree of positive correlation between periodontal disease and neurodegenerative disorders, with studies focusing on cognitive function demonstrating the most robust effects. Therefore, periodontal pathogens might represent an exciting new approach to develop novel preventive treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Visentin
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivana Gobin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Željka Maglica
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pandey SD, Perpich JD, Stocke KS, Mansfield JM, Kikuchi Y, Yakoumatos L, Muszyński A, Azadi P, Tettelin H, Whiteley M, Uriarte SM, Bagaitkar J, Vickerman M, Lamont RJ. Impact of Polymicrobial Infection on Fitness of Streptococcus gordonii In Vivo. mBio 2023; 14:e0065823. [PMID: 37042761 PMCID: PMC10294625 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00658-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microbial ecosystems are often polymicrobial, and interbacterial interactions drive emergent properties of these communities. In the oral cavity, Streptococcus gordonii is a foundational species in the development of plaque biofilms, which can contribute to periodontal disease and, after gaining access to the bloodstream, target remote sites such as heart valves. Here, we used a transposon sequencing (Tn-Seq) library of S. gordonii to identify genes that influence fitness in a murine abscess model, both as a monoinfection and as a coinfection with an oral partner species, Porphyromonas gingivalis. In the context of a monoinfection, conditionally essential genes were widely distributed among functional pathways. Coinfection with P. gingivalis almost completely changed the nature of in vivo gene essentiality. Community-dependent essential (CoDE) genes under the coinfection condition were primarily related to DNA replication, transcription, and translation, indicating that robust growth and replication are required to survive with P. gingivalis in vivo. Interestingly, a group of genes in an operon encoding streptococcal receptor polysaccharide (RPS) were associated with decreased fitness of S. gordonii in a coinfection with P. gingivalis. Individual deletion of two of these genes (SGO_2020 and SGO_2024) resulted in the loss of RPS production by S. gordonii and increased susceptibility to killing by neutrophils. P. gingivalis protected the RPS mutants by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment, degranulation, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. These results provide insight into genes and functions that are important for S. gordonii survival in vivo and the nature of polymicrobial synergy with P. gingivalis. Furthermore, we show that RPS-mediated immune protection in S. gordonii is dispensable and detrimental in the presence of a synergistic partner species that can interfere with neutrophil killing mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Bacteria responsible for diseases originating at oral mucosal membranes assemble into polymicrobial communities. However, we know little regarding the fitness determinants of the organisms that initiate community formation. Here, we show that the extracellular polysaccharide of Streptococcus gordonii, while important for streptococcal survival as a monoinfection, is detrimental to survival in the context of a coinfection with Porphyromonas gingivalis. We found that the presence of P. gingivalis compensates for immune protective functions of extracellular polysaccharide, rendering production unnecessary. The results show that fitness determinants of bacteria in communities differ substantially from those of individual species in isolation. Furthermore, constituents of communities can undertake activities that relieve the burden of energetically costly biosynthetic reactions on partner species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satya D. Pandey
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - John D. Perpich
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sullivan University, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kendall S. Stocke
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jillian M. Mansfield
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yuichiro Kikuchi
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lan Yakoumatos
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Artur Muszyński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marvin Whiteley
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Silvia M. Uriarte
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Margaret Vickerman
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen WA, Dou Y, Fletcher HM, Boskovic DS. Local and Systemic Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:470. [PMID: 36838435 PMCID: PMC9963840 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobe, is a leading etiological agent in periodontitis. This infectious pathogen can induce a dysbiotic, proinflammatory state within the oral cavity by disrupting commensal interactions between the host and oral microbiota. It is advantageous for P. gingivalis to avoid complete host immunosuppression, as inflammation-induced tissue damage provides essential nutrients necessary for robust bacterial proliferation. In this context, P. gingivalis can gain access to the systemic circulation, where it can promote a prothrombotic state. P. gingivalis expresses a number of virulence factors, which aid this pathogen toward infection of a variety of host cells, evasion of detection by the host immune system, subversion of the host immune responses, and activation of several humoral and cellular hemostatic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William A Chen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Hansel M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Danilo S Boskovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Grobler C, van Tongeren M, Gettemans J, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Alzheimer's Disease: A Systems View Provides a Unifying Explanation of Its Development. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:43-70. [PMID: 36442193 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder affecting 50 million people globally. It is characterized by the presence of extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, consisting of amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, respectively. Despite global research efforts, there is currently no cure available, due in part to an incomplete understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Numerous possible mechanisms, or hypotheses, explaining the origins of sporadic or late-onset AD have been proposed, including the amyloid-β, inflammatory, vascular, and infectious hypotheses. However, despite ample evidence, the failure of multiple trial drugs at the clinical stage illuminates the possible pitfalls of these hypotheses. Systems biology is a strategy which aims to elucidate the interactions between parts of a whole. Using this approach, the current paper shows how the four previously mentioned hypotheses of AD pathogenesis can be intricately connected. This approach allows for seemingly contradictory evidence to be unified in a system-focused explanation of sporadic AD development. Within this view, it is seen that infectious agents, such as P. gingivalis, may play a central role. The data presented here shows that when present, P. gingivalis or its virulence factors, such as gingipains, may induce or exacerbate pathologies underlying sporadic AD. This evidence supports the view that infectious agents, and specifically P. gingivalis, may be suitable treatment targets in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corlia Grobler
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marvi van Tongeren
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Human Oral Keratinocytes Challenged by Streptococcus sanguinis and Porphyromonas gingivalis Differentially Affect the Chemotactic Activity of THP-1 Monocytes. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:9112039. [PMID: 35519507 PMCID: PMC9064506 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9112039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are initiated by the shift from microbe-host symbiosis to dysbiosis, and the disrupted host response predominantly contributes to tissue destruction. This study investigated whether and to what extent human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) challenged by a periodontal commensal or pathogen could differentially affect the chemotactic activity of THP-1 monocytes. A selected periodontal commensal (Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556) and a pathogen (Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277) were cultured and inoculated, respectively, into the lower chamber of Transwell® Permeable Supports with HOKs and incubated for 2 h or 18 h at 37°C under appropriate cell growth conditions. HOKs alone served as the control for the transwell migration assay. Well-stained THP-1 monocytes were seeded in the top chamber of the device, incubated for 2 h and then collected from the lower well for quantitation of the migrated fluorescence-labeled cells by the FACSCalibur™ flow cytometer. The statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. The HOKs challenged by S. sanguinis attracted a significantly higher number of THP-1 cell migration as compared with the control after 2 h or 18 h interaction (
). By contrast, P. gingivalis-treated HOKs exhibited a markedly reduced chemotactic effect on THP-1 cells (
, 2 h;
, 18 h). There was no significant difference in THP-1 cell migration among the groups with either S. sanguinis or P. gingivalis alone. The current findings on P. gingivalis-HOKs interactions with resultant paralysis of THP-1 cell chemotaxis provide further evidence that the keystone periodontopathogen P. gingivalis can evade innate defense and contribute to periodontal pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pussinen PJ, Kopra E, Pietiäinen M, Lehto M, Zaric S, Paju S, Salminen A. Periodontitis and cardiometabolic disorders: The role of lipopolysaccharide and endotoxemia. Periodontol 2000 2022; 89:19-40. [PMID: 35244966 PMCID: PMC9314839 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide is a virulence factor of gram-negative bacteria with a crucial importance to the bacterial surface integrity. From the host's perspective, lipopolysaccharide plays a role in both local and systemic inflammation, activates both innate and adaptive immunity, and can trigger inflammation either directly (as a microbe-associated molecular pattern) or indirectly (by inducing the generation of nonmicrobial, danger-associated molecular patterns). Translocation of lipopolysaccharide into the circulation causes endotoxemia, which is typically measured as the biological activity of lipopolysaccharide to induce coagulation of an aqueous extract of blood cells of the assay. Apparently healthy subjects have a low circulating lipopolysaccharide activity, since it is neutralized and cleared rapidly. However, chronic endotoxemia is involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammation-driven conditions, especially cardiometabolic disorders. These include atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, liver diseases, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, where endotoxemia has been recognized as a risk factor. The main source of endotoxemia is thought to be the gut microbiota. However, the oral dysbiosis in periodontitis, which is typically enriched with gram-negative bacterial species, may also contribute to endotoxemia. As endotoxemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders, lipopolysaccharide could be considered as a molecular link between periodontal microbiota and cardiometabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pirkko J Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Kopra
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Pietiäinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Lehto
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine Research Programs, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Svetislav Zaric
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Susanna Paju
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aino Salminen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vaernewyck V, Arzi B, Sanders NN, Cox E, Devriendt B. Mucosal Vaccination Against Periodontal Disease: Current Status and Opportunities. Front Immunol 2021; 12:768397. [PMID: 34925337 PMCID: PMC8675580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 9 out of 10 adults have some form of periodontal disease, an infection-induced inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues. The initial form, gingivitis, often remains asymptomatic, but this can evolve into periodontitis, which is typically associated with halitosis, oral pain or discomfort, and tooth loss. Furthermore, periodontitis may contribute to systemic disorders like cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Control options remain nonspecific, time-consuming, and costly; largely relying on the removal of dental plaque and calculus by mechanical debridement. However, while dental plaque bacteria trigger periodontal disease, it is the host-specific inflammatory response that acts as main driver of tissue destruction and disease progression. Therefore, periodontal disease control should aim to alter the host's inflammatory response as well as to reduce the bacterial triggers. Vaccines may provide a potent adjunct to mechanical debridement for periodontal disease prevention and treatment. However, the immunopathogenic complexity and polymicrobial aspect of PD appear to complicate the development of periodontal vaccines. Moreover, a successful periodontal vaccine should induce protective immunity in the oral cavity, which proves difficult with traditional vaccination methods. Recent advances in mucosal vaccination may bridge the gap in periodontal vaccine development. In this review, we offer a comprehensive overview of mucosal vaccination strategies to induce protective immunity in the oral cavity for periodontal disease control. Furthermore, we highlight the need for additional research with appropriate and clinically relevant animal models. Finally, we discuss several opportunities in periodontal vaccine development such as multivalency, vaccine formulations, and delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Vaernewyck
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures (VIRC) School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Niek N. Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Smorodin EP. Prospects and Challenges of the Study of Anti-Glycan Antibodies and Microbiota for the Monitoring of Gastrointestinal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111608. [PMID: 34769037 PMCID: PMC8584091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, a large amount of data has been accumulated in various subfields of glycobiology. However, much clinically relevant data and many tools are still not widely used in medicine. Synthetic glycoconjugates with the known structure of glycans are an accurate tool for the study of glycan-binding proteins. We used polyacrylamide glycoconjugates (PGs) including PGs with tumour-associated glycans (TAGs) in immunoassays to assess the prognostic potential of the serum level of anti-glycan antibodies (AG Abs) in gastrointestinal cancer patients and found an association of AG Abs with survival. The specificity of affinity-isolated AG Abs was investigated using synthetic and natural glycoconjugates. AG Abs showed mainly a low specificity to tumour-associated and tumour-derived mucins; therefore, the protective role of the examined circulating AG Abs against cancer remains a challenge. In this review, our findings are analysed and discussed in the context of the contribution of bacteria to the AG Abs stimulus and cancer progression. Examples of the influence of pathogenic bacteria colonising tumours on cancer progression and patient survival through mechanisms of interaction with tumours and dysregulated immune response are considered. The possibilities and problems of the integrative study of AG Abs and the microbiome using high-performance technologies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugeniy P Smorodin
- Department of Virology and Immunology, National Institute for Health Development, 11619 Tallinn, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hammers D, Carothers K, Lee S. The Role of Bacterial Proteases in Microbe and Host-microbe Interactions. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:222-239. [PMID: 34370632 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210809094100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted proteases are an important class of factors used by bacterial to modulate their extracellular environment through the cleavage of peptides and proteins. These proteases can range from broad, general proteolytic activity to high degrees of substrate specificity. They are often involved in interactions between bacteria and other species, even across kingdoms, allowing bacteria to survive and compete within their niche. As a result, many bacterial proteases are of clinical importance. The immune system is a common target for these enzymes, and bacteria have evolved ways to use these proteases to alter immune responses for their benefit. In addition to the wide variety of human proteins that can be targeted by bacterial proteases, bacteria also use these secreted factors to disrupt competing microbes, ranging from outright antimicrobial activity to disrupting processes like biofilm formation. OBJECTIVE In this review, we address how bacterial proteases modulate host mechanisms of protection from infection and injury, including immune factors and cell barriers. We also discuss the contributions of bacterial proteases to microbe-microbe interactions, including antimicrobial and anti-biofilm dynamics. CONCLUSION Bacterial secreted proteases represent an incredibly diverse group of factors that bacteria use to shape and thrive in their microenvironment. Due to the range of activities and targets of these proteases, some have been noted for having potential as therapeutics. The vast array of bacterial proteases and their targets remains an expanding field of research, and this field has many important implications for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hammers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Katelyn Carothers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Shaun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jakubovics NS, Goodman SD, Mashburn-Warren L, Stafford GP, Cieplik F. The dental plaque biofilm matrix. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:32-56. [PMID: 33690911 PMCID: PMC9413593 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven D Goodman
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lauren Mashburn-Warren
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Graham P Stafford
- Integrated Biosciences, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gstöttner C, Reusch D, Haberger M, Dragan I, Van Veelen P, Kilgour DPA, Tsybin YO, van der Burgt YEM, Wuhrer M, Nicolardi S. Monitoring glycation levels of a bispecific monoclonal antibody at subunit level by ultrahigh-resolution MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. MAbs 2021; 12:1682403. [PMID: 31630606 PMCID: PMC6927770 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1682403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsAbs) are engineered proteins with multiple functionalities and properties. The "bi-specificity" of these complex biopharmaceuticals is a key characteristic for the development of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies. The high structural complexity of BsAbs poses a challenge to the analytical methods needed for their characterization. Modifications of the BsAb structure, resulting from enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes, further complicate the analysis. An important example of the latter type of modification is glycation, which can occur in the manufacturing process, during storage in the formulation or in vivo after application of the drug. Glycation affects the structure, function, and stability of monoclonal antibodies, and consequently, a detailed analysis of glycation levels is required. Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a key role in the structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies and top-down, middle-up and middle-down MS approaches are increasingly used for the analysis of modifications. Here, we apply a novel middle-up strategy, based on IdeS digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS, to analyze all six different BsAb subunits in a single high-resolution mass spectrum, namely two light chains, two half fragment crystallizable regions and two Fd' regions, thus avoiding upfront chromatography. This method was used to monitor glycation changes during a 168 h forced-glycation experiment. In addition, hot spot glycation sites were localized using top-down and middle-down MALDI-in-source decay FT-ICR MS, which provided complementary information compared to standard bottom-up MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gstöttner
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Irina Dragan
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Van Veelen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David P A Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Yury O Tsybin
- Spectroswiss, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yuri E M van der Burgt
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Habazin S, Štambuk J, Šimunović J, Keser T, Razdorov G, Novokmet M. Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods for Immunoglobulin G N-Glycosylation Analysis. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:73-135. [PMID: 34687008 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry and its hyphenated techniques enabled by the improvements in liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, novel ionization, and fragmentation modes are truly a cornerstone of robust and reliable protein glycosylation analysis. Boost in immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycan and glycopeptide profiling demands for both applied biomedical and research applications has brought many new advances in the field in terms of technical innovations, sample preparation, improved throughput, and confidence in glycan structural characterization. This chapter summarizes mass spectrometry basics, focusing on IgG and monoclonal antibody N-glycosylation analysis on several complexity levels. Different approaches, including antibody enrichment, glycan release, labeling, and glycopeptide preparation and purification, are covered and illustrated with recent breakthroughs and examples from the literature omitting excessive theoretical frameworks. Finally, selected highly popular methodologies in IgG glycoanalytics such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization are discussed more thoroughly yet in simple terms making this text a practical starting point either for the beginner in the field or an experienced clinician trying to make sense out of the IgG glycomic or glycoproteomic dataset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siniša Habazin
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jerko Štambuk
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Toma Keser
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Mislav Novokmet
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miralda I, Uriarte SM. Periodontal Pathogens' strategies disarm neutrophils to promote dysregulated inflammation. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 36:103-120. [PMID: 33128827 PMCID: PMC8048607 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an irreversible, chronic inflammatory disease where inflammophilic pathogenic microbial communities accumulate in the gingival crevice. Neutrophils are a major component of the innate host response against bacterial challenge, and under homeostatic conditions, their microbicidal functions typically protect the host against periodontitis. However, a number of periodontal pathogens developed survival strategies to evade neutrophil microbicidal functions while promoting inflammation, which provides a source of nutrients for bacterial growth. Research on periodontal pathogens has largely focused on a few established species: Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. However, advances in culture-independent techniques have facilitated the identification of new bacterial species in periodontal lesions, such as the two Gram-positive anaerobes, Filifactor alocis and Peptoanaerobacter stomatis, whose characterization of pathogenic potential has not been fully described. Additionally, there is not a full understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms used against neutrophils by organisms that are abundant in periodontal lesions. This presents a substantial barrier to the development of new approaches to prevent or ameliorate the disease. In this review, we first summarize the neutrophil functions affected by the established periodontal pathogens listed above, denoting unknown areas that still merit a closer look. Then, we review the literature on neutrophil functions and the emerging periodontal pathogens, F. alocis and P. stomatis, comparing the effects of the emerging microbes to that of established pathogens, and speculate on the contribution of these putative pathogens to the progression of periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Miralda
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Seers CA, Mahmud ASM, Huq NL, Cross KJ, Reynolds EC. Porphyromonas gingivalis laboratory strains and clinical isolates exhibit different distribution of cell surface and secreted gingipains. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 13:1858001. [PMID: 33391630 PMCID: PMC7733959 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1858001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The cell-surface cysteine proteinases RgpA, RgpB (Arg-gingipain), and Kgp (Lys-gingipain) are major virulence factors of P. gingivalis, a keystone pathogen in the development of destructive periodontal disease. The gingipains function as proteinases and transpeptidases utilising small peptides such as glycylglycine as acceptor molecules. However, the characteristics of the gingipains from most P. gingivalis strains have not been determined. Methods: We determined the phenotypes of a panel of P. gingivalis laboratory strains and global clinical isolates with respect to growth on blood agar plus whole-cell and vesicle-free culture supernatant (VFSN) Arg- and Lys-specific proteinase activities. Results: The P. gingivalis isolates exhibited different growth characteristics and hydrolysis of haemoglobin in solid media. Whole-cell Arg-gingipain Vmax varied 5.8-fold and the whole cell Lys-gingipain Vmax varied 2.1-fold across the strains. Furthermore, the P. gingivalis strains showed more than 107-fold variance in soluble Arg-gingipain activity in VFSN and more than 371-fold variance in soluble Lys-gingipain activity in VFSN. Glycylglycine and cysteine stimulated Arg- and Lys-specific cleavage activities of all strains. The stimulation by cysteine was in addition to its redox effect consistent with both glycylglycine and cysteine promoting transpeptidation.
Conclusion: The global P. gingivalis clinical isolates exhibit different Arg- and Lys‑gingipain activities with substantial variability in the level of soluble proteinases released into the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Seers
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Sayeed M Mahmud
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N Laila Huq
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Keith J Cross
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative, rod-shaped, nonmotile bacterium belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. It produces abundant amounts of proteases in both cell-associated and secretory forms, including a group of cysteine proteases referred to as gingipains, which have attracted much attention due to their high proteolytic activity associated with pathogenicity. Gingipains are grouped into arginine (R)-specific (RgpA and RgpB) and lysine (K)-specific (Kgp) types. Both Rgp (collective term for RgpA and RgpB) and Kgp gingipains play crucial roles in the virulence of P. gingivalis, including the degradation of host periodontal tissues, disruption of host defense mechanisms, and loss of viability in host cells, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. In addition to their function in virulence, gingipains are also essential for the growth and survival of P. gingivalis in periodontal pockets through the acquisition of amino acids and heme groups. Furthermore, Rgp and Kgp gingipains are critical in processing fimbriae and several bacterial proteins that contribute to hemagglutination, coaggregation, and hemoglobin binding. This chapter describes the methods used to analyze gingipains.
Collapse
|
19
|
Fülöp T, Munawara U, Larbi A, Desroches M, Rodrigues S, Catanzaro M, Guidolin A, Khalil A, Bernier F, Barron AE, Hirokawa K, Beauregard PB, Dumoulin D, Bellenger JP, Witkowski JM, Frost E. Targeting Infectious Agents as a Therapeutic Strategy in Alzheimer's Disease. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:673-695. [PMID: 32458360 PMCID: PMC9020372 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent dementia in the world. Its cause(s) are presently largely unknown. The most common explanation for AD, now, is the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which states that the cause of AD is senile plaque formation by the amyloid β peptide, and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles by hyperphosphorylated tau. A second, burgeoning theory by which to explain AD is based on the infection hypothesis. Much experimental and epidemiological data support the involvement of infections in the development of dementia. According to this mechanism, the infection either directly or via microbial virulence factors precedes the formation of amyloid β plaques. The amyloid β peptide, possessing antimicrobial properties, may be beneficial at an early stage of AD, but becomes detrimental with the progression of the disease, concomitantly with alterations to the innate immune system at both the peripheral and central levels. Infection results in neuroinflammation, leading to, and sustained by, systemic inflammation, causing eventual neurodegeneration, and the senescence of the immune cells. The sources of AD-involved microbes are various body microbiome communities from the gut, mouth, nose, and skin. The infection hypothesis of AD opens a vista to new therapeutic approaches, either by treating the infection itself or modulating the immune system, its senescence, or the body's metabolism, either separately, in parallel, or in a multi-step way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamàs Fülöp
- Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Usma Munawara
- Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mathieu Desroches
- MathNeuro Team, Inria Sophia Antipolis Méditerranée, Valbonne, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Serafim Rodrigues
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- BCAM, The Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Michele Catanzaro
- Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Guidolin
- BCAM, The Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - François Bernier
- Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Japan
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Health and Life Science, Tokyo and Nito-memory Nakanosogo Hospital, Tokyo Med. Dent. University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pascale B Beauregard
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - David Dumoulin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Bellenger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Eric Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Immunological Pathways Triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum: Therapeutic Possibilities? Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7241312. [PMID: 31341421 PMCID: PMC6612971 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7241312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) are Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria possessing several virulence factors that make them potential pathogens associated with periodontal disease. Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, including gingivitis and periodontitis. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss and is considered one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum possess virulence factors that allow them to survive in hostile environments by selectively modulating the host's immune-inflammatory response, thereby creating major challenges to host cell survival. Studies have demonstrated that bacterial infection and the host immune responses are involved in the induction of periodontitis. The NLRP3 inflammasome and its effector molecules (IL-1β and caspase-1) play roles in the development of periodontitis. We and others have reported that the purinergic P2X7 receptor plays a role in the modulation of periodontal disease and intracellular pathogen control. Caspase-4/5 (in humans) and caspase-11 (in mice) are important effectors for combating bacterial pathogens via mediation of cell death and IL-1β release. The exact molecular events of the host's response to these bacteria are not fully understood. Here, we review innate and adaptive immune responses induced by P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum infections and discuss the possibility of manipulations of the immune response as therapeutic strategies. Given the global burden of periodontitis, it is important to develop therapeutic targets for the prophylaxis of periodontopathogen infections.
Collapse
|
21
|
Bratanis E, Lood R. A Novel Broad-Spectrum Elastase-Like Serine Protease From the Predatory Bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Facilitates Elucidation of Site-Specific IgA Glycosylation Pattern. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:971. [PMID: 31130941 PMCID: PMC6510308 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased interest in predatory bacteria due to their ability to kill antibiotic resistant bacteria has also highlighted their inherent plethora of hydrolytic enzymes, and their potential as natural sources of novel therapeutic agents and biotechnological tools. Here, we have identified and characterized a novel protease from the predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus: BspE (Bdellovibrio elastase-like serine protease). Mapping preferential sites of proteolytic activity showed a single proteolytic cleavage site of native plasma IgA (pIgA) in the Fc-tail; as well as in the secretory component (SC) of secretory IgA (SIgA). Proteolysis of other native immunoglobulins and plasma proteins was either absent (IgG1 and 2, IgM, albumin and orosomucoid) or unspecific with multiple cleavage sites (IgG3 and 4, IgE, IgD). BspE displayed a broad activity against most amino acid bonds in shorter peptides and denatured proteins, with a slight preference for hydrolysis C-terminal of Y, V, F, S, L, R, P, E, and K. BspE autoproteolysis results in numerous cleavage products sustaining activity for more than 6 h. The enzymatic activity remained stable at pH 5.0-9.0 but was drastically reduced in the presence of MnCl2 and completely inhibited by ZnCl2. The hydrolysis of pIgA was subsequently utilized for the specific glycan characterization of the released pIgA Fc-tail (Asn459). Besides contributing to the basic knowledge of Bdellovibrio biology and proteases, we propose that BspE could be used as a potential tool to investigate the importance, and biological function of the pIgA Fc-tail. IMPORTANCE Antibodies are well-established as key components of the immune system, and the importance of antibody glycosylation is steadily gaining recognition. Modifications of antibodies by glycosylation creates a vast repertoire of antibody glycovariants with distinctive and diverse functions in the immune system. Most of the available information regarding antibody glycosylation is based on studies with IgG, which have contributed greatly to the advance of therapeutic antibody treatments. However, much is still unknown regarding the importance of glycosylation and the Fc-structure for the remaining antibody classes. Such research has proven to be technically challenging and demonstrates a need for novel tools to facilitate such investigations. Here we have identified and characterized a novel protease from B. bacteriovorus, facilitating the study of plasma IgA by cleaving the Fc-tail, including the Asn459 N-glycan. This further highlights the potential of B. bacteriovorus as a source to identify potential novel biotechnological tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Bratanis
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rolf Lood
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Novel Assay To Characterize Neutrophil Responses to Oral Biofilms. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00790-18. [PMID: 30455195 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00790-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most numerous leukocytes, play an important role in maintaining oral health through interactions with oral microbial biofilms. Both neutrophil hyperactivity and the bacterial subversion of neutrophil responses can cause inflammation-mediated tissue damage like that seen in periodontal disease. We describe here an assay that assesses neutrophil activation responses to monospecies biofilm bacteria in vitro based on the surface expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers associated with various neutrophil functions. Most of what we know about neutrophil responses to bacteria is based on in vitro assays that use planktonic bacteria and isolated/preactivated neutrophils, which makes interpretation of the neutrophil responses to bacteria a challenge. An understanding of how neutrophils differentially interact with and respond to commensal and pathogenic oral bacteria is necessary in order to further understand the neutrophil's role in maintaining oral health and the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In this study, a flow cytometry-based in vitro assay was developed to characterize neutrophil activation states based on CD marker expressions in response to oral monospecies bacterial biofilms. Using this approach, changes in CD marker expressions in response to specific prominent oral commensal and pathogenic bacteria were assayed. Several functional assays, including assays for phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species, activation of the transcription factor Nrf2, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and myeloperoxidase release, were also performed to correlate neutrophil function with CD marker expression. Our results demonstrate that neutrophils display bacterial species-specific responses. This assay can be used to characterize how specific biofilms alter specific neutrophil pathways associated with their activation.
Collapse
|
23
|
van der Burgt YEM, Kilgour DPA, Tsybin YO, Srzentić K, Fornelli L, Beck A, Wuhrer M, Nicolardi S. Structural Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies by Ultrahigh Resolution MALDI In-Source Decay FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2079-2085. [PMID: 30571088 PMCID: PMC6365908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
emergence of complex protein therapeutics in general and monoclonal
antibodies (mAbs) in particular have stimulated analytical chemists
to develop new methods and strategies for their structural characterization.
Mass spectrometry plays a key role in providing information on the
primary amino acid sequence, post-translational modifications, and
other structure characteristics that must be monitored during the
manufacturing process and subsequent quality control assessment. In
this study, we present a novel method that allows structural characterization
of mAbs based on MALDI in-source decay (ISD) fragmentation, coupled
with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS. The method
benefits from higher resolution of absorption mode FT mass spectra,
compared to magnitude mode, which enables simultaneous identification
of ISD fragments from both the heavy and light chains with a higher
confidence in a wide mass range up to m/z 13 500. This method was applied to two standard mAbs, namely
NIST mAb and trastuzumab, in preparation for method application in
an interlaboratory study on mAbs structural analysis coordinated by
the Consortium for Top-Down Proteomics. Extensive sequence coverage
was obtained from the middle-down analysis (IdeS- and GingisKHAN-digested
mAbs) that complemented the top-down analysis of intact mAbs. In addition,
MALDI FT-ICR MS of IdeS-digested mAbs allowed isotopic-level profiling
of proteoforms with regard to heavy chain N-glycosylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E M van der Burgt
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics , Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) , PO Box 9600, 2300 RC , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - David P A Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry , Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham , NG11 0JN , U.K
| | - Yury O Tsybin
- Spectroswiss , EPFL Innovation Park , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Kristina Srzentić
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence , Northwestern University , 2145 N. Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Luca Fornelli
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence , Northwestern University , 2145 N. Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Alain Beck
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre , 74160 St. Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics , Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) , PO Box 9600, 2300 RC , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics , Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) , PO Box 9600, 2300 RC , Leiden , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Eckert M, Mizgalska D, Sculean A, Potempa J, Stavropoulos A, Eick S. In vivo expression of proteases and protease inhibitor, a serpin, by periodontal pathogens at teeth and implants. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:240-248. [PMID: 29498485 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia secrete proteases, gingipains and KLIKK-proteases. In addition, T. forsythia produces a serpin (miropin) with broad inhibitory spectrum. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the level of expression of miropin and individual proteases in vivo in periodontal and peri-implant health and disease conditions. Biofilm and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)/ peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) samples were taken from healthy tooth and implant sites (n = 10), gingivitis and mucositis sites (n = 12), and periodontitis and peri-implantitis sites (n = 10). Concentration of interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-1β and IL-10 in GCF was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Loads of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia and the presence of proteases and miropin genes were assessed in biofilm by quantitative PCR, whereas gene expression was estimated by quantitative RT-PCR. The presence of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia, as well as the level of IL-8 and IL-1β, were associated with disease severity in the periodontal and peri-implant tissues. In biofilm samples harboring T. forsythia, genes encoding proteases were found to be present at 72.4% for karilysin and 100% for other KLIKK-protease genes and miropin. At the same time, detectable mRNA expression of individual genes ranged from 20.7% to 58.6% of samples (for forsylisin and miropsin-1, respectively). In comparison with the T. forsythia proteases, miropin and the gingipains were highly expressed. The level of expression of gingipains was associated with those of miropin and certain T. forsythia proteases around teeth but not implants. Cumulatively, KLIKK-proteases and especially miropin, might play a role in pathogenesis of both periodontal and peri-implant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Eckert
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, School of Dental Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Mizgalska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, School of Dental Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - A Stavropoulos
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - S Eick
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, School of Dental Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Moelleken J, Endesfelder M, Gassner C, Lingke S, Tomaschek S, Tyshchuk O, Lorenz S, Reiff U, Mølhøj M. GingisKHAN™ protease cleavage allows a high-throughput antibody to Fab conversion enabling direct functional assessment during lead identification of human monoclonal and bispecific IgG1 antibodies. MAbs 2017; 9:1076-1087. [PMID: 28805498 PMCID: PMC5627592 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1364325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of the binding strength of immunoglobulins (IgGs) to targets can be influenced by avidity when the targets are soluble di- or multimeric proteins, or associated to cell surfaces, including surfaces introduced from heterogeneous assays. However, for the understanding of the contribution of a second drug-to-target binding site in molecular design, or for ranking of monovalent binders during lead identification, affinity-based assessment of the binding strength is required. Typically, monovalent binders like antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) are generated by proteolytic cleavage with papain, which often results in a combination of under- and over-digestion, and requires specific optimization and chromatographic purification of the desired Fabs. Alternatively, the Fabs are produced by recombinant approaches. Here, we report a lean approach for the functional assessment of human IgG1s during lead identification based on an in-solution digestion with the GingisKHAN™ protease, generating a homogenous pool of intact Fabs and Fcs and enabling direct assaying of the Fab in the digestion mixture. The digest with GingisKHAN™ is highly specific and quantitative, does not require much optimization, and the protease does not interfere with methods typically applied for lead identification, such as surface plasmon resonance or cell-based assays. GingisKHAN™ is highly suited to differentiate between affinity and avidity driven binding of human IgG1 monoclonal and bispecific antibodies during lead identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Moelleken
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Endesfelder
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gassner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Lingke
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Simone Tomaschek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Oksana Tyshchuk
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorenz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Reiff
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mølhøj
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Carter CJ. Genetic, Transcriptome, Proteomic, and Epidemiological Evidence for Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Polymicrobial Brain Invasion as Determinant Factors in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2017; 1:125-157. [PMID: 30480234 PMCID: PMC6159731 DOI: 10.3233/adr-170017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse pathogens are detected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. A bioinformatics survey showed that AD genome-wide association study (GWAS) genes (localized in bone marrow, immune locations and microglia) relate to multiple host/pathogen interactomes (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Bornavirus, Borrelia burgdorferri, cytomegalovirus, Ebola virus, HSV-1, HERV-W, HIV-1, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis C, influenza, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Porphyrymonas gingivalis, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi). These interactomes also relate to the AD hippocampal transcriptome and to plaque or tangle proteins. Upregulated AD hippocampal genes match those upregulated by multiple bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa in immunocompetent cells. AD genes are enriched in GWAS datasets reflecting pathogen diversity, suggesting selection for pathogen resistance, as supported by the old age of AD patients, implying resistance to earlier infections. APOE4 is concentrated in regions of high parasitic burden and protects against childhood tropical infections and hepatitis C. Immune/inflammatory gain of function applies to APOE4, CR1, and TREM2 variants. AD genes are also expressed in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is disrupted by AD risk factors (age, alcohol, aluminum, concussion, cerebral hypoperfusion, diabetes, homocysteine, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, pesticides, pollution, physical inactivity, sleep disruption, smoking) and by pathogens, directly or via olfactory routes to basal-forebrain BBB control centers. The BBB benefits from statins, NSAIDs, estrogen, melatonin, memantine, and the Mediterranean diet. Polymicrobial involvement is supported by upregulation of bacterial, viral, and fungal sensors/defenders in the AD brain, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid. AD serum amyloid-β autoantibodies may attenuate its antimicrobial effects favoring microbial survival and cerebral invasion leading to activation of neurodestructive immune/inflammatory processes, which may also be augmented by age-related immunosenescence. AD may thus respond to antibiotic, antifungal, or antiviral therapy.
Collapse
|
27
|
Sochalska M, Potempa J. Manipulation of Neutrophils by Porphyromonas gingivalis in the Development of Periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:197. [PMID: 28589098 PMCID: PMC5440471 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of the chronic periodontal disease is associated with a skewed host inflammatory response to periodontal pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, that accounts for the majority of periodontal tissue damage. Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in periodontal pockets and depending on the stage of the disease, also plentiful PMNs are present in the inflamed gingival tissue and the gingival crevice. They are the most efficient phagocytes and eliminate pathogens by a variety of means, which are either oxygen-dependent or -independent. However, these secretory lethal weapons do not strictly discriminate between pathogens and host tissue. Current studies describe conflicting findings about neutrophil involvement in periodontal disease. On one hand literature indicate that hyper-reactive neutrophils are the main immune cell type responsible for this observed tissue damage and disease progression. Deregulation of neutrophil survival and functions, such as chemotaxis, migration, secretion of antimicrobial peptides or enzymes, and production of reactive oxygen species, contribute to observed tissue injury and the clinical signs of periodontal disease. On the other hand neutrophils deficiencies in patients and mice also result in periodontal phenotype. Therefore, P. gingivalis represents a periodontal pathogen that manipulates the immune responses of PMNs, employing several virulence factors, such as gingipains, serine proteases, lipid phosphatases, or fimbriae. This review will sum up studies devoted to understanding different strategies utilized by P. gingivalis to manipulate PMNs survival and functions in order to inhibit killing by a granular content, prolong inflammation, and gain access to nutrient resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Sochalska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Glowczyk I, Wong A, Potempa B, Babyak O, Lech M, Lamont RJ, Potempa J, Koziel J. Inactive Gingipains from P. gingivalis Selectively Skews T Cells toward a Th17 Phenotype in an IL-6 Dependent Manner. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:140. [PMID: 28497028 PMCID: PMC5406403 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gingipain cysteine proteases are considered key virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis. They significantly influence antibacterial and homeostatic functions of macrophages, neutrophils, the complement system, and cytokine networks. Recent data indicate the role of P. gingivalis in T cell differentiation; however, the involvement of gingipains in this process remains elusive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of danger signals triggered by the gingipains on the generation of Th17 cells, which play a key role in protection against bacterial diseases but may cause chronic inflammation and bone resorption. To this end we compared the effects of the wild-type strain of P. gingivalis (W83) with its isogenic mutant devoid of gingipain activity (ΔKΔRAB), and bacterial cells pretreated with a highly-specific inhibitor of gingipains activity (KYTs). Antigen presenting cells (APCs), both professional (dendritic cells), and non-professional (gingival keratinocytes), exposed to viable bacteria expressed high amounts of cytokines (IL-6, IL-21, IL-23). These cytokines are reported to either stimulate or balance the Th17-dependent immune response. Surprisingly, cells infected with P. gingivalis devoid of gingipain activity showed increased levels of all tested cytokines compared to bacteria with fully active enzymes. The effect was dependent on both the reduction of cytokine proteolysis and the lack of cross-talk with other bacterial virulence factors, including LPS and fimbriae that induce de novo synthesis of cytokines. The profile of lymphocyte T differentiation from naive T cells showed enhanced generation of Th17 in response to bacteria with inactive gingipains. Moreover, we found that gingipain-dependent induction of Th17 cells was highly specific, since other T cell-subsets remained unchanged. Finally, inhibition of IL-6 signaling in dendritic cells led to a significant depletion of the Th17 population. Cumulatively, this study revealed a previously undisclosed role of gingipain activity in the process of Th17 differentiation reliant on blocking signaling through IL-6. Since inactivation of gingipains accelerates the skewing of T cells toward Th17 cells, which are detrimental in periodontitis, IL-6 signaling may serve as an attractive target for treatment of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Glowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Alicia Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, USA
| | - Olena Babyak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Lech
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland.,Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVMunich, Germany
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, USA
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland.,Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, USA
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
BspK, a Serine Protease from the Predatory Bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus with Utility for Analysis of Therapeutic Antibodies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.03037-16. [PMID: 27940543 PMCID: PMC5288813 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03037-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutic and diagnostic antibodies is a rapidly growing field of research, being the fastest expanding group of products on the pharmaceutical market, and appropriate quality controls are crucial for their application. We have identified and characterized the serine protease termed BspK (Bdellovibrio serine protease K) from Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and here show its activity on antibodies. Mutation of the serine residue at position 230 rendered the protease inactive. Further investigations of BspK enzymatic characteristics revealed autoproteolytic activity, resulting in numerous cleavage products. Two of the autoproteolytic cleavage sites in the BspK fusion protein were investigated in more detail and corresponded to cleavage after K28 and K210 in the N- and C-terminal parts of BspK, respectively. Further, BspK displayed stable enzymatic activity on IgG within the pH range of 6.0 to 9.5 and was inhibited in the presence of ZnCl2. BspK demonstrated preferential hydrolysis of human IgG1 compared to other immunoglobulins and isotypes, with hydrolysis of the heavy chain at position K226 generating two separate Fab fragments and an intact IgG Fc domain. Finally, we show that BspK preferentially cleaves its substrates C-terminally to lysines similar to the protease LysC. However, BspK displays a unique cleavage profile compared to several currently used proteases on the market. IMPORTANCE The rapid development of novel therapeutic antibodies is partly hindered by difficulties in assessing their quality and safety. The lack of tools and methods facilitating such quality controls obstructs and delays the process of product approval, eventually affecting the patients in need of treatment. These difficulties in product evaluations indicate a need for new and comprehensive tools for such analysis. Additionally, recent concerns raised regarding the limitations of established products on the market (e.g., trypsin) further highlight a general need for a larger array of proteases with novel cleavage profiles to meet current and future needs, within both the life science industry and the academic research community.
Collapse
|
30
|
Sjögren J, Andersson L, Mejàre M, Olsson F. Generating and Purifying Fab Fragments from Human and Mouse IgG Using the Bacterial Enzymes IdeS, SpeB and Kgp. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1535:319-329. [PMID: 27914089 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6673-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fab fragments are valuable research tools in various areas of science including applications in imaging, binding studies, removal of Fc-mediated effector functions, mass spectrometry, infection biology, and many others. The enzymatic tools for the generation of Fab fragments have been discovered through basic research within the field of molecular bacterial pathogenesis. Today, these enzymes are widely applied as research tools and in this chapter, we describe methodologies based on bacterial enzymes to generate Fab fragments from both human and mouse IgG. For all human IgG subclasses, the IdeS enzyme from Streptococcus pyogenes has been applied to generate F(ab')2 fragments that subsequently can be reduced under mild conditions to generate a homogenous pool of Fab' fragments. The enzyme Kgp from Porphyromonas gingivalis has been applied to generate intact Fab fragments from human IgG1 and the Fab fragments can be purified using a CH1-specific affinity resin. The SpeB protease, also from S. pyogenes, is able to digest mouse IgGs and has been applied to digest antibodies and Fab fragments can be purified on light chain affinity resins. In this chapter, we describe methodologies that can be used to obtain Fab fragments from human and mouse IgG using bacterial proteases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia to dentin and titanium with sandblasted and acid etched surface coated with serum and serum proteins - An in vitro study. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 75:81-88. [PMID: 27825675 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the adhesion of selected bacterial strains incl. expression of important virulence factors at dentin and titanium SLA surfaces coated with layers of serum proteins. METHODS Dentin- and moderately rough SLA titanium-discs were coated overnight with human serum, or IgG, or human serum albumin (HSA). Thereafter, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, or a six-species mixture were added for 4h and 24h. The number of adhered bacteria (colony forming units; CFU) was determined. Arg-gingipain activity of P. gingivalis and mRNA expressions of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia proteases and T. forsythia protease inhibitor were measured. RESULTS Coating specimens never resulted in differences exceeding 1.1 log10 CFU, comparing to controls, irrespective the substrate. Counts of T. forsythia were statistically significantly higher at titanium than dentin, the difference was up to 3.7 log10 CFU after 24h (p=0.002). No statistically significant variation regarding adhesion of the mixed culture was detected between surfaces or among coatings. Arg-gingipain activity of P. gingivalis was associated with log10 CFU but not with the surface or the coating. Titanium negatively influenced mRNA expression of T. forsythia protease inhibitor at 24h (p=0.026 uncoated, p=0.009 with serum). CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that: a) single bacterial species (T. forsythia) can adhere more readily to titanium SLA than to dentin, b) low expression of T. forsythia protease inhibitor may influence the virulence of the species on titanium SLA surfaces in comparison with teeth, and c) surface properties (e.g. material and/or protein layers) do not appear to significantly influence multi-species adhesion.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ardila CM, Guzmán IC. High levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced immunoglobulin G2 are associated with lower high-density lipoprotein levels in chronic periodontitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7:368-375. [PMID: 26074399 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced immunoglobulin G antibodies and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level. METHODS A total of 108 individuals were examined. The presence of P. gingivalis was detected using primers designed to target the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Peripheral blood was collected from each subject to determine the levels of P. gingivalis-induced IgG1 and IgG2 serum antibodies. The HDL levels were determined using fully enzymatic methods. RESULTS A higher proportion of periodontitis patients had high levels of P. gingivalis-induced IgG1 and IgG2, and the proportion of subjects with a HDL level of < 35 md/dL was higher in the group of chronic periodontitis patients. In the unadjusted regression model, the presence of high levels of P. gingivalis-induced IgG2 was associated with a HDL level of < 35 md/dL. The adjusted model indicated that periodontitis patients with high levels of P. gingivalis-induced IgG2 showed 3.2 more chances of having pathological HDL levels (odds ratio = 3.2, 95% confidence interval = 1.2-9.8). CONCLUSION High levels of P. gingivalis-induced IgG2 were associated with low HDL concentrations in patients with periodontitis, which suggests that the response of the host to periodontal infection may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ardila
- Biomedical Stomatology Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia U de A, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Isabel C Guzmán
- Biomedical Stomatology Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia U de A, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Frasca V. Using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Techniques to Quantify Enzyme Kinetics. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2016.29040.vfr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
34
|
Lenzo JC, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Cecil J, Holden JA, Reynolds EC. Determination of Active Phagocytosis of Unopsonized Porphyromonas gingivalis by Macrophages and Neutrophils Using the pH-Sensitive Fluorescent Dye pHrodo. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1753-1760. [PMID: 27021243 PMCID: PMC4907136 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01482-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis of pathogens is an important component of the innate immune system that is responsible for the removal and degradation of bacteria as well as their presentation via the major histocompatibility complexes to the adaptive immune system. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis exhibits strain heterogeneity, which may affect a phagocyte's ability to recognize and phagocytose the bacterium. In addition, P. gingivalis is reported to avoid phagocytosis by antibody and complement degradation and by invading phagocytic cells. Previous studies examining phagocytosis have been confounded by both the techniques employed and the potential of the bacteria to invade the cells. In this study, we used a novel, pH-sensitive dye, pHrodo, to label live P. gingivalis strains and examine unopsonized phagocytosis by murine macrophages and neutrophils and human monocytic cells. All host cells examined were able to recognize and phagocytose unopsonized P. gingivalis strains. Macrophages had a preference to phagocytose P. gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 over other strains and clinical isolates in the study, whereas neutrophils favored P. gingivalis W50, ATCC 33277, and one clinical isolate over the other strains. This study revealed that all P. gingivalis strains were capable of being phagocytosed without prior opsonization with antibody or complement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Lenzo
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Cecil
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Holden
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Spoerry C, Seele J, Valentin-Weigand P, Baums CG, von Pawel-Rammingen U. Identification and Characterization of IgdE, a Novel IgG-degrading Protease of Streptococcus suis with Unique Specificity for Porcine IgG. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7915-25. [PMID: 26861873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.711440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suisis a major endemic pathogen of pigs causing meningitis, arthritis, and other diseases. ZoonoticS. suisinfections are emerging in humans causing similar pathologies as well as severe conditions such as toxic shock-like syndrome. Recently, we discovered an IdeS family protease ofS. suisthat exclusively cleaves porcine IgM and represents the first virulence factor described, linkingS. suisto pigs as their natural host. Here we report the identification and characterization of a novel, unrelated protease ofS. suisthat exclusively targets porcine IgG. This enzyme, designated IgdE forimmunoglobulinG-degradingenzyme ofS. suis, is a cysteine protease distinct from previous characterized streptococcal immunoglobulin degrading proteases of the IdeS family and mediates efficient cleavage of the hinge region of porcine IgG with a high degree of specificity. The findings that allS. suisstrains investigated possess the IgG proteolytic activity and that piglet serum samples contain specific antibodies against IgdE strongly indicate that the protease is expressedin vivoduring infection and represents a novel and putative important bacterial virulence/colonization determinant, and a thus potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spoerry
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jana Seele
- the Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany, and
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- the Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany, and
| | - Christoph G Baums
- the Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany, and the Institute for Bacteriology und Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich von Pawel-Rammingen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gui MJ, Dashper SG, Slakeski N, Chen YY, Reynolds EC. Spheres of influence: Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:365-78. [PMID: 26466922 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are asymmetrical single bilayer membranous nanostructures produced by Gram-negative bacteria important for bacterial interaction with the environment. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis, produces OMVs that act as a virulence factor secretion system contributing to its pathogenicity. Despite their biological importance, the mechanisms of OMV biogenesis have not been fully elucidated. The ~14 times more curvature of the OMV membrane than cell outer membrane (OM) indicates that OMV biogenesis requires energy expenditure for significant curvature of the OMV membrane. In P. gingivalis, we propose that this may be achieved by upregulating the production of certain inner or outer leaflet lipids, which causes localized outward curvature of the OM. This results in selection of anionic lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS) and associated C-terminal domain (CTD) -family proteins on the outer surface due to their ability to accommodate the curvature. Deacylation of A-LPS may further enable increased curvature leading to OMV formation. Porphyromonas gingivalis OMVs that are selectively enriched in CTD-family proteins, largely the gingipains, can support bacterial coaggregation, promote biofilm development and act as an intercessor for the transport of non-motile bacteria by motile bacteria. The P. gingivalis OMVs are also believed to contribute to host interaction and colonization, evasion of immune defense mechanisms, and destruction of periodontal tissues. They may be crucial for both micro- and macronutrient capture, especially heme and probably other assimilable compounds for its own benefit and that of the wider biofilm community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Gui
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Vic, Australia
| | - S G Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Vic, Australia
| | - N Slakeski
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Vic, Australia
| | - Y-Y Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Vic, Australia
| | - E C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Vic, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang N, Deng H, Fan X, Gonzalez A, Zhang S, Brezski RJ, Choi BK, Rycyzyn M, Strohl W, Jordan R, An Z. Dysfunctional Antibodies in the Tumor Microenvironment Associate with Impaired Anticancer Immunity. Clin Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26224871 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies have demonstrated that cancer-associated matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) can generate single peptide bond cleavages in the hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). This study investigated the cleavage of endogenous IgGs by MMPs in the tumor microenvironment and the consequences of the IgG hinge cleavage for humoral immunity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated the occurrence of single peptide bond cleaved IgGs (scIgG) in tumor tissues and plasma samples collected from a cohort of breast cancer patients (n = 60). Samples from healthy people (n = 20) were used as the control. Antibody hinge cleavage was detected by multiple assays, including IHC, ELISA, and flow cytometry. A correlation analysis was conducted between scIgG levels and patient clinical parameters. RESULTS Levels of scIgGs in tumors were significantly higher than in normal tissues. In addition, scIgG levels in tumors were enriched compared with that in the plasma of the same patients. The appearance of scIgGs in tumor tissues was associated with altered host IgG content and decreased IgG1. Increased tumor scIgGs were found to be positively correlated with adverse clinical factors, such as elevated tumor-associated macrophages, increased expression of MMP9 and other MMPs, and local metastasis to axillary lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS The study contributes to mounting evidence for the presence of hinge-cleaved antibodies with reduced Fc immune effector function in the tumor microenvironment. The results highlight a link between tumor scIgGs and poor patient outcomes, and reveal a component of compromised humoral immunity within tumors that could point to new immunotherapeutic strategies to rescue host immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
| | - Hui Deng
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Xuejun Fan
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Anneliese Gonzalez
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Songlin Zhang
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Randall J Brezski
- Biologics Research, Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Byung-Kwon Choi
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael Rycyzyn
- Biologics Research, Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - William Strohl
- Biologics Research, Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Jordan
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. Biologics Research, Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lamont RJ, Hajishengallis G. Polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis in inflammatory disease. Trends Mol Med 2014; 21:172-83. [PMID: 25498392 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled inflammation of the periodontal area may arise when complex microbial communities transition from a commensal to a pathogenic entity. Communication among constituent species leads to polymicrobial synergy between metabolically compatible organisms that acquire functional specialization within the developing community. Keystone pathogens, even at low abundance, elevate community virulence, and the resulting dysbiotic community targets specific aspects of host immunity to further disable immune surveillance while promoting an overall inflammatory response. Inflammophilic organisms benefit from proteinaceous substrates derived from inflammatory tissue breakdown. Inflammation and dysbiosis reinforce each other, and the escalating environmental changes further select for a pathobiotic community. We have synthesized the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiotic components of the process into a new model for inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Koro C, Bielecka E, Dahl-Knudsen A, Enghild JJ, Scavenius C, Brun JG, Binder V, Hellvard A, Bergum B, Jonsson R, Potempa J, Blom AM, Mydel P. Carbamylation of immunoglobulin abrogates activation of the classical complement pathway. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3403-12. [PMID: 25130613 PMCID: PMC4232992 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of proteins significantly affect their structure and function. The carbamylation of positively charged lysine residues to form neutral homoitrulline occurs primarily under inflammatory conditions through myeloperoxidase-dependent cyanate (CNO-) formation. We analyzed the pattern of human IgG1 carbamylation under inflammatory conditions and the effects that this modification has on the ability of antibodies to trigger complement activation via the classical pathway. We found that the lysine residues of IgG1 are rapidly modified after brief exposure to CNO- . Interestingly, modifications were not random, but instead limited to only few lysines within the hinge area and the N-terminal fragment of the CH2 domain. A complement activation assay combined with mass spectrometry analysis revealed a highly significant inverse correlation between carbamylation of several key lysine residues within the hinge region and N-terminus of the CH2 domain and the proper binding of C1q to human IgG1 followed by subsequent complement activation. This severely hindered complement-dependent cytotoxicity of therapeutic IgG1 . The reaction can apparently occur in vivo, as we found carbamylated antibodies in synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Taken together, our data suggest that carbamylation has a profound impact on the complement-activating ability of IgG1 and reveals a pivotal role for previously uncharacterized lysine residues in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Koro
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wilensky A, Tzach-Nahman R, Potempa J, Shapira L, Nussbaum G. Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains selectively reduce CD14 expression, leading to macrophage hyporesponsiveness to bacterial infection. J Innate Immun 2014; 7:127-135. [PMID: 25228314 DOI: 10.1159/000365970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases (gingipains) from Porphyromonas gingivalis are key virulence factors in chronic periodontitis. Innate immune receptors CD14, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 are important in P. gingivalis recognition. We examined the ability of gingipains to cleave CD14, TLR2 and TLR4, and the consequences for the cellular response to bacterial challenge. Macrophages were exposed to Arg (RgpA and RgpB)- and Lys (Kgp)-gingipains, and residual expression of TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 was determined by flow cytometry. The cellular response to live bacteria following exposure to purified gingipains was evaluated by TNFα production and bacterial phagocytosis. RgpA and Kgp decreased CD14 detection in a concentration (p = 0.0000002)- and time (p = 0.03)-dependent manner, whereas RgpB had no significant effect. TLR2 and TLR4 expression were unaffected. Reduction in CD14 expression was more efficient with Lys-gingipain than with Arg-gingipain. A reduced CD14 surface level correlated with decreased TNFα secretion and bacterial phagocytosis following challenge with live P. gingivalis, but the response to heat-killed bacteria was unaffected. Therefore, gingipains reduce CD14 expression without affecting expression of the bacterial-sensing TLRs. Reduced CD14 expression depends on the gingipain hemagglutinin/adhesion site and results in macrophage hyporesponsiveness to bacterial challenge. Further studies are needed to determine if reduced CD14 expression is linked to periodontitis induced by P. gingivalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Wilensky
- Department of Periodontology , Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rinat Tzach-Nahman
- Department of Periodontology , Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jan Potempa
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lior Shapira
- Department of Periodontology , Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gabriel Nussbaum
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Saraiva L, Rebeis ES, Martins EDS, Sekiguchi RT, Ando-Suguimoto ES, Mafra CES, Holzhausen M, Romito GA, Mayer MPA. IgG sera levels against a subset of periodontopathogens and severity of disease in aggressive periodontitis patients: a cross-sectional study of selected pocket sites. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41:943-51. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Saraiva
- Department of Periodontology; Dental School; University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Estela S. Rebeis
- Department of Periodontology; Dental School; University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Eder de S. Martins
- Department of Periodontology; Dental School; University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Sekiguchi
- Department of Periodontology; Dental School; University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Ellen S. Ando-Suguimoto
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | | | - Marinella Holzhausen
- Department of Periodontology; Dental School; University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Giuseppe A. Romito
- Department of Periodontology; Dental School; University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Marcia P. A. Mayer
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Trindade F, Oppenheim FG, Helmerhorst EJ, Amado F, Gomes PS, Vitorino R. Uncovering the molecular networks in periodontitis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:748-61. [PMID: 24828325 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a complex immune-inflammatory disease that results from a preestablished infection in gingiva, mainly due to Gram-negative bacteria that colonize deeper in gingival sulcus and latter periodontal pocket. Host inflammatory and immune responses have both protective and destructive roles. Although cytokines, prostaglandins, and proteases struggle against microbial burden, these molecules promote connective tissue loss and alveolar bone resorption, leading to several histopathological changes, namely destruction of periodontal ligament, deepening of periodontal pocket, and bone loss, which can converge to attain tooth loss. Despite the efforts of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics/peptidomics, and metabolomics, there is no available biomarker for periodontitis diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment evaluation, which could assist on the established clinical evaluation. Nevertheless, some genes, transcripts, proteins and metabolites have already shown a different expression in healthy subjects and in patients. Though, so far, 'omics approaches only disclosed the host inflammatory response as a consequence of microbial invasion in periodontitis and the diagnosis in periodontitis still relies on clinical parameters, thus a molecular tool for assessing periodontitis lacks in current dental medicine paradigm. Saliva and gingival crevicular fluid have been attracting researchers due to their diagnostic potential, ease, and noninvasive nature of collection. Each one of these fluids has some advantages and disadvantages that are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Trindade
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Guo M, Wang Z, Fan X, Bian Y, Wang T, Zhu L, Lan J. kgp, rgpA, and rgpB DNA vaccines induce antibody responses in experimental peri-implantitis. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1575-81. [PMID: 24921431 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peri-implantitis is the key factor for implant failure. This study aims to evaluate kgp, rgpA, and rgpB DNA vaccines to induce an immune response and prevent peri-implantitis. METHODS The kgp, rgpA, and rgpB genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) ATCC 33277 and cloned into the pVAX1 vector. Titanium implants were placed into the mandibular bone of dogs. Three months later, the animals were divided into four groups, immunized with pVAX1-kgp, pVAX1-rgpA, pVAX1-rgpB, or pVAX1. Cotton ligatures infiltrated with Pg were tied around the neck of the implants. Immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before and after immunization. RESULTS The kgp, rgpA, and rgpB genes were successfully cloned into the pVAX1 plasmid. Animals immunized with pVAX1-kgp and pVAX1-rgpA showed higher titers of IgG and IgA antibodies compared to those before immunization (P <0.05) and compared to those that were immunized with pVAX1 and pVAX1-rgpB, whereas there were no significant differences in the animals treated with pVAX1 and pVAX1-rgpB. Furthermore, among these, the kgp DNA vaccine was more effective. The bone losses of the groups with pVAX1-kgp and pVAX1-rgpA were significantly attenuated. CONCLUSION pVAX1-kgp and pVAX1-rgpA DNA vaccines enhanced immunity responses and significantly retarded bone loss in experimental peri-implantitis animal models, whereas pVAX1-rgpB was ineffective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Guo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of Shandong, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Amar S, Leeman S. Periodontal innate immune mechanisms relevant to obesity. Mol Oral Microbiol 2013; 28:331-41. [PMID: 23911141 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity affects over 35% of the adult population of the USA, and obesity-related illnesses have emerged as the leading cause of preventable death worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. Obesity's secondary morbidities include increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and cancer, in addition to increased occurrence and severity of infections. Sedentary lifestyle and weight gain caused by consumption of a high-fat diet contribute to the development of obesity, with individuals having a body mass index (BMI) score > 30 being considered obese. Genetic models of obesity (ob/ob mice, db/db mice, and fa/fa rats) have been insufficient to study human obesity because of the overall lack of genetic causes for obesity in human populations. To date, the diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse model best serves research studies relevant to human health. Periodontal disease presents with a wide range of clinical variability and severity. Research in the past decade has shed substantial light on both the initiating infectious agents and host immunological responses in periodontal disease. Up to 46% of the general population harbors the microorganism(s) associated with periodontal disease, although many are able to limit the progression of periodontal disease or even clear the organism(s) if infected. In the last decade, several epidemiological studies have found an association between obesity and increased incidence of periodontal disease. This review focuses on exploring the immunological consequences of obesity that exacerbate effects of infection by pathogens, with focus on infection by the periodontal bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis as a running example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Amar
- Center for Anti-inflammatory Therapeutics, Boston University, School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Vindebro R, Spoerry C, von Pawel-Rammingen U. Rapid IgG heavy chain cleavage by the streptococcal IgG endopeptidase IdeS is mediated by IdeS monomers and is not due to enzyme dimerization. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1818-22. [PMID: 23665032 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes employs an IgG specific endopeptidase, IdeS, to counteract the effector functions of specific IgG. The physiological significant step in disarming specific IgG is the cleavage of one IgG heavy chain. So far, characterizations of IdeS enzymatic activity have employed techniques that failed to differentiate between the first and the second cleavage step. The present data demonstrate that IdeS is active as a monomer and that IdeS activity follows classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics arguing against the previously proposed formation of a functional IdeS dimer. Our results show that IdeS inactivates IgG 100-fold faster than previously reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reine Vindebro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Modification of forsythia detaching factor by gingival crevicular fluid in periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1007-13. [PMID: 23538166 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Forsythia detaching factor (FDF) is a virulence factor of Tannerella forsythia detected as a mixture of the 60-kDa form of FDF and the 28-kDa C-terminal fragment (FDFc). The objective of the present study was to clarify the proteolytic activity of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with periodontitis and healthy subjects using recombinant FDF (rFDF) as substrate. DESIGN Eleven patients with periodontitis and 6 healthy subjects were recruited. Modification of rFDF and subsequent production of rFDFc by proteolytic activity of GCF was determined by Western blotting. Proteolytic activity of GCF was evaluated using an Ac-Arg-Ala-Lys-p-nitroaniline substrate. Correlation analysis between two different sets of variables was performed. Variables used in this analysis were proteolytic activity, clinical parameters, relative band density of rFDFc and those of rFDF. RESULTS Proteolytic activity in GCF was significantly higher in patients with periodontitis than in healthy subjects. Production of rFDFc was determined by treatment of rFDF with GCF from patients with periodontitis and with GCF from healthy subjects. Correlations between clinical parameters and proteolytic activity in GCF were significantly positive. On the other hand, correlations between relative band density of rFDFc or rFDF on Western blot and cleaving activity or clinical parameters were significantly negative. CONCLUSION The detected extend of GCF-activity generating rFDFc from rFDF and/or even further degrading rFDF correlates with severity of periodontitis.
Collapse
|
47
|
Fröhlich E, Kantyka T, Plaza K, Schmidt KH, Pfister W, Potempa J, Eick S. Benzamidine derivatives inhibit the virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2012; 28:192-203. [PMID: 23279840 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that benzamidine-type compounds can inhibit the activity of arginine-specific cysteine proteinases (gingipains HRgpA and RgpB); well-known virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis. They also hinder in vitro growth of this important periodontopathogenic bacterium. Apparently growth arrest is not associated with their ability to inhibit these proteases, because pentamidine, which is a 20-fold less efficient inhibitor of gingipain than 2,6-bis-(4-amidinobenzyl)-cyclohexanone (ACH), blocked P. gingivalis growth far more effectively. To identify targets for benzamidine-derived compounds other than Arg-gingipains, and to explain their bacteriostatic effects, P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and P. gingivalis M5-1-2 (clinical isolate) cell extracts were subjected to affinity chromatography using a benzamidine-Sepharose column to identify proteins interacting with benzamidine. In addition to HRgpA and RgpB the analysis revealed heat-shock protein GroEL as another ligand for benzamidine. To better understand the effect of benzamidine-derived compounds on P. gingivalis, bacteria were exposed to benzamidine, pentamidine, ACH and heat, and the expression of gingipains and GroEL was determined. Exposure to heat and benzamidine-derived compounds caused significant increases in GroEL, at both the mRNA and protein levels. Interestingly, despite the fact that gingipains were shown to be the main virulence factors in a fertilized egg model of infection, mortality rates were strongly reduced, not only by ACH, but also by pentamidine, a relatively weak gingipain inhibitor. This effect may depend not only on gingipain inhibition but also on interaction of benzamidine derivatives with GroEL. Therefore these compounds may find use in supportive periodontitis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Fröhlich
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Guentsch A, Hirsch C, Pfister W, Vincents B, Abrahamson M, Sroka A, Potempa J, Eick S. Cleavage of IgG1 in gingival crevicular fluid is associated with the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:458-65. [PMID: 23116446 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 plays an important role in the adaptive immune response. Kgp, a lysine-specific cysteine protease from Porphyromonas gingivalis, specifically hydrolyses IgG1 heavy chains. The purpose of this study was to examine whether cleavage of IgG1 occurs in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in vivo, and whether there is any association with the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and other periodontopathogens. MATERIAL AND METHODS GCF was obtained from nine patients with aggressive periodontitis, nine with chronic periodontitis and five periodontally healthy individuals. The bacterial loads of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia and Tannerella forsythia were analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the presence and cleavage of IgG1 and IgG2 were determined using Western blotting. Kgp levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Cleaved IgG1 was identified in the GCF from 67% of patients with aggressive periodontitis and in 44% of patients with chronic periodontitis. By contrast, no cleaved IgG1 was detectable in healthy controls. No degradation of IgG2 was detected in any of the samples, regardless of health status. Porphyromonas gingivalis was found in high numbers in all samples in which cleavage of IgG1 was detected (P < 0.001 compared with samples with no IgG cleavage). Furthermore, high numbers of Tannerella forsythia and Prevotella intermedia were also present in these samples. The level of Kgp in the GCF correlated with the load of Porphyromonas gingivalis (r = 0.425, P < 0.01). The presence of Kgp (range 0.07-10.98 ng/mL) was associated with proteolytic fragments of IgG1 (P < 0.001). However, cleaved IgG1 was also detected in samples with no detectable Kgp. CONCLUSION In patients with periodontitis, cleavage of IgG1 occurs in vivo and may suppress antibody-dependent antibacterial activity in subgingival biofilms especially those colonized by Porphyromonas gingivalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Guentsch
- Center of Dental Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|