1
|
Moreno LG, Evangelista‐Silva PH, Santos EC, Prates RP, Lima AC, Mendes MF, Ottone VO, Ottoni MHF, Pereira WF, Melo GEBA, Esteves EA. Pequi
Oil, a MUFA/Carotenoid‐Rich Oil, Exhibited Protective Effects against DSS‐Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauane G. Moreno
- Programa de Pós Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas UFVJM Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Diamantina 39100‐000 Brazil
| | - Paulo H. Evangelista‐Silva
- Programa de Pós Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas UFVJM Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Diamantina 39100‐000 Brazil
| | - Edivânia C. Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas UFVJM Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Diamantina 39100‐000 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P. Prates
- Programa de Pós Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas UFVJM Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Diamantina 39100‐000 Brazil
| | - Artenizia C. Lima
- Programa de Pós Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas UFVJM Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Diamantina 39100‐000 Brazil
| | - Mateus F. Mendes
- Programa de Pós Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas UFVJM Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Diamantina 39100‐000 Brazil
| | - Vinícius O. Ottone
- Programa de Pós Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas UFVJM Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Diamantina 39100‐000 Brazil
| | - Marcelo H. F. Ottoni
- Programa de Pós Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas UFVJM Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Diamantina 39100‐000 Brazil
| | - Wagner F. Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas UFVJM Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Diamantina 39100‐000 Brazil
| | - Gustavo E. B. A. Melo
- Programa de Pós Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas UFVJM Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Diamantina 39100‐000 Brazil
| | - Elizabethe A. Esteves
- Programa de Pós Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas UFVJM Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Diamantina 39100‐000 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cromer WE, Zawieja SD, Doersch KM, Stagg H, Hunter F, Tharakan B, Childs E, Zawieja DC. Burn Injury-Associated MHCII + Immune Cell Accumulation Around Lymphatic Vessels of the Mesentery and Increased Lymphatic Endothelial Permeability Are Blocked by Doxycycline Treatment. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 16:56-64. [PMID: 29359999 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2017.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It is theorized that toxic agents are transported from the hyperpermeable gut of burn victims through the lymph, to the systemic circulation, causing global injury. We believe that immune cells respond to leakage of "toxic lymph" following trauma causing the attraction of these cells to the perilymphatic space. To test this, we utilized a model of burn on rats to examine changes in a single immune cell population associated with mesenteric lymphatic dysfunction. We examined the ability of serum from these animals to increase permeability in lymphatic endothelial monolayers and disrupt cellular junctions. We also treated burn animals with doxycycline, an inhibitor of microvascular permeability, and observed the effects on immune cell populations, morphometry, and lymphatic endothelial permeability. Burn injury increased the number of MHCII+ immune cells along the vessel (>50%). The size and shape of these cells also changed significantly following burn injury. Serum from burn animals increased lymphatic endothelial permeability (∼1.5-fold) and induced breaks in VE-cadherin staining. Doxycycline treatment blocked the accumulation of immune cells along the vessel, whereas serum from doxycycline-treated animals failed to increase lymphatic endothelial permeability. The size of cells along the vessel in doxycycline-treated burn animals was not affected, suggesting that the cells already present on the lymphatic vessels still respond to substances in the lymph. These findings suggest that factors produced during burn can induce lymphatic endothelial barrier disruption and lymph produced during traumatic injury can influence the attraction and morphology of immune cell populations along the vessel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter E Cromer
- 1 Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- 2 Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Karen M Doersch
- 1 Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
| | - Hayden Stagg
- 3 Department of Surgery, Scott & White Hospital , Temple, Texas
| | - Felicia Hunter
- 3 Department of Surgery, Scott & White Hospital , Temple, Texas.,4 Department of Surgery, Morehouse Medical College , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Binu Tharakan
- 3 Department of Surgery, Scott & White Hospital , Temple, Texas
| | - Ed Childs
- 3 Department of Surgery, Scott & White Hospital , Temple, Texas.,4 Department of Surgery, Morehouse Medical College , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David C Zawieja
- 1 Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gardner JC, Noel JG, Nikolaidis NM, Karns R, Aronow BJ, Ogle CK, McCormack FX. G-CSF drives a posttraumatic immune program that protects the host from infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2405-17. [PMID: 24470495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injury is generally considered to have a suppressive effect on the immune system, resulting in increased susceptibility to infection. Paradoxically, we found that thermal injury to the skin induced a robust time-dependent protection of mice from a lethal Klebsiella pneumoniae pulmonary challenge. The protective response was neutrophil dependent and temporally associated with a systemic increase in neutrophils resulting from a reprioritization of hematopoiesis toward myeloid lineages. A prominent and specific activation of STAT3 in the bone marrow preceded the myeloid shift in that compartment, in association with durable increases in STAT3 activating serum cytokines G-CSF and IL-6. Neutralization of the postburn increase in serum G-CSF largely blocked STAT3 activation in marrow cells, reversing the hematopoietic changes and systemic neutrophilia. Daily administration of rG-CSF was sufficient to recapitulate the changes induced by injury including hematopoietic reprioritization and protection from pulmonary challenge with K. pneumoniae. Analysis of posttraumatic gene expression patterns in humans reveals that they are also consistent with a role for G-CSF as a switch that activates innate immune responses and suppresses adaptive immune responses. Our findings suggest that the G-CSF STAT3 axis constitutes a key protective mechanism induced by injury to reduce the risk for posttraumatic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Gardner
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen CL, Mehta VB, Zhang HY, Wu D, Otabor I, Radulescu A, El-Assal ON, Feng J, Chen Y, Besner GE. Intestinal phenotype in mice overexpressing a heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor transgene in enterocytes. Growth Factors 2010; 28:82-97. [PMID: 19939201 PMCID: PMC3821006 DOI: 10.3109/08977190903407365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) protects the intestine from damage in animals. Future clinical trials of HB-EGF may involve administration of repeated doses of HB-EGF. Since HB-EGF activates EGF receptors which have been implicated in tumor development, we examined the effects of HB-EGF overexpression in the intestine. RESEARCH DESIGN We generated transgenic (TG) mice in which the human HB-EGF gene is driven by the villin promoter to overexpress HB-EGF along the crypt-villous axis from the duodenum to the colon. RESULTS HB-EGF TG mice have increased enterocyte proliferation balanced by increased enterocyte apoptosis. Despite prolonged overexpression of HB-EGF, no evidence of intestinal hyperplasia or tumor formation occurs. Although HB-EGF TG mice have no significant phenotypic alterations under basal conditions, they have increased resistance to intestinal injury. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged intestinal HB-EGF overexpression results in no significant phenotypic alterations under basal conditions, but confers protection against intestinal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
A dysfunctional immune system is known to be part of the pathophysiology after burn trauma. However, reports that support this have used a variety of methods, with numerous variables, to induce thermal injury. We hypothesized that, all other parameters being equal, an injury infliction by a scald would yield different immunological responses than one inflicted by a flame. Here, we demonstrated that both burn methods produced a full-thickness burn, yet there was more of an increase in subdermal temperature, hematocrit, mortality, and serum IL-6 concentrations associated with the scald burn. On postinjury day 1, the scald-burned mice showed diminished lymphocyte numbers, interferon gamma production, and lymphocyte T-bet expression as compared with sham- and flame-burned mice. On postburn day 8, spleens from both sets of thermally injured animals showed an increase in proinflammatory myeloid cells as compared with sham-burned mice. Furthermore, the T-cell numbers, T-bet expression, and phenotype were changed such that interferon gamma production was higher in scald-burned mice than in sham- and flame-burned mice. Altogether, the data show that differential immunological phenotypes were observed depending on the thermal injury method used.
Collapse
|
6
|
Greiffenstein P, Mathis KW, Stouwe CV, Molina PE. Alcohol binge before trauma/hemorrhage impairs integrity of host defense mechanisms during recovery. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:704-15. [PMID: 17374050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse, both chronic and acute, is a known modulator of immune function and is associated with increased incidence of traumatic injury. Previously, we demonstrated that acute alcohol intoxication before hemorrhagic shock impairs hemodynamic and neuroendocrine counterregulation, suppresses early lung proinflammatory cytokine expression, and increases mortality from infection during recovery. In the present study, we examined the impact of a 3-day alcohol binge on host responses during trauma/hemorrhage (T x Hem) and following overnight recovery. METHODS Chronically catheterized, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered an intragastric bolus of alcohol (5 g/kg; 30% w/v) or isocaloric dextrose solution for 3 consecutive days, followed by a 2.5 g/kg dose on day 4 before undergoing full-thickness muscle-crush and fixed pressure (approximately 40 mmHg) hemorrhage and fluid resuscitation (2.4 x total blood volume removed). RESULTS Alcohol-binge produced a 16% decrease in basal mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), reduced the total blood loss required to reach and to sustain MABP of 40 mmHg, markedly blunted the increase in circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine (20-fold and 3-fold, respectively) levels, and increased immediate mortality from T x Hem. Consistent with our previous reports, significant up-regulation in lung and spleen tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1alpha expression was observed immediately following T x Hem and fluid resuscitation. Only the T x Hem-induced increase in lung TNF-alpha was prevented by binge alcohol administration. Following overnight recovery, significant lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated release of TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6, and IL-10 was observed in cells isolated from blood and the alveolar and pleural compartments from all experimental groups. While T x Hem did not prevent LPS-induced release of TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6, or IL-10 at 6 or 24 hours, alcohol binge suppressed TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 release, without altering IL-10 response in cells isolated from blood and pleural compartment. No significant modulation of alveolar macrophage response was observed following alcohol binge and T x Hem. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a 3-day alcohol binge results in hemodynamic instability associated with attenuated neuroendocrine activation and increased mortality during T x Hem as well as sustained suppression of the proinflammatory cytokine response of blood and pleural-derived cells to a "second-hit" inflammatory challenge. As a result, we speculate that the net shift toward an anti-inflammatory state may contribute to enhanced susceptibility to infection during the recovery period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Greiffenstein
- Department of Physiology and Alcohol Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ishikawa K, Nishimura T, DeSerres S, Meyer AA. The effects of transforming growth factor-beta neutralization on postburn humoral immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 57:529-36. [PMID: 15454798 DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000136306.53938.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burn injury induces immunosuppression, which is associated with an increased susceptibility to infection. Our laboratory has demonstrated that burn injury also impairs humoral immunity. We reported that burn injury enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) mRNA and that exogenous TGF-beta further impaired humoral immunity. The objective of this study was to clarify the role of TGF-beta on humoral immunity after burn injury with a neutralizing experiment. METHODS Twelve BALB/c mice were randomly divided into two groups: sham and burn. Anesthetized mice received a 20% full-thickness burn or sham injury. The murine splenocytes containing 1.5 x 10 cells/mL were cultured with 2.5 microg/mL of lipopolysaccharide with or without 0.5 ng/mL of TGF-beta or 1 microg/mL of anti-TGF-beta neutralizing antibody, if necessary. Concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) M in the cell culture supernatant were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the number of IgM-secreting cells in the culture was measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. RESULTS After 2-day culture, neutralization of TGF-beta dramatically restored IgM synthesis after burn injury. After 5-day culture, however, it restored IgM concentration but failed to restore a number of IgM-secreting cells. CONCLUSION This neutralizing experiment demonstrated that TGF-beta is one of the inhibitors of IgM synthesis after burn injury. However, neutralization of TGF-beta was not enough to completely restore humoral immunity after burn injury. Investigation of the mechanism of impaired IgM synthesis after burn injury should be continued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Ishikawa
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Madihally SV, Toner M, Yarmush ML, Mitchell RN. Interferon gamma modulates trauma-induced muscle wasting and immune dysfunction. Ann Surg 2002; 236:649-57. [PMID: 12409672 PMCID: PMC1422624 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200211000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the effect of burn injury in mice congenitally deficient in interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and as well as in wild-type animals treated with IFN-gamma neutralizing antibody. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA The mechanisms underlying muscle wasting following burn trauma are incompletely characterized, although the hypercatabolic state is a consequence of increased proteasomal degradation. Concurrently, burn injury results in an immunocompromised state, and subsequent infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. IFN-gamma, best conceptualized as a macrophage activating protein, modulates a variety of biologic pathways potentially relevant to muscle wasting and immune dysfunction. METHODS Mice received either a 20% total body surface area burn or a control sham treatment. At days 1, 2, and 7 following treatment, skeletal muscle, peripheral blood, and spleen were harvested from both groups. Protein synthesis and degradation rates were measured. Lymphocyte subpopulation expression of major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) molecules was assessed by flow cytometry, and proliferation capacity was measured using mixed lymphocyte reaction. RESULTS IFN-gamma is critically involved in burn-induced weight loss; moreover, absence of IFN-gamma virtually abolished skeletal muscle hypercatabolism following burn injury. Lymphocyte proliferation and MHC I expression in the setting of burn trauma are also normalized in the absence of IFN-gamma. Both antigen presentation and proliferation functions are independently affected. CONCLUSIONS IFN-gamma plays a fundamental role in mediating the hypercatabolic state of multiple cell types following burn trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sundararajan V Madihally
- Center for Engineering in Medicine/Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 20115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maekawa T, Kajihara H, Okabayashi K, Otani M, Yuge O. Impairment of splenic B and T lymphocytes in the early period after severe thermal injury: immunohistochemical and electron microscopic analysis. Burns 2002; 28:329-39. [PMID: 12052371 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-4179(01)00104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunocompetent cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages are easily damaged after severe thermal injury. In the present study, we investigated structural changes in splenic lymphocytes in the early period after a full skin thickness burn of 30% of the body surface area in rats. At 2h after thermal injury, numerous B lymphocytes had accumulated in the markedly expanded marginal zone of the splenic white pulp. Electron microscopy showed a small number of apoptotic cells in the marginal zone of the white pulp. After 5h, B lymphocytes in the marginal zone as well as in the lymphoid sheath and follicles were markedly decreased in number with an increase of tingible bodies and tingible body macrophages. The number of apoptotic cells had increased not only in the marginal zone, but also in the lymphoid sheath and follicles. After 12h, the splenic white pulp became atrophic with the appearance of a small number of large blastic cells and mitotic figures. After 24h, the splenic white pulp was still atrophic with a decrease in the number of lymphocytes, especially B lymphocytes. On the other hand, the large blastic cells and mitotic figures increased in number. Apoptotic cells decreased in number in the white pulp. After 48h, the lymph follicles were slightly enlarged and a small germinal centre occasionally appeared. A small number of T lymphocytes were observed in the splenic white pulp of the normal rats. However, the T lymphocytes almost disappeared shortly after thermal injury. A recovery in T cell number was observed only after 48h. These findings indicate that severe impairment of both B and T lymphocytes, circulating and in the lymphoid organs, occurs shortly after thermal injury and continues for several days. This severe damage to the lymphocytes is considered to be closely related to severe immune suppression after thermal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Maekawa
- Division of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schwacha MG, Schneider CP, Chaudry IH. Differential expression and tissue compartmentalization of the inflammatory response following thermal injury. Cytokine 2002; 17:266-74. [PMID: 12027408 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2001.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that both animal tissue-fixed immune cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) functions are altered after burn injury. Additional studies suggest that the burn injury-induced alterations in these divergent cell populations from different species are similar. It remains unknown, however, whether the observed changes in animal tissue-fixed immune cell function following thermal injury also occurs to a similar extent in the PBMC population. The aim of our study was to compare PBMC and tissue-fixed immune cell functions from the same animal using a murine burn model. At 7 days post-burn, mice were more susceptible to sepsis and delayed type hypersensitivity responses were suppressed. Splenocytes isolated from injured mice displayed suppressed proliferation and increased IL-10 production. In contrast, PBMC from injured mice displayed suppressed proliferation, IL-2 and IFN-gamma production. Splenic macrophage nitric oxide, PGE(2), TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 production was enhanced post-burn and IL-12 production was suppressed. PBMC from such animals displayed enhanced PGE(2) production and suppressed IL-6 and IL-12 production. These results indicate that while an immunosuppressive Th(2) phenotype (increased IL-10 and/or suppressed IL-2, IFN-gamma) was induced in both the splenic and PBMC compartments post-injury, differential expression and dimorphism in the response also exists. Thus, the assessment of only PBMC function in burn patients may not accurately reflect the patient's actual immune status at the tissue level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Schwacha
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Popovich PG, Stuckman S, Gienapp IE, Whitacre CC. Alterations in immune cell phenotype and function after experimental spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2001; 18:957-66. [PMID: 11565606 DOI: 10.1089/089771501750451866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the spinal cord initiates a cascade of inflammatory-mediated injury and repair processes within the nervous system. In parallel, spinal injury could influence peripheral mechanisms of host defense (e.g., wound healing, antibody production) by altering lymphocyte phenotype and function. The goal of this study was to evaluate the physiological impact of spinal contusion injury on phenotypic and functional indices of lymphocyte activation. A flow cytometric time-course analysis of lymphocytes isolated from lymph node and spleen revealed an increase in CD4+ and a decrease in CD8+ lymphocytes during the first week post injury. The functional potential of lymphocytes was also evaluated based on their ability to proliferate in the presence of a biologically relevant antigen (myelin basic protein, MBP) or a lymphocyte mitogen. The data revealed increased proliferation to MBP by 3 days postinjury in lymphocytes isolated from lymph node but not spleen. By 1 week postinjury, increased proliferation to mitogen was noted in both the lymph node and the spleen suggesting a general increase in lymphocyte reactivity during this time interval. Circulating corticosterone (CORT), an endogenous glucocorticoid with significant effects on lymphocyte phenotype and function, was elevated within 24 h after spinal cord injury (SCI) and remained above control levels throughout the duration of our studies (up to 1 month postinjury). The present data suggest injury-associated changes in immune cell phenotype and function paralleled by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Popovich
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology & Medical Genetics, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, 43210, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Madihally SV, Toner M, Yarmush ML, Mitchell RN. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells exhibit hypercatabolic activity in response to thermal injury correlating with diminished MHC I expression. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2001; 50:500-9. [PMID: 11265030 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-200103000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle wasting is one of the major consequences of severe injury or infection. Although the mechanisms underlying this hypercatabolic state are not completely characterized, it was hypothesized that other cells in the body would be similarly affected. In particular, we sought to determine whether lymphoid cell populations experienced increased protein turnover after burn injury in a fashion analogous to that seen in skeletal muscle. METHODS BALB/c mice received either a 20% total body surface area burn or a control sham treatment. At days 1, 2, and 7 after treatment, skeletal muscle, peripheral blood, spleen, and lymph nodes were harvested from both groups. Protein synthesis and degradation rates were measured using 14C-phenylalanine incorporation and tyrosine release. Lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4 and CD8 T cells, macrophages, and B cells) and expression of major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) molecules were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The burn model used in this study resulted in increased skeletal muscle protein turnover in the first 2 days after injury. Protein synthetic and degradation rates of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) in burned mice also demonstrated comparable changes, but persisted through day 7. Splenocytes showed similar hypercatabolic effects, whereas lymph node cells showed no change. Cell viability analysis confirmed that the observed alterations were not caused by cell death. MHC I expression was depressed in tandem with the increased catabolic rate in PBMNCs. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that various lymphoid populations undergo protein catabolic changes similar to those characteristically observed in skeletal muscle, and these correlated with diminished MHC I expression. Moreover, PBMNCs exhibited prolonged sensitivity to burn injury, of a duration exceeding that observed in skeletal muscles or other lymphoid tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S V Madihally
- Center for Engineering in Medicine/Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Walsh DS, Siritongtaworn P, Pattanapanyasat K, Thavichaigarn P, Kongcharoen P, Jiarakul N, Tongtawe P, Yongvanitchit K, Komoltri C, Dheeradhada C, Pearce FC, Wiesmann WP, Webster HK. Lymphocyte activation after non-thermal trauma. Br J Surg 2000; 87:223-30. [PMID: 10671932 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe injury causes immunological changes that may contribute to a poor outcome. Longitudinal characterization of lymphocyte response patterns may provide further insight into the basis of these immunological alterations. METHODS Venous blood obtained seven times over 2 weeks from 61 patients with injury severity scores above 20 was assessed for lymphocyte phenotypic and activation markers together with serum levels of interleukin (IL) 2, IL-4, soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R), soluble CD4 (sCD4), soluble CD8 (sCD8) and interferon gamma. RESULTS Severe injury was associated with profound changes in the phenotypic and activation profile of circulating lymphocytes. Activation was indicated by increased numbers of T cells expressing CD25, CD69 and CD71, and raised serum levels of IL-2, sIL-2R, sCD4 and sCD8. Relatively higher levels of sIL-2R and sCD4 were found in patients with sepsis syndrome. CONCLUSION Polytrauma is associated with dramatic alterations in the phenotypic and activation profile of circulating lymphocytes which are generally independent of clinical course. In contrast, several lymphocyte soluble factors, including sCD4 and sIL-2R, paralleled the clinical course. These data provide new insight into lymphocyte responses after injury and suggest that further assessment of soluble factors as clinical correlates, including those related to lymphocyte activation or generalized inflammation, may be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Walsh
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, APO, AP 96546-5000, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
DeWitt RC, Wu Y, Renegar KB, King BK, Li J, Kudsk KA. Bombesin recovers gut-associated lymphoid tissue and preserves immunity to bacterial pneumonia in mice receiving total parenteral nutrition. Ann Surg 2000; 231:1-8. [PMID: 10636095 PMCID: PMC1420958 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200001000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the ability of bombesin (BBS) to recover gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and preserve immunity in a lethal model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps) pneumonia in mice receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA TPN causes depression of mucosal immunity compared with enterally fed animals, which may explain the increased incidence of pneumonia in parenterally fed trauma patients. BBS prevents this TPN-induced GALT atrophy, depressed gastrointestinal and respiratory tract IgA levels, and impaired antiviral IgA-mediated mucosal immunity. The authors examined whether some supplement could be added to TPN to avoid this GALT atrophy and lower the incidence of infectious complications in the parenterally fed animal. METHODS Male mice were randomized to chow or intravenous (IV) TPN. After 5 days of IV TPN, mice received 0, 1, 2, or 3 days of BBS IV three times a day and then were killed to harvest Peyer's patch, intraepithelium, and lamina propria for cell yields. Gastrointestinal and respiratory tract IgA levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Next, mice underwent intranasal inoculation with liposomes alone (nonimmune) or liposome-containing Ps polysaccharide. Ps immune mice were catheterized and randomized to chow, IV TPN, or IV TPN + BBS. The liposome group received chow but no IV catheter. These mice were given an LD90 dose of intratracheal Ps, and death rates were recorded. RESULTS GALT and gastrointestinal and respiratory tract IgA levels improved to those in chow-fed mice after 3 days of BBS. Immunization reduced the death rate from 92% in chow-fed liposome-only animals to 20% in immunized animals. TPN-fed animals lost their mucosal immunity, with a death rate of 86% compared with 21% in the TPN + BBS group. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that BBS reverses TPN-induced changes in GALT and preserves mucosal immunity. Ps immunization reduces the death rate in a gram-negative pneumonia model and maintains gastrointestinal and respiratory immunity in Ps immune mice receiving IV TPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C DeWitt
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu D, Lu Q, Deitch EA. Elemental diet-induced bacterial translocation associated with systemic and intestinal immune suppression. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1998; 22:37-41. [PMID: 9437653 DOI: 10.1177/014860719802200137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elemental diets can lead to a loss of intestinal barrier function, promote bacterial translocation, and impair host immune defenses. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of i.v. and orally administered total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution on systemic and intestinal immunity and to establish whether supplemental cellulose fiber could improve the impaired immune response. METHODS The incidence of bacterial translocation and immune function was quantitated by measuring organ weights, immune cell population levels, and the mitogenic response of lymphocytes from the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of rats receiving parenteral or enteral TPN solution, with and without fiber supplementation. RESULTS Parenteral and enterally administered TPN solution promoted bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes, reduced immune cell population levels, and decreased the lymphocyte mitogenic response to T- and B-cell mitogens. Supplemental cellulose fiber reduced the incidence of diet-induced bacterial translocation from 84% to 31% (p < .01) and improved immune cell function. To more closely examine the relationship between bacterial translocation and impaired lymphocyte mitogenic activity, rats receiving TPN orally or i.v. were separated into two groups based on whether or not bacterial translocation occurred. Rats in which fiber prevented bacterial translocation had normal mitogenic responses, whereas the sub-group of rats in which fiber failed to prevent bacterial translocation had profound decreases in their lymphocyte mitogenic responses. CONCLUSIONS Both parenteral and enteral elemental diets induced bacterial translocation and impaired systemic and intestinal immune function. Fiber supplementation was effective in reducing elemental diet-induced bacterial translocation and significantly prevented diet-induced impairment of lymphocyte function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Xu
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li J, King BK, Janu PG, Renegar KB, Kudsk KA. Glycyl-L-glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition maintains small intestine gut-associated lymphoid tissue and upper respiratory tract immunity. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1998; 22:31-6. [PMID: 9437652 DOI: 10.1177/014860719802200131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND i.v. administration of a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution results in small intestinal gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) atrophy, lowers small intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels, and impairs upper respiratory tract secretory IgA-mediated mucosal immunity; isonitrogenous supplementation of TPN with 2% glutamine attenuates these changes. This experiment examines whether a 2% glycyl-L-glutamine-enriched TPN solution reverses i.v. TPN-induced changes as effectively as L-glutamine. METHODS Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice underwent intranasal inoculation with H1N1 influenza virus to establish immunity. After 3 weeks, mice were randomized to chow, i.v. feeding of a TPN solution, glutamine-enriched TPN, or glycyl-L-glutamine-enriched TPN. After 4 days of feeding, mice were challenged intranasally with influenza virus and killed at 40 hours to determine viral shedding from the respiratory tract; normal convalescent mice do not shed virus because they possess intact IgA-mediated mechanisms Lymphocytes were isolated from Peyer's patches, the intraepithelial layer, and lamina propria to determine cell yields. RESULTS Total lymphocyte yield in the Peyer's patches, the intraepithelial layer, and lamina propria decreased with TPN but remained normal with glutamine and glycyl-L-glutamine. Upon challenge, 70% of the mice in the TPN group shed virus in nasal secretions, whereas only 20% of the glutamine-treated group, 18% of glycyl-L-glutamine group and none of the Chow group were virus positive. CONCLUSIONS L-Glutamine and glycyl-L-glutamine have similar effects on i.v. administered TPN-associated (GALT) atrophy and decreased upper respiratory tract immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee at Memphis 38163, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Janu P, Li J, Renegar KB, Kudsk KA. Recovery of gut-associated lymphoid tissue and upper respiratory tract immunity after parenteral nutrition. Ann Surg 1997; 225:707-15; discussion 715-7. [PMID: 9230811 PMCID: PMC1190874 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199706000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors characterize the recovery of parenteral nutrition-induced changes in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and upper respiratory tract immunity with enteral nutrition and provide further information defining the effects of enteral feeding on mucosal immunity. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA The small intestine plays a prominent role in development and maintenance of mucosal immunity, both intestinal and extraintestinal, primarily through immunoglobulin A (IgA)-mediated mechanisms. Prior research has shown that mice fed total parenteral nutrition (TPN) have reduced GALT T and B cells, the cells responsible for IgA production, as well as impaired upper respiratory tract immunity to viral challenge of previously immunized animals. The recovery of TPN-induced changes in GALT and upper respiratory tract immunity after enteral refeeding is studied. METHODS Male institute of Cancer Research mice received 5 days of TPN followed by 0 to 4 days of chow. Small intestinal GALT was characterized by flow cytometry. In a second experiment, animals were immunized intranasally with moused-adapted influenza virus. Three weeks later, one group received a 5-day course of TPN followed by enteral refeeding for 5 days. A second group received TPN alone. Both groups were challenged with intranasal virus and killed 40 hours postchallenge to determine viral shedding from the upper respiratory tract. RESULTS Animals fed TPN only had significantly fewer GALT lymphocytes compared with those chow-fed control subjects. Peyer's patch counts increased after a single day of refeeding, returning to normal levels by 48 hours. Lamina propria counts remained significantly depressed after 24 hours of refeeding, but also returned to normal after 48 hours of refeeding. The T-cell and B-cell populations mimicked total cell patterns. Lamina propria CD4+/CD8+ ratio returned to normal only after 72 hours of refeeding. None of the 9 animals refed enterally for 5 days were positive for viral shedding, compared with 8 of 12 matched TPN-fed animals. CONCLUSIONS Enteral refeeding after TPN is associated with rapid repletion of GALT cellularity, initially within Peyer's patches and subsequently within the lamina propria. Refeeding corrects the impairment of IgA-mediated upper respiratory tract antiviral immunity occurring with TPN administration. This work further enhances the authors' knowledge of the underlying immunologic differences influenced by routes of nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Janu
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee at Memphis, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li J, Kudsk KA, Janu P, Renegar KB. Effect of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition on small intestinal gut-associated lymphoid tissue and upper respiratory tract immunity. Surgery 1997; 121:542-9. [PMID: 9142153 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(97)90109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our prior work shows that total parenteral nutrition (TPN) causes small intestinal gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) atrophy, lowers small intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels, and impairs secretory IgA-mediated mucosal immunity of the upper respiratory tract. These experiments examine whether an isonitrogenous 2% glutamine-enriched TPN solution prevents these changes. METHODS Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomized to chow (chow), intravenous feeding of a TPN solution (TPN), or glutamine-enriched TPN (glutamine) groups. After mice were fed for 5 days, lymphocytes were isolated from Peyer's patches, the intraepithelial layer, and lamina propria to determine cell yields and phenotypes. Total small intestinal IgA levels were analyzed by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In a second series of experiments, mice underwent intranasal inoculation with H1N1 virus to establish immunity. After 3 weeks mice were randomized to chow, TPN, or glutamine groups. After feeding for 5 days, mice were rechallenged with intranasal virus and killed at 40 hours to determine viral shedding from the upper respiratory tract. RESULTS Total lymphocyte yield in the Peyer's patches, the intraepithelial layer, and lamina propria, small intestinal IgA levels, and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the lamina propria decreased with TPN but remained normal with glutamine. On rechallenge, 87% of the mice in the TPN group shed virus in nasal secretions, whereas only 38% of the glutamine-treated group (p < 0.05 versus TPN) and 7.1% of the chow group (p < 0.002 versus TPN) were virus positive. CONCLUSIONS Isonitrogenous supplementation of TPN with 2% glutamine improves IgA-mediated protection in the upper respiratory tract and normalizes GALT populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee at Memphis, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yamamoto H, Siltharm S, deSerres S, Hultman CS, Meyer AA. Effect of cyclo-oxygenase inhibition on in vitro B-cell function after burn injury. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 1996; 41:612-9; discussion 620-1. [PMID: 8858018 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199610000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of PGE2 in suppression of B-cell function after burn injury was investigated. Splenocytes from burned or sham-burned mice were isolated 8 days after burn injury and cultured with lipopolysaccharide with or without the addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or indomethacin (Indo). Anti-peptidoglycan polysaccharide immunoglobulin (Ig)M (specific antibody to a bacterial antigen), total IgM, and total IgG levels in culture supernatant and lymphocyte proliferation were measured. All B-cell functions were significantly suppressed by burn injury. PGE2 suppressed all B-cell functions except for IgG synthesis. Indo restored anti-peptidoglycan polysaccharide IgM to normal levels, but did not have a significant effect on suppressed proliferation and total IgM synthesis. IgG synthesis was increased by PGE2 and inhibited by Indo. Although not all B-cell suppression was accounted for by PGE2, this prostaglandin appeared to be a mechanism responsible for impaired antigen specific antibody response and isotype switching. Successful restoration of specific antibody synthesis to bacterial antigen suggests a potential therapeutic role for a cyclo-oxygenase blocking agent after burn injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7210, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yamamoto H, Hayes YO, deSerres S, Chang J, Tabata T, Meyer AA. Burn injury induces a biphasic immunoglobulin M response to bacterial antigen. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 1995; 39:279-84. [PMID: 7674397 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199508000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We studied 75 BALB/c mice to examine the role of impaired immunoglobulin M (IgM) synthesis in the increased risk of bacterial infection after burn injury by investigating the kinetics of IgM synthesis to peptidoglycan polysaccharide (PGPS), a ubiquitous bacterial antigen. Splenocytes were isolated 1, 5, and 8 days postburn (PBD) and cultured with lipopolysaccharide for 5 days. Culture supernatant was collected and anti-PGPS IgM and total IgM levels were measured by ELISA. Total IgM-secreting cells were measured by ELISPOT assay. Total IgM and anti-PGPS IgM per IgM-secreting cell were calculated. On PBD 1, anti-PGPS IgM synthesis but not total IgM synthesis is increased in burned animals. By PBD 5, total IgM and anti-PGPS IgM synthesis in the burn group start to fall and by PBD 8, both are significantly decreased. The early increase in anti-PGPS IgM synthesis represents a positive response to bacterial challenge. However, the late nonspecific decrease in total IgM and anti-PGPS IgM synthesis suggests a potential mechanism for increased susceptibility to bacterial infection 5 to 10 days after burn injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li J, Kudsk KA, Gocinski B, Dent D, Glezer J, Langkamp-Henken B. Effects of parenteral and enteral nutrition on gut-associated lymphoid tissue. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 1995; 39:44-51; discussion 51-2. [PMID: 7636909 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199507000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Changes in mucosal defense have been implicated as important factors affecting infections complications in critically ill patients. To study the effects of nutrient administration on gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT), ICR mice were randomized to receive chow plus intravenous saline, intravenous feeding of a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution, or enteral feeding of the same TPN solution. In a second series of experiments, a more complex enteral diet (Nutren) was compared with chow feeding and enteral TPN. After 5 days of feeding with experimental diets, lymphocytes were harvested from the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), Peyer's patches (PPs), lamina propria (LP) cells, and intraepithelial (IE) spaces of the small intestine to determine cell yields and phenotypes. Small intestinal washings, gallbladder contents, and sera were collected and analyzed for immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels. In both series of experiments, there were no significant changes within the MLNs. There were significant decreases in total cell yields from the PPs, IE spaces, and LP in animals fed with TPN solution, either enterally or parenterally, as compared with chow-fed mice. Total T cells were decreased in both TPN-fed groups in the PPs and LP, whereas total B cells were decreased in the PP, IE, and LP populations. Total cell numbers remained normal in the Nutrenfed group, except for a decrease in LP T cells. CD4+ LP cells decreased significantly with a reduction in the CD4/CD8 ratio in mice fed TPN solution either intravenously or enterally, whereas IgA recovery from small intestinal washings was significantly decreased in the same groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee-Memphis 38163, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Napolitano LM, Koruda MJ, Zimmerman K, McCowan K, Chang J, Meyer AA. Chronic ethanol intake and burn injury: evidence for synergistic alteration in gut and immune integrity. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 1995; 38:198-207. [PMID: 7869435 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199502000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic ethanol (EtOH) intake and injury are both associated with increased susceptibility to infection in the host. This study examined the immune and gastrointestinal alterations induced by chronic EtOH intake and injury, and compared the effects of enteral and intravenous administration of EtOH. DESIGN Rats received 20% EtOH daily for 14 days by gavage [oral (PO)] or superior vena cava [intravenous (i.v.)] infusion. Mean blood EtOH concentrations at 90 minutes after administration were 95.3 mg/dL (PO) and 94.4 mg/dL (i.v.). An additional group of animals underwent a 30% total body surface area full-thickness burn injury 4 hours after the final dose of EtOH or normal saline on experimental day 14. All animals were killed 4 days after burn injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nonadherent splenic lymphocytes were tested for mitogenic responses to the T-cell mitogens concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and the B-cell mitogens lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pokeweed. Quantitative bacterial cultures of mesenteric lymph nodes and liver were also performed. Alterations of intestinal mucosa were determined by measurement of ileal mucosal weight, DNA, protein, and diamine oxidase content. Circulating plasma endotoxin concentrations were also measured. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Chronic PO-EtOH intake induced a significant impairment in mitogenic response to T-cell mitogens, with a fourfold reduction in ConA and a twofold reduction in PHA response (p < 0.05 by analysis of variance) and increased bacterial translocation (70% vs. 10%). Chronic EtOH administered by the i.v. route did not reduce mitogenic response to any of the mitogens studied. Histologic examination of ileal segments demonstrated that chronic PO-EtOH administration was associated with significant mucosal disruption and exfoliation. Chronic administration of PO-EtOH prior to burn injury induced a significant impairment in spleen mitogenic response to ConA, PHA, and LPS when compared with all other burn injury groups. Chronic administration of EtOH by the i.v. route prior to burn injury did not alter splenic mitogenesis. In addition, chronic PO-EtOH prior to burn injury increased bacterial translocation rates (80% vs. 33%) and prevented the normal intestinal reparative response to burn injury (demonstrated by a significant reduction in ileal mucosal weight, DNA, and diamine oxidase content). CONCLUSIONS Enteral but not i.v. administration of EtOH induced significant immunologic dysfunction (demonstrated by altered spleen mitogenic response) and gastrointestinal dysfunction (demonstrated by depressed ileal mucosal weight, DNA, and diamine oxidase content, and increased bacterial translocation rates). In addition, the administration of chronic enteral EtOH prior to injury resulted in significant immune suppression and impaired the host's ability for normal intestinal repair. These results suggest that this EtOH-induced reduction in immunocompetence may be gut-mediated and that the administration of alcohol prior to injury may result in a synergistic alteration of gut and immune integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Napolitano
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Extensive thermal trauma results in impaired immune function which has been attributed to a reduction in T lymphocyte numbers, increased suppressor cell activity, serum suppressive factors and altered cytokine synthesis and receptor expression on T cells. Numeric and phenotypic changes in T lymphocytes, T cell proliferation and functional responses of T lymphocytes in recent studies using murine models and patients are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Barlow
- Vital Signs Consultants, Sawston, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Deitch EA, Xu D, Qi L, Berg R. Elemental diet-induced immune suppression is caused by both bacterial and dietary factors. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993; 17:332-6. [PMID: 8271357 DOI: 10.1177/0148607193017004332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Because it is unclear whether elemental diet-induced immune suppression is an indirect effect caused by the translocating bacteria or is directly caused by the elemental diet, we tested whether prevention of diet-induced bacterial translocation or disruption of the gut microflora ecology would prevent diet-induced impaired lymphocyte function in a rat elemental diet model. Prevention of diet-induced bacterial translocation was accomplished by the addition of cellulose fiber or oral antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin) to the elemental diet feeding regimen. Control groups consisted of rat food-fed and elemental diet-fed (4.25% amino acids; 28% glucose) rats. Immune function was quantitated by measuring the mitogen-induced blastogenic response of peripheral blood or splenic mononuclear cells to the mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. Bacterial translocation from the gut to the mesenteric lymph node and cecal bacterial population levels were measured in all groups. Although the incidence of elemental diet-induced bacterial translocation was reduced from 100% to 25% (p < .01) by the addition of dietary fiber, fiber did not prevent diet-induced impaired lymphocyte function. Because fiber supplementation of the elemental diet did not completely prevent diet-induced intestinal bacterial overgrowth or bacterial translocation, the experiment was repeated in antibiotic-decontaminated rats. Antibiotic decontamination completely prevented diet-induced intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation. Although antibiotic decontamination reduced the magnitude of lymphocyte mitogen suppression (p < .05), it was not fully effective in reversing the diet-induced lymphocyte suppression. These results indicate that elemental diet-induced lymphocyte blastogenic suppression is related to both bacterial and dietary factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Deitch
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport 71130-3932
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dong YL, Yan T, Herndon DN, Waymack JP. Alterations in intracellular lymphocyte metabolism induced by infection and injury. J Surg Res 1992; 53:293-7. [PMID: 1528055 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(92)90050-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of burn injury and sepsis on intracellular lymphocyte metabolism were evaluated using a rat model. Adult Lewis rats were subjected to a sham burn, a 30% full-thickness burn, or a 30% full-thickness burn which was infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One week later the animals were sacrificed, and the splenic lymphocytes were harvested and cultured for 24 hr with mitogen stimulation. Lymphocytes from the burned-infected rats were found to utilize more glucose and certain amino acids than did lymphocytes obtained from the other two groups. Lymphocytes obtained from the burned-infected group had lower levels of the immunologically important enzyme, adenosine deaminase, than did the lymphocytes obtained from the other two groups. In summary, sepsis appears to alter a number of intracellular lymphocyte metabolic processes. These alterations may be found to be predictive of early sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y L Dong
- Shriners Burns Institute Galveston Unit, Texas 77550
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Deitch EA, Xu DZ, Qi L, Specian RD, Berg RD. Protein malnutrition alone and in combination with endotoxin impairs systemic and gut-associated immunity. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1992; 16:25-31. [PMID: 1738215 DOI: 10.1177/014860719201600125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Because protein-malnourished or endotoxemic patients are at an increased risk of developing nosocomial infections, this study was performed to investigate the effects of protein malnutrition and endotoxemia, alone and in combination, on systemic and intestinal immunity. Protein malnutrition was created by feeding the animals a solid diet containing 0.03% protein. Subgroups of these protein-malnourished mice were killed after being challenged with saline or endotoxin on days 0, 7, 14, or 21. At death, the animals were weighed, tissues were harvested for histologic analysis (ileum, mesenteric lymph node [MLN], liver, and spleen), mitogen responsiveness (MLN, Peyer's patches, and spleen), and xanthine oxidase measurements (ileum and cecum). Separate groups were evaluated for survival. Both the saline and endotoxin-challenged mice had lost about 30% of their body weight after 21 days on the low-protein diet. The protein-malnourished mice were more susceptible to endotoxin-induced mortality (70% at 21 days) than the normally nourished mice (0%) (p less than .001). The mitogen responsiveness of the protein-malnourished mice to the T-cell mitogens (PHA and Con-A) progressively decreased the longer the mice were protein malnourished, and this decreased in blastogenic responsiveness was associated with histologic evidence of lymphoid atrophy. In contrast, the blastogenic response to the primarily B-cell mitogen, PWM, was largely preserved. The endotoxin challenge further depressed the immune state of mice tested after 0, 7, or 14 (but not 21) days of protein malnutrition. Thus, both protein malnutrition and endotoxin impaired systemic and gut-associated immune responsiveness to mitogens. However, in the protein-malnourished mice, the degree of immune suppression did not correlate with endotoxin-induced mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Deitch
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport 71130-3932
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kawakami M, Switzer BR, Herzog SR, Meyer AA. Immune suppression after acute ethanol ingestion and thermal injury. J Surg Res 1991; 51:210-5. [PMID: 1652666 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(91)90096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute alcohol ingestion is commonly associated with burn injury. Both alcohol ingestion and burn injury produce immune suppression, but the combination of these factors on immune function has not been investigated. To study this combined effect, immune function was measured in rats with a 30% burn injury following a single ingestion of 2.4 g/kg of ethanol (EtOH) and compared to that of animals with burn injury only, animals with EtOH only, and animals with neither alcohol nor burn injury. Four days after ethanol and/or burn, animals receiving both ethanol and burn injury had significant suppression of in vivo chemotaxis and lymphocyte responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) compared to animals receiving either burn injury alone or EtOH alone (P less than 0.05). There was no difference in responsiveness to concanavalin A (Con A). Serum corticosterone was significantly elevated by burn injury but not EtOH ingestion. EtOH treatment prior to injury caused a further increase in corticosterone level that was significantly associated with a decrease in immune function. These results indicate that a single EtOH exposure prior to burn injury produces greater immune suppression than does burn injury alone. This further decrease in immune function may contribute to increased susceptibility to infection and increased mortality in burn patients with acute EtOH ingestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kawakami
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|