Sodium ferulate inhibits atherosclerogenesis in hyperlipidemia rabbits

The efficacy of sodium ferulate combination therapy in coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Sodium ferulate (SF), a derivative of ferulic acid, is one of the active constituents in medicinal plants thought to be useful in fighting cardiovascular diseases. However, there still lacks a systematic review of the efficacy and safety of SF in treating coronary heart disease (CHD). It is therefore the purpose of this study to comprehensively review all clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of SF in CHD to assess its efficacy and safety.

METHODS

All analysis is based on 8 databases as of February 2023, which includes 35 outcomes of RCTs that investigate the effect of SF combination therapy in CHD. The present study evaluates the quality and bias of selected literature by the Jadad scale and Cochrane Collaboration's tools, and also the quality of evidence by GRADE Profiler. Furthermore, it applies sensitivity analysis to assess the high heterogeneity impact of outcomes and conducted subgroup analysis to estimate the influence factors in these studies. The study protocol was set documented, and published beforehand in PROSPERO (Registration No.CRD42022348841).

RESULTS

The meta-analysis of 36 studies (with 3207 patients) shows that SF combined with conventional drugs has improved clinical effectiveness for patients with CHD [RR: 1.21 (95% CI 1.17,1.26); p < 0.00001]. Statistically significant results of meta-analyses are also seen in electrocardiography (ECG) efficacy, frequency of angina attacks, endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin (ET), whole Blood low shear rate (LS), platelet aggregation test (PAgT), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL6), triglyceride (TG). Adverse events are reported in 6 RCTs. By GRADE approaches, 2 outcomes (clinical efficacy, CRP) indicate a moderate quality of evidence, 17 outcomes indicate low quality of evidence, with the other 16 very low-quality.

CONCLUSION

SF combination therapy has a better curative effect than conventional therapy. However, due to items with low-quality evidence demonstrated in the study, the presence of clinical heterogeneity, and imprecision in partial outcome measures, all these led to limitations in the evidence of this study. Thus, the conclusion needs to be further verified by more in-depth research.

A systematic review and meta-analysis for the primary prevention of high risk of stroke by Nao-an capsules

BACKGROUND

To date, Nao-an capsules are the only Chinese patent medicine primarily prescribed for the primary prevention of stroke.

PURPOSE

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Nao-an capsules in the primary prevention of stroke in high-risk patients.

STUDY DESIGN

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

METHODS

We searched 7 electronic databases and 2 registries from inception to January 13, 2022 for relevant randomized controlled trials. Two independent investigators selected trials, collected data, and judged the risk of bias. We performed a meta-analysis using the Review Manager software.

RESULTS

Nine randomized controlled trials involving 14 744 patients at high risk of stroke were included. Nao-an capsules reduced the risk of first stroke compared with no intervention (risk ratio [RR] = 0.49, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.29 to 0.82, p = 0.006) or aspirin (RR_{50 mg qd} = 0.47, 95 % CI 0.25 to 0.91, p = 0.03; RR_{100 mg qd} = 0.46, 95 % CI 0.22 to 0.99, p = 0.05), without increased bleeding risks. The certainty of evidence was evaluated as moderate to very low.

CONCLUSION

In addition to controlling specific risk factors, Nao-an capsules might provide additional preventive effects on first stroke with an acceptable safety profile for populations at high risk of stroke. However, as current evidence is too weak, a firm recommendation depends on further confirmation from more studies with more rigorous methodology.

Ferulic acid loaded pickering emulsions stabilized by resistant starch nanoparticles using ultrasonication: Characterization, in vitro release and nutraceutical potential

The use of starch based nanoparticles have gained momentum in stabilizing pickering emulsions for it's numerous advantages. In present study resistant starch (RS) was isolated from lotus stem using enzymatic digestion and subjected to nanoprecipitation and ultrasonication to yield resistant starch nanoparticles (RSN). RSN of varying concentrations (2%, 10% and 20%) were used to stabilize the flax seed-oil water mixture to form pickering emulsions. The emulsions were used to nanoencapsulate ferulic acid (FA) - a well known bioactive via ultrasonication. The emulsions were lyophilized to form FA loaded lyophilized pickering emulsion (FA-LPE). The FA-LPE (2%, 10 % and 20%) were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infra-spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). AFM showed FA-LPE as spherical droplets embedded in the matrix with maximum peak height of 8.47 nm and maximum pit height of 1.69 nm. SEM presented FA-LPE as an irregular and continuous surface having multiple folds and holes. The ATR-FTIR spectra of all the samples displayed peaks of C = C aromatic rings of FA at 1600 cm^-1 and 1439 cm^-1, signifying successful encapsulation. In vitro release assay displayed more controlled release of FA from FA-LPE (20%). Bioactivity of FA-LPE was evaluated in terms of anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and prevention against oxidative damage under simulated gastro-intestinal conditions (SGID). The bioactivity of FA-LPE (20%) was significantly higher than FA-LPE (2%) and FA-LPE (10%). Key findings reveal that pickering emulsions can prevent FA under harsh SGID conditions and provide an approach to facilitate the design of pickering emulsions with high stability for nutraceutical delivery in food and supplement products.

Recent advances on endogenous gasotransmitters in inflammatory dermatological disorders

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Endogenous gasotransmitters nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), and potential candidates sulfur dioxide (SO₂), methane (CH₄), hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), are generated within the human body.

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Endogenous and potential gasotransmitters regulate inflammation, vasodilation, and oxidation in inflammatory dermatological disorders.

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Endogenous and potential gasotransmitters play potential roles in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, acne, and chronic skin ulcers.

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Further research should explore the function of these gases and gas donors and inhibitors in inflammatory dermatological disorders.

Background

Endogenous gasotransmitters are small gaseous mediators that can be generated endogenously by mammalian organisms. The dysregulation of the gasotransmitter system is associated with numerous disorders ranging from inflammatory diseases to cancers. However, the relevance of these endogenous gasotransmitters, prodrug donors and inhibitors in inflammatory dermatological disorders has not yet been thoroughly reviewed and discussed.

Aim of review

This review discusses the recent progress and will provide perspectives on endogenous gasotransmitters in the context of inflammatory dermatological disorders.

Key scientific concepts of review

Endogenous gasotransmitters nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) are signaling molecules that regulate several physiological and pathological processes. In addition, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), methane (CH₄), hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) can also be generated endogenously and may take part in physiological and pathological processes. These signaling molecules regulate inflammation, vasodilation, and oxidative stress, offering therapeutic potential and attracting interest in the field of inflammatory dermatological disorders including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, acne, rosacea, and chronic skin ulcers. The development of effective gas donors and inhibitors is a promising alternative to treat inflammatory dermatological disorders with controllable and precise delivery in the future.

A Review on Potential Footprints of Ferulic Acid for Treatment of Neurological Disorders

Ferulic acid is being screened in preclinical settings to combat various neurological disorders. It is a naturally occurring dietary flavonoid commonly found in grains, fruits, and vegetables such as rice, wheat, oats, tomatoes, sweet corn etc., which exhibits protective effects against a number of neurological diseases such as epilepsy, depression, ischemia-reperfusion injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Ferulic acid prevents and treats different neurological diseases pertaining to its potent anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, beside modulating unique neuro-signaling pathways. It stays in the bloodstream for longer periods than other dietary polyphenols and antioxidants and easily crosses blood brain barrier. The use of novel drug delivery systems such as solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) or its salt forms (sodium ferulate, ethyl ferulate, and isopentyl ferulate) further enhance its bioavailability and cerebral penetration. Based on reported studies, ferulic acid appears to be a promising molecule for treatment of neurological disorders; however, more preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) mechanism-based studies should be planned and conceived followed by its testing in clinical settings.

Tongmai formula improves cardiac function via regulating mitochondrial quality control in the myocardium with ischemia/reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND

Mitochondrial quality control, regulated by mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, has been regarded as pivotal process to induce segregation of mitochondria during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, few works revealed the regulation of mitochondrial quality control by therapeutic agents. Tongmai formula (TM) is a clinically used botanical drug for treating cardiovascular diseases, which mechanism is unveiled. Thus, in this study, we investigated the pharmacological effects of TM on modulating mitochondrial quality control during cardiac injury.

METHODS

Rats subjected to myocardial I/R injury and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) were used to simulate cardiac injury during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion process. Morphological examination, histopathological examination, echocardiography, and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the cardiac injury after I/R injury. Biochemical indices in serum were estimated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) was used for mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) evaluation. 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) was used for intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) evaluation. Mitochondria in NRVMs were labeled by tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) for mitochondrial morphosis imaging and estimation. Western blotting was used for cytochrome c (CYCS), apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) contents evaluation. Immunochemistry fluorescence was used for dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1) expression measurement.

RESULTS

TM treatment markedly decreased myocardium infarct size. It also significantly improved left ventricular contractile function and alleviated cardiomyocytes apoptosis, as well as reduced the production of cardiac troponin T, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde and elevated glutathione and superoxide dismutase. Intriguingly, we found that mitochondrial membrane potential loss and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening were recovered after TM treatment. It also down-regulated cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor contents after myocardial I/R injury. In vitro study showed that TM treatment reduced intracellular ROS content and recovered ΔΨ_m in NRVMs after H/R injury. We also observed that TM could reduce the expression level of Drp1, while increased Mfn2 in NRVMs after H/R injury, which indicates that TM may regulate mitochondrial dynamics during H/R injury of NRVMs.

CONCLUSIONS

TM exhibited cardiac protective effect on ischemic myocardium of rats after reperfusion and improved mitochondrial quality control through mitochondrial dynamics in NRVMs after H/R injury.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Aconite and Angelica sinensis on Myocardial Ischemia Rats with Yang Deficiency and Blood Stasis

Objective

To investigate the intervention effect and mechanism of Aconite and Angelica sinensis on myocardial ischemia rats with Yang deficiency and blood stasis.

Methods

SPF-class SD rats were randomly divided into low-dose and high-dose groups. Each group was divided into control group, model group, and drug-administered group (FZ, DG, FG; 1 : 0.5, 1 : 1, 1 : 2). A rat model was prepared by intraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone and isoproterenol plus cold stimulation. Each group was given corresponding decoction or distilled water for 14 days. The behavioral changes of rats in each group were observed. The morphological changes of rats cardiomyocytes were observed by HE staining. The average optical density (MOD value) and percentage of positive cells of Bcl-2, Bax, and Akt were determined by immunohistochemical staining method, and PEIs were calculated. Western blot and RT-PCR were used to determine the expression of PI3K, Caspase-3, Akt protein, and gene expression.

Results

The compatibility of Aconite and Angelica sinensis improved the morphology of rat cardiomyocytes, increased the PEI values of Akt and Bcl-2 protein, and decreased the PEI values of Bax protein (P < 0.01). The compatibility reduced the expression of Caspase-3 protein of rat myocardium and increased the protein expression of p-Akt, PI3K, and p-PI3K (P < 0.01). The compatibility also significantly reduced the expression of Caspase-3 mRNA and increased the expression of PI3K mRNA and Akt mRNA (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the effect of high-dose FG (1 : 2) group is the best.

Conclusions

The method of preparing a rat model of myocardial ischemia with Yang deficiency and blood stasis was feasible. The compatibility of Aconite and Angelica sinensis reduced myocardial fibrosis and inflammatory reaction, protected ischemic cardiomyocytes, and reduced myocardial injury, whose mechanism may be related to the regulation of PI3K/Akt pathway. The compatible group had better intervention effects than Aconite or Angelica sinensis alone. The best one was high-dose FG (1 : 2).

NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides: Past, present, and future

The biological effects attributed to nitric oxide (^• NO) and nitroxyl (HNO) have been extensively studied, propelling their array of putative clinical applications beyond cardiovascular disorders toward other age-related diseases, like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, the unique properties and reactivity of the N-O bond enabled the development of several classes of compounds with potential clinical interest, among which ^• NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides are of particular importance. Although primarily studied for their application as cardioprotective agents and/or molecular probes for radical detection, continuous efforts have unveiled a wide range of pharmacological activities and, ultimately, therapeutic applications. These efforts are of particular significance for diseases in which oxidative stress plays a key pathogenic role, as shown by a growing volume of in vitro and in vivo preclinical data. Although in its early stages, these efforts may provide valuable guidelines for the development of new and effective N-O-based drugs for age-related disorders. In this report, we review recent advances in the chemistry of NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides and discuss its pharmacological significance and potential therapeutic application.

Ferulic Acid and Naturally Occurring Compounds Bearing a Feruloyl Moiety: A Review on Their Structures, Occurrence, and Potential Health Benefits

The ubiquitous compound 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, also known as ferulic acid (FA), constitutes a bioactive ingredient of many foods that may offer beneficial effects against disorders related to oxidative stress, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses the antioxidant properties of FA, establishing relationships to several biological activities already described for this natural product. Next, 387 naturally occurring compounds, all isolated from plants and published between 1990 and 2015, the structures of which bear 1 or more feruloyl moieties, are covered in this review along with their structural formulas, botanical sources, and bioactivities. The compounds' distribution, structural patterns, bioactivities, and perspectives on food research are also succinctly discussed.

Rapid Determination of 30 Polyphenols in Tongmai Formula, a Combination of Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Chuanxiong Rhizoma, via Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tongmai formula (TMF) is a herbal preparation composed of three traditional Chinese medicinal materials: Puerariae Lobatae Radix (Gegen), Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Danshen) and Chuanxiong Rhizoma (Chuanxiong). It has been used to treat cardiovascular diseases for decades. To develop a reliable and convenient analytical method for a comprehensive determination of polyphenols in TMF and the ascertainment of their chemical correlations with its herbal components, a method combining high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed and validated for rapid determination of 30 polyphenols in TMF and its three herbal components. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a Chromolith Fastgradient RP-18 endcapped 50-2 column using an optimized gradient elution. Statistical analysis of obtained data demonstrated that the method had a desirable linearity, precision, and accuracy, as well as excellent sensitivity. The obtained results indicated that, among the 30 polyphenols in TMF, 22 originated from Gegen, 6 originated from Danshen, and 2 originated from Chuanxiong. The major polyphenols in TMF have been identified as puerarin, mirificin, salvianolic acid B, salvianic acid A, 3’-hydroxypuerarin, 3’-methoxypuerarin, and salvianolic acid A, with a combined contribution of 19.2% of the preparation. The development and validation of this method will greatly facilitate future pharmacological studies of TMF and its herbal components, as well as polyphenols in cardiovascular therapies.

New insights into the ameliorative effects of ferulic acid in pathophysiological conditions

Ferulic acid, a natural phytochemical has gained importance as a potential therapeutic agent by virtue of its easy commercial availability, low cost and minimal side-effects. It is a derivative of curcumin and possesses the necessary pharmacokinetic properties to be retained in the general circulation for several hours. The therapeutic effects of ferulic acid are mediated through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It exhibits different biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective actions, etc. The current review addresses its therapeutic effects under different pathophysiological conditions (eg. cancer, cardiomyopathy, skin disorders, brain disorders, viral infections, diabetes etc.).

Antioxidant and physiological effects of Si-Wu-Tang on skin and liver: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Background

Si-Wu-Tang (SWT) is used to treat various gynecological disorders in Chinese medicine. This study investigated the antioxidant and physiological effects of SWT on the skin and liver in healthy adults.

Methods

This randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted at Chung Shan Medical University Hospital in December 2008. Participants with uncontrolled diabetes, heart disease, liver disease, kidney disease, cancer, and pregnancy were excluded. Sixty healthy volunteers taking no medications were recruited from the community based on the results of their medical history questionnaires and biochemical analyses to confirm their health status. The participants were assigned to two groups: one group drank 125 mL of placebo (n = 30) and the other drank SWT (n = 30) for six continuous days per month for 6 months. The placebo and SWT were then switched between the groups after a 1-month washout period. Anthropometric measurements (body weight, body fat, and body mass index) were performed and fasting blood samples were drawn for various biochemical assays at 1, 3, 6, 10 and 13 months. Abdominal ultrasound and skin examinations were performed at 1, 6 and 13 months. The skin examinations involved assessment of skin roughness, sebum content, hydration, surface water loss, erythema, melanin index, and elasticity on the face (sunlight-exposed sites: middle of ear and nose) and inner arm (sunlight-unexposed sites: center of wrist and elbow joint).

Results

Administration of SWT significantly increased the antioxidant index (P = 0.001) and antioxidant enzymes activities (P = 0.001) from baseline to month 6. SWT also suppressed the concentration of serum lipids (triglycerides, P = 0.01; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, P = 0.23; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, P = 0.48) and hepatic marker enzymes (glutamic pyruvic transaminase, P = 0.76; glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, P = 0.65) when compared with the placebo group. Abdominal ultrasound in the SWT group revealed a positive impact of SWT on mild fatty liver, gallstones, and mild splenomegaly. Moreover, SWT intake concomitantly elevated erythema (P = 0.011) and markedly lowered skin surface water loss (P = 0.016), sebum content (P = 0.021), and wrinkles (P = 0.024).

Conclusions

Oral administration of SWT for 6 months improved the antioxidant level and positively regulated the lipid profile, liver function, and skin integrity and texture.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13020-016-0102-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Ferulic Acid Alleviates Changes in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome Induced by High-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Ferulic acid (FA) is the major phenolic compound found in rice oil and various fruits and vegetables. In this study, we examined the beneficial effects of FA in minimizing insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction and remodeling in a rat model of high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic changes, which is regarded as an analogue of metabolic syndrome (MS) in man. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high carbohydrate, high fat (HCHF) diet and 15% fructose in drinking water for 16 weeks, where control rats were fed with standard chow diet and tap water. FA (30 or 60 mg/kg) was orally administered to the HCHF and control rats during the last six weeks of the study. We observed that FA significantly improved insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles, and reduced elevated blood pressure, compared to untreated controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, FA also improved vascular function and prevented vascular remodeling of mesenteric arteries. The effects of FA in HCHF-induced MS may be realized through suppression of oxidative stress by down-regulation of p47phox, increased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability with up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and suppression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Our results suggest that supplementation of FA may have health benefits by minimizing the cardiovascular complications of MS and alleviating its symptoms.

Sodium ferulate protects against daunorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibition of mitochondrial apoptosis in juvenile rats

Daunorubicin (DNR) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent; however, its clinical use is limited because of its cardiotoxicity. This study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of sodium ferulate (SF), an effective component from traditional Chinese herbs, against DNR-induced cardiotoxicity in juvenile rats. DNR was administered intraperitoneally to rats at the dosage of 2.5 mg·kg(-1)·wk(-1) for 5 consecutive weeks (cumulative dose of 12.5 mg/kg) or in combination with intraperitoneal injection of SF at 50 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1) over a period of 30 days. The animals were killed 6 days after the last injection of DNR. SF significantly ameliorated the DNR-induced cardiac dysfunction, structural damage of the myocardium, and release of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase. Treatment with SF also reversed DNR-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by a decrease in malondialdehyde levels with a concomitant increase in myocardical superoxide dismutase activities. Furthermore, SF afforded significant cardioprotection against DNR-induced apoptosis in vivo and effectively suppressed the complex mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic signaling triggered by DNR. This study indicates that SF may improve cardiac function by inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis, thus providing a beneficial effect on the prevention of DNR-induced cardiotoxicity.

Potential applications of ferulic acid from natural sources

Ferulic acid (FA), a ubiquitous natural phenolic phytochemical present in seeds, leaves, bothin its free form and covalently conjugated to the plant cell wall polysaccharides, glycoproteins,polyamines, lignin and hydroxy fatty acids. FA plays a vital role in providing the rigidity to the cell wall and formation of other important organic compounds like coniferyl alcohol, vanillin, sinapic, diferulic acid and curcumin. FA exhibits wide variety of biological activities such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antiallergic, hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, antithrombotic, increase sperm viability, antiviral and vasodilatory actions, metal chelation, modulation of enzyme activity, activation of transcriptional factors, gene expression and signal transduction.

Genetic Variants of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) and CYP2B6 Affect the Induction of Bupropion Hydroxylation by Sodium Ferulate

This study investigated the effects of pregnane X receptor (PXR/NR1I2) and CYP2B6 genetic variants on sodium ferulate (SF)-mediated induction of bupropion hydroxylation. The pharmacokinetics of bupropion and hydroxybupropion were evaluated after an oral dose of bupropion (150 mg) administered with and without SF pretreatment for 14 days in 33 healthy subjects. The area under the time-concentration curve (AUC) ratio of AUC_hyd (AUC(0-∞) of hydroxybupropion)/AUC_bup (AUC(0-∞) of bupropion) represents the CYP2B6 hydroxylation activity, which was significantly lower in CYP2B6*6 carriers (NR1I2 TGT noncarriers or carriers) than in noncarriers in both the basal and SF-induced states (p-value<0.05). AUC ratio and AUC_hyd of NR1I2 -24113AA variant were markedly lower than GA and GG genotypes (7.5±2.1 versus 14.5±3.3 and 20.6±1.1, and 8873±1431 versus 14,504±2218 and 17,586±1046) in the induced states. However, -24020(-)/(-) variant didn't show significant difference in the induction of CYP2B6 hydroxylation activity by SF compared with other -24020[GAGAAG]/(-) genotypes. NR1I2 TGT haplotype (-25385T+g.7635G+g.8055T) carriers exhibited a significantly decreased AUC ratio, compared with TGT noncarriers, in the basal states (7.6±1.0 versus 9.7±1.0), while this result wasn't observed in CYP2B6*6 noncarriers. Moreover, individuals with complete mutation-type [CYP2B6*6/*6+NR1I2 TGT+ -24113AA+ -24020 (-)/(-)] showed even lower percent difference of AUC ratio (8.7±1.2 versus 39.5±8.2) than those with complete wild-type. In conclusion, it is suggested that NR1I2 variants decrease the bupropion hydroxylation induced by SF treatment, particularly in CYP2B6*6 carriers.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ChiCTR.org ChiCTR-TRC-11001285.

Whole grains, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hypertension: links to the aleurone preferred over indigestible fiber

Higher whole grain cereal intakes are associated with substantially lower risks of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hypertension. These reduced risks have been established in large prospective studies that now include millions of person-years of follow-up. We analyze the results of 11 major prospective studies to provide recommendations about whole grain consumption. The following review establishes the amount of whole grains that should ideally be consumed based on prospective evidence; defines the nature of whole grains; identifies that the whole grain evidence is robust and not due to confounding; and provides a detailed assessment of several potential mechanisms for the effect of whole grains on health. We draw the following conclusions. Firstly, to maintain health, 40 grams or more of whole grains should be consumed daily. This is about a bowl of whole grain breakfast cereal daily, but 80% of the population does not achieve this. Secondly, aleurone in bran is a critical grain component generally overlooked in favor of indigestible fiber. Live aleurone cells constitute 50% of millers' bran. They store minerals, protein, and the antioxidant ferulic acid, and are clearly more than just indigestible fiber. Finally, we suggest potential roles for magnesium, zinc, and ferulic acid in the development of chronic disease. If the results of prospective studies were applied to the life-style practices of modern societies there exists the potential for enormous personal health and public financial benefits.

Fo Shou San, an ancient Chinese herbal decoction, protects endothelial function through increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity

Fo Shou San (FSS) is an ancient herbal decoction comprised of Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CR; Chuanxiong) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR; Danggui) in a ratio of 2:3. Previous studies indicate that FSS promotes blood circulation and dissipates blood stasis, thus which is being used widely to treat vascular diseases. Here, we aim to determine the cellular mechanism for the vascular benefit of FSS. The treatment of FSS reversed homocysteine-induced impairment of acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortic rings, isolated from rats. Like radical oxygen species (ROS) scavenger tempol, FSS attenuated homocysteine-stimulated ROS generation in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and it also stimulated the production of nitric oxide (NO) as measured by fluorescence dye and biochemical assay. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of both Akt kinase and endothelial NO synthases (eNOS) were markedly increased by FSS treatment, which was abolished by an Akt inhibitor triciribine. Likewise, triciribine reversed FSS-induced NO production in HUVECs. Finally, FSS elevated intracellular Ca(2+) levels in HUVECs, and the Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM inhibited the FSS-stimulated eNOS phosphorylation. The present results show that this ancient herbal decoction benefits endothelial function through increased activity of Akt kinase and eNOS; this effect is causally via a rise of intracellular Ca(2+) and a reduction of ROS.

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of hydroxycinnamic acids, quercetin, and cyanidin 3-glucoside in hypercholesterolemic erythrocytes (in vitro study)

OBJECTIVE

Four polyphenols: ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid (hydroxycinnamic acids), quercetin (flavonol) and cyanidin 3-glucoside (anthocyanin) were selected, and their antioxidant properties and their influence on cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic and normal erythrocytes were investigated.

METHODS

To determine the effect of phenolic compounds, we prospectively studied cholesterol concentration, lipid peroxidation and membranes fluidity. Whole-blood and isolated erythrocytes (2% hematocrit) were incubated for 24 h with selected compounds at concentration 1, 10 and 100 μmol/L. All investigated compounds decreased lipid peroxidation in whole blood. Cyanidin 3-glucoside and quercetin showed higher antioxidant properties than hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid).

RESULTS

Incubation of whole blood of hypercholesterolemic patients with quercetin and cyanidin 3-glucoside resulted in statistically significant reduction of cholesterol concentration in erythrocytes down to 75% (at 10 μmol/L of polyphenols) and 69% (at 100 μmol/L of polyphenols) of initial values. The effect of both compounds on isolated erythrocytes was even more pronounced, reduction down to 70% (at 10 μmol/L of polyphenols) and 58% (at 100 μmol/L of polyphenols) of initial values. After incubation of isolated erythrocytes of hypercholesterolemic patients with quercetin and cyanidin 3-glucoside, increase of membrane fluidity was noticed. After incubation of isolated erythrocytes of healthy donors with investigated compounds, no changes in membrane fluidity were observed.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that flavonols and anthocyanins have higher antioxidant properties and higher influence on cholesterol concentration in erythrocytes membranes than simple hydroxycinnamic acids.

Enhancement of placental antioxidative function and P-gp expression by sodium ferulate mediated its protective effect on rat IUGR induced by prenatal tobacco/alcohol exposure

This study was aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of sodium ferulate (SF) on rats with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), and then to clarify the corresponding mechanism. Pregnant rats were divided into normal group, tobacco/alcohol exposure group, and tobacco/alcohol+SF groups. Fetal developmental indices, placental weight, histological alteration, oxidative and antioxidative-function (e.g. MDA, SOD, CAT) and Mdr1 levels were assayed. Results showed exposure to tobacco/alcohol resulted in reduced fetal developmental indices and placental histological alteration, as well as the increased MDA content, decreased SOD and CAT activities and decreased Mdr1a level. After SF treatment, fetal developmental indices, and placental weight, histological alteration, oxidative and antioxidative-function and mdr1a levels were reversed. Our study indicated SF may be effective in reversing IUGR production, and its underlying mechanism may be due to enhanced placental antioxidative function and P-gp expression, which may be related to IUGR formation by tobacco/alcohol exposure.

Pharmacological effects of Radix Angelica Sinensis (Danggui) on cerebral infarction

Radix Angelica Sinensis, the dried root of Angelica sinensis (Danggui), is a herb used in Chinese medicine to enrich blood, promote blood circulation and modulate the immune system. It is also used to treat chronic constipation of the elderly and debilitated as well as menstrual disorders. Research has demonstrated that Danggui and its active ingredients, as anti-arthrosclerotic, anti-hypertensive, antioxidant anti-inflammatory agents which would limit platelet aggregation, are effective in reducing the size of cerebral infarction and improving neurological deficit scores.

Sodium Ferulate Modified Gene Expression Profile of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Stimulated Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is known to trigger vascular injury in atherosclerosis development. Sodium ferulate is an effective component from Chinese medicines with various beneficial cardiovascular pharmacological activities. Here, we investigated the effects of sodium ferulate on the gene expression profile of ox-LDL-stimulated endothelial cells. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with ox-LDL (50 μg/mL) in the absence or presence of sodium ferulate (5 μmol/L). Sodium ferulate significantly reduced ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell death as evaluated by cell viability assay. Human oligonucleotide microarray analysis demonstrated that a total of 32 ox-LDL-induced genes were significantly downregulated to control levels by sodium ferulate. These genes included members from families of chemokine, inflammatory factor, growth factor, and nuclear receptor. These data provided an overview of the gene expression profile of endothelial cells in response to ox-LDL and sodium ferulate, and demonstrated that sodium ferulate could regulate the expression of inflammation-related genes in endothelial cells and has the potential to benefit endothelial function in the setting of atherosclerosis.

Lack of evidence for antiatherogenic effects of wheat bran or corn bran in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice

Epidemiological studies have suggested that intake of whole grains is inversely associated with coronary artery disease. The mechanisms, however, are not completely clear. We tested the hypothesis that intake of wheat bran or corn bran would (1) increase the plasma concentration of phenolic antioxidants and (2) reduce atherosclerosis in apo E-knockout mice. Apo E-knockout (E-KO) mice were fed for 18 weeks with a 0.1% cholesterol-supplemented diet in the absence of grain brans or the presence of 1.7% yellow dent corn bran or 3.3% hard red spring wheat bran. The concentration of antioxidant ferulic acid in plasma and urine was measured by HPLC to monitor the bioavailability of grain phenolics. Plasma lipoprotein profiles were determined by a combination of HPLC and online enzymatic methods. Urinary 15-isoprostane F(2t), an in vivo LDL oxidation biomarker, and atherosclerotic lesions were analyzed by ELISA and histological methods, respectively. Dietary supplementation with corn or wheat bran resulted in a 4- and 24-fold increase, respectively, in urinary excretion of ferulic acid. The urinary recovery rate of ferulic acid from the two brans in apo E-KO mice was approximately 1.9-2.9%. Dietary corn bran but not wheat bran also significantly increased the concentration of total ferulic acid in plasma. Nevertheless, the supplementation with either bran product for 18 weeks did not significantly alter the urinary excretion of 15-isoprostane F(2t), change the lipoprotein profiles, nor reduce the atherosclerotic lesion development in this animal model. The results suggest that phenolic antioxidants from the two types of bran may not be sufficient to reduce atherosclerosis in this animal model.

Sodium ferulate attenuates anoxia/reoxygenation-induced calcium overload in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes by NO/cGMP/PKG pathway

Development of intracellular calcium overload is an important pathophysiological factor in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion or anoxia/reoxygenation injury. Recent studies have shown that Sodium Ferulate (SF) stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production and exerts a cardioprotective effect in the ischemia-reperfused heart. However, it has not been determined whether the cardioprotection of SF is associated with suppression of Ca(2+) overload via NO/cyclic GMP (cGMP)/cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) pathway. In this work, after cardiomyocytes were incubated with 100, 200, 400, or 800 microM SF for 3 h, anoxia/reoxygenation injury was induced and intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, NO synthase (NOS) activity, guanylate cyclase activity, NO, and cGMP formation were measured appropriately. The results showed that treatment with SF concentration-dependently inhibited calcium overload induced by anoxia/reoxygenation. We also demonstrated that SF (100-800 microM) concentration dependently enhanced NO and cGMP formation through increasing NOS activity and guanylate cyclase activity in the cardiomyocytes. On the contrary, inhibition of calcium overload by SF was markedly attenuated by addition of an NOS inhibitor, an NO scavenger, an soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, and a PKG inhibitor: N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 microM), 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazole-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO, 1.0 microM), 1H-[1, 2, 4] oxadiazolo [4, 3-alpha] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 20 microM) and KT5823 (0.2 microM), respectively. Our findings indicate that SF significantly attenuates anoxia/reoxygenation-induced Ca(2+) overload and improves cell survival in cultured cardiomyocytes through NO/cGMP/PKG signal pathway.

Chemistry, natural sources, dietary intake and pharmacokinetic properties of ferulic acid: A review

Ferulic acid (FA) is an abundant dietary antioxidant which may offer beneficial effects against cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. The impact of FA on health depends on its intake and pharmacokinetic properties. In this article, the literature pertaining to chemistry, natural sources, dietary intake and pharmacokinetic properties of FA is critically reviewed. High levels of FA are found in both free and bound forms in vegetables, fruits, cereals, and coffee. We have estimated that consumption of these foods may result in approximately 150-250mg/day of FA intake. FA can be absorbed along the entire gastrointestinal tract and metabolized mainly by the liver. The absorption and metabolism of FA seem to be dose dependent at least in experimental settings. Further pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies are required to characterize the impact of FA on human health.

Radix angelica elicits both nitric oxide-dependent and calcium influx-mediated relaxation in rat aorta

This study examined the vascular relaxation produced by Radix Angelica (AG; Dong Quai) and its possible mechanisms in isolated rat aortic rings precontracted with norepinephrine. The butanolic fraction (AgBt) of the crude extract of AG causes gradual endothelium-independent relaxation, which was unaffected by five different potassium channel inhibitors. AgBt attenuated the CaCl2-induced vasoconstriction in high-potassium depolarized medium; this required less than one-tenth the concentration needed to elicit vascular relaxation. An aqueous fraction (AgDw) of the crude extract induced transient acute relaxation, which was virtually abolished by endothelial ablation and pretreatment with L-NNA. L-Arginine fully reversed the action of L-NNA. Methylene blue and atropine significantly attenuated the relaxation, but indomethacin did not. Ferulic acid, the main active component in AG, relaxed both endothelium-intact and -denuded rings, while L-NNA, methylene blue, or atropine did not modify the relaxation. Ferulic acid also did not attenuate the CaCl2-induced contraction in high-potassium depolarized medium. In conclusion, Radix Angelica leads to both endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation of isolated rat aorta. Increased formation of NO might contribute to the endothelium-mediated relaxation, while inhibition of the calcium influx might be an important mechanism in direct smooth muscle relaxation. A substance other than ferulic acid might create these effects.

Pharmacological actions of sodium ferulate in cardiovascular system

Sodium ferulate (SF) or 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-cinamate sodium is an active principle from Angelica sinensis, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Lignsticum chuangxiong, and other plants. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and is approved by State Drugs Administration of China as a drug for treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. SF has antithrombotic, platelet aggregation inhibitory and antioxidant activities in animals and humans. For several decades SF has been widely used in China to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and to prevent thrombosis. Exciting clinical results have been obtained with SF in coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, pulmonary heart disease and thrombosis. Its safety and efficacy have been demonstrated in clinical practice. This article briefly reviews basic pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicology and clinical pharmacology of SF. The in vitro and in vivo data support the view that SF is a useful drug for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.