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McCoy R, Oldroyd S, Yang W, Wang K, Hoven D, Bulmer D, Zilbauer M, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Investigating Intestinal Host-Pathogen Interactions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306727. [PMID: 38155358 PMCID: PMC10885678 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are increasingly recognized as a major threat worldwide due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of novel pathogens. In vitro models that can adequately mimic in vivo gastrointestinal physiology are in high demand to elucidate mechanisms behind pathogen infectivity, and to aid the design of effective preventive and therapeutic interventions. There exists a trade-off between simple and high throughput models and those that are more complex and physiologically relevant. The complexity of the model used shall be guided by the biological question to be addressed. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of the intestine and the models that are developed to emulate this. Conventional models are discussed in addition to emerging models which employ engineering principles to equip them with necessary advanced monitoring capabilities for intestinal host-pathogen interrogation. Limitations of current models and future perspectives on the field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece McCoy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Sophie Oldroyd
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Woojin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Kaixin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Darius Hoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - David Bulmer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PDUK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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Badawi AH, Mohamad NA, Stanslas J, Kirby BP, Neela VK, Ramasamy R, Basri H. In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Models for Neuroinfectious Diseases: A Narrative Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1344-1373. [PMID: 38073104 PMCID: PMC11092920 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231207114346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex, dynamic, and adaptable barrier between the peripheral blood system and the central nervous system. While this barrier protects the brain and spinal cord from inflammation and infection, it prevents most drugs from reaching the brain tissue. With the expanding interest in the pathophysiology of BBB, the development of in vitro BBB models has dramatically evolved. However, due to the lack of a standard model, a range of experimental protocols, BBB-phenotype markers, and permeability flux markers was utilized to construct in vitro BBB models. Several neuroinfectious diseases are associated with BBB dysfunction. To conduct neuroinfectious disease research effectively, there stems a need to design representative in vitro human BBB models that mimic the BBB's functional and molecular properties. The highest necessity is for an in vitro standardised BBB model that accurately represents all the complexities of an intact brain barrier. Thus, this in-depth review aims to describe the optimization and validation parameters for building BBB models and to discuss previous research on neuroinfectious diseases that have utilized in vitro BBB models. The findings in this review may serve as a basis for more efficient optimisation, validation, and maintenance of a structurally- and functionally intact BBB model, particularly for future studies on neuroinfectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hussein Badawi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Afiqah Mohamad
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Foundation Studies, Lincoln University College, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Johnson Stanslas
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Brian Patrick Kirby
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vasantha Kumari Neela
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajesh Ramasamy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hamidon Basri
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Choi JS, Doo HM, Kim B, Lee SH, Sung SK, Go G, Suarez A, Kim Y, Weon BM, Choi BO, Kim HJ, Kim DH. NanoIEA: A Nanopatterned Interdigitated Electrode Array-Based Impedance Assay for Real-Time Measurement of Aligned Endothelial Cell Barrier Functions. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301124. [PMID: 37820720 PMCID: PMC10841753 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A nanopatterned interdigitated electrode array (nanoIEA)-based impedance assay is developed for quantitative real-time measurement of aligned endothelial cell (EC) barrier functions in vitro. A bioinspired poly(3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine) (poly (l-DOPA)) coating is applied to improve the human brain EC adhesion onto the Nafion nanopatterned surfaces. It is found that a poly (l-DOPA)-coated Nafion grooved nanopattern makes the human brain ECs orient along the nanopattern direction. Aligned human brain ECs on Nafion nanopatterns exhibit increased expression of genes encoding tight and adherens junction proteins. Aligned human brain ECs also have enhanced impedance and resistance versus unaligned ones. Treatment with a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor (GSK3i) further increases impedance and resistance, suggesting synergistic effects occur on the cell-cell tightness of in vitro human brain ECs via a combination of anisotropic matrix nanotopography and GSK3i treatment. It is found that this enhanced cell-cell tightness of the combined approach is accompanied by increased expression of claudin protein. These data demonstrate that the proposed nanoIEA assay integrated with poly (l-DOPA)-coated Nafion nanopatterns and interdigitated electrode arrays can make not only biomimetic aligned ECs, but also enable real-time measurement of the enhanced barrier functions of aligned ECs via tighter cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seob Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Microphysiological Systems, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31080, South Korea
| | - Hyun Myung Doo
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, 08308, South Korea
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 08308, South Korea
| | - Byunggik Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Su Han Lee
- Digital Health Care Research Center, Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute (GERI), Gumi, Gyeongbuk, 39253, South Korea
| | - Sang-Keun Sung
- Digital Health Care Research Center, Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute (GERI), Gumi, Gyeongbuk, 39253, South Korea
| | - Gwangjun Go
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Microphysiological Systems, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, South Korea
| | - Allister Suarez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Microphysiological Systems, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yeseul Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Byung Mook Weon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ulsan College, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Microphysiological Systems, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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Geng Z, Guan S, Wang S, Yu Z, Liu T, Du S, Zhu C. Intercellular mitochondrial transfer in the brain, a new perspective for targeted treatment of central nervous system diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3121-3135. [PMID: 37424172 PMCID: PMC10580346 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Mitochondria is one of the important organelles involved in cell energy metabolism and regulation and also play a key regulatory role in abnormal cell processes such as cell stress, cell damage, and cell canceration. Recent studies have shown that mitochondria can be transferred between cells in different ways and participate in the occurrence and development of many central nervous system diseases. We aim to review the mechanism of mitochondrial transfer in the progress of central nervous system diseases and the possibility of targeted therapy. METHODS The PubMed databank, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databank, and Wanfang Data were searched to identify the experiments of intracellular mitochondrial transferrin central nervous system. The focus is on the donors, receptors, transfer pathways, and targeted drugs of mitochondrial transfer. RESULTS In the central nervous system, neurons, glial cells, immune cells, and tumor cells can transfer mitochondria to each other. Meanwhile, there are many types of mitochondrial transfer, including tunneling nanotubes, extracellular vesicles, receptor cell endocytosis, gap junction channels, and intercellular contact. A variety of stress signals, such as the release of damaged mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA, or other mitochondrial products and the elevation of reactive oxygen species, can trigger the transfer of mitochondria from donor cells to recipient cells. Concurrently, a variety of molecular pathways and related inhibitors can affect mitochondrial intercellular transfer. CONCLUSION This study reviews the phenomenon of intercellular mitochondrial transfer in the central nervous system and summarizes the corresponding transfer pathways. Finally, we propose targeted pathways and treatment methods that may be used to regulate mitochondrial transfer for the treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziang Geng
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Shu Guan
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Breast SurgeryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Zhongxue Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular UltrasoundThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Tiancong Liu
- Department of OtolaryngologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Shaonan Du
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
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Liu Y, Wang L, Yang G, Chi X, Liang X, Zhang Y. Sirtuins: Promising Therapeutic Targets to Treat Ischemic Stroke. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1210. [PMID: 37627275 PMCID: PMC10452362 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability globally, with ischemic stroke (IS) accounting for over 80% of all stroke cases. The pathological process of IS involves numerous signal molecules, among which are the highly conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent enzymes known as sirtuins (SIRTs). SIRTs modulate various biological processes, including cell differentiation, energy metabolism, DNA repair, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Importantly, several studies have reported a correlation between SIRTs and IS. This review introduces the general aspects of SIRTs, including their distribution, subcellular location, enzyme activity, and substrate. We also discuss their regulatory roles and potential mechanisms in IS. Finally, we describe the current therapeutic methods based on SIRTs, such as pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacological therapeutic/rehabilitative interventions, epigenetic regulators, potential molecules, and stem cell-derived exosome therapy. The data collected in this study will potentially contribute to both clinical and fundamental research on SIRTs, geared towards developing effective therapeutic candidates for future treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Liuding Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Guang Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China;
| | - Xiansu Chi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiao Liang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
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Rani V, Prabhu A. In vitro blood brain barrier models: Molecular aspects and therapeutic strategies in glioma management. Curr Res Transl Med 2023; 71:103376. [PMID: 36580825 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2022.103376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioma management is the most challenging task in clinical oncology due to numerous reasons. One of the major hurdles in glioma therapy is the presence of blood brain barrier which resists the entry of most of the drugs into the brain. However, in case of tumors, blood brain barrier integrity is compromised, which in turn can be advantageous in delivering the drugs, if the therapeutic module is strategically modified. For such improvised therapeutic strategy, it is necessary to understand the molecular composition and profiling of blood brain barrier and blood brain tumor barrier. This review mainly focuses on the composition, markers expressed on the blood brain barrier which will help the readers to understand its basic environment. It also gives a detailed account of the various in vitro models that are used to study the nature of the blood brain barrier and describes various strategies in improvising the drug delivery in glioma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinitha Rani
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwini Prabhu
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka, India.
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Han H, Jang J. Recent advances in biofabricated gut models to understand the gut-brain axis in neurological diseases. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:931411. [PMID: 36188186 PMCID: PMC9515506 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.931411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has accumulated that gut microbiome dysbiosis could be linked to neurological diseases, including both neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. With the high prevalence of neurological diseases, there is an urgent need to elucidate the underlying mechanisms between the microbiome, gut, and brain. However, the standardized aniikmal models for these studies have critical disadvantages for their translation into clinical application, such as limited physiological relevance due to interspecies differences and difficulty interpreting causality from complex systemic interactions. Therefore, alternative in vitro gut–brain axis models are highly required to understand their related pathophysiology and set novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we outline state-of-the-art biofabrication technologies for modeling in vitro human intestines. Existing 3D gut models are categorized according to their topographical and anatomical similarities to the native gut. In addition, we deliberate future research directions to develop more functional in vitro intestinal models to study the gut–brain axis in neurological diseases rather than simply recreating the morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hohyeon Han
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
- Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Correspondence: Jinah Jang
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Kawakita S, Mandal K, Mou L, Mecwan MM, Zhu Y, Li S, Sharma S, Hernandez AL, Nguyen HT, Maity S, de Barros NR, Nakayama A, Bandaru P, Ahadian S, Kim HJ, Herculano RD, Holler E, Jucaud V, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. Organ-On-A-Chip Models of the Blood-Brain Barrier: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201401. [PMID: 35978444 PMCID: PMC9529899 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The human brain and central nervous system (CNS) present unique challenges in drug development for neurological diseases. One major obstacle is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which hampers the effective delivery of therapeutic molecules into the brain while protecting it from blood-born neurotoxic substances and maintaining CNS homeostasis. For BBB research, traditional in vitro models rely upon Petri dishes or Transwell systems. However, these static models lack essential microenvironmental factors such as shear stress and proper cell-cell interactions. To this end, organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technology has emerged as a new in vitro modeling approach to better recapitulate the highly dynamic in vivo human brain microenvironment so-called the neural vascular unit (NVU). Such BBB-on-a-chip models have made substantial progress over the last decade, and concurrently there has been increasing interest in modeling various neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease using OoC technology. In addition, with recent advances in other scientific technologies, several new opportunities to improve the BBB-on-a-chip platform via multidisciplinary approaches are available. In this review, an overview of the NVU and OoC technology is provided, recent progress and applications of BBB-on-a-chip for personalized medicine and drug discovery are discussed, and current challenges and future directions are delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kawakita
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Kalpana Mandal
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Lei Mou
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510150, P. R. China
| | | | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Shaopei Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | | | - Huu Tuan Nguyen
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Surjendu Maity
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | | | - Aya Nakayama
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Praveen Bandaru
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Rondinelli Donizetti Herculano
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Vadim Jucaud
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | | | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
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Al Ojaimi Y, Blin T, Lamamy J, Gracia M, Pitiot A, Denevault-Sabourin C, Joubert N, Pouget JP, Gouilleux-Gruart V, Heuzé-Vourc'h N, Lanznaster D, Poty S, Sécher T. Therapeutic antibodies - natural and pathological barriers and strategies to overcome them. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108022. [PMID: 34687769 PMCID: PMC8527648 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics have become a major class of therapeutics with over 120 recombinant antibodies approved or under review in the EU or US. This therapeutic class has experienced a remarkable expansion with an expected acceleration in 2021-2022 due to the extraordinary global response to SARS-CoV2 pandemic and the public disclosure of over a hundred anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies. Mainly delivered intravenously, alternative delivery routes have emerged to improve antibody therapeutic index and patient comfort. A major hurdle for antibody delivery and efficacy as well as the development of alternative administration routes, is to understand the different natural and pathological barriers that antibodies face as soon as they enter the body up to the moment they bind to their target antigen. In this review, we discuss the well-known and more under-investigated extracellular and cellular barriers faced by antibodies. We also discuss some of the strategies developed in the recent years to overcome these barriers and increase antibody delivery to its site of action. A better understanding of the biological barriers that antibodies have to face will allow the optimization of antibody delivery near its target. This opens the way to the development of improved therapy with less systemic side effects and increased patients' adherence to the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Al Ojaimi
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Timothée Blin
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; UMR 1100, CEPR, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Juliette Lamamy
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; GICC, EA7501, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Matthieu Gracia
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Aubin Pitiot
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; UMR 1100, CEPR, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France
| | | | - Nicolas Joubert
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; GICC, EA7501, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pouget
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier F-34298, France
| | | | | | - Débora Lanznaster
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Sophie Poty
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Thomas Sécher
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; UMR 1100, CEPR, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France
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10
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Janssen L, Ai X, Zheng X, Wei W, Caglayan AB, Kilic E, Wang YC, Hermann DM, Venkataramani V, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Inhibition of Fatty Acid Synthesis Aggravates Brain Injury, Reduces Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Impairs Neurological Recovery in a Murine Stroke Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:733973. [PMID: 34483846 PMCID: PMC8415573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.733973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) stimulates tumor cell death and reduces angiogenesis. When SH-SY5Y cells or primary neurons are exposed to hypoxia only, inhibition of FAS yields significantly enhanced cell injury. The pathophysiology of stroke, however, is not only restricted to hypoxia but also includes reoxygenation injury. Hence, an oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD) model with subsequent reoxygenation in both SH-SY5Y cells and primary neurons as well as a murine stroke model were used herein in order to study the role of FAS inhibition and its underlying mechanisms. SH-SY5Y cells and cortical neurons exposed to 10 h of OGD and 24 h of reoxygenation displayed prominent cell death when treated with the Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor TOFA or the fatty acid synthase inhibitor cerulenin. Such FAS inhibition reduced the reduction potential of these cells, as indicated by increased NADH2 +/NAD+ ratios under both in vitro and in vivo stroke conditions. As observed in the OGD model, FAS inhibition also resulted in increased cell death in the stroke model. Stroke mice treated with cerulenin did not only display increased brain injury but also showed reduced neurological recovery during the observation period of 4 weeks. Interestingly, cerulenin treatment enhanced endothelial cell leakage, reduced transcellular electrical resistance (TER) of the endothelium and contributed to poststroke blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. The latter was a consequence of the activated NF-κB pathway, stimulating MMP-9 and ABCB1 transporter activity on the luminal side of the endothelium. In conclusion, FAS inhibition aggravated poststroke brain injury as consequence of BBB breakdown and NF-κB-dependent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Janssen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Ai
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ahmet B Caglayan
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ya-Chao Wang
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Heidarzadeh M, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y, Kaya M, Eslami Abriz A, Zarebkohan A, Rahbarghazi R, Sokullu E. Exosomal delivery of therapeutic modulators through the blood-brain barrier; promise and pitfalls. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:142. [PMID: 34294165 PMCID: PMC8296716 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, a large population around the world, especially the elderly, suffers from neurological inflammatory and degenerative disorders/diseases. Current drug delivery strategies are facing different challenges because of the presence of the BBB, which limits the transport of various substances and cells to brain parenchyma. Additionally, the low rate of successful cell transplantation to the brain injury sites leads to efforts to find alternative therapies. Stem cell byproducts such as exosomes are touted as natural nano-drug carriers with 50-100 nm in diameter. These nano-sized particles could harbor and transfer a plethora of therapeutic agents and biological cargos to the brain. These nanoparticles would offer a solution to maintain paracrine cell-to-cell communications under healthy and inflammatory conditions. The main question is that the existence of the intact BBB could limit exosomal trafficking. Does BBB possess some molecular mechanisms that facilitate the exosomal delivery compared to the circulating cell? Although preliminary studies have shown that exosomes could cross the BBB, the exact molecular mechanism(s) beyond this phenomenon remains unclear. In this review, we tried to compile some facts about exosome delivery through the BBB and propose some mechanisms that regulate exosomal cross in pathological and physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Heidarzadeh
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gürsoy-Özdemir
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Neurology Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Physiology Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysan Eslami Abriz
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Emel Sokullu
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Biophysics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Ran X, Zhang Q, Li S, Yu Z, Wan L, Wu B, Wu R, Li S. Tissue Kallikrein Exacerbating Sepsis-Induced Endothelial Hyperpermeability is Highly Predictive of Severity and Mortality in Sepsis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3321-3333. [PMID: 34290517 PMCID: PMC8289368 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s317874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Sepsis, an acute, life-threatening dysregulated response to infection, affects practically all aspects of endothelial function. Tissue kallikrein (TK) is a key enzyme in the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS) which has been implicated in endothelial permeability. Thus, we aimed to establish a potentially novel association among TK, endothelial permeability, and sepsis demonstrated by clinical investigation and in vitro studies. Methods We performed a clinical investigation with the participation of a total of 76 controls, 42 systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) patients, and 150 patients with sepsis, who were followed-up for 28 days. Circulating TK levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Then, the effect of TK on sepsis-induced endothelial hyperpermeability was evaluated by in vitro study. Results Data showed a gradual increase in TK level among controls and the patients with SIRS, sepsis, and septic shock (0.288±0.097 mg/l vs 0.335±0.149 vs 0.495±0.170 vs 0.531±0.188 mg/l, respectively, P <0.001). Further analysis revealed that plasma TK level was positively associated with the severity and mortality of sepsis and negatively associated with event-free survival during 28 days of follow-up (relative risk, 3.333; 95% CI, 2.255–4.925; p < 0.001). With a septic model of TK and kallistatin in vitro, we found that TK exacerbated sepsis-induced endothelial hyperpermeability by downregulating zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, and these could be reversed by kallistatin, an inhibitor of TK. Conclusion TK can be used in the diagnosis of sepsis and assessment of severity and prognosis of disease. Inhibition of TK may be a novel therapeutic target for sepsis through increasing ZO-1 and VE-cadherin, as well as downregulating endothelial permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ran
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoping Li
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- Laboratory of Platelet and Endothelium Biology, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine (Wuhan No.1 Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxue Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences Division/Cardiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shusheng Li
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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13
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Comparison of Leading Biosensor Technologies to Detect Changes in Human Endothelial Barrier Properties in Response to Pro-Inflammatory TNFα and IL1β in Real-Time. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11050159. [PMID: 34069959 PMCID: PMC8157866 DOI: 10.3390/bios11050159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS), xCELLigence and cellZscope are commercially available instruments that measure the impedance of cellular monolayers. Despite widespread use of these systems individually, direct comparisons between these platforms have not been published. To compare these instruments, the responses of human brain endothelial monolayers to TNFα and IL1β were measured on all three platforms simultaneously. All instruments detected transient changes in impedance in response to the cytokines, although the response magnitude varied, with ECIS being the most sensitive. ECIS and cellZscope were also able to attribute responses to particular endothelial barrier components by modelling the multifrequency impedance data acquired by these instruments; in contrast the limited frequency xCELLigence data cannot be modelled. Consistent with its superior impedance sensing, ECIS exhibited a greater capacity than cellZscope to distinguish between subtle changes in modelled endothelial monolayer properties. The reduced resolving ability of the cellZscope platform may be due to its electrode configuration, which is necessary to allow access to the basolateral compartment, an important advantage of this instrument. Collectively, this work demonstrates that instruments must be carefully selected to ensure they are appropriate for the experimental questions being asked when assessing endothelial barrier properties.
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14
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Kurmann L, Okoniewski M, Ogunshola OO, Leeners B, Imthurn B, Dubey RK. Transcryptomic Analysis of Human Brain-Microvascular Endothelial Response to -Pericytes: Cell Orientation Defines Barrier Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040963. [PMID: 33924251 PMCID: PMC8074760 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes facilitate blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity; however, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Hence, using co-cultures of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular pericytes (PCs) in different spatial arrangements, as well as PC conditioned media, we investigated the impact of PC-EC orientation and PC-derived soluble factors on EC barrier function. We provide the first evidence that barrier-inducing properties of PCs require basolateral contact with ECs. Gene expression analysis (GEA) in ECs co-cultured with PCs versus ECs alone showed significant upregulation of 38 genes and downregulation of 122 genes. Pathway enrichment analysis of modulated genes showed significant regulation of several pathways, including transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-1 regulated extracellular matrix, interferon and interleukin signaling, immune system signaling, receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. Transcriptomic analysis showed a reduction in molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are known to be induced during BBB disruption. Moreover, cytokine proteome array confirmed the downregulation of key pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines on the protein level. Other molecules which influence BBB and were favorably modulated upon EC-PC co-culture include IL-18 binding protein, kallikrein-3, CSF2 CSF3, CXCL10, CXCL11 (downregulated) and IL-1-R4; HGF, PDGF-AB/BB, PECAM, SERPIN E1 (upregulated). In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that (1) basolateral contact between ECs and PCs is essential for EC barrier function and integrity; (2) in ECs co-cultured with PCs, the profile of BBB disrupting pro-inflammatory molecules and cytokines/chemokines is downregulated; (3) PCs significantly modulate EC mechanisms known to improve barrier function, including TGF-β regulated ECM pathway, anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and matrix proteins. This human PC-EC co-culture may serve as a viable in vitro model for investigating BBB function and drug transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kurmann
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (L.K.); (B.L.); (B.I.)
| | | | - Omolara O. Ogunshola
- Zurich Center Integrative Physiology (ZIHP), Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Brigitte Leeners
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (L.K.); (B.L.); (B.I.)
| | - Bruno Imthurn
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (L.K.); (B.L.); (B.I.)
| | - Raghvendra K. Dubey
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (L.K.); (B.L.); (B.I.)
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Zhang Q, Zheng M, Betancourt CE, Liu L, Sitikov A, Sladojevic N, Zhao Q, Zhang JH, Liao JK, Wu R. Increase in Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Permeability Is Regulated by MMP3 via the ERK Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6655122. [PMID: 33859779 PMCID: PMC8026308 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the exchange of molecules between the brain and peripheral blood and is composed primarily of microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs), which form the lining of cerebral blood vessels and are linked via tight junctions (TJs). The BBB is regulated by components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) remodels the ECM's basal lamina, which forms part of the BBB. Oxidative stress is implicated in activation of MMPs and impaired BBB. Thus, we investigated whether MMP3 modulates BBB permeability. METHODS Experiments included in vivo assessments of isoflurane anesthesia and dye extravasation from brain in wild-type (WT) and MMP3-deficient (MMP3-KO) mice, as well as in vitro assessments of the integrity of monolayers of WT and MMP3-KO BMVECs and the expression of junction proteins. RESULTS Compared to WT mice, measurements of isoflurane usage and anesthesia induction time were higher in MMP3-KO mice and lower in WT that had been treated with MMP3 (WT+MMP3), while anesthesia emergence times were shorter in MMP3-KO mice and longer in WT+MMP3 mice than in WT. Extravasation of systemically administered dyes was also lower in MMP3-KO mouse brains and higher in WT+MMP3 mouse brains, than in the brains of WT mice. The results from both TEER and Transwell assays indicated that MMP3 deficiency (or inhibition) increased, while MMP3 upregulation reduced barrier integrity in either BMVEC or the coculture. MMP3 deficiency also increased the abundance of TJs and VE-cadherin proteins in BMVECs, and the protein abundance declined when MMP3 activity was upregulated in BMVECs, but not when the cells were treated with an inhibitor of extracellular signal related-kinase (ERK). CONCLUSION MMP3 increases BBB permeability following the administration of isoflurane by upregulating the ERK signaling pathway, which subsequently reduces TJ and VE-cadherin proteins in BMVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
| | | | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Albert Sitikov
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Nikola Sladojevic
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, USA
| | - John H. Zhang
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - James K. Liao
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Rongxue Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
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16
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Raut B, Chen LJ, Hori T, Kaji H. An Open-Source Add-On EVOM ® Device for Real-Time Transepithelial/Endothelial Electrical Resistance Measurements in Multiple Transwell Samples. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:282. [PMID: 33800233 PMCID: PMC8000980 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study provides design of a low-cost and open source add-on device that enhances the functionality of the popular EVOM® instrument for transepithelial/endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement. The original EVOM® instrument is designed for measuring TEER in transwell samples manually using a pair of Ag/AgCl electrodes. The inconsistency in electrode placement, temperature variation, and a typically large (12-24 h) time interval between measurements result in large data variabilities. Thus, to solve the current limitation of the EVOM® instrument, we built an add-on device using a custom designed electronic board and a 3D printed electrode holder that allowed automated TEER measurements in multiple transwell samples. To demonstrate the functionality of the device prototype, we monitored TEER in 4 transwell samples containing retinal cells (ARPE-19) for 67 h. Furthermore, by monitoring temperature of the cell culture medium, we were able to detect fluctuations in TEER due to temperature change after the medium change process, and were able to correct the data offset. Although we demonstrated the use of our add-on device on EVOM® instrument only, the concept (multiplexing using digitally controlled relays) and hardware (custom data logger) presented here can be applied to more advanced TEER instruments to improve the performance of those devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Raut
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (B.R.); (L.-J.C.); (T.H.)
| | - Li-Jiun Chen
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (B.R.); (L.-J.C.); (T.H.)
| | - Takeshi Hori
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (B.R.); (L.-J.C.); (T.H.)
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (B.R.); (L.-J.C.); (T.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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17
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Weber CM, Clyne AM. Sex differences in the blood-brain barrier and neurodegenerative diseases. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:011509. [PMID: 33758788 PMCID: PMC7968933 DOI: 10.1063/5.0035610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of people diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases is on the rise. Many of these diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and motor neuron disease, demonstrate clear sexual dimorphisms. While sex as a biological variable must now be included in animal studies, sex is rarely included in in vitro models of human neurodegenerative disease. In this Review, we describe these sex-related differences in neurodegenerative diseases and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), whose dysfunction is linked to neurodegenerative disease development and progression. We explain potential mechanisms by which sex and sex hormones affect BBB integrity. Finally, we summarize current in vitro BBB bioengineered models and highlight their potential to study sex differences in BBB integrity and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie M Weber
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Alisa Morss Clyne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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18
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Gong S, Cao G, Li F, Chen Z, Pan X, Ma H, Zhang Y, Yu B, Kou J. Endothelial Conditional Knockdown of NMMHC IIA (Nonmuscle Myosin Heavy Chain IIA) Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Damage During Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Stroke 2021; 52:1053-1064. [PMID: 33588591 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.031410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In ischemic stroke, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) aggravates brain damage. Endothelial detachment contributes to BBB disruption and neurovascular dysfunction, but its regulation in stroke has yet to be clarified. We investigated the function of NMMHC IIA (nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA) in the endothelium on BBB breakdown and its potential mechanisms. METHODS Endothelial conditional knockdown NMMHC IIA (Myh9ECKD) was constructed in vivo and in vitro, and its role was explored in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion-injured mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-injured brain microvascular endothelial cells. The degree of brain injury was analyzed using staining (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, hematoxylin, and eosin) and electron microscopy. BBB breakdown was investigated with leakage of Evans Blue dye and expression of TJs (tight junctions) and MMP (matrix metallopeptidase)-2/9. Transcriptomics for enrichment analysis was adopted to explore the potential downstream signaling pathways of NMMHC IIA involved in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion-induced BBB dysfunction. RESULTS NMMHC IIA expression was upregulated in endothelial cells after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Myh9ECKD mice exhibited improvement in endothelial barrier hyperpermeability and TJs integrity stimulated by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Blebbistatin (NMMHC II inhibitor) treatment exerted the same effect. Transcriptomics showed that NMMHC IIA was involved in regulating various BBB-related genomic changes in the middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model, and NMMHC IIA was confirmed to significantly modulate Hippo and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways, which are closely related to BBB damage. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide some new insights into how NMMHC IIA contributes to maintaining the integrity of the cerebral endothelial barrier. NMMHC IIA could be a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medical, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China (S.G., G.C., F.L., Z.C., X.P., H.M., Y.Z., B.Y., J.K.)
| | - Guosheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medical, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China (S.G., G.C., F.L., Z.C., X.P., H.M., Y.Z., B.Y., J.K.).,College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, PR China (G.C.)
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medical, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China (S.G., G.C., F.L., Z.C., X.P., H.M., Y.Z., B.Y., J.K.)
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medical, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China (S.G., G.C., F.L., Z.C., X.P., H.M., Y.Z., B.Y., J.K.)
| | - Xuewei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medical, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China (S.G., G.C., F.L., Z.C., X.P., H.M., Y.Z., B.Y., J.K.)
| | - Huifen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medical, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China (S.G., G.C., F.L., Z.C., X.P., H.M., Y.Z., B.Y., J.K.)
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medical, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China (S.G., G.C., F.L., Z.C., X.P., H.M., Y.Z., B.Y., J.K.)
| | - Boyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medical, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China (S.G., G.C., F.L., Z.C., X.P., H.M., Y.Z., B.Y., J.K.)
| | - Junping Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medical, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China (S.G., G.C., F.L., Z.C., X.P., H.M., Y.Z., B.Y., J.K.)
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19
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Eustaquio Do Imperio G, Lye P, Bloise E, Matthews SG. Function of Multidrug Resistance Transporters is Disrupted by Infection Mimics in Human Brain Endothelial Cells. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1860616. [PMID: 33427563 PMCID: PMC8078541 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1860616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) modulate the distribution of drugs and toxins across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Animal studies reported that infection-induced disruption of these transporters in the developing BBB impairs fetal brain protection. However, the impact of infection mimics on P-gp/BCRP function in human brain endothelium is less well understood. We hypothesized that Toll-like receptor ligands mimicking bacterial and viral infection would modify the expression and function of P-gp and BCRP in human brain endothelial cells (BECs). Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) were challenged with bacterial [Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and viral-mimics [polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) or single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)], or pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon gamma (IFN)-ɣ. P-gp and BCRP function was assessed after 4 or 24 h, using Calcein-AM and Chlorin-6 assays, respectively. Western blot and qPCR quantified P-gp/ABCB1 and BCRP/ABCG2 expression following treatments. Infection mimics are potent modulators of drug transporters in human BECs in vitro. LPS and PolyI:C increased, while ssRNA exposure reduced P-gp activity. In contrast, LPS and PolyI:C decreased, while ssRNA increased BCRP activity (P < .05). There was little correlation between drug transporter function, gene expression and total protein level. Altered plasma membrane BCRP may suggest modified intracellular trafficking induced by infection in human BECs. Bacterial and viral infection mimics modify P-gp and BCRP transport function in human BECs, in vitro. This knowledge may contribute and have important implications for human brain protection and possible altered biodistribution of drugs and xenobiotics in the brain following exposure to TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phetcharawan Lye
- Sinai Health System, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Enrrico Bloise
- Sinai Health System, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stephen G Matthews
- Sinai Health System, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Zhang L, Graf I, Kuang Y, Zheng X, Haupt M, Majid A, Kilic E, Hermann DM, Psychogios MN, Weber MS, Ochs J, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Neural Progenitor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity by NF-κB (Nuclear Factor-κB)-Dependent Regulation of ABCB1 (ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter B1) in Stroke Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:1127-1145. [PMID: 33327747 PMCID: PMC7901534 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from neural progenitor cells enhance poststroke neurological recovery, albeit the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Since previous research described an enhanced poststroke integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) upon systemic transplantation of neural progenitor cells, we examined if neural progenitor cell-derived EVs affect BBB integrity and which cellular mechanisms are involved in the process. Approach and Results: Using in vitro models of primary brain endothelial cell (EC) cultures as well as co-cultures of brain ECs (ECs) and astrocytes exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation, we examined the effects of EVs or vehicle on microvascular integrity. In vitro data were confirmed using a mouse transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Cultured ECs displayed increased ABCB1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter B1) levels when exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation, which was reversed by treatment with EVs. The latter was due to an EV-induced inhibition of the NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) pathway. Using a BBB co-culture model of ECs and astrocytes exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation, EVs stabilized the BBB and ABCB1 levels without affecting the transcellular electrical resistance of ECs. Likewise, EVs yielded reduced Evans blue extravasation, decreased ABCB1 expression as well as an inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, and downstream matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity in stroke mice. The EV-induced inhibition of the NF-κB pathway resulted in a poststroke modulation of immune responses. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that EVs enhance poststroke BBB integrity via ABCB1 and MMP-9 regulation, attenuating inflammatory cell recruitment by inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Irina Graf
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yaoyun Kuang
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matteo Haupt
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.M.)
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Turkey (E.K., T.R.D.)
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (D.M.H.)
| | | | - Martin S Weber
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology (M.S.W., J.O.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Ochs
- Department of Neuropathology (M.S.W., J.O.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Turkey (E.K., T.R.D.)
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21
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Yuan L, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Peterson BW. Two-Stage Interpretation of Changes in TEER of Intestinal Epithelial Layers Protected by Adhering Bifidobacteria During E. coli Challenges. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:599555. [PMID: 33329490 PMCID: PMC7710611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of gastrointestinal protection by probiotic bacteria against infection involve amongst others, modulation of intestinal epithelial barrier function. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is widely used to evaluate cellular barrier functions. Here, we developed a two-stage interpretative model of the time-dependence of the TEER of epithelial layers grown in a transwell during Escherichia coli challenges in the absence or presence of adhering bifidobacteria. E. coli adhesion in absence or presence of adhering bifidobacteria was enumerated using selective plating. After 4-8 h, E. coli challenges increased TEER to a maximum due to bacterial adhesion and increased expression of a tight-junction protein [zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)], concurrent with a less dense layer structure, that is indicative of mild epithelial layer damage. Before the occurrence of a TEER-maximum, decreases in electrical conductance (i.e., the reciprocal TEER) did not relate with para-cellular dextran-permeability, but after occurrence of a TEER-maximum, dextran-permeability and conductance increased linearly, indicative of more severe epithelial layer damage. Within 24 h after the occurrence of a TEER maximum, TEER decreased to below the level of unchallenged epithelial layers demonstrating microscopically observable holes and apoptosis. Under probiotic protection by adhering bifidobacteria, TEER-maxima were delayed or decreased in magnitude due to later transition from mild to severe damage, but similar linear relations between conductance and dextran permeability were observed as in absence of adhering bifidobacteria. Based on the time-dependence of the TEER and the relation between conductance and dextran-permeability, it is proposed that bacterial adhesion to epithelial layers first causes mild damage, followed by more severe damage after the occurrence of a TEER-maximum. The mild damage caused by E. coli prior to the occurrence of TEER maxima was reversible upon antibiotic treatment, but the severe damage after occurrence of TEER maxima could not be reverted by antibiotic treatment. Thus, single-time TEER is interpretable in two ways, depending whether increasing to or decreasing from its maximum. Adhering bifidobacteria elongate the time-window available for antibiotic treatment to repair initial pathogen damage to intestinal epithelial layers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brandon W. Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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22
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Yuan Q, Wang JX, Li RL, Jia ZZ, Wang SX, Guo H, Chai LJ, Hu LM. Effects of salvianolate lyophilized injection combined with Xueshuantong injection in regulation of BBB function in a co-culture model of endothelial cells and pericytes. Brain Res 2020; 1751:147185. [PMID: 33129805 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of two or more different drugs can better promote nerve recovery and its prognosis for treatment of stroke. The salvianolate lyophilized injection (SLI) and Xueshuantong Injection (XST) are two standardized Chinese medicine injections which have been widely used in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) and Notoginsenoside R1 (NR1) is respectively one of the active constituents of SLI and XST, which have certain effects on stroke. In this study, we established a co-culture of endothelial cells and pericytes for oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury model to study the effects of SLI and Sal B or XST and NR1 alone, or with their combinations (1S1X) in regulation of BBB function. The results showed that compared with the OGD/R group, treatment with SLI, XST and SalB and NR1 can significantly increase the TEER, reduce the permeability of Na-Flu, enhance the expression of tight junctions (TJs) between cells, and stabilize the basement membrane (BM) composition. In addition, the combination of 1S1X is superior to the XST or SLI alone in enhancing the TJs between cells and stabilizing the BM. And the active components SalB and NR1 can play a strong role in these two aspects, even with the whole effects. Furthermore, the study showed that XST, Sal B and NR1 increases in Ang-1and Tie2, while decrease in Ang-2 and VEGF protein expressions. Overall, these findings suggest that SLI combined with XST (1X1S) has protective effects on co-culture of endothelial cells and pericytes after OGD/R. Moreover, its protective effect might be associated with increase of TJs and BMs through activation of Ang/Tie-2 system signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin-Xin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Zhuang-Zhuang Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shao-Xia Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Juan Chai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Li-Min Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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23
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Mutgan AC, Jandl K, Kwapiszewska G. Endothelial Basement Membrane Components and Their Products, Matrikines: Active Drivers of Pulmonary Hypertension? Cells 2020; 9:cells9092029. [PMID: 32899187 PMCID: PMC7563239 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a vascular disease that is characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) due to progressive vascular remodeling. Extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in pulmonary arteries (PA) is one of the key features of vascular remodeling. Emerging evidence indicates that the basement membrane (BM), a specialized cluster of ECM proteins underlying the endothelium, may be actively involved in the progression of vascular remodeling. The BM and its steady turnover are pivotal for maintaining appropriate vascular functions. However, the pathologically elevated turnover of BM components leads to an increased release of biologically active short fragments, which are called matrikines. Both BM components and their matrikines can interfere with pivotal biological processes, such as survival, proliferation, adhesion, and migration and thus may actively contribute to endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the emerging role of the BM and its matrikines on the vascular endothelium and further discuss its implications on lung vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Ceren Mutgan
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Correspondence:
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24
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Bhattacharya A, Kaushik DK, Lozinski BM, Yong VW. Beyond barrier functions: Roles of pericytes in homeostasis and regulation of neuroinflammation. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2390-2405. [PMID: 32815569 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes are contractile cells that extend along the vasculature to mediate key homeostatic functions of endothelial barriers within the body. In the central nervous system (CNS), pericytes are important contributors to the structure and function of the neurovascular unit, which includes endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons. The understanding of pericytes has been marred by an inability to accurately distinguish pericytes from other stromal cells with similar expression of identifying markers. Evidence is now growing in favor of pericytes being actively involved in both CNS homeostasis and pathology of neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and Alzheimer's disease among others. In this review, we discuss the current understanding on the characterization of pericytes, their roles in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and their contributions to neuroinflammation and neurorepair. Owing to its plethora of surface receptors, pericytes respond to inflammatory mediators such as CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α, in turn secreting CCL2, nitric oxide, and several cytokines. Pericytes can therefore act as promoters of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Much like professional phagocytes, pericytes also have the ability to clear up cellular debris and macromolecular plaques. Moreover, pericytes promote the activities of CNS glia, including in maturation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells for myelination. Conversely, pericytes can impair regenerative processes by contributing to scar formation. A better characterization of CNS pericytes and their functions would bode well for therapeutics aimed at alleviating their undesirable properties and enhancing their benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Bhattacharya
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Deepak Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Brian Mark Lozinski
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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25
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Ferro MP, Heilshorn SC, Owens RM. Materials for blood brain barrier modeling in vitro. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. R, REPORTS : A REVIEW JOURNAL 2020; 140:100522. [PMID: 33551572 PMCID: PMC7864217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2019.100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain homeostasis relies on the selective permeability property of the blood brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is formed by a continuous endothelium that regulates exchange between the blood stream and the brain. This physiological barrier also creates a challenge for the treatment of neurological diseases as it prevents most blood circulating drugs from entering into the brain. In vitro cell models aim to reproduce BBB functionality and predict the passage of active compounds through the barrier. In such systems, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are cultured in contact with various biomaterial substrates. However, BMEC interactions with these biomaterials and their impact on BBB functions are poorly described in the literature. Here we review the most common materials used to culture BMECs and discuss their potential impact on BBB integrity in vitro. We investigate the biophysical properties of these biomaterials including stiffness, porosity and material degradability. We highlight a range of synthetic and natural materials and present three categories of cell culture dimensions: cell monolayers covering non-degradable materials (2D), cell monolayers covering degradable materials (2.5D) and vascularized systems developing into degradable materials (3D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali P. Ferro
- Department of Bioelectronics, Mines Saint-Étienne, 880 route de Mimet, F-13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Roisin M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB30AS, Cambridge, UK
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26
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Gray KM, Jung JW, Inglut CT, Huang HC, Stroka KM. Quantitatively relating brain endothelial cell-cell junction phenotype to global and local barrier properties under varied culture conditions via the Junction Analyzer Program. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:16. [PMID: 32046757 PMCID: PMC7014765 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-0177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endothelial cell-cell junctions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) play a pivotal role in the barrier's function. Altered cell-cell junctions can lead to barrier dysfunction and have been implicated in several diseases. Despite this, the driving forces regulating junctional protein presentation remain relatively understudied, largely due to the lack of efficient techniques to quantify their presentation at sites of cell-cell adhesion. Here, we used our novel Junction Analyzer Program (JAnaP) to quantify junction phenotype (i.e., continuous, punctate, or perpendicular) in response to various substrate compositions, cell culture times, and cAMP treatments in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). We then quantitatively correlated junction presentation with barrier permeability on both a "global" and "local" scale. METHODS We cultured HBMECs on collagen I, fibronectin, collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin/collagen IV/laminin, or hyaluronic acid/gelatin for 2, 4, and 7 days with varying cAMP treatment schedules. Images of immunostained ZO-1, VE-cadherin, and claudin-5 were analyzed using the JAnaP to calculate the percent of the cell perimeter presenting continuous, punctate, or perpendicular junctions. Transwell permeability assays and resistance measurements were used to measure bulk ("global") barrier properties, and a "local" permeability assay was used to correlate junction presentation proximal to permeable monolayer regions. RESULTS Substrate composition was found to play little role in junction presentation, while cAMP supplements significantly increased the continuous junction architecture. Increased culture time required increased cAMP treatment time to reach similar ZO-1 and VE-cadherin coverage observed with shorter culture, though longer cultures were required for claudin-5 presentation. Prolonged cAMP treatment (6 days) disrupted junction integrity for all three junction proteins. Transwell permeability and TEER assays showed no correlation with junction phenotype, but a local permeability assay revealed a correlation between the number of discontinuous and no junction regions with barrier penetration. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cAMP signaling influences HBMEC junction architecture more than matrix composition. Our studies emphasized the need for local barrier measurement to mechanistically understand the role of junction phenotype and supported previous results that continuous junctions are indicative of a more mature/stable endothelial barrier. Understanding what conditions influence junction presentations, and how they, in turn, affect barrier integrity, could lead to the development of therapeutics for diseases associated with BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Gray
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, 3110 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jae W Jung
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, 3110 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Collin T Inglut
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, 3110 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Huang-Chiao Huang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, 3110 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kimberly M Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, 3110 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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27
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Leite DM, Zvar Baskovic B, Civita P, Neto C, Gumbleton M, Pilkington GJ. A human co-culture cell model incorporating microglia supports glioblastoma growth and migration, and confers resistance to cytotoxics. FASEB J 2019; 34:1710-1727. [PMID: 31914660 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901858rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the tumor microenvironment in regulating tumor progression, few in vitro models have been developed to understand the effects of non-neoplastic cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) on drug resistance in glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Using CellTrace-labeled human GBM and microglial (MG) cells, we established a 2D co-culture including various ratios of the two cell types. Viability, proliferation, migration, and drug response assays were carried out to assess the role of MG. A 3D model was then established using a hyaluronic acid-gelatin hydrogel to culture a mixture of GBM and MG and evaluate drug resistance. A contact co-culture of fluorescently labeled GBM and MG demonstrated that MG cells modestly promoted tumor cell proliferation (17%-30% increase) and greater migration of GBM cells (>1.5-fold increase). Notably, the presence of MG elicited drug resistance even when in a low ratio (10%-20%) relative to co-cultured tumor cells. The protective effect of MG on GBM was greater in the 3D model (>100% survival of GBM when challenged with cytotoxics). This new 3D human model demonstrated the influence of non-neoplastic cells and matrix on chemoresistance of GBM cells to three agents with different mechanisms of action suggesting that such sophisticated in vitro approaches may facilitate improved preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Leite
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Prospero Civita
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.,Genomics Section, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Pisa, Italy
| | - Catia Neto
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark Gumbleton
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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28
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Civita P, M. Leite D, Pilkington GJ. Pre-Clinical Drug Testing in 2D and 3D Human In Vitro Models of Glioblastoma Incorporating Non-Neoplastic Astrocytes: Tunneling Nano Tubules and Mitochondrial Transfer Modulates Cell Behavior and Therapeutic Respons. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6017. [PMID: 31795330 PMCID: PMC6929151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of astrocytes in the glioblastoma (GBM) microenvironment is poorly understood; particularly with regard to cell invasion and drug resistance. To assess this role of astrocytes in GBMs we established an all human 2D co-culture model and a 3D hyaluronic acid-gelatin based hydrogel model (HyStem™-HP) with different ratios of GBM cells to astrocytes. A contact co-culture of fluorescently labelled GBM cells and astrocytes showed that the latter promotes tumour growth and migration of GBM cells. Notably, the presence of non-neoplastic astrocytes in direct contact, even in low amounts in co-culture, elicited drug resistance in GBM. Recent studies showed that non-neoplastic cells can transfer mitochondria along tunneling nanotubes (TNT) and rescue damaged target cancer cells. In these studies, we explored TNT formation and mitochondrial transfer using 2D and 3D in vitro co-culture models of GBM and astrocytes. TNT formation occurs in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive "reactive" astrocytes after 48 h co-culture and the increase of TNT formations was greater in 3D hyaluronic acid-gelatin based hydrogel models. This study shows that human astrocytes in the tumour microenvironment, both in 2D and 3D in vitro co-culture models, could form TNT connections with GBM cells. We postulate that the association on TNT delivery non-neoplastic mitochondria via a TNT connection may be related to GBM drug response as well as proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prospero Civita
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK;
| | - Diana M. Leite
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK;
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Christopher Ingold Building, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Geoffrey J. Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK;
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29
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Park BU, Park SM, Lee KP, Lee SJ, Nam YE, Park HS, Eom S, Lim JO, Kim DS, Kim HK. Collagen immobilization on ultra-thin nanofiber membrane to promote in vitro endothelial monolayer formation. J Tissue Eng 2019; 10:2041731419887833. [PMID: 31762986 PMCID: PMC6856979 DOI: 10.1177/2041731419887833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelialization on the poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofiber has been limited due to its low hydrophilicity. The aim of this study was to immobilize collagen on an ultra-thin poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofiber membrane without altering the nanofiber structure and maintaining the endothelial cell homeostasis on it. We immobilized collagen on the poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofiber using hydrolysis by NaOH treatment and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/sulfo-N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide reaction as a cost-effective and stable approach. NaOH was first applied to render the poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofiber hydrophilic. Subsequently, collagen was immobilized on the surface of the poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofibers using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/sulfo-N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy were used to verify stable collagen immobilization on the surface of the poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofibers and the maintenance of the original structure of poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofibers. Furthermore, human endothelial cells were cultured on the collagen-immobilized poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofiber membrane and expressed tight junction proteins with the increase in transendothelial electrical resistance, which demonstrated the maintenance of the endothelial cell homeostasis on the collagen-immobilized-poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofiber membrane. Thus, we expected that this process would be promising for maintaining cell homeostasis on the ultra-thin poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofiber scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Ung Park
- Bio-Medical Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital (KNUH), Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Pil Lee
- Bio-Medical Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital (KNUH), Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seong Jin Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Yu Eun Nam
- Bio-Medical Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital (KNUH), Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Han Sang Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seongsu Eom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ok Lim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Sung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Hong Kyun Kim
- Bio-Medical Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital (KNUH), Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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30
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Aasen SN, Espedal H, Holte CF, Keunen O, Karlsen TV, Tenstad O, Maherally Z, Miletic H, Hoang T, Eikeland AV, Baghirov H, Olberg DE, Pilkington GJ, Sarkar G, Jenkins RB, Sundstrøm T, Bjerkvig R, Thorsen F. Improved Drug Delivery to Brain Metastases by Peptide-Mediated Permeabilization of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:2171-2181. [PMID: 31467182 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with melanoma have a high risk of developing brain metastasis, which is associated with a dismal prognosis. During early stages of metastasis development, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is likely intact, which inhibits sufficient drug delivery into the metastatic lesions. We investigated the ability of the peptide, K16ApoE, to permeabilize the BBB for improved treatment with targeted therapies preclinically. Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) was carried out on NOD/SCID mice to study the therapeutic window of peptide-mediated BBB permeabilization. Further, both in vivo and in vitro assays were used to determine K16ApoE toxicity and to obtain mechanistic insight into its action on the BBB. The therapeutic impact of K16ApoE on metastases was evaluated combined with the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor dabrafenib, targeting BRAF mutated melanoma cells, which is otherwise known not to cross the intact BBB. Our results from the DCE-MRI experiments showed effective K16ApoE-mediated BBB permeabilization lasting for up to 1 hour. Mechanistic studies showed a dose-dependent effect of K16ApoE caused by induction of endocytosis. At concentrations above IC50, the peptide additionally showed nonspecific disturbances on plasma membranes. Combined treatment with K16ApoE and dabrafenib reduced the brain metastatic burden in mice and increased animal survival, and PET/CT showed that the peptide also facilitated the delivery of compounds with molecular weights as large as 150 kDa into the brain. To conclude, we demonstrate a transient permeabilization of the BBB, caused by K16ApoE, that facilitates enhanced drug delivery into the brain. This improves the efficacy of drugs that otherwise do not cross the intact BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synnøve Nymark Aasen
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biomedicine, Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidi Espedal
- Department of Biomedicine, Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christopher Florian Holte
- Department of Biomedicine, Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olivier Keunen
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Olav Tenstad
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Zaynah Maherally
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tuyen Hoang
- Department of Biomedicine, Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Habib Baghirov
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dag Erlend Olberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Cyclotron Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geoffrey John Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Gobinda Sarkar
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert B Jenkins
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Terje Sundstrøm
- Department of Biomedicine, Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Biomedicine, Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Frits Thorsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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31
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Zhang Y, Ding X, Miao C, Chen J. Propofol attenuated TNF-α-modulated occludin expression by inhibiting Hif-1α/ VEGF/ VEGFR-2/ ERK signaling pathway in hCMEC/D3 cells. BMC Anesthesiol 2019; 19:127. [PMID: 31288745 PMCID: PMC6617648 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-019-0788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The levels of tight junction proteins (TJs), especially occludin, correlate with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption caused by inflammation in central nervous system (CNS). It has been reported that propofol, the most commonly used anesthetic, could inhibit inflammation response in CNS. In this study, we investigated the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and propofol on occludin expression in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line, D3 clone (hCMEC/D3 cells), and explored the underlying mechanisms. Methods The hCMEC/D3 cells were treated with propofol, followed by TNF-α. The expression and phosphorylation of Hif-1α, VEGF, VEGFR-2, ERK, p38MAPK and occludin were measured by Western blot analysis. The cell viability of hCMEC/D3 cells was measured by cell counting kit-8. Results TNF-α (10 ng/ml, 4 h) significantly decreased the expression of occludin, which was attenuated by propofol (25 μM). TNF-α induced Hif-1α/VEGF/VEGFR-2/ERK signaling pathway, while propofol could inhibit it. TNF-α induced the phosphorylation of p38MAPK, while propofol had no effect on it. In addition, the inhibitors of Hif-1α, VEGFR-2, and ERK could reduce the effect of TNF-α on occludin expression. Conclusion TNF-α could decrease the expression of occludin via activating Hif-1α/ VEGF/ VEGFR-2/ ERK signaling pathway, which was attenuated by propofol. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12871-019-0788-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaowei Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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32
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Jassam SA, Maherally Z, Ashkan K, Pilkington GJ, Fillmore HL. Fucosyltransferase 4 and 7 mediates adhesion of non-small cell lung cancer cells to brain-derived endothelial cells and results in modification of the blood-brain-barrier: in vitro investigation of CD15 and CD15s in lung-to-brain metastasis. J Neurooncol 2019; 143:405-415. [PMID: 31104223 PMCID: PMC6591197 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastatic non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancer represents one of the most common types of brain metastasis. The mechanisms involved in how circulating cancer cells transmigrate into brain parenchyma are not fully understood. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of fucosylated carbohydrate epitopes CD15 and sialyated CD15s in cancer adhesion to brain-derived endothelial cells and determine their influence in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption METHODS: Three distinct, independent methods were used to measure brain endothelial integrity and include voltohmmeter (EVOM™), impedance spectroscopy (CellZscope®) and electric cell-substrate impedance sensing system (ECIS™). Two fucosyltransferases (FUT4 and 7) responsible for CD15 and CD15s synthesis were modulated in four human cancer cell lines (three lung cancer and one glioma). RESULTS Overexpression of CD15 or CD15s epitopes led to increase in adhesion of cancer cells to cerebral endothelial cells compared with wild-type and cells with silenced CD15 or CD15s (p < 0.01). This overexpression led to the disruption of cerebral endothelial cell monolayers (p < 0.01). Knockdown of FUT4 and FUT7 in metastatic cancer cells prevented disruption of an in vitro BBB model. Surprisingly, although the cells characterised as 'non-metastatic', they became 'metastatic' -like when cells were forced to over-express either FUT4 or FUT7. CONCLUSIONS Results from these studies suggest that overexpression of CD15 and CD15s could potentiate the transmigration of circulating NSCLC cells into the brain. The clinical significance of these studies includes the possible use of these epitopes as biomarkers for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah A Jassam
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, P01 2DT, UK
| | - Zaynah Maherally
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, P01 2DT, UK
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Neuro-Surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, P01 2DT, UK
| | - Helen L Fillmore
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, P01 2DT, UK.
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33
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In Vitro Models for Studying Transport Across Epithelial Tissue Barriers. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 47:1-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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34
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Jassam SA, Maherally Z, Smith JR, Ashkan K, Roncaroli F, Fillmore HL, Pilkington GJ. CD15s/CD62E Interaction Mediates the Adhesion of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells on Brain Endothelial Cells: Implications for Cerebral Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071474. [PMID: 28698503 PMCID: PMC5535965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the cell adhesion molecule (CAM), Sialyl Lewis X (CD15s) correlates with cancer metastasis, while expression of E-selectin (CD62E) is stimulated by TNF-α. CD15s/CD62E interaction plays a key role in the homing process of circulating leukocytes. We investigated the heterophilic interaction of CD15s and CD62E in brain metastasis-related cancer cell adhesion. CD15s and CD62E were characterised in human brain endothelium (hCMEC/D3), primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (COR-L105 and A549) and metastatic NSCLC (SEBTA-001 and NCI-H1299) using immunocytochemistry, Western blotting, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry in human brain tissue sections. TNF-α (25 pg/mL) stimulated extracellular expression of CD62E while adhesion assays, under both static and physiological flow live-cell conditions, explored the effect of CD15s-mAb immunoblocking on adhesion of cancer cell–brain endothelium. CD15s was faintly expressed on hCMEC/D3, while high levels were observed on primary NSCLC cells with expression highest on metastatic NSCLC cells (p < 0.001). CD62E was highly expressed on hCMEC/D3 cells activated with TNF-α, with lower levels on primary and metastatic NSCLC cells. CD15s and CD62E were expressed on lung metastatic brain biopsies. CD15s/CD62E interaction was localised at adhesion sites of cancer cell–brain endothelium. CD15s immunoblocking significantly decreased cancer cell adhesion to brain endothelium under static and shear stress conditions (p < 0.001), highlighting the role of CD15s–CD62E interaction in brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah A Jassam
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Zaynah Maherally
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - James R Smith
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Neuro-Surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK.
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Helen L Fillmore
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
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