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Gu K, May HA, Kang MH. Targeting Molecular Signaling Pathways and Cytokine Responses to Modulate c-MYC in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2024; 16:15. [PMID: 39344393 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbs1603015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Overexpression of the MYC oncogene, encoding c-MYC protein, contributes to the pathogenesis and drug resistance of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and many other hematopoietic malignancies. Although standard chemotherapy has predominated in AML therapy over the past five decades, the clinical outcomes and patient response to treatment remain suboptimal. Deeper insight into the molecular basis of this disease should facilitate the development of novel therapeutics targeting specific molecules and pathways that are dysregulated in AML, including fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene mutation and cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33) protein expression. Elevated expression of c-MYC is one of the molecular features of AML that determines the clinical prognosis in patients. Increased expression of c-MYC is also one of the cytogenetic characteristics of drug resistance in AML. However, direct targeting of c-MYC has been challenging due to its lack of binding sites for small molecules. In this review, we focused on the mechanisms involving the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) and cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) proteins, phosphoinositide-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) and Janus kinase-signal transduction and activation of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways, as well as various inflammatory cytokines, as an indirect means of regulating MYC overexpression in AML. Furthermore, we highlight Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for AML, and the results of preclinical and clinical studies on novel agents that have been or are currently being tested for efficacy and tolerability in AML therapy. Overall, this review summarizes our current knowledge of the molecular processes that promote leukemogenesis, as well as the various agents that intervene in specific pathways and directly or indirectly modulate c-MYC to disrupt AML pathogenesis and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Gu
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Harry A May
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Min H Kang
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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2
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Sun H, Ren P, Chen Y, Lan L, Yan Z, Yang Y, Wang B, Wang C, Li Y, Li L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wang Z, Pan Z, Jiang Z. Optimal therapy for concomitant EGFR and TP53 mutated non-small cell lung cancer: a real-world study. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:198. [PMID: 36864384 PMCID: PMC9979422 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell cancer (NSCLC) patients with concomitant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and TP53 mutations have a poor prognosis with the treatment of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and may benefit from a combination regimen preferentially. The present study aims to compare the benefits of EGFR-TKIs and its combination with antiangiogenic drugs or chemotherapy in patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR and TP53 co-mutation in a real-life setting. METHODS This retrospective analysis included 124 patients with advanced NSCLC having concomitant EGFR and TP53 mutations, who underwent next-generation sequencing prior to treatment. Patients were classified into the EGFR-TKI group and combination therapy group. The primary end point of this study was progression-free survival (PFS). The Kaplan-Meier (KM) curve was drawn to analyze PFS, and the differences between the groups were compared using the logarithmic rank test. Univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis was performed on the risk factors associated with survival. RESULTS The combination group included 72 patients who received the regimen of EGFR-TKIs combined with antiangiogenic drugs or chemotherapy, while the EGFR-TKI monotherapy group included 52 patients treated with TKI only. The median PFS was significantly longer in the combination group than in the EGFR-TKI group (18.0 months; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.1-23.9 vs. 7.0 months; 95% CI: 6.1-7.9; p < 0.001) with greater PFS benefit in TP53 exon 4 or 7 mutations subgroup. Subgroup analysis showed a similar trend. The median duration of response was significantly longer in the combination group than in the EGFR-TKI group. Patients with 19 deletions or L858R mutations both achieved a significant PFS benefit with combination therapy versus EGFR-TKI alone. CONCLUSION Combination therapy had a higher efficacy than EGFR-TKI alone for patients with NSCLC having concomitant EGFR and TP53 mutations. Future prospective clinical trials are needed to determine the role of combination therapy for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Sun
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Integrative Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Ren
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Esophageal Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongzi Chen
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Lan
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Integrative Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuchen Yan
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Integrative Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yinli Yang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Integrative Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Wang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Integrative Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Wang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Integrative Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Integrative Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Li
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Integrative Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Integrative Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyang Li
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Integrative Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Zuolin Wang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Integrative Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhanyu Pan
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zhansheng Jiang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, Tianjin, China.
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3
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Borutinskaitė V, Žučenka A, Vitkevičienė A, Stoškus M, Kaupinis A, Valius M, Gineikienė E, Navakauskienė R. Genetic and Epigenetic Signatures in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Treatment and Molecular Remission. Front Genet 2022; 13:821676. [PMID: 35495123 PMCID: PMC9039054 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.821676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive, heterogeneous group of malignancies with different clinical behaviors and different responses to therapy. For many types of cancer, finding cancer early makes it easier to treat. Identifying prognostic molecular markers and understanding their biology are the first steps toward developing novel diagnostic tools or therapies for patients with AML. In this study, we defined proteins and genes that can be used in the prognosis of different acute leukemia cases and found possible uses in diagnostics and therapy. We analyzed newly diagnosed acute leukemia cases positive for t (15; 17) (q22; q21) PML-RAR alpha, acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). The samples of bone marrow cells were collected from patients at the diagnosis stage, as follow-up samples during standard treatment with all-trans retinoic acid, idarubicin, and mitoxantrone, and at the molecular remission. We determined changes in the expression of genes involved in leukemia cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. We observed that WT1, CALR, CAV1, and MYC genes’ expression in all APL patients with no relapse history was downregulated after treatment and could be potential markers associated with the pathology, thereby revealing the potential value of this approach for a better characterization of the prediction of APL outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Borutinskaitė
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Žučenka
- Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine Centre, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aida Vitkevičienė
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Stoškus
- Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine Centre, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Kaupinis
- Proteomic Center, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Valius
- Proteomic Center, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eglė Gineikienė
- Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine Centre, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rūta Navakauskienė
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- *Correspondence: Rūta Navakauskienė,
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4
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Suvilesh KN, Nussbaum YI, Radhakrishnan V, Manjunath Y, Avella DM, Staveley-O’Carroll KF, Kimchi ET, Chaudhuri AA, Shyu CR, Li G, Pantel K, Warren WC, Mitchem JB, Kaifi JT. Tumorigenic circulating tumor cells from xenograft mouse models of non-metastatic NSCLC patients reveal distinct single cell heterogeneity and drug responses. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:73. [PMID: 35279152 PMCID: PMC8917773 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are liquid biopsies that represent micrometastatic disease and may offer unique insights into future recurrences in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Due to CTC rarity and limited stability, no stable CTC-derived xenograft (CDX) models have ever been generated from non-metastatic NSCLC patients directly. Alternative strategies are needed to molecularly characterize CTCs and means of potential future metastases in this potentially curable patient group. Methods Surgically resected NSCLC primary tumor tissues from non-metastatic patients were implanted subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice to establish primary tumor patient-derived xenograft (ptPDX) models. CTCs were isolated as liquid biopsies from the blood of ptPDX mice and re-implanted subcutaneously into naïve immunodeficient mice to generate liquid biopsy CTC-derived xenograft (CDX) tumor models. Single cell RNA sequencing was performed and validated in an external dataset of non-xenografted human NSCLC primary tumor and metastases tissues. Drug response testing in CDX models was performed with standard of care chemotherapy (carboplatin/paclitaxel). Blockade of MYC, which has a known role in drug resistance, was performed with a MYC/MAX dimerization inhibitor (10058-F4). Results Out of ten ptPDX, two (20%) stable liquid biopsy CDX mouse models were generated. Single cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed an additional regenerative alveolar epithelial type II (AT2)-like cell population in CDX tumors that was also identified in non-xenografted NSCLC patients’ metastases tissues. Drug testing using these CDX models revealed different treatment responses to carboplatin/paclitaxel. MYC target genes and c-MYC protein were upregulated in the chemoresistant CDX model, while MYC/MAX dimerization blocking could overcome chemoresistance to carboplatin/paclitaxel. Conclusions To overcome the lack of liquid biopsy CDX models from non-metastatic NSCLC patients, CDX models can be generated with CTCs from ptPDX models that were originally established from patients’ primary tumors. Single cell analyses can identify distinct drug responses and cell heterogeneities in CDX tumors that can be validated in NSCLC metastases tissues. CDX models deserve further development and study to discover personalized strategies against micrometastases in non-metastatic NSCLC patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-022-01553-5.
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Szymonik J, Wala K, Górnicki T, Saczko J, Pencakowski B, Kulbacka J. The Impact of Iron Chelators on the Biology of Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010089. [PMID: 35008527 PMCID: PMC8745085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic diseases are still a major medical challenge, requiring a constant search for new therapeutic options. A serious problem of many cancers is resistance to anticancer drugs and disease progression in metastases or local recurrence. These characteristics of cancer cells may be related to the specific properties of cancer stem cells (CSC). CSCs are involved in inhibiting cells’ maturation, which is essential for maintaining their self-renewal capacity and pluripotency. They show increased expression of transcription factor proteins, which were defined as stemness-related markers. This group of proteins includes OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, Nanog, and SALL4. It has been noticed that the metabolism of cancer cells is changed, and the demand for iron is significantly increased. Iron chelators have been proven to have antitumor activity and influence the expression of stemness-related markers, thus reducing chemoresistance and the risk of tumor cell progression. This prompts further investigation of these agents as promising anticancer novel drugs. The article presents the characteristics of stemness markers and their influence on the development and course of neoplastic disease. Available iron chelators were also described, and their effects on cancer cells and expression of stemness-related markers were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Szymonik
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.S.); (K.W.); (T.G.)
| | - Kamila Wala
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.S.); (K.W.); (T.G.)
| | - Tomasz Górnicki
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.S.); (K.W.); (T.G.)
| | - Jolanta Saczko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Pencakowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-784-06-88
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6
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Liu SY, Bao H, Wang Q, Mao WM, Chen Y, Tong X, Xu ST, Wu L, Wei YC, Liu YY, Chen C, Cheng Y, Yin R, Yang F, Ren SX, Li XF, Li J, Huang C, Liu ZD, Xu S, Chen KN, Xu SD, Liu LX, Yu P, Wang BH, Ma HT, Yan HH, Dong S, Zhang XC, Su J, Yang JJ, Yang XN, Zhou Q, Wu X, Shao Y, Zhong WZ, Wu YL. Genomic signatures define three subtypes of EGFR-mutant stage II-III non-small-cell lung cancer with distinct adjuvant therapy outcomes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6450. [PMID: 34750392 PMCID: PMC8575965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ADJUVANT study reported the comparative superiority of adjuvant gefitinib over chemotherapy in disease-free survival of resected EGFR-mutant stage II–IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, not all patients experienced favorable clinical outcomes with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), raising the necessity for further biomarker assessment. In this work, by comprehensive genomic profiling of 171 tumor tissues from the ADJUVANT trial, five predictive biomarkers are identified (TP53 exon4/5 mutations, RB1 alterations, and copy number gains of NKX2-1, CDK4, and MYC). Then we integrate them into the Multiple-gene INdex to Evaluate the Relative benefit of Various Adjuvant therapies (MINERVA) score, which categorizes patients into three subgroups with relative disease-free survival and overall survival benefits from either adjuvant gefitinib or chemotherapy (Highly TKI-Preferable, TKI-Preferable, and Chemotherapy-Preferable groups). This study demonstrates that predictive genomic signatures could potentially stratify resected EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients and provide precise guidance towards future personalized adjuvant therapy. Adjuvant gefitinib improves outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients compared to chemotherapy, but not in all cases. Here, the authors find genomic biomarkers of response to gefitinib in NSCLC patients from the ADJUVANT trial, and propose a score to stratify them by potential benefit from the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yang Liu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Bao
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Fudan University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yedan Chen
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | | | - Song-Tao Xu
- Fudan University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Wei
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Chun Chen
- Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Jilin Provincial Tumor Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Rong Yin
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- The People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Jian Li
- Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Shun Xu
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Shi-Dong Xu
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Lun-Xu Liu
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Bu-Hai Wang
- The Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Tao Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong-Hong Yan
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Dong
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Chao Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Su
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Ji Yang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ning Yang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China.,School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Zhao Zhong
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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Sriratanasak N, Petsri K, Laobuthee A, Wattanathana W, Vinayanuwattikun C, Luanpitpong S, Chanvorachote P. Novel c-Myc-Targeting Compound N, N-Bis (5-Ethyl-2-Hydroxybenzyl) Methylamine for Mediated c-Myc Ubiquitin-Proteasomal Degradation in Lung Cancer Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:130-142. [PMID: 32487733 DOI: 10.1124/mol.120.119719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant cellular Myc (c-Myc) is a common feature in the majority of human cancers and has been linked to oncogenic malignancies. Here, we developed a novel c-Myc-targeting compound, N, N-bis (5-ethyl-2-hydroxybenzyl) methylamine (EMD), and present evidence demonstrating its effectiveness in targeting c-Myc for degradation in human lung carcinoma. EMD exhibited strong cytotoxicity toward various human lung cancer cell lines, as well as chemotherapeutic-resistant patient-derived lung cancer cells, through apoptosis induction in comparison with chemotherapeutic drugs. The IC50 of EMD against lung cancer cells was approximately 60 µM. Mechanistically, EMD eliminated c-Myc in the cells and initiated caspase-dependent apoptosis cascade. Cycloheximide chase assay revealed that EMD tended to shorten the half-life of c-Myc by approximately half. The cotreatment of EMD with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 reversed its c-Myc-targeting effect, suggesting the involvement of ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation in the process. We further verified that EMD strongly induced the ubiquitination of c-Myc and promoted protein degradation. c-Myc inhibition and apoptosis induction were additionally shown in hematologic malignant K562 cells, indicating the generality of the observed EMD effects. Altogether, we identified EMD as a novel potent compound targeting oncogenic c-Myc that may offer new opportunities for lung cancer treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The deregulation of c-Myc is frequently associated with cancer progression. This study examined the effect of a new compound, N, N-bis (5-ethyl-2-hydroxybenzyl) methylamine (EMD), in targeting c-Myc in several lung cancer cell lines and drug-resistant primary lung cancer cells. EMD induced dramatic c-Myc degradation through a ubiquitin-proteasomal mechanism. The promising anticancer and c-Myc-targeted activities of EMD support its use in potential new approaches to treat c-Myc-driven cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicharat Sriratanasak
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
| | - Korrakod Petsri
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
| | - Apirat Laobuthee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
| | - Worawat Wattanathana
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
| | - Chanida Vinayanuwattikun
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
| | - Sudjit Luanpitpong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
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8
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Tao L, Shu-Ling W, Jing-Bo H, Ying Z, Rong H, Xiang-Qun L, Wen-Jie C, Lin-Fu Z. MiR-451a attenuates doxorubicin resistance in lung cancer via suppressing epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) through targeting c-Myc. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109962. [PMID: 32106373 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is still a major obstacle for lung cancer treatment. Increasing studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are essential meditators of chemoresistance during cancer progression. MiR-451a is reported to be a tumor suppressor during cancer development. However, its effects on lung cancer and drug resistance in lung cancer are still unclear. In the study, the results showed that miR-451a exhibited a significant role in suppressing the drug resistance in lung cancer cells when treated with doxorubicin (DOX) through alleviating epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT), as evidenced by the markedly reduced expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin, while the enhanced expression of E-cadherin. In addition, miR-451a over-expression markedly promoted the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to DOX treatments, and also disrupted the EMT of lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, miR-451a was found to directly target c-Myc to affect the EMT and drug resistance in lung cancer cells in response to DOX incubation. Furthermore, c-Myc knockdown markedly elevated the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to DOX, whereas over-expressing c-Myc markedly reversed the anti-tumor role of DOX, which was slightly diminished by miR-451a mimic. The in vivo experiments confirmed that miR-451a promoted the sensitivity of lung cancer cells-derived tumors to DOX treatment by reducing c-Myc. Therefore, our results revealed a new insight into DOX resistance of lung cancer cells and miR-451a could be considered as a potential therapeutic target to overcome drug resistance in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Wang Shu-Ling
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Hao Jing-Bo
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Zhang Ying
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Hu Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, China
| | - Liu Xiang-Qun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Cui Wen-Jie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Zhou Lin-Fu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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9
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Elbadawy M, Usui T, Yamawaki H, Sasaki K. Emerging Roles of C-Myc in Cancer Stem Cell-Related Signaling and Resistance to Cancer Chemotherapy: A Potential Therapeutic Target Against Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2340. [PMID: 31083525 PMCID: PMC6539579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc is a nuclear transcription factor that mainly regulates cell growth, cell cycle, metabolism, and survival. Myc family proteins contain c-Myc, n-Myc, and l-Myc. Among them, c-Myc can become a promising therapeutic target molecule in cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are known to be responsible for the therapeutic resistance. In the previous study, we demonstrated that c-Myc mediates drug resistance of colorectal CSCs using a patient-derived primary three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture. In this review, we mainly focus on the roles of c-Myc-related signaling in the regulation of CSCs, chemotherapy resistance, and colorectal cancer organoids. Finally, we introduce the various types of c-Myc inhibitors and propose the possibility of c-Myc as a therapeutic target against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elbadawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya 13736, Egypt.
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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10
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miR-137 mediates the functional link between c-Myc and EZH2 that regulates cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2018; 38:564-580. [PMID: 30166592 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Platinum drugs are used in first-line to treat ovarian cancer, but most of the patients eventually generate resistance after treatment with these drugs. Although both c-Myc and EZH2 have been implicated in regulating cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer, the interplay between these two regulators is poorly understood. Using RNA sequence analysis (RNA-seq), for the first time we find that miR-137 level is extremely low in cisplatin resistant ovarian cancer cells, correlating with higher levels of c-Myc and EZH2 expression. Further analyses indicate that in resistant cells c-Myc enhances the expression of EZH2 by directly suppressing miR-137 that targets EZH2 mRNA, and increased expression of EZH2 activates cellular survival pathways, resulting in the resistance to cisplatin. Inhibition of c-Myc-miR-137-EZH2 pathway re-sensitizes resistant cells to cisplatin. Both in vivo and in vitro analyses indicate that cisplatin treatment activates c-Myc-miR-137-EZH2 pathway. Importantly, elevated c-Myc-miR-137-EZH2 pathway in resistant cells is sustained by dual oxidase maturation factor 1 (DUOXA1)-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Significantly, clinical studies further confirm the activated c-Myc-miR-137-EZH2 pathway in platinum drug-resistant or recurrent ovarian cancer patients. Thus, our studies elucidate a novel role of miR-137 in regulating c-Myc-EZH2 axis that is crucial to the regulation of cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer.
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11
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Cheng J, Gao J, Shuai X, Tao K. Oncogenic protein SALL4 and ZNF217 as prognostic indicators in solid cancers: a meta‑analysis of individual studies. Oncotarget 2018; 7:24314-25. [PMID: 27007163 PMCID: PMC5029703 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SALL4 and ZNF217 have been widely acknowledged as pivotal effectors stimulating embryonic immortalization as well as oncogenicity. Nevertheless, their prognostic worthiness towards solid tumors remains obscure. Hence we performed this comprehensive meta-analysis aiming to unveil the survival significance of both aberrantly expressed proteins. RESULTS Overall we included 22 eligible entries comprising of 3093 participants. Over-expression of SALL4 and ZNF217 were negatively correlated with clinical prognosis of 3-year, 5-year, 10-year and disease-free survival in solid malignancies, irrespective of cancer types, source regions, mean-age and sex predominance. Results of sensitivity analysis additionally verified the stability of the pooled outcomes. No publication bias was observed on the basis of Egger's test and Begg's test. METHODS Studies were eventually included via database searching and rigorous eligibility appraisal. Data extraction and methodological assessment were implemented under a standard manner. Review Manager 5.3 and STATA 12.0 were utilized as statistical platforms following the recommendations by Cochrane Collaboration protocols. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant amplification of SALL4 and ZNF217 serve as unfavorable predictors of survival expectancy among cancer sufferers, revealing great potential as targeted spots in future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinbo Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Shuai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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12
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Yu C, Ding B, Zhang X, Deng X, Deng K, Cheng Z, Xing B, Jin D, Ma P, Lin J. Targeted iron nanoparticles with platinum-(IV) prodrugs and anti-EZH2 siRNA show great synergy in combating drug resistance in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 2017; 155:112-123. [PMID: 29175080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to platinum agents is challenging in cancer treatment with platinum drugs. Such resistant cells prevent effective platinum accumulation intracellular and alter cellular adaptations to survive from cytotoxicity by regulating corresponding proteins expression. Ideal therapeutics should combine resolution to these pump and non-pump relevant resistance of cancer cells to achieve high efficacy and low side effect. Fe3O4 nanocarrier loaded with drugs could enter cells in a more efficient endocytosis manner which circumvents pump-relevant drug resistance. EZH2 protein which was previously found to be over-expressed in drug-resistant cancer cells was reported to be involved in platinum drug resistance and play a vital role in anti-apoptosis pathways. Here, we report Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded with siEZH2 (siRNA), a platinum prodrug in +4 oxidation state (cis, cis, trans-diamminedichlorodisuccinato-platinum-(IV), namely Pt(IV)) and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) targeting polypeptides. Results show that targeted nanoparticles loading with siEZH2 synergize with Pt(IV) and result in similar cell killing performance to A2780/DDP cells (cisplatin resistant) compared with non-siEZH2 loaded nanoparticles to A2780 cells (cisplatin sensitive). Thus, this Fe3O4@PEI-Pt(IV)-PEG-LHRH@siEZH2 nanoparticles reverse the cisplatin resistance from the pump and non-pump relevant aspects, fully taking advantage of nanocarrier system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Binbin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xinyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xiaoran Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kerong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ziyong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Bengang Xing
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ping'an Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
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13
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Kumari A, Folk WP, Sakamuro D. The Dual Roles of MYC in Genomic Instability and Cancer Chemoresistance. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8060158. [PMID: 28590415 PMCID: PMC5485522 DOI: 10.3390/genes8060158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is associated with genomic instability and aging. Genomic instability stimulates tumorigenesis, whereas deregulation of oncogenes accelerates DNA replication and increases genomic instability. It is therefore reasonable to assume a positive feedback loop between genomic instability and oncogenic stress. Consistent with this premise, overexpression of the MYC transcription factor increases the phosphorylation of serine 139 in histone H2AX (member X of the core histone H2A family), which forms so-called γH2AX, the most widely recognized surrogate biomarker of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). Paradoxically, oncogenic MYC can also promote the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic DNA-damaging agents such as cisplatin, clearly implying an antagonistic role of MYC in genomic instability. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms of the conflicting functions of MYC in genomic instability and discuss when and how the oncoprotein exerts the contradictory roles in induction of DSBs and protection of cancer-cell genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Tumor Signaling and Angiogenesis Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Watson P Folk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Tumor Signaling and Angiogenesis Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Program, The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Daitoku Sakamuro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Tumor Signaling and Angiogenesis Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Program, The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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14
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Kikuchi A, Suzuki T, Nakazawa T, Iizuka M, Nakayama A, Ozawa T, Kameda M, Shindoh N, Terasaka T, Hirano M, Kuromitsu S. ASP5878, a selective FGFR inhibitor, to treat FGFR3-dependent urothelial cancer with or without chemoresistance. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:236-242. [PMID: 27885740 PMCID: PMC5329164 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF/FGFR gene aberrations such as amplification, mutation and fusion are associated with many types of human cancers including urothelial cancer. FGFR kinase inhibitors are expected to be a targeted therapy for urothelial cancer harboring FGFR3 gene alternations. ASP5878, a selective inhibitor of FGFR1, 2, 3 and 4 under clinical investigation, selectively inhibited cell proliferation of urothelial cancer cell lines harboring FGFR3 point mutation or fusion (UM-UC-14, RT-112, RT4 and SW 780) among 23 urothelial cancer cell lines. Furthermore, ASP5878 inhibited cell proliferation of adriamycin-resistant UM-UC-14 cell line harboring MDR1 overexpression and gemcitabine-resistant RT-112 cell line. The protein expression of c-MYC, an oncoprotein, in gemcitabine-resistant RT-112 cell line was higher than that in RT-112 parental cell line and ASP5878 decreased the c-MYC expression in both RT-112 parental and gemcitabine-resistant RT-112 cell lines. Once-daily oral administration of ASP5878 exerted potent antitumor activities in UM-UC-14, RT-112 and gemcitabine-resistant RT-112 xenograft models without affecting body weight. These findings suggest that ASP5878 has the potential to be an oral targeted therapy against urothelial cancer harboring FGFR3 fusion or FGFR3 point mutation after the acquisition of gemcitabine- or adriamycin-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kikuchi
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Suzuki
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Taisuke Nakazawa
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Masateru Iizuka
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Ayako Nakayama
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Tohru Ozawa
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Minoru Kameda
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Nobuaki Shindoh
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Tadashi Terasaka
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Masaaki Hirano
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Sadao Kuromitsu
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
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15
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Li L, Sun W, Zhang Z, Huang Y. Time-staggered delivery of docetaxel and H1-S6A,F8A peptide for sequential dual-strike chemotherapy through tumor priming and nuclear targeting. J Control Release 2016; 232:62-74. [PMID: 27098443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While highly effective for slowing cancer progression in principle, the c-Myc inhibitor peptide H1-S6A,F8A (H1) has not performed well in tumor studies, in part because it does not pass efficiently through the nuclear envelope. Here we describe a dual-strike strategy in which tumor cells were treated first with N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-docetaxel (DTX) conjugates (P-DTX), which arrested cells in the G2/M phase and prolonged the period when the nuclear membrane was disassembled. In the second strike, the cells were then treated with P-H1 conjugates, which entered the nucleus and efficiently inhibited c-Myc. The in vitro studies demonstrated that the combination of P-DTX and P-H1 conjugates was sequence-dependent, and P-DTX followed by P-H1 had synergism, which was significantly more effective than reverse sequential delivery, simultaneous co-delivery or monotherapy with P-DTX or P-H1 alone. The in vivo studies showed that sequential delivery of P-DTX followed by P-H1 remarkably slowed the tumor growth and improved the animal survival. This sequential, dual-strike approach provides new opportunities for nuclear-targeted anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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16
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Abstract
mRNA cancer vaccines are a relatively new class of vaccines, which combine the potential of mRNA to encode for almost any protein with an excellent safety profile and a flexible production process. The most straightforward use of mRNA vaccines in oncologic settings is the immunization of patients with mRNA vaccines encoding tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). This is exemplified by the RNActive® technology, which induces balanced humoral and cellular immune responses in animal models and is currently evaluated in several clinical trials for oncologic indications. A second application of mRNA vaccines is the production of personalized vaccines. This is possible because mRNA vaccines are produced by a generic process, which can be used to quickly produce mRNA vaccines targeting patient-specific neoantigens that are identified by analyzing the tumor exome. Apart from being used directly to vaccinate patients, mRNAs can also be used in cellular therapies to transfect patient-derived cells in vitro and infuse the manipulated cells back into the patient. One such application is the transfection of patient-derived dendritic cells (DCs) with mRNAs encoding TAAs, which leads to the presentation of TAA-derived peptides on the DCs and an activation of antigen-specific T cells in vivo. A second application is the transfection of patient-derived T cells with mRNAs encoding chimeric antigen receptors, which allows the T cells to directly recognize a specific antigen expressed on the tumor. In this chapter, we will review preclinical and clinical data for the different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Fiedler
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Sandra Lazzaro
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Lutz
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rauch
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Reyes-González JM, Armaiz-Peña GN, Mangala LS, Valiyeva F, Ivan C, Pradeep S, Echevarría-Vargas IM, Rivera-Reyes A, Sood AK, Vivas-Mejía PE. Targeting c-MYC in Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2260-9. [PMID: 26227489 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular and therapeutic effects of siRNA-mediated c-MYC silencing in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer. Statistical analysis of patient's data extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) portal showed that the disease-free (DFS) and the overall (OS) survival were decreased in ovarian cancer patients with high c-MYC mRNA levels. Furthermore, analysis of a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines showed that c-MYC protein levels were higher in cisplatin-resistant cells when compared with their cisplatin-sensitive counterparts. In vitro cell viability, growth, cell-cycle progression, and apoptosis, as well as in vivo therapeutic effectiveness in murine xenograft models, were also assessed following siRNA-mediated c-MYC silencing in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Significant inhibition of cell growth and viability, cell-cycle arrest, and activation of apoptosis were observed upon siRNA-mediated c-MYC depletion. In addition, single weekly doses of c-MYC-siRNA incorporated into 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG-2000)-based nanoliposomes resulted in significant reduction in tumor growth. These findings identify c-MYC as a potential therapeutic target for ovarian cancers expressing high levels of this oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyshka M Reyes-González
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Guillermo N Armaiz-Peña
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lingegowda S Mangala
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Fatma Valiyeva
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Adrian Rivera-Reyes
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pablo E Vivas-Mejía
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico. University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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18
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Liu Q, Nguyen E, Døskeland S, Ségal-Bendirdjian É. cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase A (PKA)–Mediated c-Myc Degradation Is Dependent on the Relative Proportion of PKA-I and PKA-II Isozymes. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:469-76. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.097915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Seo HK, Ahn KO, Jung NR, Shin JS, Park WS, Lee KH, Lee SJ, Jeong KC. Antitumor activity of the c-Myc inhibitor KSI-3716 in gemcitabine-resistant bladder cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:326-37. [PMID: 24504118 PMCID: PMC3964210 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravesical instillation of chemotherapeutic agents is a well-established treatment strategy to decrease recurrence following transurethral resection in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Gemcitabine is a recently developed treatment option. However, the curative effects of gemcitabine are far from satisfactory due to de novo or acquired drug resistance. In a previous study, we reported that intravesical administration of the c-Myc inhibitor KSI-3716 suppresses tumor growth in an orthotopic bladder cancer model. Here, we explored whether KSI-3716 inhibits gemcitabine-resistant bladder cancer cell proliferation. As expected from the in vitro cytotoxicity of gemcitabine in several bladder cancer cell lines, gemcitabine effectively suppressed the growth of KU19-19 xenografts in nude mice, although all mice relapsed later. Long-term in vitro exposure to gemcitabine induced gemcitabine-specific resistance. Gemcitabine-resistant cells, termed KU19-19/GEM, formed xenograft tumors even in the presence of 2 mg/kg gemcitabine. Interestingly, KU19-19/GEM cells up-regulated c-Myc expression in the presence of the gemcitabine and resisted to the gemcitabine, however was suppressed by the KSI-3716. The sequential addition of gemcitabine and KSI-3716 inhibited gemcitabine-resistant cell proliferation to a great extent than each drug alone. These results suggest that sequential treatment with gemcitabine and KSI-3716 may be beneficial to bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Kyung Seo
- Center for Prostate Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Fotin-Mleczek M, Zanzinger K, Heidenreich R, Lorenz C, Kowalczyk A, Kallen KJ, Huber SM. mRNA-based vaccines synergize with radiation therapy to eradicate established tumors. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:180. [PMID: 25127546 PMCID: PMC4150951 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-9-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The eradication of large, established tumors by active immunotherapy is a major challenge because of the numerous cancer evasion mechanisms that exist. This study aimed to establish a novel combination therapy consisting of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based cancer vaccines and radiation, which would facilitate the effective treatment of established tumors with aggressive growth kinetics. METHODS The combination of a tumor-specific mRNA-based vaccination with radiation was tested in two syngeneic tumor models, a highly immunogenic E.G7-OVA and a low immunogenic Lewis lung cancer (LLC). The molecular mechanism induced by the combination therapy was evaluated via gene expression arrays as well as flow cytometry analyses of tumor infiltrating cells. RESULTS In both tumor models we demonstrated that a combination of mRNA-based immunotherapy with radiation results in a strong synergistic anti-tumor effect. This was manifested as either complete tumor eradication or delay in tumor growth. Gene expression analysis of mouse tumors revealed a variety of substantial changes at the tumor site following radiation. Genes associated with antigen presentation, infiltration of immune cells, adhesion, and activation of the innate immune system were upregulated. A combination of radiation and immunotherapy induced significant downregulation of tumor associated factors and upregulation of tumor suppressors. Moreover, combination therapy significantly increased CD4+, CD8+ and NKT cell infiltration of mouse tumors. CONCLUSION Our data provide a scientific rationale for combining immunotherapy with radiation and provide a basis for the development of more potent anti-cancer therapies.
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Pan XN, Chen JJ, Wang LX, Xiao RZ, Liu LL, Fang ZG, Liu Q, Long ZJ, Lin DJ. Inhibition of c-Myc overcomes cytotoxic drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia cells by promoting differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105381. [PMID: 25127121 PMCID: PMC4134294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, drug resistance still represents a major obstacle to successful acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment and the underlying mechanism is not fully elucidated. Here, we found that high expression of c-Myc was one of the cytogenetic characteristics in the drug-resistant leukemic cells. c-Myc over-expression in leukemic cells induced resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, enhanced colony formation capacity and inhibited cell differentiation induced by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Meanwhile, inhibition of c-Myc by shRNA or specific c-Myc inhibitor 10058-F4 rescued the sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs, restrained the colony formation ability and promoted differentiation. RT-PCR and western blotting analysis showed that down-regulation of C/EBPβ contributed to the poor differentiation state of leukemic cells induced by c-Myc over-expression. Importantly, over-expression of C/EBPβ could reverse c-Myc induced drug resistance. In primary AML cells, the c-Myc expression was negatively correlated with C/EBPβ. 10058-F4, displayed anti-proliferative activity and increased cellular differentiation with up-regulation of C/EBPβ in primary AML cells. Thus, our study indicated that c-Myc could be a novel target to overcome drug resistance, providing a new approach in AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Pan
- Department of Hematology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen Institute of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Jie Chen
- Department of Hematology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen Institute of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le-Xun Wang
- Department of Hematology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen Institute of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruo-Zhi Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen Institute of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Ling Liu
- Department of Hematology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen Institute of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Fang
- Department of Hematology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen Institute of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quentin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen Institute of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Jie Long
- Department of Hematology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen Institute of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (DL)
| | - Dong-Jun Lin
- Department of Hematology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen Institute of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (DL)
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SALL4 is a new target in endometrial cancer. Oncogene 2013; 34:63-72. [PMID: 24336327 PMCID: PMC4059794 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive cancers and embryonic stem (ES) cells share a common gene expression signature. Identifying the key factors/pathway(s) within this ES signature responsible for the aggressiveness of cancers can lead to a potential cure. In this study, we find that SALL4, a gene involved in the maintenance of ES cell self-renewal, is aberrantly expressed in 47.7% of primary human endometrial cancer samples. It is not expressed in normal or hyperplastic endometrial. More importantly, SALL4 expression is positively correlated with worse patient survival and aggressive features such as metastasis in endometrial carcinoma. Further functional studies have shown that loss of SALL4 inhibits endometrial cancer cell growth in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo, as a result of inhibition of cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. In addition, down-regulation of SALL4 significantly impedes the migration and invasion properties of endometrial cancer cells in vitro and their metastatic potential in vivo. Furthermore, manipulation of SALL4 expression can affect drug sensitivity of endometrial cancer cells to carboplatin. Moreover, we show that SALL4 specifically binds to the c-Myc promoter region in endometrial cancer cells. While down-regulation of SALL4 leads to a decreased expression of c-Myc at both protein and mRNA levels, ectopic SALL4 overexpression causes increased c-Myc protein and mRNA expression, indicating that c-Myc is one of the SALL4 downstream targets in endometrial tumorigenesis. In summary, we are the first to demonstrate that SALL4 plays functional role(s) in metastasis and drug resistance in aggressive endometrial cancer. As a consequence of its functional roles in cancer cell and absence in normal tissue, SALL4 is a potential novel therapeutic target for the high risk endometrial cancer patient population.
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Döbbeling U, Waeckerle-Men Y, Zabel F, Graf N, Kündig TM, Johansen P. The antihistamines clemastine and desloratadine inhibit STAT3 and c-Myc activities and induce apoptosis in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cell lines. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:119-24. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udo Döbbeling
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Ying Waeckerle-Men
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Franziska Zabel
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Nicole Graf
- Center for Clinical Research; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Thomas M. Kündig
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
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Iversen PL, Warren TK, Wells JB, Garza NL, Mourich DV, Welch LS, Panchal RG, Bavari S. Discovery and early development of AVI-7537 and AVI-7288 for the treatment of Ebola virus and Marburg virus infections. Viruses 2012; 4:2806-30. [PMID: 23202506 PMCID: PMC3509674 DOI: 10.3390/v4112806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no currently approved treatments for filovirus infections. In this study we report the discovery process which led to the development of antisense Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomers (PMOs) AVI-6002 (composed of AVI-7357 and AVI-7539) and AVI-6003 (composed of AVI-7287 and AVI-7288) targeting Ebola virus and Marburg virus respectively. The discovery process involved identification of optimal transcript binding sites for PMO based RNA-therapeutics followed by screening for effective viral gene target in mouse and guinea pig models utilizing adapted viral isolates. An evolution of chemical modifications were tested, beginning with simple Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomers (PMO) transitioning to cell penetrating peptide conjugated PMOs (PPMO) and ending with PMOplus containing a limited number of positively charged linkages in the PMO structure. The initial lead compounds were combinations of two agents targeting separate genes. In the final analysis, a single agent for treatment of each virus was selected, AVI-7537 targeting the VP24 gene of Ebola virus and AVI-7288 targeting NP of Marburg virus, and are now progressing into late stage clinical development as the optimal therapeutic candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/chemistry
- Base Sequence
- Ebolavirus/genetics
- Ebolavirus/metabolism
- Genes, Viral
- Guinea Pigs
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/mortality
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/therapy
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Marburg Virus Disease/mortality
- Marburg Virus Disease/therapy
- Marburg Virus Disease/virology
- Marburgvirus/genetics
- Marburgvirus/metabolism
- Mice
- Morpholinos/administration & dosage
- Morpholinos/chemistry
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/chemistry
- Primates
- Protein Biosynthesis/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis K. Warren
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA; (T.K.W.); (J.B.W.); (N.L.G.); (L.S.W.); (S.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Jay B. Wells
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA; (T.K.W.); (J.B.W.); (N.L.G.); (L.S.W.); (S.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Nicole L. Garza
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA; (T.K.W.); (J.B.W.); (N.L.G.); (L.S.W.); (S.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Dan V. Mourich
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Bothell, Washington 98021, USA; (P.L.I.); (D.V.M)
| | - Lisa S. Welch
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA; (T.K.W.); (J.B.W.); (N.L.G.); (L.S.W.); (S.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Rekha G. Panchal
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA; (T.K.W.); (J.B.W.); (N.L.G.); (L.S.W.); (S.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA; (T.K.W.); (J.B.W.); (N.L.G.); (L.S.W.); (S.B.); (R.P.)
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Creixell M, Peppas NA. Co-delivery of siRNA and therapeutic agents using nanocarriers to overcome cancer resistance. NANO TODAY 2012; 7:367-379. [PMID: 26257819 PMCID: PMC4527553 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
There are two main mechanisms by which cells become multidrug resistant (MDR): by increasing drug efflux pumps on the cell membrane and by increasing anti-apoptotic pathways. The use of nanotechnology to develop nanodelivery systems has allowed researchers to overcome limitations of antineoplastic drugs by increasing the solubility of the drug and decreasing the toxicity to healthy tissues. By encapsulating drugs into nanoparticles that bypass the efflux pumps, drug efflux is reduced, hence increasing the intracellular concentration of the drug. siRNA has the ability to disrupt cellular pathways by knocking down genes, opening the door to down regulating anti-apoptotic pathways. The use of nanocarriers to deliver siRNA, prevents both renal clearance and RNase degradation by protecting siRNA chains, increasing their half life in blood. It has been suggested that co-delivering drugs and siRNA together in the same delivery system would be more effective in overcoming resistance of cancer cells than co-treatment of cancer cells with delivery systems carrying either siRNA or drugs. In this study we discuss the progress of nanoscale co-delivery systems in overcoming multidrug cancer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Creixell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, C0400, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, C0400, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, C0800, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- College of Pharmacy, C0400, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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26
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Gu Y, Fan S, Xiong Y, Peng B, Zheng G, Yu Y, Ouyang Y, He Z. Cloning and functional characterization of TCRP1, a novel gene mediating resistance to cisplatin in an oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:881-7. [PMID: 21334329 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To explore the mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance, we previously established a multi-drug resistant cell line, Tca8113/Pingyangmycin (Tca8113/PYM) and identified differential expression in known genes and ESTs using microarray analysis. From among those ESTs we have now identified a novel gene producing an mRNA of 1834 nucleotides translated into a protein having 235 amino acids. This gene was denominated as tongue cancer resistance-associated protein 1 gene (TCRP1, accession number: EF363480). We further determined its functional characteristics. The results demonstrate that TCRP1 mediates a specific resistance to cisplatin in Tca8113 cells by reducing the cisplatin-induced apoptosis. This suggests that TCRP1 might be a novel molecular target to develop agents to reverse cisplatin-induced chemoresistance.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Comet Assay
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA Damage
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tongue Neoplasms/genetics
- Tongue Neoplasms/metabolism
- Tongue Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Gu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
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A gene expression signature of acquired chemoresistance to cisplatin and fluorouracil combination chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16694. [PMID: 21364753 PMCID: PMC3041770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We initiated a prospective trial to identify transcriptional alterations associated with acquired chemotherapy resistance from pre- and post-biopsy samples from the same patient and uncover potential molecular pathways involved in treatment failure to help guide therapeutic alternatives. Methodology/Principal Findings A prospective, high-throughput transcriptional profiling study was performed using endoscopic biopsy samples from 123 metastatic gastric cancer patients prior to cisplatin and fluorouracil (CF) combination chemotherapy. 22 patients who initially responded to CF were re-biopsied after they developed resistance to CF. An acquired chemotherapy resistance signature was identified by analyzing the gene expression profiles from the matched pre- and post-CF treated samples. The acquired resistance signature was able to segregate a separate cohort of 101 newly-diagnosed gastric cancer patients according to the time to progression after CF. Hierarchical clustering using a 633-gene acquired resistance signature (feature selection at P<0.01) separated the 101 pretreatment patient samples into two groups with significantly different times to progression (2.5 vs. 4.7 months). This 633-gene signature included the upregulation of AKT1, EIF4B, and RPS6 (mTOR pathway), DNA repair and drug metabolism genes, and was enriched for genes overexpressed in embryonic stem cell signatures. A 72-gene acquired resistance signature (a subset of the 633 gene signature also identified in ES cell-related gene sets) was an independent predictor for time to progression (adjusted P = 0.011) and survival (adjusted P = 0.034) of these 101 patients. Conclusion/Significance This signature may offer new insights into identifying new targets and therapies required to overcome the acquired resistance of gastric cancer to CF.
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Three-gene predictor of clinical outcome for gastric cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2010; 12:119-27. [PMID: 21173787 PMCID: PMC3321506 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2010.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To identify transcriptional profiles predictive of the clinical benefit of cisplatin and fluorouracil (CF) chemotherapy to gastric cancer patients, endoscopic biopsy samples from 96 CF-treated metastatic gastric cancer patients were prospectively collected before therapy and analyzed using high-throughput transcriptional profiling and array comparative genomic hybridization. Transcriptional profiling identified 917 genes that are correlated with poor patient survival after CF at P<0.05 (poor prognosis signature), in which protein synthesis and DNA replication/recombination/repair functional categories are enriched. A survival risk predictor was then constructed using genes, which are included in the poor prognosis signature and are contained within identified genomic amplicons. The combined expression of three genes—MYC, EGFR and FGFR2—was an independent predictor for overall survival of 27 CF-treated patients in the validation set (adjusted P=0.017), and also for survival of 40 chemotherapy-treated gastric cancer patients in a published data set (adjusted P=0.026). Thus, combined expression of MYC, EGFR and FGFR2 is predictive of poor survival in CF-treated metastatic gastric cancer patients.
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Da Silva SL, Chaar JDS, Yano T. Chemotherapeutic potential of two gallic acid derivative compounds from leaves of Casearia sylvestris Sw (Flacourtiaceae). Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 608:76-83. [PMID: 19222998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Casearia sylvestris is a plant used in the treatment of several diseases, including cancer. Studies have shown that C. sylvestris presents an interesting antitumoral potential, due to the presence of casearins and some sesquiterpens with antitumoral activity. In this work, we tested the potential chemotherapeutic of two gallic acid-derived compounds isolated from C. sylvestris leaves: isobutyl gallate-3,5-dimethyl ether (IGDE) and methyl gallate-3,5-dimethyl ether (MGDE). We utilized two tumoral models: Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EAT)/BALB/c mice and Lewis lung cancer cells (LLC1)/C57bl/6 mice. MGDE and IGDE increased the survival of mice inoculated with EAT cells and decreased the tumor volume in the LLC1 model, compared to control groups. Both compounds presented similar and low in vitro cytotoxicity against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and did not present any significant toxicity against Lewis lung cancer cells. Since the direct in vitro activity against Ehrlich tumor and Lewis lung cancer cells was low, we investigated the effects of MGDE or IGDE treatment on the activity of total natural killer cells from Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice, as a possible explanation for the mechanisms of these compounds in vivo. MGDE and IGDE improved NK cell cytotoxicity against Ehrlich ascites cells. As expected, tumor growth in non-treated mice markedly suppressed NK cell cytolysis while, IGDE completely reversed this effect, when mice were treated with 0.5 mg/kg dosages of these compounds for 4 days. The pharmacokinetic studies showed that IGDE remains in the organism for a long period of time, possibly explaining the higher compound efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo L Da Silva
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, UFSJ, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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30
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Moulton HM, Moulton JD. Antisense Morpholino Oligomers and Their Peptide Conjugates. THERAPEUTIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDES 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847558275-00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong M. Moulton
- AVI BioPharma Inc. 4575 SW Research Way Corvallis OR 97333 USA
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31
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Smith AW, Iversen PL, O'Hanley PD, Skilling DE, Christensen JR, Weaver SS, Longley K, Stone MA, Poet SE, Matson DO. Virus-specific antiviral treatment for controlling severe and fatal outbreaks of feline calicivirus infection. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:23-32. [PMID: 18167083 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the life-sparing and therapeutic effect of a parenterally administered virus-specific antiviral phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) for treating kittens during outbreaks of severe viral disease. ANIMALS 112 kittens of various sex and age in 4 trials involving 3 outbreaks of naturally developing caliciviral disease. PROCEDURES Each trial provided an opportunity to investigate the disease. A calicivirus isolated from the liver of a cat that died with hemorrhage and hepatitis was sequenced, and a PMO that had sequence specificity complementary to a 5' region was synthesized. In vitro efficacy of the PMO was tested against the isolate, followed by 3 trials in outbreaks of severe caliciviral disease. The PMO was administered starting on day 1 of disease onset (0.7 to 5.0 mg/kg, SC, q 24 h) and continuing for up to 7 days. Survival time, clinical recovery, and caliciviral shedding were compared by use of various antiviral dosages. In a fourth trial involving nonfatal disease, a control treatment was administered for comparison. RESULTS In vitro blockage of caliciviral replication by the PMO was dose dependent. In trials 1 to 3 in which survival was the endpoint, 47 of 59 cats receiving PMO survived but only 3 of 31 survived without PMO treatment. Antiviral treatment reduced viral shedding and hastened clinical recovery, as measured by weight gains and clinical condition. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data provided evidence that virus-specific PMOs were effective in treating kittens with severe Vesivirus disease and suggested a broader application for other viruses and species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin W Smith
- Laboratory for Calicivirus Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Sekhon HS, London CA, Sekhon M, Iversen PL, Devi GR. c-MYC antisense phosphosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer inhibits lung metastasis in a murine tumor model. Lung Cancer 2007; 60:347-54. [PMID: 18096271 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND c-MYC amplification and overexpression has been correlated with progression and chemotherapy resistance in lung cancer. AVI-4126, a neutral antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) has been identified to specifically inhibit c-MYC expression in multiple disease models and identified in Phase I clinical studies to be safe and bioavailable in solid tumors. The present study evaluates AVI-4126 on the development of lung metastasis in the LLC1 syngeneic murine tumor model. Further, this is the first study to show in vivo mis-splicing of c-MYC post-AVI-4126 treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS Subcutaneous administration of AVI-4126 at local tumor site (50 microg/day) for 3 cycles of 5 days a week starting day 1 post-tumor cell implantation showed significantly decreased tumor burden, number of tumorlets formed in the lung in comparison to saline or control PMO treatment groups, although no significant reduction of the subcutaneous tumor was observed. AVI-4126 treated lung had markedly reduced mitotic activity but higher rate of apoptosis compared to the controls. HPLC-based analysis of tumor and lung lysates confirmed the presence of intact PMO. In addition to decrease in c-MYC expression, a moderate reduction in the levels of MMP-9 mRNA, a pro-angiogenic extracellular matrix protein postulated to be involved in extravasation of cells from the localized tumor or implantation into the distant metastatic site was observed in the LLC1 tumor tissue of AVI-4126 treated animals. CONCLUSIONS The study results are significant in the development of novel anti-tumoral therapeutic strategies directed to c-MYC-overexpressing tumors and establish AVI-4126 as a strong clinical candidate for metastatic disease.
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33
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Abstract
Myc expression is deregulated in a wide range of human cancers and is often associated with aggressive, poorly differentiated tumors. The Myc protein is a transcription factor that regulates a variety of cellular processes including cell growth and proliferation, cell-cycle progression, transcription, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell motility. Potential strategies that either inhibit the growth promoting effect of Myc and/or activate its pro-apoptotic function are presently being explored. In this review, we give an overview of Myc activation in human tumors and discuss current strategies aimed at targeting Myc for cancer treatment. Such therapies could have potential in combination with mechanistically different cytotoxic drugs to combat and eradicate tumors cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vita
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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34
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Chen T, George JA, Taylor CC. Src tyrosine kinase as a chemotherapeutic target: is there a clinical case? Anticancer Drugs 2006; 17:123-31. [PMID: 16428929 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200602000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Src tyrosine kinase was the first protooncogene described. It has been found to be overexpressed and activated in a large number of different cancers. Cellular Src has been shown to activate a number of different effectors that are involved in different aspects of cancer biology such as metastasis, cell cycle regulation and cell survival. Despite this, Src inhibitors have not entered the regular arsenal of chemotherapeutics. This article reviews some of the biology, rationale, in vitro and in vivo preclinical evidence, and some very early clinical trials demonstrating efficacy of Src inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Vincent T. Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, USA
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35
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Bressin C, Bourgarel-Rey V, Carré M, Pourroy B, Arango D, Braguer D, Barra Y. Decrease in c-Myc activity enhances cancer cell sensitivity to vinblastine. Anticancer Drugs 2006; 17:181-7. [PMID: 16428936 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200602000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The c-myc oncogene encodes for a transcriptional factor involved in many cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. According to these different functions, the role of c-Myc protein in cellular sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs is controversial. We defined the role of c-Myc in cancer cell sensitivity to vinblastine (VLB) using human colon cancer cells: LoVo wild-type or transfected with a plasmid containing the human c-myc gene in antisense orientation (LoVo-mycANS). Analysis of VLB cytotoxicity demonstrated a 3-fold increase in VLB sensitivity in LoVo-mycANS cells. Comparison between cells revealed different apoptosis kinetics: accumulation of cells in sub-G1 phase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage occurred earlier in LoVo-mycANS. Then, we demonstrated a mitochondrial membrane potential disruption followed by cytochrome c release that indicates the involvement of mitochondria in this apoptotic signaling pathway. This earlier apoptosis was accompanied by a Bcl-2 decrease and a p53 increase. In conclusion, the decrease in c-Myc expression enhanced the VLB sensitivity, triggering earlier apoptosis through induction of the intrinsic pathway. Thus, c-myc induction is a resistance factor and our findings suggest that tumors carrying low levels of c-Myc protein could be more responsive to vinca alkaloids treatment. Moreover, the downregulation of c-myc oncogene by an antisense strategy might represent a useful goal for improving the efficacy of this anti-neoplastic drug family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bressin
- CNRS FRE 2737, UFR Pharmacie, University of La Mediterranée, Marseille, France
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36
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Abstract
The availability of the human genome sequence has revolutionized the strategy of employing nucleic acids with sequences complementary to specific target genes to improve drug discovery and target validation. Development of sequence-specific DNA or RNA analogs that can block the activity of selected single-stranded genetic sequences offers the possibility of rational design with high specificity, lacking in many current drug treatments for various diseases including cancer, at relatively inexpensive costs. Antisense technology is one such example that has shown promising results and boasts of yielding the only approved drug to date in the genomics field. However, in vivo delivery issues have yet to be completely overcome for widespread clinical applications. In contrast to antisense oligonucleotides, the mechanism of silencing an endogenous gene by the introduction of a homologous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), transgene or virus is called post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) or RNA interference. PTGS is a natural mechanism whereby metazoan cells suppress expansion of genes when they come across dsRNA molecules with the same sequence. Short interfering RNA is currently the fastest growing sector of this antigene field for target validation and therapeutic applications. Although, in theory, the development of genomics-based agents to inhibit gene expression is simple and straightforward, the fundamental concern relies upon the capacity of the oligonucleotide to gain access to the target RNA. This paper summarizes the advances in the last decade in the field of PTGS using RNA interference approaches and provides relevant comparisons with other oligonucleotide-based approaches with a specific focus on oncology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Devi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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37
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Pelengaris S, Khan M. The c-MYC oncoprotein as a treatment target in cancer and other disorders of cell growth. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 7:623-42. [PMID: 14498825 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.7.5.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The c-MYC proto-oncogene is essential for cellular proliferation but, paradoxically, may also promote cell death. Deregulated expression of c-MYC is present in most, if not all, human cancers, and is associated with a poor prognosis. However, given that human tumours at diagnosis generally carry multiple genetic lesions that have accumulated during (although they are not necessarily essential for) tumour progression, it has proved difficult to attribute a specific role to any given single factor or indeed to explore the therapeutic potential of selectively mitigating their biological functions. Regulatable transgenic mouse models of oncogenesis have shed light on these issues, influenced our thinking about cancer and provided encouragement for the future development of cancer therapies based on targeting individual oncogenes such as c-MYC. Although still in its infancy, encouraging results have been reported using antisense oligodeoxynucleotide-based methods, as well as other approaches to interfere with MYC expression both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Pelengaris
- Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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38
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Zhang Z, Li M, Rayburn ER, Hill DL, Zhang R, Wang H. Oncogenes as novel targets for cancer therapy (part III): transcription factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 5:327-38. [PMID: 16196502 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200505050-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This is the third paper in a four-part serial review on potential therapeutic targeting of oncogenes. The previous parts described the involvement of oncogenes in different aspects of cancer growth and development, and considered the new technologies responsible for the advancement of oncogene identification, target validation, and drug design. Because of such advances, new specific and more efficient therapeutic agents can be developed for cancer. This part of the review continues the exploration of various oncogenes that we have grouped within seven categories: growth factors, tyrosine kinases, intermediate signaling molecules, transcription factors, cell cycle regulators, DNA damage repair genes, and genes involved in apoptosis. Part one discussed growth factors and tyrosine kinases and part two discussed intermediate signaling molecules. This portion of the review covers transcription factors and the various strategies being used to inhibit their expression or decrease their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA
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Ponzielli R, Katz S, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Penn LZ. Cancer therapeutics: targeting the dark side of Myc. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:2485-501. [PMID: 16243519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The potent Myc oncoprotein plays a pivotal role as a regulator of tumorigenesis in numerous human cancers of diverse origin. Experimental evidence shows that inhibiting Myc significantly halts tumour cell growth and proliferation. This review summarises recent progress in understanding the function of Myc as a transcription factor, with emphasis on key protein interactions and target gene regulation. In addition, major advances in drug development aimed at eliminating Myc are described, including antisense and triple helix forming oligonucleotides, porphyrins and siRNA. Future anti-Myc strategies are also discussed that inhibit Myc at the level of expression and/or function. Targeting the dark side of Myc with novel therapeutic agents promises to have a profound impact in combating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Ponzielli
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 2M9
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hachem
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, 9-011 BRB, 655 West Baltimore St, Baltimore MD 21201, USA
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41
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Devi GR, Beer TM, Corless CL, Arora V, Weller DL, Iversen PL. In vivo bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a c-MYC antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer, AVI-4126, in solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:3930-8. [PMID: 15897595 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO) inhibit targeted gene expression by preventing ribosomal assembly, thereby preventing mRNA translation. AVI-4126, a PMO targeted against c-MYC, has been extensively characterized in multiple cancer and other disease models and is currently in human clinical trials. A phase I clinical study was conducted to address the issue of PMO bioavailability in malignant tumors surgically excised from patients with adenocarcinoma of prostate and breast 1 day after i.v. administration of a single dose of 90 mg AVI-4126 PMO. The study objectives were to evaluate safety, to determine AVI-4126 concentration in tissue samples of the tumors, and to examine the distribution of AVI-4126 (margin versus tumor core). Significant concentrations of intact PMO similar to the animal models were detected in both human prostate and breast tumor tissues with increased distribution in the tumor core for the vascular breast tumors. No serious adverse events (graded according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria) were reported. Another phase I study was conducted in normal human volunteers to assess AVI-4126 plasma pharmacokinetics following single i.v. administration of 90 mg AVI-4126. Data from both human studies indicated similar plasma concentration-time profile. These studies show PMO bioavailability in tumor tissue and establish the feasibility of using PMO targeting specific genes in human cancer clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri R Devi
- AVI BioPharma, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon and Oregon Health and Science University Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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42
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Richardson C. RAD51, genomic stability, and tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2005; 218:127-39. [PMID: 15670890 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability is characteristic of malignant cells, and a strong correlation exists between abnormal karyotype and tumorigenicity. Increased expression of the homologous recombination and DNA repair protein Rad51 has been reported in immortalized cell lines and multiple primary tumor cell types which could alter recombination pathways to contribute to the chromosomal rearrangements found in these cells. In addition, Rad51 participates in a complex network of interactions that includes DNA damage sensors, tumor suppressors, and cell cycle and apoptotic regulators, and mutation of many of these proteins have also been associated with tumor initiation or progression. Insights into the connection between disregulated Rad51 and malignant phenotype indicate that Rad51 is a potential target for new anti-cancer regimens including those that use siRNA technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1150 St Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA.
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43
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Ko YJ, Devi GR, London CA, Kayas A, Reddy MT, Iversen PL, Bubley GJ, Balk SP. Androgen receptor down-regulation in prostate cancer with phosphorodiamidate morpholino antisense oligomers. J Urol 2004; 172:1140-4. [PMID: 15311058 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000134698.87862.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgen receptor (AR) has a pivotal role in the growth and proliferation of prostate cancer (PCa). Even in advanced stages of PCa AR continues to be expressed and appears to be functional. Since the mechanisms of AR activation in androgen independent PCa have yet to be clearly defined, the decrease in AR protein by antisense compounds is an attractive therapeutic option. In this study we evaluated a novel antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) targeting the translational start site of AR mRNA in vitro and in vivo in a PCa xenograft and murine prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS AR antisense PMOs targeting the AR initiation AUG were tested in vitro and in LNCaP cells, and in vivo in LAPC-4 xenografts and normal mouse prostate. Effects on AR protein and PSA expression were assessed. RESULTS AR antisense PMOs specifically down-regulated AR protein levels in a plasmid based screening system and also decreased endogenous AR levels in androgen responsive LNCaP cells in culture compared to control nonspecific PMOs. Pretreatment and posttreatment biopsies in the LAPC-4 xenograft model demonstrated that the antisense AR PMO administered intraperitoneally specifically decreased AR protein levels and serum PSA. Analysis of tissue distribution of the AR PMO by high performance liquid chromatography based methodology showed significant PMO levels in tumor tissue and mouse prostate, and there was a dose dependent decrease in AR protein levels in murine AR antisense PMO treated mouse prostates. CONCLUSIONS An AR antisense PMO with unique chemical properties administered once daily can decrease AR protein levels and PSA in vivo. The reduction of AR protein with an antisense PMO may be an effective method of interfering with AR mediated growth in advanced human PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Joung Ko
- Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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44
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Abstract
c-Myc is frequently deregulated in human cancers. The c-Myc oncoprotein is a transcription factor, with many of its target genes encoding proteins that initiate and maintain the transformed state. c-Myc is also part of a dynamic network whose members interact selectively with one another and with various transcriptional coregulators and histone-modifying enzymes. This knowledge highlights several points that might be amenable to attack. This review summarizes progress in controlling the extent of c-Myc transcription, translation, interaction with other myc network members, DNA binding and transcriptional activation. Inhibition of c-Myc can be achieved with many of these approaches; however, clinical efficacy will likely require intervention at several levels, perhaps in combination with traditional chemotherapeutic drugs or agents that target other oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward V Prochownik
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Center, Room 2100, 3460 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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45
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London CA, Sekhon HS, Arora V, Stein DA, Iversen PL, Devi GR. A novel antisense inhibitor of MMP-9 attenuates angiogenesis, human prostate cancer cell invasion and tumorigenicity. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 10:823-32. [PMID: 14605668 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy causes a paradoxical elevation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) including MMP-9 resulting in aggressive tumor phenotype in many patients with prostate cancer. In this study, we have evaluated a novel antisense phosphorodiamidate Morpholino oligomer (PMO) targeted against MMP-9 in models of angiogenesis and in human prostate xenograft in athymic mice. The treatment of androgen-independent DU145 human prostate cells with a 21-mer MMP-9 antisense PMO caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation compared to scrambled or MMP-2 antisense PMO at similar concentrations. This was associated with decreases in MMP-9 expression, gelatinolytic activity and increased stability of the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP-3), a proapoptotic factor and MMP-9 substrate. In vitro invasion assays revealed a 40-60% inhibition of DU145 cell invasion in the presence of 25 microM MMP-9 antisense PMO. A significant decrease in endothelial cell migration and vascularization was observed in the Matrigel plug assay in mice when treated intraperitoneally with 300 microg/day MMP-9 antisense for 21 days. In the highly vascular DU145 tumor xenografts, MMP-9 inhibition caused decreased tumor growth with regression in 50% of the animals. Histological analysis revealed increased apoptosis and fibrous tissue deposits in the MMP-9 antisense-treated tumors compared to the scrambled and saline controls. No apparent toxicity or mortality was associated with the MMP-9 PMO treatment. In summary, the MMP-9 antisense PMO inhibited in vitro prostate cancer cell proliferation, invasion and in vivo angiogenesis. These data establish the feasibility of developing a site-directed, nontoxic antisense therapeutic agent for inhibiting local invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A London
- AVI BioPharma Inc., 4575 SW Research Way, Suite 200, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA
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46
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Biroccio A, Leonetti C, Zupi G. The future of antisense therapy: combination with anticancer treatments. Oncogene 2003; 22:6579-88. [PMID: 14528283 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The current direction in cancer research is rational drug design, which is based on the evidence that transformed cells are characterized by alterations of genes devoted to the regulation of both cell proliferation and apoptosis. A variety of approaches have been carried out to develop new agents selective for cancer cells. Among these, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are one of such class of new agents able to inhibit specifically the synthesis of a particular cancer-associated protein by binding to protein-encoding RNA, thereby preventing RNA function. In the past decade, several ASOs have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Many have shown convincing in vitro reduction in target gene expression and promising activity against a wide variety of tumors. However, because of the multigenic alterations of tumors, the use of ASOs as single agents does not seem to be effective in the treatment of malignancies. Antisense therapy that interferes with signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis are particularly promising in combination with conventional anticancer treatment. An overview of the progress of ASOs used in combination therapy is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Biroccio
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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