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Allsopp GL, Britto FA, Wright CR, Deldicque L. The Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on the Acute Physiological Responses to Resistance Training: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00519. [PMID: 39178049 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Allsopp, GL, Britto, FA, Wright, CR, and Deldicque, L. The effects of normobaric hypoxia on the acute physiological responses to resistance training: a narrative review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Athletes have used altitude training for many years as a strategy to improve endurance performance. The use of resistance training in simulated altitude (normobaric hypoxia) is a growing strategy that aims to improve the hypertrophy and strength adaptations to training. An increasing breadth of research has characterized the acute physiological responses to resistance training in hypoxia, often with the goal to elucidate the mechanisms by which hypoxia may improve the training adaptations. There is currently no consensus on the overall effectiveness of hypoxic resistance training for strength and hypertrophy adaptations, nor the underlying biochemical pathways involved. There are, however, numerous interesting physiological responses that are amplified by performing resistance training in hypoxia. These include potential changes to the energy system contribution to exercise and alterations to the level of metabolic stress, hormone and cytokine production, autonomic regulation, and other hypoxia-induced cellular pathways. This review describes the foundational exercise physiology underpinning the acute responses to resistance training in normobaric hypoxia, potential applications to clinical populations, including training considerations for athletic populations. The review also presents a summary of the ideal training parameters to promote metabolic stress and associated training adaptations. There are currently many gaps in our understanding of the physiological responses to hypoxic resistance training, partly caused by the infancy of the research field and diversity of hypoxic and training parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle L Allsopp
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Craig R Wright
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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2
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Benavente C, Padial P, Scott BR, Almeida F, Olcina G, Pérez-Regalado S, Feriche B. Strength and muscle mass development after a resistance-training period at terrestrial and normobaric intermittent hypoxia. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1221-1233. [PMID: 38916665 PMCID: PMC11271399 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a resistance training (RT) period at terrestrial (HH) and normobaric hypoxia (NH) on both muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength development with respect to the same training in normoxia (N). Thirty-three strength-trained males were assigned to N (FiO2 = 20.9%), HH (2,320 m asl) or NH (FiO2 = 15.9%). The participants completed an 8-week RT program (3 sessions/week) of a full body routine. Muscle thickness of the lower limb and 1RM in back squat were assessed before and after the training program. Blood markers of stress, inflammation (IL-6) and muscle growth (% active mTOR, myostatin and miRNA-206) were measured before and after the first and last session of the program. Findings revealed all groups improved 1RM, though this was most enhanced by RT in NH (p = 0.026). According to the moderate to large excess of the exercise-induced stress response (lactate and Ca2+) in HH and N, results only displayed increases in muscle thickness in these two conditions over NH (ES > 1.22). Compared with the rest of the environmental conditions, small to large increments in % active mTOR were only found in HH, and IL-6, myostatin and miR-206 in NH throughout the training period. In conclusion, the results do not support the expected additional benefit of RT under hypoxia compared to N on muscle growth, although it seems to favour gains in strength. The greater muscle growth achieved in HH over NH confirms the impact of the type of hypoxia on the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - P Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - B R Scott
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- PHysical Activity, Sport and Exercise (PHASE) Research Group, School of Allied Health (Exercise Science), Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - F Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - G Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - S Pérez-Regalado
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - B Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Pérez-Regalado S, León J, Padial P, Benavente C, Puentes-Pardo JD, Almeida F, Feriche B. Effect of a resistance exercise at acute moderate altitude on muscle health biomarkers. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:49-57. [PMID: 37816992 PMCID: PMC10758362 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The intensification of the stress response during resistance training (RT) under hypoxia conditions could trigger unwanted effects that compromise muscle health and, therefore, the ability of the muscle to adapt to longer training periods. We examined the effect of acute moderate terrestrial hypoxia on metabolic, inflammation, antioxidant capacity and muscle atrophy biomarkers after a single RT session in a young male population. Twenty healthy volunteers allocated to the normoxia (N < 700 m asl) or moderate altitude (HH = 2320 m asl) group participated in this study. Before and throughout the 30 min following the RT session (3 × 10 reps, 90 s rest, 70% 1RM), venous blood samples were taken and analysed for circulating calcium, inorganic phosphate, cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and myostatin. Main results displayed a marked metabolic stress response after the RT in both conditions. A large to very large proportional increase in the adjusted to pre-exercise change of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers favoured HH (serum TNF-α [ES = 1.10; p = 0.024] and IL-10 [ES = 1.31; p = 0.009]). The exercise produced a similar moderate increment of myostatin in both groups, followed by a moderate non-significant reduction in HH throughout the recovery (ES = - 0.72; p = 0.21). The RT slightly increased the antioxidant response regardless of the environmental condition. These results revealed no clear impact of RT under acute hypoxia on the metabolic, TAC and muscle atrophy biomarkers. However, a coordinated pro/anti-inflammatory response balances the potentiated effect of RT on systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pérez-Regalado
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Josefa León
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive System, San Cecilio Hospital, Ibs.GRANADA, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose D Puentes-Pardo
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive System, San Cecilio Hospital, Ibs.GRANADA, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain.
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4
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Khalafi M, Sakhaei MH, Symonds ME, Noori Mofrad SR, Liu Y, Korivi M. Impact of Exercise in Hypoxia on Inflammatory Cytokines in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:50. [PMID: 37382855 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both acute exercise and environmental hypoxia may elevate inflammatory cytokines, but the inflammatory response in the hypoxic exercise is remaining unknown. OBJECTIVE We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of exercise in hypoxia on inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10. METHODS PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched to identify the original articles that compared the effect of exercise in hypoxia with normoxia on IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 changes, published up to March 2023. Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random effect model to (1) determine the effect of exercise in hypoxia, (2) determine the effect of exercise in normoxia and (3) compare the effect of exercise in hypoxia with normoxia on IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 responses. RESULTS Twenty-three studies involving 243 healthy, trained and athlete subjects with a mean age range from 19.8 to 41.0 years were included in our meta-analysis. On comparing exercise in hypoxia with normoxia, no differences were found in the response of IL-6 [0.17 (95% CI - 0.08 to 0.43), p = 0.17] and TNF-α [0.17 (95% CI - 0.10 to 0.46), p = 0.21] between the conditions. Exercise in hypoxia significantly increased IL-10 concentration [0.60 (95% CI 0.17 to 1.03), p = 0.006] compared with normoxia. In addition, exercise during both hypoxia and normoxia increased IL-6 and IL-10, whereas TNF-α was increased only in hypoxic exercise condition. CONCLUSION Overall, exercise in both hypoxia and normoxia increased inflammatory cytokines; however, hypoxic exercise may lead to a greater inflammatory response in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sakhaei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Centre for Perinatal Research, Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Saeid Reza Noori Mofrad
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Yubo Liu
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City, 321004, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City, 321004, Zhejiang, China.
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Horwath O, Nordström F, von Walden F, Apró W, Moberg M. Acute hypoxia attenuates resistance exercise-induced ribosome signaling but does not impact satellite cell pool expansion in human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22811. [PMID: 36786723 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202065rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Cumulative evidence supports the hypothesis that hypoxia acts as a regulator of muscle mass. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood, particularly in human muscle. Here we examined the effect of hypoxia on signaling pathways related to ribosome biogenesis and myogenic activity following an acute bout of resistance exercise. We also investigated whether hypoxia influenced the satellite cell response to resistance exercise. Employing a randomized, crossover design, eight men performed resistance exercise in normoxia (FiO2 21%) or normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 12%). Muscle biopsies were collected in a time-course manner (before, 0, 90, 180 min and 24 h after exercise) and were analyzed with respect to cell signaling, gene expression and satellite cell content using immunoblotting, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. In normoxia, resistance exercise increased the phosphorylation of RPS6, TIF-1A and UBF above resting levels. Hypoxia reduced the phosphorylation of these targets by ~37%, ~43% and ~ 67% throughout the recovery period, respectively (p < .05 vs. normoxia). Resistance exercise also increased 45 S pre-rRNA expression and mRNA expression of c-Myc, Pol I and TAF-1A above resting levels, but no differences were observed between conditions. Similarly, resistance exercise increased mRNA expression of myogenic regulatory factors throughout the recovery period and Pax7+ cells were elevated 24 h following exercise in mixed and type II muscle fibers, with no differences observed between normoxia and hypoxia. In conclusion, acute hypoxia attenuates ribosome signaling, but does not impact satellite cell pool expansion and myogenic gene expression following a bout of resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Horwath
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabian Nordström
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferdinand von Walden
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Apró
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Marcus Moberg
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Tee CCL, Cooke MB, Chong MC, Yeo WK, Camera DM. Mechanisms for Combined Hypoxic Conditioning and Divergent Exercise Modes to Regulate Inflammation, Body Composition, Appetite, and Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:327-348. [PMID: 36441492 PMCID: PMC9877079 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health issue and a primary risk factor for metabolic-related disorders. While physical inactivity is one of the main contributors to obesity, it is a modifiable risk factor with exercise training as an established non-pharmacological treatment to prevent the onset of metabolic-related disorders, including obesity. Exposure to hypoxia via normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude via reduced inspired oxygen fraction), termed hypoxic conditioning, in combination with exercise has been increasingly shown in the last decade to enhance blood glucose regulation and decrease the body mass index, providing a feasible strategy to treat obesity. However, there is no current consensus in the literature regarding the optimal combination of exercise variables such as the mode, duration, and intensity of exercise, as well as the level of hypoxia to maximize fat loss and overall body compositional changes with hypoxic conditioning. In this narrative review, we discuss the effects of such diverse exercise and hypoxic variables on the systematic and myocellular mechanisms, along with physiological responses, implicated in the development of obesity. These include markers of appetite regulation and inflammation, body conformational changes, and blood glucose regulation. As such, we consolidate findings from human studies to provide greater clarity for implementing hypoxic conditioning with exercise as a safe, practical, and effective treatment strategy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Matthew B Cooke
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
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Zhou Y, Liu X, Wu W. Mapping the global research landscape and hotspot of exercise therapy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A bibliometric study based on the web of science database from 2011 to 2020. Front Physiol 2022; 13:947637. [PMID: 36035492 PMCID: PMC9403760 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.947637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The application of exercise therapy (ET) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is generating increasing clinical efficacy and social-economic value. In this study, research trends, evolutionary processes and hot topics in this field are detailed, as well as predictions of future development directions.Methods: Search for literature in the field of COPD and ET and analyze data to generate knowledge graphs using VOSiewer and CiteSpace software. The time frame for the search was from 2011 to January 2021. Then we extracted full-text key information (such as title, journal category, publication date, author, country and institution, abstract, and keyword) and obtained the co-citation analysis. Use hierarchal clustering analysis software developed by VOSviewer to map common citations, and use Citespace software to plot trend networks.Results: The United States topped the list with 27.91% of the number of articles posted, followed by the UK at 25.44%. Imperial College London was the highest number of article publications in institutions, followed by Maastricht University and the University of Toronto. The Royal Brompton Harefield NHS Foundation Trust was one of many research institutions and currently holds the highest average citations per item (ACI) value, followed by Imperial College London and the University of Leuven. Judging from the number of publications related to ET and COPD, it is mainly published in cell biology, respiratory pulmonary diseases, and rehabilitation experiments study medicine. The European Respiration Journal is the most widely published in this field, followed by the International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Respiratory Medicine.Conclusion: COPD combined with ET is widely used in clinical practice and is on the rise. A distinctive feature of the field is multidisciplinary integration. Rehabilitation research for COPD involves multidisciplinary collaboration, tissue engineering, and molecular biology mechanism studies to help patients remodel healthy breathing. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation measures provide a solid foundation for advancing clinical efficacy in the field of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaodan Liu, ; Weibing Wu,
| | - Weibing Wu
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaodan Liu, ; Weibing Wu,
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Hashchyshyn V, Tymochko-Voloshyn R, Paraniak N, Vovkanych L, Hlozhyk I, Trach V, Muzyka F, Serafyn Y, Prystupa E, Boretsky Y. Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle Fibers and Regulation of Myosatellitocytes Metabolism. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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van Doorslaer de Ten Ryen S, Warnier G, Gnimassou O, Belhaj MR, Benoit N, Naslain D, Brook MS, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Nielens H, Atherton PJ, Francaux M, Deldicque L. Higher strength gain after hypoxic vs normoxic resistance training despite no changes in muscle thickness and fractional protein synthetic rate. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21773. [PMID: 34324735 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100654rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute hypoxia has previously been suggested to potentiate resistance training-induced hypertrophy by activating satellite cell-dependent myogenesis rather than an improvement in protein balance in human. Here, we tested this hypothesis after a 4-week hypoxic vs normoxic resistance training protocol. For that purpose, 19 physically active male subjects were recruited to perform 6 sets of 10 repetitions of a one-leg knee extension exercise at 80% 1-RM 3 times/week for 4 weeks in normoxia (FiO2 : 0.21; n = 9) or in hypoxia (FiO2 : 0.135, n = 10). Blood and skeletal muscle samples were taken before and after the training period. Muscle fractional protein synthetic rate was measured over the whole period by deuterium incorporation into the protein pool and muscle thickness by ultrasound. At the end of the training protocol, the strength gain was higher in the hypoxic vs the normoxic group despite no changes in muscle thickness and in the fractional protein synthetic rate. Only early myogenesis, as assessed by higher MyoD and Myf5 mRNA levels, appeared to be enhanced by hypoxia compared to normoxia. No effects were found on myosin heavy chain expression, markers of oxidative metabolism and lactate transport in the skeletal muscle. Though the present study failed to unravel clearly the mechanisms by which hypoxic resistance training is particularly potent to increase muscle strength, it is important message to keep in mind that this training strategy could be effective for all athletes looking at developing and optimizing their maximal muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mehdi R Belhaj
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Benoit
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Damien Naslain
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Matthew S Brook
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Henri Nielens
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Hormonal and Inflammatory Responses to Hypertrophy-Oriented Resistance Training at Acute Moderate Altitude. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084233. [PMID: 33923577 PMCID: PMC8072638 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a traditional hypertrophy-oriented resistance training (RT) session at acute terrestrial hypoxia on inflammatory, hormonal, and the expression of miR-378 responses associated with muscular gains. In a counterbalanced fashion, 13 resistance trained males completed a hypertrophic RT session at both moderate-altitude (H; 2320 m asl) and under normoxic conditions (N; <700 m asl). Venous blood samples were taken before and throughout the 30 min post-exercise period for determination of cytokines (IL6, IL10, TNFα), hormones (growth hormone [GH], cortisol [C], testosterone), and miR-378. Both exercise conditions stimulated GH and C release, while miR-378, testosterone, and inflammatory responses remained near basal conditions. At H, the RT session produced a moderate to large but nonsignificant increase in the absolute peak values of the studied cytokines. miR-378 revealed a moderate association with GH (r = 0.65; p = 0.026 and r = −0.59; p = 0.051 in N and H, respectively) and C (r = 0.61; p = 0.035 and r = 0.75; p = 0.005 in N and H, respectively). The results suggest that a RT session at H does not differentially affect the hormonal, inflammatory, and miR-378 responses compared to N. However, the standardized mean difference detected values in the cytokines suggest an intensification of the inflammatory response in H that should be further investigated.
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11
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Sumi D, Yamaguchi K, Goto K. Impact of Three Consecutive Days of Endurance Training Under Hypoxia on Muscle Damage and Inflammatory Responses. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:663095. [PMID: 33937753 PMCID: PMC8082451 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.663095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 3 consecutive days of endurance training under hypoxia on muscle damage, inflammation, and performance responses. Methods: Nine active healthy males completed two trials in different periods, consisting of either 3 consecutive days of endurance training under hypoxia [fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2): 14.5%, HYP] or normoxia (Fio2: 20.9%, NOR). They performed daily 90-min sessions of endurance training consisting of high-intensity endurance interval pedaling [10 × 4-min pedaling at 80% of maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o2max) with 2 min of active rest at 30% of V˙o2max] followed by 30-min continuous pedaling at 60% of V˙o2max during 3 consecutive days (days 1–3). Venous blood sample, muscular performance of lower limb, and score of subjective feelings were determined every morning (days 1–4) to evaluate muscle damage and inflammation. On day 4, subjects performed an incremental exercise test (IET) to evaluate the performance response. Results: Pedaling workload during daily endurance training was significantly lower in the HYP trial (interval exercise: 166 ± 4 W) than in the NOR trial (194 ± 8 W; P < 0.0001). Serum creatine kinase (CK) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations did not significantly change during days 1–4 in either trial. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee extension (P < 0.0001) and drop jump (DJ) index (P = 0.004) were significantly decreased with training in both trials, with no significant difference between trials. The muscle soreness and fatigue scores significantly increased in both trials (P < 0.0001). However, the HYP trial showed a significantly lower score of fatigue on day 4 compared with the NOR trial (P = 0.004). Maximal aerobic power output during IET on day 4 did not significantly differ between trials. Conclusion: Three consecutive days of endurance training under hypoxia induced comparable levels of muscle damage, inflammation, and performance responses compared with the same training under normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sumi
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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12
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van Doorslaer de Ten Ryen S, Francaux M, Deldicque L. Regulation of satellite cells by exercise in hypoxic conditions: a narrative review. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1531-1542. [PMID: 33745023 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate in vivo the adaptations of satellite cell induced by exercise performed in acute or chronic hypoxic conditions and their contribution to muscle remodeling and hypertrophy. METHODS Search terms related to exercise, hypoxia and satellite cells were entered on Embase, PubMed and Scopus. Studies were selected for their relevance in terms of regulation of satellite cells by in vivo exercise and muscle contraction in hypoxic conditions. RESULTS Satellite cell activation and proliferation seem to be enabled after acute hypoxic exercise via regulations induced by myogenic regulatory factors. Several studies reported also a role of the inflammatory pathway nuclear factor-kappa B and angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, both known to upregulate myogenesis. By stimulating angiogenesis, repeated exercise performed in acute hypoxia might contribute to satellite cell activation. Contrary to such exercise conditions, chronic exposure to hypoxia downregulates myogenesis despite the maintenance of physical activity. This impaired myogenesis might be induced by excessive oxidative stress and proteolysis. CONCLUSION In vivo studies suggest that, in comparison to exercise or hypoxia alone, exercise performed in a hypoxic environment, may improve or impair muscle remodeling induced by contractile activity depending upon the duration of hypoxia. Satellite cells seem to be major actors in these dichotomous adaptations. Further research on the role of angiogenesis, types of contraction and autophagy is needed for a better understanding of their respective role in hypoxic exercise-induced modulations of satellite cell activity in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie van Doorslaer de Ten Ryen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Pierre de Coubertin, 1 L08.10.01, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Pierre de Coubertin, 1 L08.10.01, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Pierre de Coubertin, 1 L08.10.01, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Resistance Training in Hypoxia as a New Therapeutic Modality for Sarcopenia-A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020106. [PMID: 33573198 PMCID: PMC7912455 DOI: 10.3390/life11020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic training is believed to be generally useful for improving exercise performance in various athletes. Nowadays, exercise intervention in hypoxia is recognized as a new therapeutic modality for health promotion and disease prevention or treatment based on the lower mortality and prevalence of people living in high-altitude environments than those living in low-altitude environments. Recently, resistance training in hypoxia (RTH), a new therapeutic modality combining hypoxia and resistance exercise, has been attempted to improve muscle hypertrophy and muscle function. RTH is known to induce greater muscle size, lean mass, increased muscle strength and endurance, bodily function, and angiogenesis of skeletal muscles than traditional resistance exercise. Therefore, we examined previous studies to understand the clinical and physiological aspects of sarcopenia and RTH for muscular function and hypertrophy. However, few investigations have examined the combined effects of hypoxic stress and resistance exercise, and as such, it is difficult to make recommendations for implementing universal RTH programs for sarcopenia based on current understanding. It should also be acknowledged that a number of mechanisms proposed to facilitate the augmented response to RTH remain poorly understood, particularly the role of metabolic, hormonal, and intracellular signaling pathways. Further RTH intervention studies considering various exercise parameters (e.g., load, recovery time between sets, hypoxic dose, and intervention period) are strongly recommended to reinforce knowledge about the adaptational processes and the effects of this type of resistance training for sarcopenia in older people.
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De Groote E, Britto FA, Balan E, Warnier G, Thissen JP, Nielens H, Sylow L, Deldicque L. Effect of hypoxic exercise on glucose tolerance in healthy and prediabetic adults. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E43-E54. [PMID: 33103453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00263.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms known to regulate glucose homeostasis in human skeletal muscle of healthy and prediabetic subjects exercising in normobaric hypoxia. Seventeen healthy (H; 28.8 ± 2.4 yr; maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max): 45.1 ± 1.8 mL·kg-1·min-1) and 15 prediabetic (P; 44.6 ± 3.9 yr; V̇O2max: 30.8 ± 2.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) men were randomly assigned to two groups performing an acute exercise bout (heart rate corresponding to 55% V̇O2max) either in normoxic (NE) or in hypoxic (HE; fraction of inspired oxygen [Formula: see text] 14.0%) conditions. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in a basal state and after an acute exercise bout. Muscle biopsies from m. vastus lateralis were taken before and after exercise. Venous blood samples were taken at regular intervals before, during, and after exercise. The two groups exercising in hypoxia had a larger area under the curve of blood glucose levels during the OGTT after exercise compared with baseline (H: +11%; P: +4%). Compared with pre-exercise, an increase in p-TBC1D1 Ser237 and in p-AMPK Thr172 was observed postexercise in P NE (+95%; +55%, respectively) and H HE (+91%; +43%, respectively). An increase in p-ACC Ser212 was measured after exercise in all groups (H NE: +228%; P NE: +252%; H HE: +252%; P HE: +208%). Our results show that an acute bout of exercise in hypoxia reduces glucose tolerance in healthy and prediabetic subjects. At a molecular level, some adaptations regulating glucose transport in muscle were found in all groups without associations with glucose tolerance after exercise. The results suggest that hypoxia negatively affects glucose tolerance postexercise through unidentified mechanisms.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The molecular mechanisms involved in glucose tolerance after acute exercise in hypoxia have not yet been elucidated in human. Due to the reversible character of their status, prediabetic individuals are of particular interest for preventing the development of type 2 diabetes. The present study is the first to investigate muscle molecular mechanisms during exercise and glucose metabolism after exercise in prediabetic and healthy subjects exercising in normoxia and normobaric hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle De Groote
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Florian A Britto
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Estelle Balan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Geoffrey Warnier
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Thissen
- Departement of Diabetology and Nutrition, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Henri Nielens
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Lykke Sylow
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Simvastatin Enhances Muscle Regeneration Through Autophagic Defect-Mediated Inflammation and mTOR Activation in G93ASOD1 Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1593-1606. [PMID: 33222146 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterised by the selective loss of motor neurons, muscular atrophy, and degeneration. Statins, as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, are the most widely prescribed drugs to lower cholesterol levels and used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, statins are seldom used in muscular diseases, primarily because of their rare statin-associated myopathy. Recently, statins have been shown to reduce muscular damage and improve its function. Here, we investigated the role of statins in myopathy using G93ASOD1 mice. Our results indicated that simvastatin significantly increased the autophagic flux defect and increased inflammation in the skeletal muscles of G93ASOD1 mice. We also found that increased inflammation correlated with aggravated muscle atrophy and fibrosis. Nevertheless, long-term simvastatin treatment promoted the regeneration of damaged muscle by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. However, administration of simvastatin did not impede vast muscle degeneration and movement dysfunction resulting from the enhanced progressive impairment of the neuromuscular junction. Together, our findings highlighted that simvastatin exacerbated skeletal muscle atrophy and denervation in spite of promoting myogenesis in damaged muscle, providing new insights into the selective use of statin-induced myopathy in ALS.
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Rolnick N, Schoenfeld BJ. Blood Flow Restriction Training and the Physique Athlete: A Practical Research-Based Guide to Maximizing Muscle Size. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sessional work-rate does not affect the magnitude to which simulated hypoxia can augment acute physiological responses during resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2159-2169. [PMID: 32705392 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether performing resistance exercise in hypoxia augments physiological and perceptual responses, and if altering work-rate by performing repetitions to failure compared to sub-maximally increases the magnitude of these responses. METHODS Twenty male university students (minimum of 2 year resistance training experience) completed four sessions, two in hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] = 0.13), and two in normoxia (FiO2 = 0.21). For each condition, session one comprised three sets to failure of shoulder press and bench press (high work-rate session), while session two involved the same volume load, distributed over six sets (low work-rate session). Muscle oxygenation (triceps brachii), surface electromyographic activity (anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, and triceps brachii), heart rate (HR), and arterial blood oxygen saturation were recorded. Blood lactate concentration ([Bla-]) was recorded pre-exercise and 2 min after each exercise. Muscle thickness was measured pre- and post-exercise via ultrasound. RESULTS Muscle oxygenation values during sets and inter-set rest periods were lower in hypoxia vs normoxia (p = 0.001). Hypoxia caused greater [Bla-] during the shoulder press of failure sessions (p = 0.003) and both shoulder press (p = 0.048) and bench press (p = 0.005) of non-failure sessions. Hypoxia increased HR during non-failure sessions (p < 0.001). There was no effect of hypoxia on muscular swelling, surface electromyographic activity, perceived exertion, or number of repetitions performed. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia augmented metabolite accumulation, but had no impact on any other physiological or perceptual response compared to the equivalent exercise in normoxia. Furthermore, the magnitude to which hypoxia increased the measured physiological responses was not influenced by sessional work-rate.
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Genetic reduction of the extracellular matrix protein versican attenuates inflammatory cell infiltration and improves contractile function in dystrophic mdx diaphragm muscles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11080. [PMID: 32632164 PMCID: PMC7338466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a persistent, aberrant accumulation of V0/V1 versican in skeletal muscles from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and in diaphragm muscles from mdx mice. Versican is a provisional matrix protein implicated in fibrosis and inflammation in various disease states, yet its role in the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy is not known. Here, female mdx and male hdf mice (haploinsufficient for the versican allele) were bred. In the resulting F1 mdx-hdf male pups, V0/V1 versican expression in diaphragm muscles was decreased by 50% compared to mdx littermates at 20-26 weeks of age. In mdx-hdf mice, spontaneous physical activity increased by 17% and there was a concomitant decrease in total energy expenditure and whole-body glucose oxidation. Versican reduction improved the ex vivo strength and endurance of diaphragm muscle strips. These changes in diaphragm contractile properties in mdx-hdf mice were associated with decreased monocyte and macrophage infiltration and a reduction in the proportion of fibres expressing the slow type I myosin heavy chain isoform. Given the high metabolic cost of inflammation in dystrophy, an attenuated inflammatory response may contribute to the effects of versican reduction on whole-body metabolism. Altogether, versican reduction ameliorates the dystrophic pathology of mdx-hdf mice as evidenced by improved diaphragm contractile function and increased physical activity.
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Buvinic S, Balanta-Melo J, Kupczik K, Vásquez W, Beato C, Toro-Ibacache V. Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:606947. [PMID: 33732211 PMCID: PMC7959242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.606947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The masticatory system is a complex and highly organized group of structures, including craniofacial bones (maxillae and mandible), muscles, teeth, joints, and neurovascular elements. While the musculoskeletal structures of the head and neck are known to have a different embryonic origin, morphology, biomechanical demands, and biochemical characteristics than the trunk and limbs, their particular molecular basis and cell biology have been much less explored. In the last decade, the concept of muscle-bone crosstalk has emerged, comprising both the loads generated during muscle contraction and a biochemical component through soluble molecules. Bone cells embedded in the mineralized tissue respond to the biomechanical input by releasing molecular factors that impact the homeostasis of the attaching skeletal muscle. In the same way, muscle-derived factors act as soluble signals that modulate the remodeling process of the underlying bones. This concept of muscle-bone crosstalk at a molecular level is particularly interesting in the mandible, due to its tight anatomical relationship with one of the biggest and strongest masticatory muscles, the masseter. However, despite the close physical and physiological interaction of both tissues for proper functioning, this topic has been poorly addressed. Here we present one of the most detailed reviews of the literature to date regarding the biomechanical and biochemical interaction between muscles and bones of the masticatory system, both during development and in physiological or pathological remodeling processes. Evidence related to how masticatory function shapes the craniofacial bones is discussed, and a proposal presented that the masticatory muscles and craniofacial bones serve as secretory tissues. We furthermore discuss our current findings of myokines-release from masseter muscle in physiological conditions, during functional adaptation or pathology, and their putative role as bone-modulators in the craniofacial system. Finally, we address the physiological implications of the crosstalk between muscles and bones in the masticatory system, analyzing pathologies or clinical procedures in which the alteration of one of them affects the homeostasis of the other. Unveiling the mechanisms of muscle-bone crosstalk in the masticatory system opens broad possibilities for understanding and treating temporomandibular disorders, which severely impair the quality of life, with a high cost for diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Buvinic
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies CEMC2016, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Sonja Buvinic,
| | - Julián Balanta-Melo
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Evidence-Based Practice Unit Univalle, Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Walter Vásquez
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Beato
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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