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Sato R, Vatic M, Peixoto da Fonseca GW, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Biological basis and treatment of frailty and sarcopenia. Cardiovasc Res 2024:cvae073. [PMID: 38828887 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In an ageing society, the importance of maintaining healthy life expectancy has been emphasized. As a result of age-related decline in functional reserve, frailty is a state of increased vulnerability and susceptibility to adverse health outcomes with a serious impact on healthy life expectancy. The decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, also known as sarcopenia, is key in the development of physical frailty. Both frailty and sarcopenia are highly prevalent in patients not only with advanced age but also in patients with illnesses that exacerbate their progression like heart failure (HF), cancer, or dementia, with the prevalence of frailty and sarcopenia in HF patients reaching up to 50-75% and 19.5-47.3%, respectively, resulting in 1.5-3 times higher 1-year mortality. The biological mechanisms of frailty and sarcopenia are multifactorial, complex, and not yet fully elucidated, ranging from DNA damage, proteostasis impairment, and epigenetic changes to mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and environmental factors, many of which are further linked to cardiac disease. Currently, there is no gold standard for the treatment of frailty and sarcopenia, however, growing evidence supports that a combination of exercise training and nutritional supplement improves skeletal muscle function and frailty, with a variety of other therapies being devised based on the underlying pathophysiology. In this review, we address the involvement of frailty and sarcopenia in cardiac disease and describe the latest insights into their biological mechanisms as well as the potential for intervention through exercise, diet, and specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Sato
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirela Vatic
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guilherme Wesley Peixoto da Fonseca
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK) of German Heart Center Charité; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Hahm JH, Nirmala FS, Ha TY, Ahn J. Nutritional approaches targeting mitochondria for the prevention of sarcopenia. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:676-694. [PMID: 37475189 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A decline in function and loss of mass, a condition known as sarcopenia, is observed in the skeletal muscles with aging. Sarcopenia has a negative effect on the quality of life of elderly. Individuals with sarcopenia are at particular risk for adverse outcomes, such as reduced mobility, fall-related injuries, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although the pathogenesis of sarcopenia is multifaceted, mitochondrial dysfunction is regarded as a major contributor for muscle aging. Hence, the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial function during aging is imperative for sarcopenia treatment. However, effective and specific drugs that can be used for the treatment are not yet approved. Instead studies on the relationship between food intake and muscle aging have suggested that nutritional intake or dietary control could be an alternative approach for the amelioration of muscle aging. This narrative review approaches various nutritional components and diets as a treatment for sarcopenia by modulating mitochondrial homeostasis and improving mitochondria. Age-related changes in mitochondrial function and the molecular mechanisms that help improve mitochondrial homeostasis are discussed, and the nutritional components and diet that modulate these molecular mechanisms are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hoon Hahm
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Farida S Nirmala
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
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3
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Nolt GL, Keeble AR, Wen Y, Strong AC, Thomas NT, Valentino TR, Brightwell CR, Murach KA, Patrizia S, Weinstabl H, Gollner A, McCarthy JJ, Fry CS, Franti M, Filareto A, Peterson CA, Dungan CM. Inhibition of p53-MDM2 binding reduces senescent cell abundance and improves the adaptive responses of skeletal muscle from aged mice. GeroScience 2024; 46:2153-2176. [PMID: 37872294 PMCID: PMC10828311 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle adaptation to external stimuli, such as regeneration following injury and hypertrophy in response to resistance exercise, are blunted with advanced age. The accumulation of senescent cells, along with defects in myogenic progenitor cell (MPC) proliferation, have been strongly linked as contributing factors to age-associated impairment in muscle adaptation. p53 plays an integral role in all these processes, as upregulation of p53 causes apoptosis in senescent cells and prevents mitotic catastrophe in MPCs from old mice. The goal of this study was to determine if a novel pharmaceutical agent (BI01), which functions by upregulating p53 through inhibition of binding to MDM2, the primary p53 regulatory protein, improves muscle regeneration and hypertrophy in old mice. BI01 effectively reduced the number of senescent cells in vitro but had no effect on MPC survival or proliferation at a comparable dose. Following repeated oral gavage with 2 mg/kg of BI01 (OS) or vehicle (OV), old mice (24 months) underwent unilateral BaCl2 injury in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, with PBS injections serving as controls. After 7 days, satellite cell number was higher in the TA of OS compared to OV mice, as was the expression of genes involved in ATP production. By 35 days, old mice treated with BI01 displayed reduced senescent cell burden, enhanced regeneration (higher muscle mass and fiber cross-sectional area) and restoration of muscle function relative to OV mice. To examine the impact of 2 mg/kg BI01 on muscle hypertrophy, the plantaris muscle was subjected to 28 days of mechanical overload (MOV) in OS and OV mice. In response to MOV, OS mice had larger plantaris muscles and muscle fibers than OV mice, particularly type 2b + x fibers, associated with reduced senescent cells. Together our data show that BI01 is an effective senolytic agent that may also augment muscle metabolism to enhance muscle regeneration and hypertrophy in old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia L Nolt
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alexander R Keeble
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yuan Wen
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Aubrey C Strong
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nicholas T Thomas
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Taylor R Valentino
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Camille R Brightwell
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Sini Patrizia
- Regenerative Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Harald Weinstabl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gollner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Vienna, Austria
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael Franti
- Regenerative Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Antonio Filareto
- Regenerative Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA.
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Cory M Dungan
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, Waco, TX, 76706, USA.
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4
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Jones RG, von Walden F, Murach KA. Exercise-Induced MYC as an Epigenetic Reprogramming Factor That Combats Skeletal Muscle Aging. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2024; 52:63-67. [PMID: 38391187 PMCID: PMC10963142 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Of the "Yamanaka factors" Oct3/4 , Sox2 , Klf4 , and c-Myc (OSKM), the transcription factor c-Myc ( Myc ) is the most responsive to exercise in skeletal muscle and is enriched within the muscle fiber. We hypothesize that the pulsatile induction of MYC protein after bouts of exercise can serve to epigenetically reprogram skeletal muscle toward a more resilient and functional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G. Jones
- Exercise Science Research Center, Molecular Muscle Mass Regulation Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Ferdinand von Walden
- Neuropediatrics, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kevin A. Murach
- Exercise Science Research Center, Molecular Muscle Mass Regulation Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Marzetti E, Lozanoska-Ochser B, Calvani R, Landi F, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Picca A. Restoring Mitochondrial Function and Muscle Satellite Cell Signaling: Remedies against Age-Related Sarcopenia. Biomolecules 2024; 14:415. [PMID: 38672432 PMCID: PMC11048011 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia has a complex pathophysiology that encompasses metabolic dysregulation and muscle ultrastructural changes. Among the drivers of intracellular and ultrastructural changes of muscle fibers in sarcopenia, mitochondria and their quality control pathways play relevant roles. Mononucleated muscle stem cells/satellite cells (MSCs) have been attributed a critical role in muscle repair after an injury. The involvement of mitochondria in supporting MSC-directed muscle repair is unclear. There is evidence that a reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis blunts muscle repair, thus indicating that the delivery of functional mitochondria to injured muscles can be harnessed to limit muscle fibrosis and enhance restoration of muscle function. Injection of autologous respiration-competent mitochondria from uninjured sites to damaged tissue has been shown to reduce infarct size and enhance cell survival in preclinical models of ischemia-reperfusion. Furthermore, the incorporation of donor mitochondria into MSCs enhances lung and cardiac tissue repair. This strategy has also been tested for regeneration purposes in traumatic muscle injuries. Indeed, the systemic delivery of mitochondria promotes muscle regeneration and restores muscle mass and function while reducing fibrosis during recovery after an injury. In this review, we discuss the contribution of altered MSC function to sarcopenia and illustrate the prospect of harnessing mitochondrial delivery and restoration of MSCs as a therapeutic strategy against age-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.C.); (F.L.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Biliana Lozanoska-Ochser
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, 70010 Casamassima, Italy;
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.C.); (F.L.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Landi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.C.); (F.L.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Hélio José Coelho-Júnior
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.C.); (F.L.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, 70010 Casamassima, Italy;
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Kim KM, Yoo GD, Heo W, Oh HT, Park J, Shin S, Do Y, Jeong MG, Hwang ES, Hong J. TAZ stimulates exercise-induced muscle satellite cell activation via Pard3-p38 MAPK-TAZ signalling axis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2733-2746. [PMID: 37923703 PMCID: PMC10751443 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise stimulates the activation of muscle satellite cells, which facilitate the maintenance of stem cells and their myogenic conversion during muscle regeneration. However, the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood. This study shows that the transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) stimulates muscle regeneration via satellite cell activation. METHODS Tazf/f mice were crossed with the paired box gene 7 (Pax7)creERT2 mice to generate muscle satellite cell-specific TAZ knockout (sKO) mice. Mice were trained in an endurance exercise programme for 4 weeks. Regenerated muscles were harvested and analysed by haematoxylin and eosin staining. Muscle tissues were also analysed by immunofluorescence staining, immunoblot analysis and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). For the in vitro study, muscle satellite cells from wild-type and sKO mice were isolated and analysed. Mitochondrial DNA was quantified by qRT-PCR using primers that amplify the cyclooxygenase-2 region of mitochondrial DNA. Quiescent and activated satellite cells were stained with MitoTracker Red CMXRos to analyse mitochondria. To study the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-TAZ signalling axis, p38 MAPK was activated by introducing the MAPK kinase 6 plasmid into satellite cells and also inhibited by treatment with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580. RESULTS TAZ interacts with Pax7 to induce Myf5 expression and stimulates mammalian target of rapamycin signalling for satellite cell activation. In sKO mice, TAZ depletion reduces muscle satellite cell number by 38% (0.29 ± 0.073 vs. 0.18 ± 0.034, P = 0.0082) and muscle regeneration. After muscle injury, TAZ levels (2.59-fold, P < 0.0001) increase in committed cells compared to self-renewing cells during asymmetric satellite cell division. Mechanistically, the polarity protein Pard3 induces TAZ (2.01-fold, P = 0.008) through p38 MAPK, demonstrating that the p38 MAPK-TAZ axis is important for muscle regeneration. Physiologically, endurance exercise training induces muscle satellite cell activation and increases muscle fibre diameter (1.33-fold, 43.21 ± 23.59 vs. 57.68 ± 23.26 μm, P = 0.0004) with increased TAZ levels (1.76-fold, P = 0.017). However, sKO mice had a 39% reduction in muscle satellite cell number (0.20 ± 0.03 vs. 0.12 ± 0.02, P = 0.0013) and 24% reduction in muscle fibre diameter compared to wild-type mice (61.07 ± 23.33 vs. 46.60 ± 24.29 μm, P = 0.0006). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism of TAZ-induced satellite cell activation after muscle injury and exercise, suggesting that activation of TAZ in satellite cells may ameliorate the muscle ageing phenotype and may be an important target protein for the drug development in sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gi Don Yoo
- Division of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Woong Heo
- Division of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ho Taek Oh
- Division of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jeekeon Park
- Division of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Somin Shin
- Division of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Youjin Do
- Division of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Mi Gyeong Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Eun Sook Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
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Yee EM, Hauser CT, Petrocelli JJ, de Hart NMMP, Ferrara PJ, Bombyck P, Fennel ZJ, van Onselen L, Mookerjee S, Funai K, Symons JD, Drummond MJ. Treadmill training does not enhance skeletal muscle recovery following disuse atrophy in older male mice. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1263500. [PMID: 37942230 PMCID: PMC10628510 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1263500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A hallmark of aging is poor muscle recovery following disuse atrophy. Efficacious strategies to enhance muscle recovery following disuse atrophy in aging are non-existent. Prior exercise training could result in favorable muscle morphological and cellular adaptations that may promote muscle recovery in aging. Here, we characterized the impact of exercise training on skeletal muscle inflammatory and metabolic profiles and cellular remodeling and function, together with femoral artery reactivity prior to and following recovery from disuse atrophy in aged male mice. We hypothesized that 12 weeks of treadmill training in aged male mice would improve skeletal muscle cellular remodeling at baseline and during recovery from disuse atrophy, resulting in improved muscle regrowth. Methods: Physical performance, ex vivo muscle and vascular function, tissue and organ mass, hindlimb muscle cellular remodeling (macrophage, satellite cell, capillary, myofiber size, and fibrosis), and proteolytic, inflammatory, and metabolic muscle transcripts were evaluated in aged exercise-trained and sedentary mice. Results: We found that at baseline following exercise training (vs. sedentary mice), exercise capacity and physical function increased, fat mass decreased, and endothelial function improved. However, exercise training did not alter tibialis anterior or gastrocnemius muscle transcriptional profile, macrophage, satellite cell, capillarity or collagen content, or myofiber size and only tended to increase tibialis mass during recovery from disuse atrophy. Conclusion: While exercise training in old male mice improved endothelial function, physical performance, and whole-body tissue composition as anticipated, 12 weeks of treadmill training had limited impact on skeletal muscle remodeling at baseline or in response to recovery following disuse atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M. Yee
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Carson T. Hauser
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jonathan J. Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Naomi M. M. P. de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Patrick J. Ferrara
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Princess Bombyck
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Zachary J. Fennel
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Lisha van Onselen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Sohom Mookerjee
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - J. David Symons
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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8
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McNamara SL, Seo BR, Freedman BR, Roloson EB, Alvarez JT, O'Neill CT, Vandenburgh HH, Walsh CJ, Mooney DJ. Anti-inflammatory therapy enables robot-actuated regeneration of aged muscle. Sci Robot 2023; 8:eadd9369. [PMID: 36947599 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.add9369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Robot-actuated mechanical loading (ML)-based therapies ("mechanotherapies") can promote regeneration after severe skeletal muscle injury, but the effectiveness of such approaches during aging is unknown and may be influenced by age-associated decline in the healing capacity of skeletal muscle. To address this knowledge gap, this work used a noninvasive, load-controlled robotic device to impose highly defined tissue stresses to evaluate the age dependence of ML on muscle repair after injury. The response of injured muscle to robot-actuated cyclic compressive loading was found to be age sensitive, revealing not only a lack of reparative benefit of ML on injured aged muscles but also exacerbation of tissue inflammation. ML alone also disrupted the normal regenerative processes of aged muscle stem cells. However, these negative effects could be reversed by introducing anti-inflammatory therapy alongside ML application, leading to enhanced skeletal muscle regeneration even in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L McNamara
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B R Seo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B R Freedman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E B Roloson
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J T Alvarez
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C T O'Neill
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - H H Vandenburgh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - C J Walsh
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Molecular mechanisms of exercise contributing to tissue regeneration. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:383. [PMID: 36446784 PMCID: PMC9709153 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has been known as an essential element to promote human health for centuries. Thus, exercise intervention is encouraged to battle against sedentary lifestyle. Recent rapid advances in molecular biotechnology have demonstrated that both endurance and resistance exercise training, two traditional types of exercise, trigger a series of physiological responses, unraveling the mechanisms of exercise regulating on the human body. Therefore, exercise has been expected as a candidate approach of alleviating a wide range of diseases, such as metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, tumors, and cardiovascular diseases. In particular, the capacity of exercise to promote tissue regeneration has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades. Since most adult human organs have a weak regenerative capacity, it is currently a key challenge in regenerative medicine to improve the efficiency of tissue regeneration. As research progresses, exercise-induced tissue regeneration seems to provide a novel approach for fighting against injury or senescence, establishing strong theoretical basis for more and more "exercise mimetics." These drugs are acting as the pharmaceutical alternatives of those individuals who cannot experience the benefits of exercise. Here, we comprehensively provide a description of the benefits of exercise on tissue regeneration in diverse organs, mainly focusing on musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. We also discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the regenerative effects of exercise and emerging therapeutic exercise mimetics for regeneration, as well as the associated opportunities and challenges. We aim to describe an integrated perspective on the current advances of distinct physiological mechanisms associated with exercise-induced tissue regeneration on various organs and facilitate the development of drugs that mimics the benefits of exercise.
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10
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Wang Y, Lu J, Liu Y. Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Cardiotoxin-Induced Muscle Injury Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113380. [PMID: 36362166 PMCID: PMC9657523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle injuries occur frequently in daily life and exercise. Understanding the mechanisms of regeneration is critical for accelerating the repair and regeneration of muscle. Therefore, this article reviews knowledge on the mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin-induced injury. The process of regeneration is similar in different mouse strains and is inhibited by aging, obesity, and diabetes. Exercise, microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation, and mechanical loading improve regeneration. The mechanisms of regeneration are complex and strain-dependent, and changes in functional proteins involved in the processes of necrotic fiber debris clearance, M1 to M2 macrophage conversion, SC activation, myoblast proliferation, differentiation and fusion, and fibrosis and calcification influence the final outcome of the regenerative activity.
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11
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Chen M, Wang Y, Deng S, Lian Z, Yu K. Skeletal muscle oxidative stress and inflammation in aging: Focus on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:964130. [PMID: 36111339 PMCID: PMC9470179 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.964130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
With aging, the progressive loss of skeletal muscle will have negative effect on multiple physiological parameters, such as exercise, respiration, thermoregulation, and metabolic homeostasis. Accumulating evidence reveals that oxidative stress and inflammation are the main pathological characteristics of skeletal muscle during aging. Here, we focus on aging-related sarcopenia, summarize the relationship between aging and sarcopenia, and elaborate on aging-mediated oxidative stress and oxidative damage in skeletal muscle and its critical role in the occurrence and development of sarcopenia. In addition, we discuss the production of excessive reactive oxygen species in aging skeletal muscle, which reduces the ability of skeletal muscle satellite cells to participate in muscle regeneration, and analyze the potential molecular mechanism of ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in aging skeletal muscle. Furthermore, we have also paid extensive attention to the possibility and potential regulatory pathways of skeletal muscle aging and oxidative stress mediate inflammation. Finally, in response to the abnormal activity of oxidative stress and inflammation during aging, we summarize several potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory strategies for the treatment of sarcopenia, which may provide beneficial help for improving sarcopenia during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization, Lin’an, China
| | - Shoulong Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengxing Lian, ; Kun Yu,
| | - Kun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengxing Lian, ; Kun Yu,
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12
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Liang Z, Zhang T, Liu H, Li Z, Peng L, Wang C, Wang T. Inflammaging: The ground for sarcopenia? Exp Gerontol 2022; 168:111931. [PMID: 35985553 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a progressive skeletal muscle disease that occurs most commonly in the elderly population, contributing to increased costs and hospitalization. Exercise and nutritional therapy have been proven to be effective for sarcopenia, and some drugs can also alleviate declines in muscle mass and function due to sarcopenia. However, there is no specific pharmacological treatment for sarcopenia at present. This review will mainly discuss the relationship between inflammaging and sarcopenia. The increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines with aging may be because of cellular senescence, immunosenescence, alterations in adipose tissue, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and gut microbes due to aging. These sources of inflammaging can impact the sarcopenia process through direct or indirect pathways. Conversely, sarcopenia can also aggravate the process of inflammaging, creating a vicious cycle. Targeting sources of inflammaging can influence muscle function, which could be considered a therapeutic target for sarcopenia. Moreover, not only proinflammatory cytokines but also anti-inflammatory cytokines can influence muscle and inflammation and participate in the progression of sarcopenia. This review focuses on the effects of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10, which can be detected in plasma. Therefore, clearing chronic inflammation by targeting proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6) and the inflammatory pathway (JAK/STAT, autophagy, NF-κB) may be effective in treating sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Liang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tianxiao Zhang
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Health Park, CF14 4XN Wales, UK
| | - Honghong Liu
- West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, NO.37 Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Lihong Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Changyi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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13
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Cai Z, Liu D, Yang Y, Xie W, He M, Yu D, Wu Y, Wang X, Xiao W, Li Y. The role and therapeutic potential of stem cells in skeletal muscle in sarcopenia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:28. [PMID: 35073997 PMCID: PMC8785537 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a common age-related skeletal muscle disorder featuring the loss of muscle mass and function. In regard to tissue repair in the human body, scientists always consider the use of stem cells. In skeletal muscle, satellite cells (SCs) are adult stem cells that maintain tissue homeostasis and repair damaged regions after injury to preserve skeletal muscle integrity. Muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) and SCs are the two most commonly studied stem cell populations from skeletal muscle. To date, considerable progress has been achieved in understanding the complex associations between stem cells in muscle and the occurrence and treatment of sarcopenia. In this review, we first give brief introductions to sarcopenia, SCs and MDSCs. Then, we attempt to untangle the differences and connections between these two types of stem cells and further elaborate on the interactions between sarcopenia and stem cells. Finally, our perspectives on the possible application of stem cells for the treatment of sarcopenia in future are presented. Several studies emerging in recent years have shown that changes in the number and function of stem cells can trigger sarcopenia, which in turn leads to adverse influences on stem cells because of the altered internal environment in muscle. A better understanding of the role of stem cells in muscle, especially SCs and MDSCs, in sarcopenia will facilitate the realization of novel therapy approaches based on stem cells to combat sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuntao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wenqing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Dengjie Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuxiang Wu
- School of Kinesiology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Xiuhua Wang
- Xiang Ya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wenfeng Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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14
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Yamada AK, Ferretti R, Matsumura CY, Antunes L, Silva CAD, Pertille A. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate associated with low-intensity exercise training improves skeletal muscle regeneration through the IGF-Akt pathway. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e11597. [PMID: 35019034 PMCID: PMC8851911 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2021e11597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation associated with exercise training at different intensities and frequencies on skeletal muscle regeneration of muscle-injured rats was investigated. Male Wistar rats were divided into sedentary and trained groups. The sedentary groups were subdivided into non-injured (SED-Ct), non-injured supplemented with HMB (SED-Ct-HMB), injured (SED), and injured with HMB (SED-HMB), and the trained groups were injured, supplemented with HMB, and then divided into training three times a week without load (HT3) or with load (HT3L) and training five times a week without load (HT5) and with load (HT5L). The rats received a daily dose of HMB associated with 60 min of swimming with or without 5% body mass load for 14 days. On the 15th day, cryoinjury was performed in the right tibialis anterior muscle (TA), and 48 h later, supplementation and training continued for 15 days. After the last session, the TA was dissected and a cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle fibers was used to determine the percentage of CSA fibers and connective tissue (%CT), as well as the total and phosphorylated protein contents. SED-HMB showed increased CSA and decreased %CT and TGF-β when compared to SED. HT3 showed increased CSA and reduced %CT accompanied by increased IGF-1/Akt, myogenin, and MuRF1, and decreased TGF-β. The CSA of HT5L also increased, but at the cost of a higher %CT compared to the other groups. Our results demonstrated that HMB associated with training without load and with lower frequency per week may be a valuable strategy for skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Yamada
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Laboratório de Plasticidade Neuromuscular, Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - R Ferretti
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - C Y Matsumura
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - L Antunes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Laboratório de Plasticidade Neuromuscular, Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - C A da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Paulista - Swift, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - A Pertille
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Laboratório de Plasticidade Neuromuscular, Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
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15
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Prokopidis K, Giannos P, Witard OC, Peckham D, Ispoglou T. Aberrant mitochondrial homeostasis at the crossroad of musculoskeletal ageing and non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273766. [PMID: 36067173 PMCID: PMC9447904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is accompanied by muscle atrophy, sharing multiple common catabolic pathways with sarcopenia, including mitochondrial dysfunction. This study investigated gene expression from skeletal muscle tissues of older healthy adults, who are at risk of age-related sarcopenia, to identify potential gene biomarkers whose dysregulated expression and protein interference were involved in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Screening of the literature resulted in 14 microarray datasets (GSE25941, GSE28392, GSE28422, GSE47881, GSE47969, GSE59880 in musculoskeletal ageing; GSE118370, GSE33532, GSE19804, GSE18842, GSE27262, GSE19188, GSE31210, GSE40791 in NSCLC). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were used to construct protein-protein interaction networks and retrieve clustering gene modules. Overlapping module DEGs were ranked based on 11 topological algorithms and were correlated with prognosis, tissue expression, and tumour purity in NSCLC. The analysis revealed that the dysregulated expression of the mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein S26 (MRPS26), Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein S17 (MRPS17), Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L18 (MRPL18) and Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L51 (MRPL51) were linked to reduced survival and tumour purity in NSCLC while tissue expression of the same genes followed an opposite direction in healthy older adults. These results support a potential link between the mitochondrial ribosomal microenvironment in ageing muscle and NSCLC. Further studies comparing changes in sarcopenia and NSCLC associated cachexia are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Giannos
- Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Oliver C. Witard
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Peckham
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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16
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Kanazawa Y, Nagano M, Koinuma S, Sugiyo S, Shigeyoshi Y. Effects of Endurance Exercise on Basement Membrane in the Soleus Muscle of Aged Rats. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2021; 54:167-175. [PMID: 34764525 PMCID: PMC8569134 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.21-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM)-related factors, including collagen IV, are important for the maintenance and recovery of skeletal muscles. Aging impairs the expression of BM-related factors during recovery after disuse atrophy. Muscle activity facilitates collagen synthesis that constitutes the BM. However, the effect of endurance exercise on the BM of aged muscles is unclear. Thus, to understand the effect of endurance exercise on the BM of the skeletal muscle in aged rats, we prescribed treadmill running in aged rats and compared the differences in the expression of BM-related factors between the aged rats with and without exercise habits. Aged rats were subjected to endurance exercise via treadmill running. Exercise increased the mRNA expression levels of the BM-related factors, the area and intensity of collagen IV-immunoreactivity and the width of lamina densa in the soleus muscle of aged rats. These finding suggests that endurance exercise promotes BM construction in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kanazawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Mamoru Nagano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Satoshi Koinuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Shinichi Sugiyo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Osaka University of Human Sciences
| | - Yasufumi Shigeyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine
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17
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Control of satellite cell function in muscle regeneration and its disruption in ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 23:204-226. [PMID: 34663964 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle contains a designated population of adult stem cells, called satellite cells, which are generally quiescent. In homeostasis, satellite cells proliferate only sporadically and usually by asymmetric cell division to replace myofibres damaged by daily activity and maintain the stem cell pool. However, satellite cells can also be robustly activated upon tissue injury, after which they undergo symmetric divisions to generate new stem cells and numerous proliferating myoblasts that later differentiate to muscle cells (myocytes) to rebuild the muscle fibre, thereby supporting skeletal muscle regeneration. Recent discoveries show that satellite cells have a great degree of population heterogeneity, and that their cell fate choices during the regeneration process are dictated by both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Extrinsic cues come largely from communication with the numerous distinct stromal cell types in their niche, creating a dynamically interactive microenvironment. This Review discusses the role and regulation of satellite cells in skeletal muscle homeostasis and regeneration. In particular, we highlight the cell-intrinsic control of quiescence versus activation, the importance of satellite cell-niche communication, and deregulation of these mechanisms associated with ageing. The increasing understanding of how satellite cells are regulated will help to advance muscle regeneration and rejuvenation therapies.
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18
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Nederveen JP, Betz MW, Snijders T, Parise G. The Importance of Muscle Capillarization for Optimizing Satellite Cell Plasticity. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:284-290. [PMID: 34547761 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration, repair, and adaptation. The activity of satellite cells is influenced by their interactions with muscle-resident endothelial cells. We postulate that the microvascular network between muscle fibers plays a critical role in satellite cell function. Exercise-induced angiogenesis can mitigate the decline in satellite cell function with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Milan W Betz
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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19
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Murach KA, Fry CS, Dupont-Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Fusion and beyond: Satellite cell contributions to loading-induced skeletal muscle adaptation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21893. [PMID: 34480776 PMCID: PMC9293230 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101096r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells support adult skeletal muscle fiber adaptations to loading in numerous ways. The fusion of satellite cells, driven by cell-autonomous and/or extrinsic factors, contributes new myonuclei to muscle fibers, associates with load-induced hypertrophy, and may support focal membrane damage repair and long-term myonuclear transcriptional output. Recent studies have also revealed that satellite cells communicate within their niche to mediate muscle remodeling in response to resistance exercise, regulating the activity of numerous cell types through various mechanisms such as secretory signaling and cell-cell contact. Muscular adaptation to resistance and endurance activity can be initiated and sustained for a period of time in the absence of satellite cells, but satellite cell participation is ultimately required to achieve full adaptive potential, be it growth, function, or proprioceptive coordination. While significant progress has been made in understanding the roles of satellite cells in adult muscle over the last few decades, many conclusions have been extrapolated from regeneration studies. This review highlights our current understanding of satellite cell behavior and contributions to adaptation outside of regeneration in adult muscle, as well as the roles of satellite cells beyond fusion and myonuclear accretion, which are gaining broader recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Murach
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Molecular Muscle Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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20
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Arpke RW, Shams AS, Collins BC, Larson AA, Lu N, Lowe DA, Kyba M. Preservation of satellite cell number and regenerative potential with age reveals locomotory muscle bias. Skelet Muscle 2021; 11:22. [PMID: 34481522 PMCID: PMC8418011 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-021-00277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although muscle regenerative capacity declines with age, the extent to which this is due to satellite cell-intrinsic changes vs. environmental changes has been controversial. The majority of aging studies have investigated hindlimb locomotory muscles, principally the tibialis anterior, in caged sedentary mice, where those muscles are abnormally under-exercised. METHODS We analyze satellite cell numbers in 8 muscle groups representing locomotory and non-locomotory muscles in young and 2-year-old mice and perform transplantation assays of low numbers of hind limb satellite cells from young and old mice. RESULTS We find that satellite cell density does not decline significantly by 2 years of age in most muscles, and one muscle, the masseter, shows a modest but statistically significant increase in satellite cell density with age. The tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus were clear exceptions, showing significant declines. We quantify self-renewal using a transplantation assay. Dose dilution revealed significant non-linearity in self-renewal above a very low threshold, suggestive of competition between satellite cells for space within the pool. Assaying within the linear range, i.e., transplanting fewer than 1000 cells, revealed no evidence of decline in cell-autonomous self-renewal or regenerative potential of 2-year-old murine satellite cells. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate the value of comparative muscle analysis as opposed to overreliance on locomotory muscles, which are not used physiologically in aging sedentary mice, and suggest that self-renewal impairment with age is precipitously acquired at the geriatric stage, rather than being gradual over time, as previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Arpke
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Present address: Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ahmed S Shams
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Brittany C Collins
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Present address: Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Alexie A Larson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nguyen Lu
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Dawn A Lowe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael Kyba
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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21
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Fukada SI, Nakamura A. Exercise/Resistance Training and Muscle Stem Cells. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:737-744. [PMID: 34372625 PMCID: PMC8419599 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has attracted attention as endocrine organ, because exercise-dependent cytokines called myokines/exerkines are released from skeletal muscle and are involved in systemic functions. While, local mechanical loading to skeletal muscle by exercise or resistance training alters myofiber type and size and myonuclear number. Skeletal muscle-resident stem cells, known as muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), are responsible for the increased number of myonuclei. Under steady conditions, MuSCs are maintained in a mitotically quiescent state but exit from that state and start to proliferate in response to high physical activity. Alterations in MuSC behavior occur when myofibers are damaged, but the lethal damage to myofibers does not seem to evoke mechanical loading-dependent MuSC activation and proliferation. Given that MuSCs proliferate without damage, it is unclear how the different behaviors of MuSCs are controlled by different physical activities. Recent studies demonstrated that myonuclear number reflects the size of myofibers; hence, it is crucial to know the properties of MuSCs and the mechanism of myonuclear accretion by MuSCs. In addition, the elucidation of mechanical load-dependent changes in muscle resident cells, including MuSCs, will be necessary for the discovery of new myokines/exerkines and understating skeletal muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ichiro Fukada
- Project for Muscle Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ayasa Nakamura
- Project for Muscle Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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22
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Raja Adnan RNE, Mat Din H, Ashari A, Minhat HS. Effectiveness of a Community-Based Muscle Strengthening Exercise Program to Increase Muscle Strength Among Pre-frail Older Persons in Malaysia: A Pilot Study. Front Public Health 2021; 9:610184. [PMID: 33968874 PMCID: PMC8097036 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.610184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deterioration in muscle mass and muscle strength is common among the frail older persons, cause functional dependence and decrease in the quality of life. Therefore, the identification of cost-effective interventions to prevent or ameliorate frailty is crucially needed. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a Community-based Muscle Strengthening Exercise (COME) program to increase muscle strength among pre-frail older persons. This study was a quasi-experimental study. A total of 32 older persons aged 60 years and older with pre-frail symptoms were recruited from the community center. The COME was developed based on the Growing Stronger program and the Otago Home Exercise Program. COME was designed to strengthen all of the major muscle groups in the upper and lower extremities. The exercise program was conducted for 12 weeks and divided into 3 parts; (1) to strengthen the body slowly and gently, using only body weight, (2) to introduce dumbbells and ankle weights to increase strength and (3) to add various new ways to boost strength even more. Functional tests were measured before and after the intervention. The results revealed non-significant p-value for pre- and post-intervention comparison for all study outcomes. Observing the values of mean difference, the study intervention was shown to have slightly improved the time up and go (Mean difference = -0.25), and sit-to-stand duration (Mean difference = -0.41) as well as the handgrip strength (Mean difference = 0.68) among the participants. On the assessment of Cohen ES, all three improvements exhibited small effect sizes. Sit-to-stand duration was shown to have most benefited from the intervention with highest ES among the outcome variables (ES = 0.20). COME intervention program among pre-frail older persons showed favorable trend toward improvement of upper and lower extremities muscle strength. This study should be further tested in randomized control trial to confirm its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Nurzatul Efah Raja Adnan
- Medical Gerontology Laboratory, Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hazwan Mat Din
- Medical Gerontology Laboratory, Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Asmidawati Ashari
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Halimatus Sakdiah Minhat
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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23
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Tidball JG, Flores I, Welc SS, Wehling-Henricks M, Ochi E. Aging of the immune system and impaired muscle regeneration: A failure of immunomodulation of adult myogenesis. Exp Gerontol 2020; 145:111200. [PMID: 33359378 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration that follows acute injury is strongly influenced by interactions with immune cells that invade and proliferate in the damaged tissue. Discoveries over the past 20 years have identified many of the key mechanisms through which myeloid cells, especially macrophages, regulate muscle regeneration. In addition, lymphoid cells that include CD8+ T-cells and regulatory T-cells also significantly affect the course of muscle regeneration. During aging, the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle declines, which can contribute to progressive loss of muscle mass and function. Those age-related reductions in muscle regeneration are accompanied by systemic, age-related changes in the immune system, that affect many of the myeloid and lymphoid cell populations that can influence muscle regeneration. In this review, we present recent discoveries that indicate that aging of the immune system contributes to the diminished regenerative capacity of aging muscle. Intrinsic, age-related changes in immune cells modify their expression of factors that affect the function of a population of muscle stem cells, called satellite cells, that are necessary for normal muscle regeneration. For example, age-related reductions in the expression of growth differentiation factor-3 (GDF3) or CXCL10 by macrophages negatively affect adult myogenesis, by disrupting regulatory interactions between macrophages and satellite cells. Those changes contribute to a reduction in the numbers and myogenic capacity of satellite cells in old muscle, which reduces their ability to restore damaged muscle. In addition, aging produces changes in the expression of molecules that regulate the inflammatory response to injured muscle, which also contributes to age-related defects in muscle regeneration. For example, age-related increases in the production of osteopontin by macrophages disrupts the normal inflammatory response to muscle injury, resulting in regenerative defects. These nascent findings represent the beginning of a newly-developing field of investigation into mechanisms through which aging of the immune system affects muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Tidball
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Ivan Flores
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Steven S Welc
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - Michelle Wehling-Henricks
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Hosei University, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, 3-7-2, Kajino, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
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24
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Abreu P, Kowaltowski AJ. Satellite cell self-renewal in endurance exercise is mediated by inhibition of mitochondrial oxygen consumption. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1661-1676. [PMID: 32748470 PMCID: PMC7749620 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) are well known to participate in regeneration and maintenance of the tissue over time. Studies have shown increases in the number of satellite cells after exercise, but their functional role in endurance training remains unexplored. METHODS Young adult mice were submitted to endurance exercise training and the function, differentiation, and metabolic characteristics of satellite cells were investigated in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS We found that injured muscles from endurance-exercised mice display improved regenerative capacity, demonstrated through higher densities of newly formed myofibres compared with controls (evidenced by an increase in embryonic myosin heavy chain expression), as well as lower inflammation (evidenced by quantifying CD68-marked macrophages), and reduced fibrosis. Enhanced myogenic function was accompanied by an increased fraction of satellite cells expressing self-renewal markers, while control satellite cells had morphologies suggestive of early differentiation. The beneficial effects of endurance exercise were associated with satellite cell metabolic reprogramming, including reduced mitochondrial respiration (O2 consumption) under resting conditions (absence of muscle injury) and increased stemness. During proliferation or activated states (3 days after injury), O2 consumption was equal in control and exercised cells, while exercise enhanced myogenic colony formation. Surprisingly, inhibition of mitochondrial O2 consumption was sufficient to enhance muscle stem cell self-renewal characteristics in vitro. Moreover, transplanted muscle satellite cells from exercised mice or cells with reduced mitochondrial respiration promoted a significant reduction in inflammation compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that endurance exercise promotes self-renewal and inhibits differentiation in satellite cells, an effect promoted by metabolic reprogramming and respiratory inhibition, which is associated with a more favourable muscular response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phablo Abreu
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Betz MW, Aussieker T, Kruger CQ, Gorissen SHM, van Loon LJC, Snijders T. Muscle fiber capillarization is associated with various indices of skeletal muscle mass in healthy, older men. Exp Gerontol 2020; 143:111161. [PMID: 33227401 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Muscle fiber capillarization plays a fundamental role in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass maintenance. However, it remains unclear to what extent capillarization is related to various other skeletal muscle characteristics. In this study we determined whether muscle fiber capillarization is independently associated with measures of skeletal muscle mass, both on a whole-body and cellular level, and post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men. METHODS Forty-six healthy older (70 ± 4 y) men participated in a trial during which basal muscle protein synthesis rates were assessed using stable isotope tracer methodology. Blood and muscle biopsy samples were collected to assess post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates over a 3-hour period. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine various indices of muscle fiber capillarization, size, type distribution, and myonuclear content/domain size. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were performed to determine whole-body and appendicular lean tissue mass. RESULTS Capillary-to-fiber ratio (C/Fi) and perimeter exchange (CFPE) index correlated with whole-body lean tissue mass (r = 0.43, P < 0.01 and r = 0.25, P < 0.10, respectively), appendicular lean tissue mass (r = 0.52, P < 0.001 and r = 0.37, P < 0.05, respectively) as well as appendicular lean tissue mass divided by body mass index (r = 0.65, P < 0.001 and r = 0.62, P < 0.001, respectively). Muscle fiber size correlated with C/Fi (r = 0.45, P < 0.01), but not with CFPE index. No associations were observed between different indices of muscle fiber capillarization and post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy, older men. CONCLUSION The present study provides further evidence that muscle fiber capillarization may be a critical factor in the regulation of skeletal muscle maintenance in healthy older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Betz
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - T Aussieker
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - C Q Kruger
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - S H M Gorissen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - L J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - T Snijders
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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26
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Alcazar CA, Hu C, Rando TA, Huang NF, Nakayama KH. Transplantation of insulin-like growth factor-1 laden scaffolds combined with exercise promotes neuroregeneration and angiogenesis in a preclinical muscle injury model. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5376-5389. [PMID: 32996916 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00990c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The regeneration of skeletal muscle can be permanently impaired by traumatic injuries, despite the high regenerative capacity of native muscle. An attractive therapeutic approach for treating severe muscle inuries is the implantation of off-the-shelf engineered biomimetic scaffolds into the site of tissue damage to enhance muscle regeneration. Anisotropic nanofibrillar scaffolds provide spatial patterning cues to create organized myofibers, and growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are potent inducers of both muscle regeneration as well as angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to test the therapeutic efficacy of anisotropic IGF-1-releasing collagen scaffolds combined with voluntary exercise for the treatment of acute volumetric muscle loss, with a focus on histomorphological effects. To enhance the angiogenic and regenerative potential of injured murine skeletal muscle, IGF-1-laden nanofibrillar scaffolds with aligned topography were fabricated using a shear-mediated extrusion approach, followed by growth factor adsorption. Individual scaffolds released a cumulative total of 1244 ng ± 153 ng of IGF-1 over the course of 21 days in vitro. To test the bioactivity of IGF-1-releasing scaffolds, the myotube formation capacity of murine myoblasts was quantified. On IGF-1-releasing scaffolds seeded with myoblasts, the resulting myotubes formed were 1.5-fold longer in length and contained 2-fold greater nuclei per myotube, when compared to scaffolds without IGF-1. When implanted into the ablated murine tibialis anterior muscle, the IGF-1-laden scaffolds, in conjunction with voluntary wheel running, significantly increased the density of perfused microvessels by greater than 3-fold, in comparison to treatment with scaffolds without IGF-1. Enhanced myogenesis was also observed in animals treated with the IGF-1-laden scaffolds combined with exercise, compared to control scaffolds transplanted into mice that did not receive exercise. Furthermore, the abundance of mature neuromuscular junctions was greater by approximately 2-fold in muscles treated with IGF-1-laden scaffolds, when paired with exercise, in comparison to the same treatment without exercise. These findings demonstrate that voluntary exercise improves the regenerative effect of growth factor-laden scaffolds by augmenting neurovascular regeneration, and have important translational implications in the design of off-the-shelf therapeutics for the treatment of traumatic muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Alcazar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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27
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Zullo A, Fleckenstein J, Schleip R, Hoppe K, Wearing S, Klingler W. Structural and Functional Changes in the Coupling of Fascial Tissue, Skeletal Muscle, and Nerves During Aging. Front Physiol 2020; 11:592. [PMID: 32670080 PMCID: PMC7327116 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a one-way process associated with profound structural and functional changes in the organism. Indeed, the neuromuscular system undergoes a wide remodeling, which involves muscles, fascia, and the central and peripheral nervous systems. As a result, intrinsic features of tissues, as well as their functional and structural coupling, are affected and a decline in overall physical performance occurs. Evidence from the scientific literature demonstrates that senescence is associated with increased stiffness and reduced elasticity of fascia, as well as loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and regenerative potential. The interaction between muscular and fascial structures is also weakened. As for the nervous system, aging leads to motor cortex atrophy, reduced motor cortical excitability, and plasticity, thus leading to accumulation of denervated muscle fibers. As a result, the magnitude of force generated by the neuromuscular apparatus, its transmission along the myofascial chain, joint mobility, and movement coordination are impaired. In this review, we summarize the evidence about the deleterious effect of aging on skeletal muscle, fascial tissue, and the nervous system. In particular, we address the structural and functional changes occurring within and between these tissues and discuss the effect of inflammation in aging. From the clinical perspective, this article outlines promising approaches for analyzing the composition and the viscoelastic properties of skeletal muscle, such as ultrasonography and elastography, which could be applied for a better understanding of musculoskeletal modifications occurring with aging. Moreover, we describe the use of tissue manipulation techniques, such as massage, traction, mobilization as well as acupuncture, dry needling, and nerve block, to enhance fascial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zullo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Johannes Fleckenstein
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Schleip
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hoppe
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Scott Wearing
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Health School, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Werner Klingler
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Health School, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Fascia Research Group, Department of Experimental Anaesthesiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology, SRH Hospital Sigmaringen, Sigmaringen, Germany
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28
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Zhao Y, Shen F, Gong M, Jin L, Ren X, Liu K, Lu J. Lifelong treadmill training improves muscle function detected by a modified grip strength test during aging in BALB/c mice. Life Sci 2020; 251:117603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Nederveen JP, Joanisse S, Thomas ACQ, Snijders T, Manta K, Bell KE, Phillips SM, Kumbhare D, Parise G. Age‐related changes to the satellite cell niche are associated with reduced activation following exercise. FASEB J 2020; 34:8975-8989. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900787r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | | | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Kinesiology McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
- Human Biology NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Medical Center+ Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Katherine Manta
- Department of Kinesiology McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Kirsten E. Bell
- Department of Kinesiology McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | | | | | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
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30
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Sousa-Victor P, Neves J, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Muscle stem cell aging: identifying ways to induce tissue rejuvenation. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 188:111246. [PMID: 32311419 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by the functional and regenerative decline of tissues and organs. This regenerative decline is a consequence of the numerical and functional loss of adult stem cells, which are the corner stone of tissue homeostasis and repair. A palpable example of this decline is provided by skeletal muscle, a specialized tissue composed of postmitotic myofibers that contract to generate force. Skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) are long-lived and support muscle regeneration throughout life, but at advanced age they fail for largely undefined reasons. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of how satellite cells integrate diverse intrinsic and extrinsic processes to ensure optimal homeostatic function and how this integration is perturbed during aging, causing regenerative failure. With this increased understanding, it is now feasible to design and test interventions that delay satellite cell aging. We discuss the exciting new therapeutic potential of integrating and combining distinct anti-aging strategies for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Sousa-Victor
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal.
| | - Joana Neves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal.
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), CIBERNED, ICREA, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28019, Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Thirupathi A, Pinho RA, Chang YZ. Physical exercise: An inducer of positive oxidative stress in skeletal muscle aging. Life Sci 2020; 252:117630. [PMID: 32294473 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the core of most pathological situations, and its attribution toward disease conversion is not yet well established. The adaptive capacity of a cell can overcome ROS-induced pathology. However, when a cell fails to extend its maximum adaptive capacity against oxidative stress, it could lead a cell to misbehave or defunct from its normal functions. Any type of physical activity can increase the cells' maximum adaptive capacity, but aging can limit this. However, whether aging is the initiating point of reducing cells' adaptive capacity against oxidative stress or oxidative stress can induce the aging process is a mystery, and it could be the key to solving several uncured diseases. Paradoxically, minimum ROS is needed for cellular homeostasis. Nevertheless, finding factors that can limit or nullify the production of ROS for cellular homeostasis is a million-dollar question. Regular physical exercise is considered to be one of the factors that can limit the production of ROS and increase the ROS-induced benefits in the cells through inducing minimum oxidative stress and increasing maximum adapting capacity against oxidative stress-induced damages. The type and intensity of exercise that can produce such positive effects in the cells remain unclear. Therefore, this review discusses how physical exercise can help to produce minimal positive oxidative stress in preventing skeletal muscle aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Thirupathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050024, China.
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050024, China
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32
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Karlsen A, Soendenbroe C, Malmgaard-Clausen NM, Wagener F, Moeller CE, Senhaji Z, Damberg K, Andersen JL, Schjerling P, Kjaer M, Mackey AL. Preserved capacity for satellite cell proliferation, regeneration, and hypertrophy in the skeletal muscle of healthy elderly men. FASEB J 2020; 34:6418-6436. [PMID: 32167202 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000196r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Blunted muscle hypertrophy and impaired regeneration with aging have been partly attributed to satellite cell (SC) dysfunction. However, true muscle regeneration has not yet been studied in elderly individuals. To investigate this, muscle injury was induced by 200 electrically stimulated (ES) eccentric contractions of the vastus lateralis (VL) of one leg in seven young (20-31 years) and 19 elderly men (60-73 years). This was followed by 13 weeks of resistance training (RT) for both legs to investigate the capacity for hypertrophy. Muscle biopsies were collected Pre- and Post-RT, and 9 days after ES, for immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Hypertrophy was assessed by MRI, DEXA, and immunohistochemistry. Overall, surprisingly comparable responses were observed between the young and elderly. Nine days after ES, Pax7+ SC number had doubled (P < .05), alongside necrosis and substantial changes in expression of genes related to matrix, myogenesis, and innervation (P < .05). Post-RT, VL cross-sectional area had increased in both legs (~15%, P < .05) and SCs/type II fiber had increased ~2-4 times more with ES+RT vs RT alone (P < .001). Together these novel findings demonstrate "youthful" regeneration and hypertrophy responses in human elderly muscle. Furthermore, boosting SC availability in healthy elderly men does not enhance the subsequent muscle hypertrophy response to RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Karlsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Casper Soendenbroe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj M Malmgaard-Clausen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Wagener
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Casper Emil Moeller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zouhir Senhaji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine Damberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Løvind Andersen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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33
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Muñoz‐Cánoves P, Neves J, Sousa‐Victor P. Understanding muscle regenerative decline with aging: new approaches to bring back youthfulness to aged stem cells. FEBS J 2020; 287:406-416. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pura Muñoz‐Cánoves
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences CIBERNED ICREA University Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
- Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center Madrid Spain
| | - Joana Neves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM) Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa Portugal
| | - Pedro Sousa‐Victor
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM) Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa Portugal
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34
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Liang J, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, Chen N. Regulatory role of exercise-induced autophagy for sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110789. [PMID: 31765742 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an aging-related disease, described as the progressive reduction in mass and strength of skeletal muscle. Sarcopenia is typically characterized as the accumulation of damaged products due to an imbalance between protein synthesis and protein degradation. This imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation is attributed to impaired autophagic signal pathways. Sarcopenia can predispose elderly patients to several complications that may significantly impact patient quality of life. Recent evidence indicates that autophagy is required for the control of skeletal muscle mass under catabolic conditions and plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis and integrity of skeletal muscle, specifically at appropriate level of autophagy. Exercise may be considered as a stress stimulus that can substantially modulate cellular signaling to promote metabolic adaptations. Appropriate exercise can induce autophagy or regulate the functional status of autophagy. Additionally, exercise-induced autophagy is the most effective treatment available in slowing down sarcopenia, improving mitochondrial quality, and the number of quiescent satellite cells, as a process that depends on basal autophagy. The molecular mechanisms underpinning the development of sarcopenia, however, remained largely unknown. In this narrative review, the current molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia are discussed from the perspective of exercise-induced autophagy and the effect of different exercise modalities on this response. This narrative review will aim to provide the references for developing scientific and optimal intervention strategies including exercise intervention for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia through regulating autophagic signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiling Liang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhengzhong Zeng
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Ogura Y, Sato S, Kurosaka M, Kotani T, Fujiya H, Funabashi T. Age-related decrease in muscle satellite cells is accompanied with diminished expression of early growth response 3 in mice. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:977-986. [PMID: 31734897 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is mostly dependent on muscle satellite cells. Proper muscle regeneration requires enough number of satellite cells. Recent studies have suggested that the number of satellite cells in skeletal muscle declines as we age, leading to the impairment of muscle regeneration in older population. Our earlier study demonstrated that zinc finger transcription factor early growth response 3 (Egr3) plays an important role for maintaining the number of myoblasts, suggesting that age-related decrease in muscle satellite cell should be associated with the expression levels of Egr3. The aim of this study was to investigate whether aging would alter the Egr3 expression in satellite cells. A couple groups of male C57BL/6J mice were examined in this study: young (3 Mo) and old (17 Mo). Immunohistochemical staining showed that the satellite cell number decreased in normal and injured muscles of old mice. In fluorescence-activated cell sorting-isolated muscle satellite cells from normal and injured muscles, the mRNA expression of Egr3 was significantly decreased with age regardless of injury. In harmony with these results, Pax7 mRNA levels also decreased in the satellite cells from old mice. Alternatively, inhibition of Egr3 expression by shRNA decreased Pax7 protein expression in cultured myoblasts. These results suggest that Egr3 is associated with the age-related decline of muscle satellite cells in older population. Also, Egr3 might be implicated in the regulation of Pax7. Therefore, the loss of Egr3 expression may elucidate attenuated MSCs function and muscle regeneration in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ogura
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Shuichi Sato
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Mitsutoshi Kurosaka
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Kotani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroto Fujiya
- Department of Sports Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Funabashi
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
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McKay BR, Nederveen JP, Fortino SA, Snijders T, Joanisse S, Kumbhare DA, Parise G. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with human muscle satellite cell differentiation in response to muscle-damaging exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:581-590. [PMID: 31661631 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle satellite cell (SC) regulation is a complex process involving many key signalling molecules. Recently, the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) has implicated in SC regulation in animals. To date, little is known regarding the role of BDNF in human SC function in vivo. Twenty-nine males (age, 21 ± 0.5 years) participated in the study. Muscle biopsies from the thigh were obtained prior to a bout of 300 maximal eccentric contractions (Pre), and at 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 96 h postexercise. BDNF was not detected in any quiescent (Pax7+/MyoD-) SCs across the time-course. BDNF colocalized to 39% ± 5% of proliferating (Pax7+/MyoD+) cells at Pre, which increased to 84% ± 3% by 96 h (P < 0.05). BDNF was only detected in 13% ± 5% of differentiating (Pax7-/MyoD+) cells at Pre, which increased to 67% ± 4% by 96 h (P < 0.05). The number of myogenin+ cells increased 95% from Pre (1.6 ± 0.2 cells/100 myofibres (MF)) at 24 h (3.1 ± 0.3 cells/100 MF) and remained elevated until 96 h (cells/100 MF), P < 0.05. The proportion of BDNF+/myogenin+ cells was 26% ± 0.3% at Pre, peaking at 24 h (49% ± 3%, P < 0.05) and remained elevated at 96 h (P < 0.05). These data are the first to demonstrate an association between SC proliferation and differentiation and BDNF expression in humans in vivo, with BDNF colocalization to SCs increasing during the later stages of proliferation and early differentiation. Novelty BDNF is associated with SC response to muscle injury. BDNF was not detected in nonactivated (quiescent) SCs. BDNF is associated with late proliferation and early differentiation of SCs in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon R McKay
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Stephen A Fortino
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Dinesh A Kumbhare
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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Bechshøft CJL, Jensen SM, Schjerling P, Andersen JL, Svensson RB, Eriksen CS, Mkumbuzi NS, Kjaer M, Mackey AL. Age and prior exercise in vivo determine the subsequent in vitro molecular profile of myoblasts and nonmyogenic cells derived from human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C898-C912. [PMID: 30917034 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00049.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The decline in skeletal muscle regenerative capacity with age is partly attributed to muscle stem cell (satellite cell) dysfunction. Recent evidence has pointed to a strong interaction between myoblasts and fibroblasts, but the influence of age on this interaction is unknown. Additionally, while the native tissue environment is known to determine the properties of myogenic cells in vitro, how the aging process alters this cell memory has not been established at the molecular level. We recruited 12 young and 12 elderly women, who performed a single bout of heavy resistance exercise with the knee extensor muscles of one leg. Five days later, muscle biopsies were collected from both legs, and myogenic cells and nonmyogenic cells were isolated for in vitro experiments with mixed or separated cells and analyzed by immunostaining and RT-PCR. A lower myogenic fusion index was detected in the cells from the old versus young women, in association with differences in gene expression levels of key myogenic regulatory factors and senescence, which were further altered by performing exercise before tissue sampling. Coculture with nonmyogenic cells from the elderly led to a higher myogenic differentiation index compared with nonmyogenic cells from the young. These findings show that the in vitro phenotype and molecular profile of human skeletal muscle myoblasts and fibroblasts is determined by the age and exercise state of the original in vivo environment and help explain how exercise can enhance muscle stem cell function in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie J L Bechshøft
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Simon M Jensen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jesper L Andersen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Rene B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Christian S Eriksen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Nonhlanhla S Mkumbuzi
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Vanlieshout TL, Stouth DW, Tajik T, Ljubicic V. Exercise-induced Protein Arginine Methyltransferase Expression in Skeletal Muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:447-457. [PMID: 29112628 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), -4 (also known as coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 [CARM1]), and -5 expression and function during acute, exercise-induced skeletal muscle remodeling in vivo. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were assigned to one of three experimental groups: sedentary, acute bout of exercise, or acute exercise followed by 3 h of recovery. Mice in the exercise groups performed a single bout of treadmill running at 15 m·min for 90 min. Hindlimb muscles were collected, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to examine exercise-induced gene expression. RESULTS The PRMT gene expression and global enzyme activity were muscle-specific, generally being higher (P < 0.05) in slow, oxidative muscle, as compared with faster, more glycolytic tissue. Despite the significant activation of canonical exercise-induced signaling involving AMP-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), PRMT expression and activity at the whole muscle level were unchanged. However, subcellular analyses revealed a significant exercise-evoked myonuclear translocation of PRMT1 before the nuclear accumulation of PGC-1α. Acute physical activity also augmented (P < 0.05) the targeted methyltransferase activities of the PRMT in the myonuclear compartment, suggesting that PRMT-mediated histone arginine methylation is part of the early signals that drive muscle plasticity. Finally, basal PGC-1α asymmetric dimethylarginine status, as well as constitutive interactions between PGC-1α and PRMT1 or CARM1 may contribute to the exercise-induced muscle remodeling process. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides the first evidence that PRMT activity is selectively augmented during the initial activation of exercise-induced skeletal muscle remodeling in vivo. These data support the emergence of PRMTs as important players in the regulation of skeletal muscle plasticity.
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Joanisse S, Snijders T, Nederveen JP, Parise G. The Impact of Aerobic Exercise on the Muscle Stem Cell Response. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:180-187. [DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Baker J, Nederveen JP, Ibrahim G, Ivankovic V, Joanisse S, Parise G. Exercise training differentially alters axial and appendicular marrow cellularity in old mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:523-527. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aging gradually renders bone marrow hematopoietically inactive. Endurance exercise reverses this phenotype in young mice. Here, we determine the effects in aged mice. Twenty-two month old mice (n = 6) underwent a progressive exercise training protocol. In appendicular bones, marrow cellularity increased by 51% (p < 0.05) and marrow CFU, CFU-GM, and CAFC increased by 12%, 71%, and 86%, respectively (p < 0.05). Vertebral cellularity remained unchanged. The mechanical forces associated with treadmill exercise training may be responsible for these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Baker
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Joshua P. Nederveen
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - George Ibrahim
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Victoria Ivankovic
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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41
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Perandini LA, Chimin P, Lutkemeyer DDS, Câmara NOS. Chronic inflammation in skeletal muscle impairs satellite cells function during regeneration: can physical exercise restore the satellite cell niche? FEBS J 2018; 285:1973-1984. [PMID: 29473995 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation impairs skeletal muscle regeneration. Although many cells are involved in chronic inflammation, macrophages seem to play an important role in impaired muscle regeneration since these cells are associated with skeletal muscle stem cell (namely, satellite cells) activation and fibro-adipogenic progenitor cell (FAP) survival. Specifically, an imbalance of M1 and M2 macrophages seems to lead to impaired satellite cell activation, and these are the main cells that function during skeletal muscle regeneration, after muscle damage. Additionally, this imbalance leads to the accumulation of FAPs in skeletal muscle, with aberrant production of pro-fibrotic factors (e.g., extracellular matrix components), impairing the niche for proper satellite cell activation and differentiation. Treatments aiming to block the inflammatory pro-fibrotic response are partially effective due to their side effects. Therefore, strategies reverting chronic inflammation into a pro-regenerative pattern are required. In this review, we first describe skeletal muscle resident macrophage ontogeny and homeostasis, and explain how macrophages are replenished after muscle injury. We next discuss the potential role of chronic physical activity and exercise in restoring the M1 and M2 macrophage balance and consequently, the satellite cell niche to improve skeletal muscle regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Augusto Perandini
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Chimin
- Department of Physical Education, Physical Education and Sports Center, Londrina State University, Brazil
| | - Diego da Silva Lutkemeyer
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
A substantial loss of muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia), a decreased regenerative capacity, and a compromised physical performance are hallmarks of aging skeletal muscle. These changes are typically accompanied by impaired muscle metabolism, including mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance. A challenge in the field of muscle aging is to dissociate the effects of chronological aging per se on muscle characteristics from the secondary influence of lifestyle and disease processes. Remarkably, physical activity and exercise are well-established countermeasures against muscle aging, and have been shown to attenuate age-related decreases in muscle mass, strength, and regenerative capacity, and slow or prevent impairments in muscle metabolism. We posit that exercise and physical activity can influence many of the changes in muscle during aging, and thus should be emphasized as part of a lifestyle essential to healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Distefano
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida 32804
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida 32804
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827
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43
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Rader EP, Baker BA. Inflammaging and the Age-Specific Responsiveness to Stretch-Shortening Contractions. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2017; 45:195-200. [PMID: 28704219 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With aging, muscle injury from rapid, continuous stretch-shortening contractions (SSC) is prolonged, and maladaptation to moderate-velocity, intermittent SSC is more common. We hypothesize that high baseline levels of inflammatory signaling and oxidative stress may underlie these outcomes, whereas careful modulation of high-intensity SSC training design resets basal conditions and permits muscle adaptation to SSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik P Rader
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
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The effect of calorie restriction on mouse skeletal muscle is sex, strain and time-dependent. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5160. [PMID: 28698572 PMCID: PMC5505993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of skeletal muscle mass and function occurs with increasing age. Calorie restriction (CR) increases the lifespan of C57Bl/6 mice, but not in the shorter-lived DBA/2 strain. There is some evidence that calorie restriction reduces or delays many of the age-related defects that occur in rodent skeletal muscle. We therefore investigated the effect of short (2.5 month) and longer term (8.5 and 18.5 months) CR on skeletal muscle in male and female C57Bl/6 and DBA/2 mice. We found that short-term CR increased the satellite cell number and collagen VI content of muscle, but resulted in a delayed regenerative response to injury.Consistent with this, the in vitro proliferation of satellite cells derived from these muscles was reduced by CR. The percentage of stromal cells, macrophages, hematopoietic stem cells and fibroadipogenic cells in the mononucleated cell population derived from skeletal muscle was reduced by CR at various stages. But overall, these changes are neither consistent over time, nor between strain and sex. The fact that changes induced by CR do not persist with time and the dissimilarities between the two mouse strains, combined with sex differences, urge caution in applying CR to improve skeletal muscle function across the lifespan in humans.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review is an update on recent research investigating the role of skeletal muscle stem cells (also known as satellite cells) during muscle fiber regeneration and growth in animal and human skeletal muscle, with an emphasis on their role in age-related sarcopenia. RECENT FINDINGS Studies indicate clear impairments in satellite cell function with aging, resulting in an impaired muscle fiber regenerative response. The autophagy-mediated switch to an irreversible presenescent state of geriatric satellite cells appears to play a key role in age-related impaired satellite cell function. In addition, inadequate muscle fiber vascularization may be a crucial factor underlying impaired regulation of satellite cells in older adults. Controversy remains on the actual contribution of satellite cells to the development of sarcopenia in later life, this clearly requires further research. Nevertheless, exercise training remains to be a potent intervention strategy, mediated through satellite cells or not, to counteract the ill effects of sarcopenia. SUMMARY Although important strides are made investigating the importance of satellite cells in the development and/or treatment of sarcopenia, the idea that satellite cell function is a therapeutic target to treat sarcopenia remains controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Snijders
- aNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands bDepartment of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Bengal E, Perdiguero E, Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Rejuvenating stem cells to restore muscle regeneration in aging. F1000Res 2017; 6:76. [PMID: 28163911 PMCID: PMC5271918 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9846.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult muscle stem cells, originally called satellite cells, are essential for
muscle repair and regeneration throughout life. Besides a gradual loss of mass
and function, muscle aging is characterized by a decline in the repair capacity,
which blunts muscle recovery after injury in elderly individuals. A major effort
has been dedicated in recent years to deciphering the causes of satellite cell
dysfunction in aging animals, with the ultimate goal of rejuvenating old
satellite cells and improving muscle function in elderly people. This review
focuses on the recently identified network of cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic
factors and processes contributing to the decline of satellite cells in old
animals. Some studies suggest that aging-related satellite-cell decay is mostly
caused by age-associated extrinsic environmental changes that could be reversed
by a “youthful environment”. Others propose a central role for
cell-intrinsic mechanisms, some of which are not reversed by environmental
changes. We believe that these proposals, far from being antagonistic, are
complementary and that both extrinsic and intrinsic factors contribute to muscle
stem cell dysfunction during aging-related regenerative decline. The low
regenerative potential of old satellite cells may reflect the accumulation of
deleterious changes during the life of the cell; some of these changes may be
inherent (intrinsic) while others result from the systemic and local environment
(extrinsic). The present challenge is to rejuvenate aged satellite cells that
have undergone reversible changes to provide a possible approach to improving
muscle repair in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Bengal
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Eusebio Perdiguero
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio L Serrano
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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Furrer R, Handschin C. Optimized Engagement of Macrophages and Satellite Cells in the Repair and Regeneration of Exercised Muscle. RESEARCH AND PERSPECTIVES IN ENDOCRINE INTERACTIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72790-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Joanisse S, Nederveen JP, Snijders T, McKay BR, Parise G. Skeletal Muscle Regeneration, Repair and Remodelling in Aging: The Importance of Muscle Stem Cells and Vascularization. Gerontology 2016; 63:91-100. [PMID: 27760421 DOI: 10.1159/000450922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Ultimately, sarcopenia results in the loss of independence, which imposes a large financial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. A critical facet of sarcopenia is the diminished ability for aged muscle to regenerate, repair and remodel. Over the years, research has focused on elucidating underlying mechanisms of sarcopenia and the impaired ability of muscle to respond to stimuli with aging. Muscle-specific stem cells, termed satellite cells (SC), play an important role in maintaining muscle health throughout the lifespan. It is well established that SC are essential in skeletal muscle regeneration, and it has been hypothesized that a reduction and/or dysregulation of the SC pool, may contribute to accelerated loss of skeletal muscle mass that is observed with advancing age. The preservation of skeletal muscle tissue and its ability to respond to stimuli may be impacted by reduced SC content and impaired function observed with aging. Aging is also associated with a reduction in capillarization of skeletal muscle. We have recently demonstrated that the distance between type II fibre-associated SC and capillaries is greater in older compared to younger adults. The greater distance between SC and capillaries in older adults may contribute to the dysregulation in SC activation ultimately impairing muscle's ability to remodel and, in extreme circumstances, regenerate. This viewpoint will highlight the importance of optimal SC activation in addition to skeletal muscle capillarization to maximize the regenerative potential of skeletal muscle in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada
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