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Sethi S, Mehta S, Makkar V. Sporotrichosis in a Renal Transplant Patient: A Rare Case Report with a Review of the Literature. SAUDI JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES AND TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 34:80-83. [PMID: 38092718 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.391004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a rare form of subacute and chronic fungal infection in renal transplant recipients caused by the ubiquitous fungus Sporothrix schenckii. It is usually described in renal allograft recipients who have not been treated with antifungal prophylaxis. We report a rare case of cutaneous sporotrichosis in a 39-year-old renal allograft recipient already on antifungal prophylaxis, who presented with skin lesions. The diagnosis was made from a skin biopsy. The patient had increased tacrolimus levels after starting treatment with itraconazole, which was later changed to terbinafine and cryotherapy. The patient responded to treatment with regression of his lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Sethi
- Department of Nephrology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Sudhir Mehta
- Department of Nephrology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - Vikas Makkar
- Department of Nephrology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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2
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Alvarez CM, Oliveira MME, Pires RH. Sporotrichosis: A Review of a Neglected Disease in the Last 50 Years in Brazil. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2152. [PMID: 36363744 PMCID: PMC9695284 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is caused by fungi belonging to the genus Sporothrix, which saprophytically are found in plants and organic matter. However, cats are highly susceptible to contamination with fungal spores and, when they become sick, they can transmit it to other animals and to man. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review on the emergency, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, therapeutics, and control of zoonotic sporotrichosis. Published data covering the last 50 years using a combination of keywords were selected to answer the question: Why has the zoonotic sporotrichosis been a neglected disease up to now? A total of 135 studies were included in this review. The studies emphasize that in recent decades, Brazil has experienced an unprecedented zoonotic outbreak of sporotrichosis. Advances on the genus Sporothrix allowed one to associate thermotolerance, capacity for melanin synthesis, potential for adhesion to tissue macromolecules, ergosterol peroxide production, and expression of virulence proteins as tools for infection and invasion in S. brasiliensis, the main species involved, although cases with S. schenckii or S. lurei were also reported. Correct diagnosis, early treatment, basic educational measures that emphasize responsible ownership of animals and reproductive control programs for felines can contribute to the control of zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Magaly Alvarez
- Laboratory of Mycology and Environmental Diagnosis, Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Franca, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Guayaquil 090104, Ecuador
| | | | - Regina Helena Pires
- Laboratory of Mycology and Environmental Diagnosis, Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Franca, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
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Lima MA, Vallier R, Silva MM. Sporothrix brasiliensis meningitis in an immunocompetent patient. Pract Neurol 2021; 21:241-242. [PMID: 33627490 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2020-002915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis usually causes infection limited to the skin, subcutaneous tissue and regional lymph nodes. Contamination occurs through inhalation or accidental inoculation from animal scratches and bites. Meningitis is rare and mostly occurs in immunosuppressed patients. Here, we describe an immunocompetent person who developed chronic meningitis and discuss the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of this rare condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Lima
- Neurology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renan Vallier
- Internal Medicine Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos M Silva
- Internal Medicine Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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do Monte Alves M, Pipolo Milan E, da Silva-Rocha WP, Soares de Sena da Costa A, Araújo Maciel B, Cavalcante Vale PH, de Albuquerque PR, Lopes Lima S, Salles de Azevedo Melo A, Messias Rodrigues A, Chaves GM. Fatal pulmonary sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis in Northeast Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008141. [PMID: 32453723 PMCID: PMC7274469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A relevant case of pulmonary sporotrichosis due to Sporothrix brasiliensis is reported in a 50-year-old immunocompetent woman who had no history of skin trauma, but was in close contact with several stray cats at her nap time. The patient was hospitalized after 7 months of illness. The survey was conducted for pulmonary tuberculosis, an endemic disease in Brazil. She presented multiple central pulmonary nodules images, with central cavitation. Methodology/Principal findings The patient bronchoalveolar lavage was cultured and Sporothrix sp. growth was obtained. Then, the isolate (LMMM1097) was accurately identified to the species level by using species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Molecular diagnosis revealed that the emerging species Sporothrix brasiliensis was the agent of primary pulmonary sporotrichosis and the patient was treated with Amphotericin B lipid complex, but presented severe clinical symptoms and the fatal outcome was observed at day 25 after hospitalization. Conclusions/Significance Our report adds important contributions to the clinical-epidemiological features of sporotrichosis, showing the geographic expansion of the agent within different regions of Brazil and a rare clinical manifestation (primary pulmonary sporotrichosis) caused by the emerging agent S. brasiliensis in an immunocompetent female patient. Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by different species belonging to the genus Sporothrix. In the past, the disease was usually associated with armadillo hunting and horticulturists, acquired after traumatic inoculation. Nevertheless, from 1997 to 2011, 4,188 human cases of sporotrichosis associated with feline transmissions were recorded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Since then, the disease became an epidemic that is currently spreading within different regions of the country. Nevertheless, pulmonary sporotrichosis, specifically after conidial inhalation (without traumatic inoculation) is still a rare entity. In the present study, a female patient had the habit to have a nap at her workplace in a small room full of stray cats, daily. Tuberculosis was investigated, but the laboratory tests were negative. Then, pulmonary aspergillosis was suspected and Amphotericin B was initiated. A culture of the bronchoalveolar lavage was performed, which evidenced Sporothrix sp. growth. The final species identification was Sporothrix brasilensis, as demonstrated by PCR. However, the patient evolved to death. This finding reinforces the idea of exploring different possibilities of etiological agents involved in pulmonary infections, specific in areas of the globe where zoonotic sporotrichosis transmitted by cats have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoella do Monte Alves
- Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
| | - Eveline Pipolo Milan
- Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
| | - Walicyranison Plinio da Silva-Rocha
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica e Molecular, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Soares de Sena da Costa
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica e Molecular, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
| | - Bruno Araújo Maciel
- Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
| | | | - Paulo Roberto de Albuquerque
- Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
| | - Soraia Lopes Lima
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Disciplina de Infectologia,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Analy Salles de Azevedo Melo
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Disciplina de Infectologia,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Fungos Patogênicos Emergentes, Divisão de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunobiologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Maranhão Chaves
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica e Molecular, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Caus ALO, Zanotti RL, Faccini-Martínez ÁA, Paterlini GV, Falqueto A. Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo State, Southeast Brazil: A Study of Three Decades (1982-2012). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:706-713. [PMID: 30594269 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study discusses a historical patient series and is designed to describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of human sporotrichosis in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Data were derived from patients treated at the Infectious Diseases service of Cassiano Antônio Moraes University Hospital in Vitória, the state capital, from July 1982 to June 2012. A total of 171 patients were diagnosed with sporotrichosis, mostly men (80.7%) with a median age of 33 years and 5 months. We can presume an approximate average incidence rate of 4.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants during the studied period. All the patients were involved in occupational or leisure activities with direct contact with soil or plants. Most cases were recorded in the mountainous region of the state during the hot and rainy periods. The average time elapsed from lesion progression to diagnosis was 3 months, with the lymphocutaneous form being the most common (70.2%), followed by the fixed cutaneous form (28.6%). Diagnosis was confirmed in 93.6% of the cases by culturing Sporothrix spp. in Sabouraud dextrose agar, and from the clinical features in the remaining cases. Aspiration of cutaneous nodule secretions was the best method for the collection of clinical specimens for disease diagnosis. A 25% saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI) was provided to almost all patients (98.8%), with therapeutic success. In conclusion, in this retrospective study in the state of Espírito Santo, we found that sporotrichosis affects primarily the ≥ 10-year-old population, and the most common presentation is the lymphocutaneous form affecting the lower and upper limbs, and the infection appeared to be acquired predominantly through occupational activities. Treatment with SSKI was safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L O Caus
- Postgraduate Program in Infectious Diseases, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Raphael L Zanotti
- Postgraduate Program in Infectious Diseases, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Álvaro A Faccini-Martínez
- Postgraduate Program in Infectious Diseases, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Aloísio Falqueto
- Postgraduate Program in Infectious Diseases, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
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Rojas FD, Fernández MS, Lucchelli JM, Lombardi D, Malet J, Vetrisano ME, Cattana ME, Sosa MDLÁ, Giusiano G. Cavitary Pulmonary Sporotrichosis: Case Report and Literature Review. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:1119-1123. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bonifaz A, Tirado-Sánchez A. Cutaneous Disseminated and Extracutaneous Sporotrichosis: Current Status of a Complex Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3010006. [PMID: 29371525 PMCID: PMC5715962 DOI: 10.3390/jof3010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an implantation or inoculation mycosis caused by species of Sporothrix schenckii complex; its main manifestations are limited to skin; however, cutaneous-disseminated, disseminated (visceral) and extracutaneous variants of sporotrichosis can be associated with immunosuppression, including HIV-AIDS, chronic alcoholism or more virulent strains. The most common extracutaneous form of sporotrichosis includes pulmonary, osteoarticular and meningeal. The laboratory diagnosis requires observing yeast forms and isolating the fungus; the two main causative agents are Sporothrix schenckii (ss) and Sporothrix brasiliensis. Antibody levels and species recognition by Polimerase Chain Reaction using biological samples or cultures are also useful. The treatment of choice for most cases is amphotericin B and subsequent itraconazole for maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro Bonifaz
- Dermatology Service, Mycology Department, Hospital General de México "Eduardo Liceaga", Balmis 148, Colonia Doctores, CP: 03020. Cd. de México, México.
| | - Andrés Tirado-Sánchez
- Dermatology Service, Mycology Department, Hospital General de México "Eduardo Liceaga", Balmis 148, Colonia Doctores, CP: 03020. Cd. de México, México.
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8
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Cholinergic enzymes and inflammatory markers in rats infected by Sporothrix schenckii. Microb Pathog 2016; 97:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Zhu M, Xu Y, An L, Jiang J, Zhang X, Jiang R. Lower percentage of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with sporotrichosis. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:576-9. [PMID: 27181291 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the peripheral immunity and immunity response of patients with sporotrichosis, in this study we determined the lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of Chinese patients with sporotrichosis. METHODS In this retrospective study, peripheral blood was collected from 69 sporotrichosis patients (37, fixed cutaneous form; 32 lymphocutaneous) and 66 healthy controls. Lymphocyte subsets were analyzed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared to controls, the percentage of CD8+ T cells was lower in sporotrichosis patients. The percentage of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood tended to become lower with disease duration and disease severity, although the difference was not statistically significant for either acute, subacute and chronic patients or fixed cutaneous and lymphocutaneous patients. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the decrease of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with sporotrichosis is associated with disease severity, although the difference was not statistically significant for either duration or clinical forms of the disease. Combining antifungal agents and immunomodulators in patients with long disease duration and lymphocutaneous may be more beneficial than antifungal monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingji Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital Of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Yaqin Xu
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital Of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Lin An
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital Of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Second Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Changli, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066600, China
| | - Rihua Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital Of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China.
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Henry LR, Danaher PJ, Boseley ME. Laryngeal sporotrichosis mimicking merkel cell carcinoma recurrence. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 132:336-8. [PMID: 15692552 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Baggett MV, Gonzalez RG, Bhattacharyya RP, Mahowald MA. CASE RECORDS of the MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL. Case 4-2016. A 58-Year-Old Woman with a Skin Ulcer, Fever, and Lymphadenopathy. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:573-81. [PMID: 26863359 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1508550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chakrabarti A, Bonifaz A, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC, Mochizuki T, Li S. Global epidemiology of sporotrichosis. Med Mycol 2014; 53:3-14. [PMID: 25526781 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato. It has gained importance in recent years due to its worldwide prevalence, recognition of multiple cryptic species within the originally described species, and its distinctive ecology, distribution, and epidemiology across the globe. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the taxonomy, ecology, prevalence, molecular epidemiology, and outbreaks due to S. schenckii sensu lato. Despite its omnipresence in the environment, this fungus has remarkably diverse modes of infection and distribution patterns across the world. We have delved into the nuances of how sporotrichosis is intimately linked to different forms of human activities, habitats, lifestyles, and environmental and zoonotic interactions. The purpose of this review is to stimulate discussion about the peculiarities of this unique fungal pathogen and increase the awareness of clinicians and microbiologists, especially in regions of high endemicity, to its emergence and evolving presentations and to kindle further research into understanding the unorthodox mechanisms by which this fungus afflicts different human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alexandro Bonifaz
- Department of Mycology & Service of Dermatology, General Hospital of Mexico, México city, Mexico
| | - Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo
- Laboratório de Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundaçã Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Takashi Mochizuki
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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13
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Téllez MD, Batista-Duharte A, Portuondo D, Quinello C, Bonne-Hernández R, Carlos IZ. Sporothrix
schenckii complex biology: environment and fungal pathogenicity. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:2352-2365. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.081794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is a complex of various species of fungus found in soils, plants, decaying vegetables and other outdoor environments. It is the aetiological agent of sporotrichosis in humans and several animals. Humans and animals can acquire the disease through traumatic inoculation of the fungus into subcutaneous tissue. Despite the importance of sporotrichosis, it being currently regarded as an emergent disease in several countries, the factors driving its increasing medical importance are still largely unknown. There have only been a few studies addressing the influence of the environment on the virulence of these pathogens. However, recent studies have demonstrated that adverse conditions in its natural habitats can trigger the expression of different virulence factors that confer survival advantages both in animal hosts and in the environment. In this review, we provide updates on the important advances in the understanding of the biology of Spor. schenckii and the modification of its virulence linked to demonstrated or putative environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Téllez
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Oriente University, Ave Las Americas, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - A. Batista-Duharte
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University, Autopista Nacional Km. 1 1/2 CP 90400, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - D. Portuondo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - C. Quinello
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - I. Z. Carlos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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14
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Mahmood K, Nemazee L. A rare cause of florid, haemorrhagic blisters in two siblings. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39:658-60. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Mahmood
- Dermatology Department; Ipswich Hospital; Ipswich UK
| | - L. Nemazee
- Dermatology Department; Ipswich Hospital; Ipswich UK
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15
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de C Negrini T, Ferreira LS, Arthur RA, Alegranci P, Placeres MCP, Spolidorio LC, Carlos IZ. Influence of TLR-2 in the immune response in the infection induced by fungus Sporothrix schenckii. Immunol Invest 2014; 43:370-90. [PMID: 24484374 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.879174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in immunity, since they bind to pathogen surface antigens and initiate the immune response. However, little is known about the role of TLR-2 in the recognition of S. schenckii and in the subsequent immune response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of TLR-2 in the immune response induced by S. schenckii. C57BL/6 mice (WT) and C57BL/6 TLR-2 knockout (TLR-2-/-) were used to evaluate, over a period of 10 weeks of sporotrichotic infection, the influence of TLR-2 over macrophages production of IL-1β, IL-12 and TNF-α, their stimulation level by NO release and the production of IFN -γ, IL-6, IL-17 and TGF-β by spleen cells. The results showed that the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and NO, TLR-2 interference is striking, since its absence completely inhibited it. IL-17 production was independent of TLR-2. The absence of Th1 response in TLR2-/- animals was concomitant with IL-17 production. Therefore, it can be suggested that TLR-2 absence interferes with the course of the infection induced by the fungus S. schenckii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais de C Negrini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University , SP , Brazil
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16
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Sasaki AA, Fernandes GF, Rodrigues AM, Lima FM, Marini MM, dos S. Feitosa L, de Melo Teixeira M, Felipe MSS, da Silveira JF, de Camargo ZP. Chromosomal polymorphism in the Sporothrix schenckii complex. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86819. [PMID: 24466257 PMCID: PMC3900657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a polymorphic disease caused by a complex of thermodimorphic fungi including S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii sensu stricto (s. str.), S. globosa and S. luriei. Humans and animals can acquire the disease through traumatic inoculation of propagules into the subcutaneous tissue. Despite the importance of sporotrichosis as a disease that can take epidemic proportions there are just a few studies dealing with genetic polymorphisms and genomic architecture of these pathogens. The main objective of this study was to investigate chromosomal polymorphisms and genomic organization among different isolates in the S. schenckii complex. We used pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to separate chromosomal fragments of isolated DNA, followed by probe hybridization. Nine loci (β-tubulin, calmodulin, catalase, chitin synthase 1, Internal Transcribed Spacer, Pho85 cyclin-dependent kinase, protein kinase C Ss-2, G protein α subunit and topoisomerase II) were mapped onto chromosomal bands of Brazilian isolates of S. schenckii s. str. and S. brasiliensis. Our results revealed the presence of intra and interspecies polymorphisms in chromosome number and size. The gene hybridization analysis showed that closely related species in phylogenetic analysis had similar genetic organizations, mostly due to identification of synteny groups in chromosomal bands of similar sizes. Our results bring new insights into the genetic diversity and genome organization among pathogenic species in the Sporothrix schenckii complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. Sasaki
- Discipline of Cellular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geisa F. Fernandes
- Discipline of Cellular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson M. Rodrigues
- Discipline of Cellular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio M. Lima
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marjorie M. Marini
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano dos S. Feitosa
- Biomedical Engineering Center, Camilo Castelo Branco University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus de Melo Teixeira
- Department of Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Maria Sueli Soares Felipe
- Department of Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - José Franco da Silveira
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo P. de Camargo
- Discipline of Cellular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Sporotrichosis in renal transplant patients. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 24:e47-9. [PMID: 24421819 DOI: 10.1155/2013/603405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current report describes two renal transplant recipients who presented with sporotrichosis. In addition, the authors review the general aspects of sporotrichosis in renal transplant recipients reported in the literature. Sporotrichosis is a rare fungal infection in transplant patients and has been reported primarily in renal transplant recipients not treated with antifungal prophylaxis. Extracutaneous forms of sporotrichosis without skin manifestations and no previous history of traumatic injuries have been described in such patients and are difficult to diagnose. Renal transplant recipients with sporotrichosis described in the present report were successfully treated with antifungal therapy including amphotericin B deoxycholate, lipid amphotericin B formulations, fluconazole and itraconazole.
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Bustamante B, Campos PE. Sporotrichosis: a forgotten disease in the drug research agenda. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 2:85-94. [PMID: 15482174 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Potassium iodide was discovered in the 19th century and still remains as one of the more effective and most prescribed treatments for sporotrichosis. No new drugs have been evaluated in large randomized clinical trials in comparison with standard or alternative treatments for sporotrichosis during the last decades. The emergence of disseminated sporotrichosis in AIDS patients has uncovered the need for more effective treatments. Sporotrichosis is only a public health problem in a few geographical areas, mostly located in developing countries; and its usually harmless history could explain the limited investment in sporotrichosis treatment research. Better understanding of the virulence factors, such as the melanization process, could reveal new potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bustamante
- Institute of Tropical Medicine 'Alexander von Humboldt', Cayetano Heredia University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Cayetano Heredia National Hospital, Lima, Peru.
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis: What Are the Options? CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-013-0140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Romeo O, Criseo G. What lies beyond genetic diversity in Sporothrix schenckii species complex?: New insights into virulence profiles, immunogenicity and protein secretion in S. schenckii sensu stricto isolates. Virulence 2013; 4:203-6. [PMID: 23334066 DOI: 10.4161/viru.23467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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21
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Almeida SR. Therapeutic monoclonal antibody for sporotrichosis. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:409. [PMID: 23226146 PMCID: PMC3508404 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis that affects both humans and animals worldwide. This subcutaneous mycosis had been attributed to a single etiological agent, Sporothrix schenckii. S. schenckii exhibits considerable genetic variability, and recently, it was suggested that this taxon consists of a complex of species. Sporotrichosis is caused by traumatic inoculation of the fungus, which is a ubiquitous environmental saprophyte that can be isolated from soil and plant debris. The infection is limited to cutaneous forms, but recently, more severe clinical forms of this mycosis have been described, especially among immunocompromised individuals. The immunological mechanisms involved in the prevention and control of sporotrichosis are not well understood. Some studies suggest that cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in protecting the host against S. schenckii. In contrast, the role of the humoral immune response in protection against this fungus has not been studied in detail. In a previous study, we showed that antigens secreted by S. schenckii induced a specific humoral response in infected animals, primarily against a 70-kDa molecule, indicating a possible role of specific antibodies against this molecule in infection control. In another study by our group, we produced a mAb against a 70-kDa glycoprotein of S. schenckii to better understand the effect of the passive immunization of mice infected with S. schenckii. The results showed a significant reduction in the number of CFUs in various mice organs when the mAb was injected before or during S. schenckii infection. Similar results were observed when T-cell-deficient mice were used. The drugs of choice in the treatment of sporotrichosis require long periods, and relapses are frequently observed, primarily in immunocompromised patients. The strong protection induced by the mAb against a 70-kDa glycoprotein makes it a strong candidate as a therapeutic vaccine against sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro R Almeida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical e Toxicological Analysis, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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Silva MBTD, Costa MMDM, Torres CCDS, Galhardo MCG, Valle ACFD, Magalhães MDAFM, Sabroza PC, Oliveira RMD. Esporotricose urbana: epidemia negligenciada no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2012; 28:1867-80. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2012001000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Na literatura científica, a esporotricose esteve associada por anos a profissionais que lidam com a terra, local onde o fungo causador habita. Recentemente, numa área urbana tem sido registrada a ocorrência relacionada à transmissão zoonótica. Este trabalho objetivou contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a esporotricose em área urbana, por intermédio da analise exploratória de sua distribuição socioespacial no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre 1997 e 2007, identificando os espaços de transmissão mais intensos. Utilizando-se base de dados do Serviço de Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, foram realizadas análises de frequência da doença e sua distribuição espacial. No período estudado, foram registrados 1.848 casos de esporotricose, com predomínio em mulheres adultas fora do mercado de trabalho. A fonte de contaminação predominante foi ferimento causado pelo gato doméstico, o que contribuiu para a disseminação da esporotricose em área urbana. O georreferenciamento de 1.681 casos evidenciou um cinturão de transmissão ao longo da divisa entre a capital e os municípios da região metropolitana.
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Tilak R, Kumari V, Bansal M, Sharma T, Pandey SS. Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis in an adolescent girl presenting as mycetoma. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2012; 11:184-6. [PMID: 22885611 DOI: 10.1177/1534734612457571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 13-year-old girl presented with multiple painless purulent ulcers with raised borders on the medial aspect of the sole of her right foot associated with inguinal lymphadenopathy for the past 4 years. There was history of local trauma at the site prior to the formation of ulcers. There were no other significant associated signs or symptoms. The patient was initially treated with multiple antibiotics with minimal improvement. Fungal cultures of biopsy specimens demonstrated the presence of colonies of Sporothrix schenckii thus confirming the diagnosis of sporotrichosis. Oral itraconazole at the dose of 100 mg twice daily was initiated with marked response at 4 weeks. This case demonstrated a rare morphological presentation of the lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis as mycetoma. The possible diagnosis of sporotrichosis should be kept in mind in such a clinical presentation not responding to antibiotics. Cutaneous sporotrichosis should be diagnosed and treated as early as possible because untreated cases may disseminate to cause visceral involvement with fatal outcome in immunocompromised patients.
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Hsu LY, Wijaya L, Shu-Ting Ng E, Gotuzzo E. Tropical Fungal Infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2012; 26:497-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Song Y, Li SS, Zhong SX, Liu YY, Yao L, Huo SS. Report of 457 sporotrichosis cases from Jilin province, northeast China, a serious endemic region. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 27:313-8. [PMID: 22176524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most reported sporotrichosis cases came from South American countries, the USA, India and Japan. This mycosis is also endemic in Northeast China. However, the situation is not clear for international researchers due to lack of large series reported in English. OBJECTIVES To report and analyse 457 sporotrichosis cases. METHODS Retrospective study of 457 cases of sporotrichosis diagnosed by fungal culture at the First Hospital of Jilin University from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2009. RESULTS In this series, the male: female ratio was 1:1.42. Mean age was 41.2 years. Cases from age group 51-60 years accounted for most of the cases (22.54%). A total of 434 patients lived in rural areas (94.97%). The onset of symptoms in 67.61% cases happened in cold seasons (winter and spring). History of trauma presented in 133 cases (29.1%). The mean duration of the symptoms before the presentation was 6.41 months. A total of 190 (41.58%) showed lymphocutaneous form, 252 patients (55.14%) showed fixed form, 8 patients (1.75%) showed disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis and the clinical form of 7 patients (1.53%) could not be defined. Extremities and nodules were the most frequently involved sites and founded manifestation. Main histopathology findings were suppurative granuloma, tuberculoid granuloma and mixed inflammatory granuloma. A total of 75 cases (19.74%) had fungal elements revealed by Periodic Acid-Schiff staining. Patients responded well to potassium iodide (KI), itraconazole, terbinafine and combinations of these agents with a mean course of 2.17 months to resolve. CONCLUSION As the first report of a large series of sporotrichosis cases from China to be published in English literature, our study indicated a serious sporotrichosis endemic situation in Jilin province, Northeast China, with epidemiological and clinical characteristics similar to those of previous Chinese reports, but different from those in other countries. KI, itraconazole and terbinafine are effective for the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Abstract
Sporotrichosis, which is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii, is currently distributed throughout the world, especially in tropical and subtropical zones. Infection generally occurs by traumatic inoculation of soil, plants, and organic matter contaminated with the fungus. Certain leisure and occupational activities, such as floriculture, agriculture, mining, and wood exploitation, are traditionally associated with the mycosis. Zoonotic transmission has been described in isolated cases or in small outbreaks. Since the end of the 1990s there has been an epidemic of sporotrichosis associated with transmission by cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. More than 2,000 human cases and 3,000 animal cases have been reported. In humans, the lesions are usually restricted to the skin, subcutaneous cellular tissue, and adjacent lymphatic vessels. In cats, the disease can evolve with severe clinical manifestations and frequent systemic involvement. The gold standard for sporotrichosis diagnosis is culture. However, serological, histopathological, and molecular approaches have been recently adopted as auxiliary tools for the diagnosis of this mycotic infection. The first-choice treatment for both humans and cats is itraconazole.
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Romeo O, Scordino F, Criseo G. New Insight into Molecular Phylogeny and Epidemiology of Sporothrix schenckii Species Complex Based on Calmodulin-Encoding Gene Analysis of Italian Isolates. Mycopathologia 2011; 172:179-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Queiroz-Telles F, Nucci M, Colombo AL, Tobón A, Restrepo A. Mycoses of implantation in Latin America: an overview of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Med Mycol 2011; 49:225-36. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.539631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Endemic mycoses are important fungal infections in their respective habitats. In the Asia-Pacific region, an accurate epidemiological picture of endemic mycoses is elusive; few epidemiological surveys have been performed, and limited laboratory facilities and experience with fungal infections have further hampered recognition of infection. However, pockets of endemicity do indeed exist, and endemic fungal infections can have a significant impact on public health. This article reviews the most common endemic mycoses in the Asia-Pacific region: histoplasmosis, penicilliosis, and sporotrichosis. Blastomycosis, which has been infrequently reported within the region, is also briefly discussed. Certain areas of the Asia-Pacific region are endemic for histoplasmosis; however, the ecologic niche for this infection remains unclear. Penicilliosis is restricted to Southeast and Eastern Asia, whereas sporotrichosis is encountered in tropical areas of the Asia-Pacific region linked to environmental reservoirs distinct from those seen in the Western world. Before the advent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), histoplasmosis and penicilliosis were only occasionally reported; however, the incidence of both mycoses has increased with the rise in the incidence of AIDS. Comprehensive studies are needed to fully assess the areas of endemicity and the impact of endemic mycoses in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Capoor MR, Ramesh V, Khanna G, Singh A, Aggarwal P. Sporotrichosis in Delhi among the migrant population from Uttarakhand, India. Trop Doct 2010; 41:46-8. [PMID: 21172903 DOI: 10.1258/td.2010.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Six cases of sporotrichosis in Delhi (non-endemic area) were recorded in migrants from Uttarakhand over a period of one year (2008-2009). The clinico-epidemiological and mycological profile of the patients is discussed. These were confirmed by mycological culture, histopathological examination and/or remission of lesion with potassium iodide. Sporotrichosis is endemic in Uttarakhand, a north-western state in the sub-Himalayan region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini R Capoor
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahaveer Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi 110029, India.
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Sandoval-Bernal G, Barbosa-Sabanero G, Shibayama M, Perez-Torres A, Tsutsumi V, Sabanero M. Cell wall glycoproteins participate in the adhesion of Sporothrix schenckii to epithelial cells. Mycopathologia 2010; 171:251-9. [PMID: 21082256 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is the etiologic agent of sporotrichosis. This fungal infection is an emerging disease potentially fatal in immunocompromised patients. The adhesion to host cells is a crucial early event related with the dissemination of pathogens. In order to clarify the mechanisms of adhesion of S. schenckii yeast cell to epithelial cells, we studied the biochemical basis of this process. The electrophoretic analysis of cell wall protein from S. schenckii coupled at ConA and stained with HRP, revealed nine different proteins with MW ≥ 180, 115, 90, 80, 58, 40, 36, 22 and 18 kDa. Using ligand-like assay with biotinylated S. schenckii surface proteins, five proteins with MW ≥ 190, 180, 115, 90 and 80 kDa which have affinity to epithelial cells were identified. The adhesion of yeast to epithelial monolayer was significantly inhibited when S. schenckii was pretreated with concanavalinA (ConA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectins, alkali, periodate, trypsin, endoglycosidase H (EndoH), salt solutions and detergents. The ability of adhesion of S. schenckii yeast was recovered by blocking the lectin with sugar complementary. These data suggest that surface glycoprotein with mannose and glucose residue could be participate in the process of fungal adhesion to epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Sandoval-Bernal
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Campus Guanajuato, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, Col. Noria Alta, 36000, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México
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Landell MF, Stopiglia CDO, Billodre RG, Heidrich D, Sorrentino JM, Vainstein MH, Scroferneker ML, Valente P. Evaluation of the Origin of a Sample of Sporothrix Schenckii that Caused Contamination of a Researcher in Southern Brazil. Mycopathologia 2010; 171:203-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Rubio G, Sánchez G, Porras L, Alvarado Z. [Sporotrichosis: prevalence, clinical and epidemiological features in a reference center in Colombia]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2010; 27:75-9. [PMID: 20346295 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporotrichosis is a subacute and chronic infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii, which affects humans and other mammals. Clinical and epidemiological information in Colombia is scarce. OBJECTIVE To describe clinical and socio-demographic findings and diagnostic tests in patients with sporotrichosis from 1996 to 2005 in a national reference center in Colombia, and to determine the institutional prevalence from 2002 to 2005. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a prevalence study, including patients with clinical diagnosis of sporotrichosis and at least one of the following criteria: positive culture with S. schenckii, pathologic diagnosis suggestive of sporotrichosis, or response to treatment with potassium iodide. RESULTS Sixty cases were included, 67% were male, and 25% of them were farmers. The most affected anatomical areas were the forearms and hands (32.5% and 22.8% respectively). Most cases came from the Cundinamarca and Boyacá areas. The cases presented as fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis and lymphangitic sporotrichosis. Differential diagnoses with: leishmaniasis and chromoblastomycosis were performed in most of the cases. All patients were treated with potassium iodide. The prevalence for our center from 2002 to 2005 was 8 cases per 100,000 patients. CONCLUSIONS The characteristics of our patients are similar to those described in other populations, with some differences. The culture continues to be the gold standard for diagnosis purposes. Potassium iodide is the treatment of choice in our center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Rubio
- Oficina de Docencia e Investigación, Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta E.S.E, Bogotá D.C. Colombia
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Inokuma D, Shibaki A, Shimizu H. Two cases of cutaneous sporotrichosis in continental/microthermal climate zone: global warming alert? Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 35:668-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2010.03795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Criseo G, Romeo O. Ribosomal DNA Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis of Environmental Sporothrix schenckii Strains: Comparison with Clinical Isolates. Mycopathologia 2010; 169:351-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Roldán-Marín R, Contreras-Ruiz J, Arenas R, Vazquez-del-Mercado E, Toussaint-Caire S, Vega-Memije ME. Fixed sporotrichosis as a cause of a chronic ulcer on the knee. Int Wound J 2009; 6:63-6. [PMID: 19291118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2008.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a major health care problem worldwide. Wound healing is a holistic endeavour that requires an accurate identification of the specific entities interfering with wound healing in a particular patient. We present a case of fixed sporotrichosis as the cause of a chronic ulcer in the knee. Although a culture of Sporothrix schenckii could not be obtained, a positive response to the sporotrichin skin test, a skin biopsy showed a suppurative granuloma and an adequate response to oral administration of potassium iodide confirmed the diagnosis. The identification and correction of the underlying aetiology of any chronic wound is the first and most important step to restore wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Roldán-Marín
- Interdisciplinary Wound and Ostomy Care Center, Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Sporotrichosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Peruvian Patients. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2009. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0b013e31818add36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kovarik CL, Neyra E, Bustamante B. Evaluation of cats as the source of endemic sporotrichosis in Peru. Med Mycol 2008; 46:53-6. [PMID: 17885948 DOI: 10.1080/13693780701567481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although contact with domestic cats has been shown to be a risk factor for sporotrichosis in endemic areas, systematic evaluation of apparently unaffected cats as possible reservoirs for infection has not been explored. The goals of this study were to identify the following aspects of sporotrichosis in the endemic area of Abancay, Peru: (i) the overall prevalence of sporotrichosis in the cat population, (ii) the most common site where the fungus can be isolated from these cats, and (iii) whether cats without identifiable skin lesions may be carriers of the fungus in the oral mucosa, nasal mucosa, or nails. One household cat in each of 85 neighborhoods within the endemic area of Abancay, Peru was randomly selected. Oral and nasal swabs, as well as nail clippings were taken from 84 of the cats. In addition, samples from skin lesions that were suspected to be due to sporotrichosis were collected from cats or members of families that owned the pets. Cultures inoculated with two nasal swabs and one set of nail clippings from two different cats yielded Sporothrix schenckii, the identity of which were confirmed by rDNA sequencing. The overall prevalence of Sporothrix schenckii colonization was 2.38% (95% CI 0.41-9.14) in this cat population. None of the skin lesion samples from the cats and only one such sample from a family member were positive for Sporothrix schenckii in culture. These results suggest a role for domestic cats as a possible reservoir for sporotrichosis infection in Abancay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Kovarik
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 2 Maloney Building, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Brito MMS, Conceição-Silva F, Morgado FN, Raibolt PS, Schubach A, Schubach TP, Schäffer GMV, Borba CM. Comparison of virulence of different Sporothrix schenckii clinical isolates using experimental murine model. Med Mycol 2008; 45:721-9. [PMID: 17885952 DOI: 10.1080/13693780701625131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulence of two strains of Sporothrix schenckii isolated from patients with lymphocutaneous or disseminated sporotrichosis were examined in BALB/c mice (Group 1 and 2, respectively). The mice were inoculated subcutaneously into the left hind footpad with 4 x 10(6) S. schenckii yeast cells in order to evaluate (i) the development of cutaneous lesions, (ii) signs of inactivity, (iii) weight loss, (iv) survival rates, (v) number of viable yeast cells in the lungs and spleen, (vi) splenic index, (vii) extent of organ lesions, and (viii) immunological responses. Comparison of the two groups showed more severe disease in Group 2 mice that developed significant weight and hair loss associated with inactivity and left hind footpad lesions that extended close to the testicular area. The histopathology and large number of viable microorganisms isolated from the spleen confirmed the higher invasive ability of this strain. Moreover, a decrease of an in vitro specific lymphoproliferative response and IFN-gamma production were observed over time in Group 2 mice. As a result, at the end of the experiment, the S. schenckii-antigen (Ss-Ag) response was considered negative with a stimulation index (SI) = 2. In contrast, Group 1 mice presented a positive response to Ss-Ag (SI = 14.1). These results confirm the existence of different virulence profiles in S. schenckii strains. In addition, the use of subcutaneous inoculation as a suitable route for verification of the pathogenicity of this fungus in the murine model was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelly M S Brito
- Department of Mycology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporotrichosis in childhood is rare in most countries. Isolated cases and small outbreaks related to recreational activities or without identification of the transmission mechanism have been reported. METHODS Series of case reports. The isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from exudates or fragments of lesions obtained from the patients was used as the criterion of inclusion in the study. RESULTS A total of 81 cases of sporotrichosis in children younger than 15 years of age were diagnosed at the Evandro Chagas Research Institute, Fiocruz, Brazil, between 1998 and 2004. These cases are part of the endemic disease occurring in Rio de Janeiro related to contact with domestic cats. There was a predominance of girls in the 10-14 year age group. The most frequent clinical form was the cutaneouslymphatic form located on the upper limbs. Itraconazole was used as the first-choice treatment. Sixty-six patients were cured, 9 were lost to follow-up, and 6 had spontaneous regression of the lesions. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest series of childhood sporotrichosis with zoonotic transmission. The clinical presentation of sporotrichosis in children followed the same pattern of the disease in adults in this ongoing endemic.
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Abstract
Skin ulcers are a commonly encountered problem at departments of tropical dermatology in the Western world. Furthermore, the general dermatologist is likely to be consulted more often for imported chronic skin ulcers because of the ever-increasing travel to and from tropical countries. The most common cause of chronic ulceration throughout the world is probably pyoderma. However, in some parts of the world, cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the most prevalent causes. Mycobacterium ulcerans is an important cause of chronic ulcers in West Africa. Bacterial infections include pyoderma, mycobacterial infections, diphtheria, and anthrax. Pyoderma is caused by Staphylococcus aureus and/or beta-hemolytic streptococci group A. This condition is a common cause of ulcerative skin lesions in tropical countries and is often encountered as a secondary infection in travelers. The diagnosis is often made on clinical grounds. Antibacterial treatment for pyoderma should preferably be based on culture outcome. Floxacillin is generally active against S. aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococci. Infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans, M. marinum, and M. tuberculosis may cause ulcers. Buruli ulcers, which are caused by M. ulcerans, are endemic in foci in West Africa and have been reported as an imported disease in the Western world. Treatment is generally surgical, although a combination of rifampin (rifampicin) and streptomycin may be effective in the early stage. M. marinum causes occasional ulcerating lesions in humans. Treatment regimens consist of combinations containing clarithromycin, rifampin, or ethambutol. Cutaneous tuberculosis is rare in travelers but may be encountered in immigrants from developing countries. Treatment is with multiple drug regimens consisting of isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and rifampin. Cutaneous diphtheria is still endemic in many tropical countries. Cutaneous diphtheria ulcers are nonspecific and erythromycin and penicillin are both effective antibacterials. Antitoxin should be administered intramuscularly in suspected cases. Anthrax is caused by spore-forming Bacillus anthracis. This infection is still endemic in many tropical countries. Eschar formation, which sloughs and leaves behind a shallow ulcer at the site of inoculation, characterizes cutaneous anthrax. Penicillin and doxycycline are effective antibacterials. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by different species belonging to the genus Leishmania. The disorder is one of the ten most frequent causes of skin diseases in travelers returning from (sub)tropical countries. The clinical picture is diverse, ranging from a painless papule or nodule to an ulcer with or without a scab. Treatment depends on the clinical manifestations and the species involved.Sporotrichosis, chromo(blasto)mycosis, and mycetoma are the most common mycoses that may be accompanied by ulceration. Infections are restricted to certain regions and often result from direct penetration of the fungus into the skin. Anti-mycotic treatment depends on the microorganism involved. The most common causes of infectious skin ulceration encountered in patients from tropical countries who present at a department of tropical dermatology are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim E Zeegelaar
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Figueiredo CC, Deccache PMS, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Morandi V. TGF-beta1 induces transendothelial migration of the pathogenic fungus Sporothrix schenckii by a paracellular route involving extracellular matrix proteins. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:2910-2921. [PMID: 17768235 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/005421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, a mycosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii, is characterized by lymphocutaneous lesions. In immunocompromised hosts, this fungus may invade the bloodstream and disseminate to other tissues, such as lung and bone. Our group previously showed that S. schenckii yeasts adhere to endothelial monolayers and that this interaction is modulated by cytokines. Using 3.0 mum-pore culture inserts, the present work shows that transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 led to a 80+/-26 % increase in fungal migration across endothelial monolayers and inhibited fungus internalization by 55+/-23.5 %, when compared to untreated cells. The major surface endothelial molecules recognized by S. schenckii were not modulated by TGF-beta1. These data suggested that a paracellular route is preferentially used by S. schenckii during the transmigration of cultured endothelial cells. It was further observed that TGF-beta1 increased the subendothelial matrix exposure and that anti-fibronectin (anti-FN) and anti-laminin (anti-LM) antibodies abolished the increase in S. schenckii association with endothelial monolayers induced by TGF-beta1. These antibodies also inhibited (38.2+/-4.29 % and 50.8+/-17.3 %, respectively) the adhesion of S. schenckii to freshly prepared native endothelial matrices. Furthermore, transendothelial migration of S. schenckii was blocked by anti-FN and anti-LM antibodies. These data indicate that TGF-beta1-induced S. schenckii adhesion to endothelial monolayers results from the increased exposure of the subendothelial extracellular matrix and that this event may contribute to the enhancement of transendothelial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C Figueiredo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula M S Deccache
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Verônica Morandi
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Mehta KIS, Sharma NL, Kanga AK, Mahajan VK, Ranjan N. Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from the environmental sources of cutaneous sporotrichosis patients in Himachal Pradesh, India: results of a pilot study. Mycoses 2007; 50:496-501. [PMID: 17944713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karan Inder Singh Mehta
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, India Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Kohler LM, Hamdan JS, Ferrari TCA. Successful treatment of a disseminated Sporothrix schenckii infection and in vitro analysis for antifungal susceptibility testing. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 58:117-20. [PMID: 17498572 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 10/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a diabetic patient with localized osteoarticular sporotrichosis followed by widespread dissemination of the infection, which was successfully treated with amphotericin B. In addition, we evaluated the in vitro antifungal activity of 4 agents against both the mycelial and the yeast forms of the isolated fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Meire Kohler
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Abstract
This report describes a 23 year-old male florist gardener diagnosed with subcutaneous sporotrichosis caused by the dimorphic pathogenic soil fungus Sporothrix schenckii. The patient had several small skin lesions over the left upper arm with ascendant chains of enlarged lymph nodes.Sporothrix schenckii was detected from clinical samples by direct microscopy and culture and its ability to switch from mould to yeast form at 37 degrees C. The patient was successfully treated with long-term potassium iodide and advised to wear gloves and long sleeves when handling any kind of plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolhassan Kazemi
- National Public Health Management Center (NPMC) and Immunology and Parasitology Department, Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran.
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Lupi O, Tyring SK, McGinnis MR. Tropical dermatology: fungal tropical diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 53:931-51, quiz 952-4. [PMID: 16310053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.10.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fungal infections are common in tropical countries and can have an important impact on public health. Lobomycosis is a common fungal infection in the tropical rain forest of South America, and paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) is a widespread and sometimes severe illness. Penicilliosis marneffei is an opportunistic infection of AIDS patients in southeast Asia. Chromoblastomycosis and mycetomas are causes of morbidity around the world. Sporotrichosis is a worldwide subcutaneous mycosis with a high incidence in tropical countries and is an important illness in immunocompromised patients. Rhinosporidiosis was classed as a fungal infection but is now considered a protistan parasite that belongs to the class Mesomycetozoea. It is included in this review because of its historical classification. In the past, most of these mycoses were restricted to specific geographic areas and natural reservoirs. There are, however, situations in which people from other regions come in contact with the pathogen. A common situation involves an accidental contamination of a traveler or worker who has contact with a tropical mycosis. Even minor trauma to the skin surface or inhalation of the fungal conidia can infect the patient. Thus recognition of the clinical symptoms and the dermatologic findings of the diseases, as well as the geographic distribution of the pathogens, can be critical in diagnosis of the tropical mycoses. This review discusses some of the more common tropical subcutaneous and systemic mycoses, as well as their signs, symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and therapies. LEARNING OBJECTIVE At the completion of this learning activity, participants should be able to recognize the clinical and histologic presentations of tropical fungal diseases with cutaneous manifestations and be familiar with the appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Lupi
- Department of Medical Clinics (Dermatology), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
For a long time sporotrichosis has been regarded to have a low incidence in Brazil; however, recent studies demonstrate that not only the number of reported cases but also the incidence of more severe or atypical clinical forms of the disease are increasing. Recent data indicate that these more severe forms occur in about 10% of patients with confirmed diagnosis. The less frequent forms, mainly osteoarticular sporotrichosis, might be associated both with patient immunodepression and zoonotic transmission of the disease. The extracutaneous form and the atypical forms are a challenge to a newly developed serological test, introduced as an auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of unusual clinical forms of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Structural and Functional Aspects of Fungal Glycosphingolipids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(06)80045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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