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Fitton R, Sweetman J, Heseltine-Carp W, van der Feltz-Cornelis C. Anti-inflammatory medications for the treatment of mental disorders: A scoping review. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 26:100518. [PMID: 36217374 PMCID: PMC9547233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Inflammation Subtypes and Translating Inflammation-Related Genetic Findings in Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses: A Perspective on Pathways for Treatment Stratification and Novel Therapies. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2022; 30:59-70. [PMID: 34995036 PMCID: PMC8746916 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of immunological and inflammatory processes is frequently observed in psychotic disorders. Numerous studies have examined the complex components of innate and adaptive immune processes in schizophrenia and related psychoses. Elevated inflammation in these conditions is related to neurobiological phenotypes and associated with both genetics and environmental exposures. Recent studies have utilized multivariate cytokine approaches to identify what appears to be a subset of individuals with elevated inflammation. The degree to which these findings represent a general process of dysregulated inflammation or whether there are more refined subtypes remains unclear. Brain-imaging studies have attempted to establish the link between peripheral inflammation and gray matter disruption, white matter abnormalities, and neuropsychological phenotypes. However, the interplay between peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation, as well as the consequences of this interplay, in the context of psychosis remains unclear and requires further investigation. This Perspectives article reviews the following elements of immune dysregulation and its clinical and therapeutic implications: (1) evidence supporting inflammation and immune dysregulation in schizophrenia and related psychoses; (2) recent advances in approaches to characterizing subgroups of patients with elevated inflammation; (3) relationships between peripheral inflammation and brain-imaging indicators of neuroinflammation; (4) convergence of large-scale genetic findings and peripheral inflammation findings; and (5) therapeutic implications: anti-inflammation interventions leveraging genetic findings for drug discovery and repurposing. We offer perspectives and examples of how multiomics technologies may be useful for constructing and studying immunogenetic signatures. Advancing research in this area will facilitate biomarker discovery, disease subtyping, and the development of etiological treatments for immune dysregulation in psychosis.
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Souza Botelho M, Bolfi F, Leite RGOF, Leite MSF, Banzato LR, Soares LT, Olivatti TOF, Mangolim AS, Oliveira FRK, Abbade LPF, Abbade JF, de Barros Almeida RAM, Simões Corrêa Galendi J, Thabane L, Dos Santos Nunes-Nogueira V. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the safety of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine from randomized controlled trials on malarial and non-malarial conditions. Syst Rev 2021; 10:294. [PMID: 34736537 PMCID: PMC8567984 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the expectations regarding the effectiveness of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) management, concerns about their adverse events have remained. OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the safety of CQ and HCQ from malarial and non-malarial randomized clinical trials (RCTs). METHODS The primary outcomes were the frequencies of serious adverse events (SAEs), retinopathy, and cardiac complications. Search strategies were applied to MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Trip databases. We used a random-effects model to pool results across studies and Peto's one-step odds ratio (OR) for event rates below 1%. Both-armed zero-event studies were excluded from the meta-analyses. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system to evaluate the certainty of evidence. RESULTS One hundred and six RCTs were included. We found no significant difference between CQ/HCQ and control (placebo or non-CQ/HCQ) in the frequency of SAEs (OR: 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76-1.26, 33 trials, 15,942 participants, moderate certainty of evidence). However, there was a moderate certainty of evidence that CQ/HCQ increases the incidence of cardiac complications (RR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.10-2.38, 16 trials, 9908 participants). No clear relationship was observed between CQ/HCQ and retinopathy (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: - 0.4-6.57, 5 trials, 344 participants, very low certainty of evidence). CONCLUSIONS CQ and HCQ probably do not increase SAEs, with low frequency of these adverse events on malarial and non-malarial conditions. However, they may increase cardiac complications especially in patients with COVID-19. No clear effect of their use on the incidence of retinopathy was observed. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020177818.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Souza Botelho
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bolfi
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luisa Rocco Banzato
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza Teixeira Soares
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Sampaio Mangolim
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Patrícia Fernandes Abbade
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joelcio Francisco Abbade
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Julia Simões Corrêa Galendi
- Institute of Health Economics and Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's Healthcare-Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Chen C, Pan K, Wu B, Li X, Chen Z, Xu Q, Li X, Lv Q. Safety of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 and other diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 53 randomized trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 77:13-24. [PMID: 32780229 PMCID: PMC7417776 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many concerns still exist regarding the safety of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of HCQ in the treatment of COVID-19 and other diseases by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting the safety of HCQ in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were retrieved starting from the establishment of the database till June 5, 2020. Literature screening, data extraction, and assessment of risk bias were performed independently by two reviewers. RESULTS We identified 53 eligible studies involving 5496 patients. The meta-analysis indicated that the risk of adverse effects (AEs) in the HCQ group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group (RD 0.05, 95%CI, 0.02 to 0.07, P = 0.0002), and the difference was also statistically significant in the COVID-19 subgroup (RD 0.15, 95%CI, 0.07 to 0.23, P = 0.0002) as well as in the subgroup for other diseases (RD 0.03, 95%CI, 0.01 to 0.04, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS HCQ is associated with a high total risk of AEs compared with the placebo or no intervention in the overall population. Given the small number of COVID-19 participants included, we should be cautious regarding the conclusion stating that HCQ is linked with an increase incidence of AEs in patients with COVID-19, which we hope to confirm in the future through well-designed and larger sample size studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kunming Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bingjie Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoye Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhangzhang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Qianzhou Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Jeppesen R, Christensen RHB, Pedersen EMJ, Nordentoft M, Hjorthøj C, Köhler-Forsberg O, Benros ME. Efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory agents in treatment of psychotic disorders - A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:364-380. [PMID: 32890697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antipsychotic effects of immunomodulating drugs have been suggested; however, a thorough, comprehensive meta-analysis on the effect and safety of anti-inflammatory add-on treatment on psychotic disorders is lacking. METHOD Multiple databases were searched up until February 2020. Only double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were included. Primary outcomes were change in total psychopathology and adverse events. Secondary outcomes included, amongst others, positive and negative symptoms, general psychopathology and cognitive domains. We performed random-effects meta-analyses estimating mean differences (MD) and standardized mean differences (SMD) for effect sizes. RESULTS Seventy RCTs (N = 4104) were included, investigating either primarily anti-inflammatory drugs, i.e. drugs developed for immunomodulation, such as NSAIDs, minocycline and monoclonal antibodies (k = 15), or drugs with potential anti-inflammatory properties (k = 55), e.g. neurosteroids, N-acetyl cysteine, estrogens, fatty acids, statins, and glitazones. Antipsychotics plus anti-inflammatory treatment, compared to antipsychotics plus placebo, was associated with a PANSS scale MD improvement of -4.57 (95%CI = -5.93 to -3.20) points, corresponding to a SMD effect size of -0.29 (95%CI = -0.40 to -0.19). Trials on schizophrenia (MD = -6.80; 95%CI, -9.08 to -4.52) showed greater improvement (p < 0.01) than trials also including other psychotic disorders. However, primarily anti-inflammatory drugs (MD = 4.00; 95%CI = -7.19 to -0.80) were not superior (p = 0.69) to potential anti-inflammatory drugs (MD = 4.71; 95%CI = -6.26 to -3.17). Furthermore, meta-regression found that smaller studies showed significantly larger effect sizes than the larger studies (p = 0.0085), and only 2 studies had low risk of bias on all domains. Small but significant effects were found on negative symptoms (MD = -1.29), positive symptoms (MD = -0.53), general psychopathology (MD = -1.50) and working memory (SMD = 0.21). No differences were found regarding adverse events, but only 26 studies reported hereon. CONCLUSIONS Anti-inflammatory add-on treatment to antipsychotics showed improvement of psychotic disorders; however, no superiority was found in primarily anti-inflammatory drugs, raising the question of the mechanism behind the effect, and treatment effect might be overestimated due to the large number of small studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Jeppesen
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune H B Christensen
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie M J Pedersen
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; iPSYCH The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - Carsten Hjorthøj
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; iPSYCH The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Denmark
| | - Ole Köhler-Forsberg
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael E Benros
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Rege S, Mackworth-Young C. Antiphospholipid antibodies as biomarkers in psychiatry: review of psychiatric manifestations in antiphospholipid syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3402/tdp.v3.25452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Purgato M, Adams C, Barbui C. Schizophrenia trials conducted in African countries: a drop of evidence in the ocean of morbidity? Int J Ment Health Syst 2012; 6:9. [PMID: 22768830 PMCID: PMC3447718 DOI: 10.1186/1752-4458-6-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To quantify schizophrenia trialling activity in African countries and to describe the main features of these trials. Methods We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Register, which contains 16,000 citations to 13,000 studies relating only to people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illness, to identify schizophrenia trials conducted in Africa without time limitation. Results A total of 38 trials met the inclusion criteria and were included in our analysis. Of the 54 countries of Africa, only 8 produced at least one trial: South Africa produced the majority of trials (20 out of 38 trials, 53%), followed by Nigeria (7 out of 38 trials, 18%) and Egypt (4 out of 38 trials, 11%). The majority of studies investigated the efficacy of pharmacological interventions, were short in duration, and employed a double-blind design. The quality of reporting was generally poor. We found six trials comparing antipsychotics from the WHO Essential List of Medicine versus new generation antipsychotics. In terms of efficacy and acceptability, these studies failed to show any advantage of newer antipsychotics over first-generation agents. Conclusions We observed an impressive mismatch between the number of individuals with schizophrenia living in African countries, estimated to be around 10 million, and the overall number of patients included in African trials, which is less than 2,000. These few trials were of low quality and appeared not to reflect the real needs of the population. We argue that the concept of pragmatism should be introduced into the design of randomized trials in African countries. Pragmatic trials should investigate whether treatments, given in real-world circumstances, really have clinically meaningful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Purgato
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Correll CU, Hauser M, Auther AM, Cornblatt BA. Research in people with psychosis risk syndrome: a review of the current evidence and future directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 51:390-431. [PMID: 20214698 PMCID: PMC3085111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
After decades of research, schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders are still among the most debilitating disorders in medicine. The chronic illness course in most individuals, greater treatment responsiveness during the first episode, progressive gray matter decline during early disease stages, and retrospective accounts of 'prodromal' or early illness signs and symptoms formed the basis for research on the psychosis risk syndrome (PRS), known variably as 'clinical high risk' (CHR), or 'ultra-high risk' (UHR), or 'prodromal'. The pioneering era of research on PRS focused on the development and validation of specific assessment tools and the delineation of high risk criteria. This was followed by the examination of conversion rates in psychosis risk cohorts followed naturalistically, identification of predictors of conversion to psychosis, and investigation of interventions able to abort or delay the development of full psychosis. Despite initially encouraging results concerning the predictive validity of PRS criteria, recent findings of declining conversion rates demonstrate the need for further investigations. Results from intervention studies, mostly involving second-generation antipsychotics and cognitive behavioral therapy, are encouraging, but are currently still insufficient to make treatment recommendations for this early, relatively non-specific illness phase. The next phase of research on PRS, just now beginning, has moved to larger, 'multisite' projects to increase generalizability and to ensure that sufficiently large samples at true risk for psychosis are included. Emphasis in these emerging studies is on: 1) identification of biomarkers for conversion to psychosis; 2) examination of non-antipsychotic, neuroprotective and low-risk pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions; 3) testing of potentially phase-specific interventions; 4) examination of the relationship between treatment response during PRS and prognosis for the course of illness; 5) follow-up of patients who developed schizophrenia despite early interventions and comparison of illness trajectories with patients who did not receive early interventions; 6) characterization of individuals with outcomes other than schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, such as bipolar disorder and remission from PRS, including false positive cases; and 7) assessment of meaningful social and role functioning outcomes. While the research conducted to date has already yielded crucial information, the translation of the concept of a clinically identifiable PRS into clinical practice does not seem justified at this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph U Correll
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York 11004, USA.
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Choi MM, Kim EA, Choi SY, Kim TU, Cho SW, Yang SJ. Inhibitory properties of nerve-specific human glutamate dehydrogenase isozyme by chloroquine. BMB Rep 2008; 40:1077-82. [PMID: 18047806 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2007.40.6.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glutamate dehydrogenase exists in hGDH1 (housekeeping isozyme) and in hGDH2 (nerve-specific isozyme), which differ markedly in their allosteric regulation. In the nervous system, GDH is enriched in astrocytes and is important for recycling glutamate, a major excitatory neurotransmitter during neurotransmission. Chloroquine has been known to be a potent inhibitor of house-keeping GDH1 in permeabilized liver and kidney-cortex of rabbit. However, the effects of chloroquine on nerve-specific GDH2 have not been reported yet. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of chloroquine on hGDH2 at various conditions and showed that chloroquine could inhibit the activity of hGDH2 at dose-dependent manner. Studies of the chloroquine inhibition on enzyme activity revealed that hGDH2 was relatively less sensitive to chloroquine inhibition than house-keeping hGDH1. Incubation of hGDH2 was uncompetitive with respect of NADH and non-competitive with respect of 2-oxoglutarate. The inhibitory effect of chloroquine on hGDH2 was abolished, although in part, by the presence of ADP and L-leucine, whereas GTP did not change the sensitivity to chloroquine inhibition. Our results show a possibility that chloroquine may be used in regulating GDH activity and subsequently glutamate concentration in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Min Choi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 320-718, Korea
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Abstract
Antimalarials have been used to treat cutaneous and systemic lupus erythematosus (LE) for decades. Although controlled studies comparing the efficacy of antimalarials versus placebo and other treatments are generally lacking, many case reports and series support the therapeutic efficacy of these agents in treating both LE-specific and -nonspecific skin lesions. Currently, the two most frequently used antimalarial agents are chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. There may be a delay of weeks to months in the onset of therapeutic effects of antimalarials when treating LE. Smoking appears to inhibit the therapeutic efficacy of antimalarials when treating cutaneous LE. Antimalarials have been associated with a number of potentially serious adverse effects, including irreversible loss of vision. The aim of this review is to discuss the many facets of antimalarials that will help clinicians optimally utilize these agents when treating cutaneous LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wozniacka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Łódź, Krzemieniecka, Poland
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