1
|
Sutar S, Ganpule SG. In Silico Investigation of Biomechanical Response of a Human Brain Subjected to Primary Blast. J Biomech Eng 2024; 146:081007. [PMID: 38421339 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The brain response to the explosion-induced primary blast waves is actively sought. Over the past decade, reasonable progress has been made in the fundamental understanding of blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) using head surrogates and animal models. Yet, the current understanding of how blast waves interact with human is in nascent stages, primarily due to the lack of data in human. The biomechanical response in human is critically required to faithfully establish the connection to the aforementioned bTBI models. In this work, the biomechanical cascade of the brain under a primary blast has been elucidated using a detailed, full-body human model. The full-body model allowed us to holistically probe short- (<5 ms) and long-term (200 ms) brain responses. The full-body model has been extensively validated against impact loading in the past. We have further validated the head model against blast loading. We have also incorporated the structural anisotropy of the brain white matter. The blast wave transmission, and linear and rotational motion of the head were dominant pathways for the loading of the brain, and these loading paradigms generated distinct biomechanical fields within the brain. Blast transmission and linear motion of the head governed the volumetric response, whereas the rotational motion of the head governed the deviatoric response. Blast induced head rotation alone produced diffuse injury pattern in white matter fiber tracts. The biomechanical response under blast was comparable to the impact event. These insights will augment laboratory and clinical investigations of bTBI and help devise better blast mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sutar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S G Ganpule
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sachdeva T, Ganpule SG. Twenty Years of Blast-Induced Neurotrauma: Current State of Knowledge. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:243-253. [PMID: 38515548 PMCID: PMC10956535 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2024.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT) is an important injury paradigm of neurotrauma research. This short communication summarizes the current knowledge of BINT. We divide the BINT research into several broad categories-blast wave generation in laboratory, biomechanics, pathology, behavioral outcomes, repetitive blast in animal models, and clinical and neuroimaging investigations in humans. Publications from 2000 to 2023 in each subdomain were considered. The analysis of the literature has brought out salient aspects. Primary blast waves can be simulated reasonably in a laboratory using carefully designed shock tubes. Various biomechanics-based theories of BINT have been proposed; each of these theories may contribute to BINT by generating a unique biomechanical signature. The injury thresholds for BINT are in the nascent stages. Thresholds for rodents are reasonably established, but such thresholds (guided by primary blast data) are unavailable in humans. Single blast exposure animal studies suggest dose-dependent neuronal pathologies predominantly initiated by blood-brain barrier permeability and oxidative stress. The pathologies were typically reversible, with dose-dependent recovery times. Behavioral changes in animals include anxiety, auditory and recognition memory deficits, and fear conditioning. The repetitive blast exposure manifests similar pathologies in animals, however, at lower blast overpressures. White matter irregularities and cortical volume and thickness alterations have been observed in neuroimaging investigations of military personnel exposed to blast. Behavioral changes in human cohorts include sleep disorders, poor motor skills, cognitive dysfunction, depression, and anxiety. Overall, this article provides a concise synopsis of current understanding, consensus, controversies, and potential future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Sachdeva
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Shailesh G. Ganpule
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
- Department of Design, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lippa SM, Yeh PH, Kennedy JE, Bailie JM, Ollinger J, Brickell TA, French LM, Lange RT. Lifetime Blast Exposure Is Not Related to White Matter Integrity in Service Members and Veterans With and Without Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:827-837. [PMID: 38156076 PMCID: PMC10754347 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the impact of lifetime blast exposure on white matter integrity in service members and veterans (SMVs). Participants were 227 SMVs, including those with a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI; n = 124), orthopedic injury controls (n = 58), and non-injured controls (n = 45), prospectively enrolled in a Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC)/Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence (TBICoE) study. Participants were divided into three groups based on number of self-reported lifetime blast exposures: none (n = 53); low (i.e., 1-9 blasts; n = 81); and high (i.e., ≥10 blasts; n = 93). All participants underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at least 11 months post-injury. Tract-of-interest (TOI) analysis was applied to investigate fractional anisotropy and mean, radial, and axial diffusivity (AD) in left and right total cerebral white matter as well as 24 tracts. Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction was used. Regressions investigating blast exposure and mTBI on white matter integrity, controlling for age, revealed that the presence of mTBI history was associated with lower AD in the bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus and arcuate fasciculus and left cingulum (βs = -0.255 to -0.174; ps < 0.01); however, when non-injured controls were removed from the sample (but orthopedic injury controls remained), these relationships were attenuated and did not survive FDR correction. Regression models were rerun with modified post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis added as a predictor. After FDR correction, PTSD was not significantly associated with white matter integrity in any of the models. Overall, there was no relationship between white matter integrity and self-reported lifetime blast exposure or PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Lippa
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ping-Hong Yeh
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jan E. Kennedy
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Contractor, General Dynamics Information Technology, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jason M. Bailie
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Contractor, General Dynamics Information Technology, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- 33 Area Branch Clinic, Camp Pendleton, California, USA
| | - John Ollinger
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracey A. Brickell
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Contractor, General Dynamics Information Technology, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Louis M. French
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rael T. Lange
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Contractor, General Dynamics Information Technology, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mizoguchi A, Higashiyama M, Wada A, Nishimura H, Tomioka A, Ito S, Tanemoto R, Nishii S, Inaba K, Sugihara N, Hanawa Y, Horiuchi K, Okada Y, Kurihara C, Akita Y, Narimatu K, Komoto S, Tomita K, Kawauchi S, Sato S, Hokari R. Visceral hypersensitivity induced by mild traumatic brain injury via the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor: An animal model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14634. [PMID: 37357384 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) induces various gut symptoms resembling human irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) as one of mental and behavioral disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated whether the extremely localized brain impact extracranially induced by laser-induced shock wave (LISW) evoked IBS-like phenomenon including visceral hypersensitivity and intestinal hyperpermeability in rats. METHODS The rats were subjected to LISW on the scalp to shock the entire brain. Visceral hypersensitivity was evaluated by the threshold pressure of abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) using a colorectal distension test. Permeability was evaluated by the concentration of penetrating FITC-dextran from intestine and the mRNA expression levels of tight junction family proteins. Involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRFR) 1 and 2 was examined by evaluating mRNA expression and modulating CRFR function with agonist, recombinant CRF (10 μg/kg), and antagonist, astressin (33 μg/kg). High-throughput sequencing of the gut microbiota was performed by MiSeqIII instrument and QIIME tool. KEY RESULTS The thresholds of the AWR were significantly lowered after LISW. Permeability was increased in small intestine by LISW along with decreased expression of tight junction ZO-1. LISW significantly increased CRFR1 expression and decreased CRFR2 expression. Visceral hypersensitivity was significantly aggravated by CRFR agonist and suppressed by CRFR antagonist. The α- and β-diversity of the fecal microbiota was altered after LISW. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES LISW provoked visceral hypersensitivity, small intestinal hyperpermeability, altered expression of CRFRs and changes in the microbiota, suggesting that genuine bTBI caused by LISW can induce a pathophysiology comparable to that of human IBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Mizoguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Higashiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akinori Wada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishimura
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Tomioka
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Suguru Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rina Tanemoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin Nishii
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Inaba
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nao Sugihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hanawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Horiuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Okada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Kurihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Akita
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Narimatu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Komoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kengo Tomita
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoko Kawauchi
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunichi Sato
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Hokari
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Profile of Dr. Jianxin Jiang. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1914-1916. [PMID: 35918605 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
|
6
|
Kingston ACN, Woodin SA, Wethey DS, Speiser DI. Snapping shrimp have helmets that protect their brains by dampening shock waves. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3576-3583.e3. [PMID: 35793681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Shock waves are supersonic high-amplitude pressure waves that cause barotrauma when they transfer kinetic energy to the tissues of animals.1-4 Snapping shrimp (Alpheidae) produce shock waves and are exposed to them frequently, so we asked if these animals have evolved mechanisms of physical protection against them. Snapping shrimp generate shock waves by closing their snapping claws rapidly enough to form cavitation bubbles that release energy as an audible "snap" and a shock wave when they collapse.5-8 We tested if snapping shrimp are protected from shock waves by a helmet-like extension of their exoskeleton termed the orbital hood. Using behavioral trials, we found shock wave exposure slowed shelter-seeking and caused a loss of motor control in Alpheus heterochaelis from which we had removed orbital hoods but did not significantly affect behavior in shrimp with unaltered orbital hoods. Shock waves thus have the potential to harm snapping shrimp but may not do so under natural conditions because of protection provided to shrimp by their orbital hoods. Using pressure recordings, we discovered the orbital hoods of A. heterochaelis dampen shock waves. Sealing the anterior openings of orbital hoods diminished how much they altered the magnitudes of shock waves, which suggests these helmet-like structures dampen shock waves by trapping and expelling water so that kinetic energy is redirected and released away from the heads of shrimp. Our results indicate orbital hoods mitigate blast-induced neurotrauma in snapping shrimp by dampening shock waves, making them the first biological armor system known to have such a function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C N Kingston
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK 74104 USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
| | - Sarah A Woodin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - David S Wethey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Daniel I Speiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McNamara EH, Tucker LB, Liu J, Fu AH, Kim Y, Vu PA, McCabe JT. Limbic Responses Following Shock Wave Exposure in Male and Female Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:863195. [PMID: 35747840 PMCID: PMC9210954 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.863195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) presents a serious threat to military personnel and often results in psychiatric conditions related to limbic system dysfunction. In this study, the functional outcomes for anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors and neuronal activation were evaluated in male and female mice after exposure to an Advanced Blast Simulator (ABS) shock wave. Mice were placed in a ventrally exposed orientation inside of the ABS test section and received primary and tertiary shock wave insults of approximately 15 psi peak pressure. Evans blue staining indicated cases of blood-brain barrier breach in the superficial cerebral cortex four, but not 24 h after blast, but the severity was variable. Behavioral testing with the elevated plus maze (EPM) or elevated zero maze (EZM), sucrose preference test (SPT), and tail suspension test (TST) or forced swim test (FST) were conducted 8 days–3.5 weeks after shock wave exposure. There was a sex difference, but no injury effect, for distance travelled in the EZM where female mice travelled significantly farther than males. The SPT and FST did not indicate group differences; however, injured mice were less immobile than sham mice during the TST; possibly indicating more agitated behavior. In a separate cohort of animals, the expression of the immediate early gene, c-Fos, was detected 4 h after undergoing bTBI or sham procedures. No differences in c-Fos expression were found in the cerebral cortex, but female mice in general displayed enhanced c-Fos activation in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) compared to male mice. In the amygdala, more c-Fos-positive cells were observed in injured animals compared to sham mice. The observed sex differences in the PVT and c-Fos activation in the amygdala may correlate with the reported hyperactivity of females post-injury. This study demonstrates, albeit with mild effects, behavioral and neuronal activation correlates in female rodents after blast injury that could be relevant to the incidence of increased post-traumatic stress disorder in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen H. McNamara
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura B. Tucker
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amanda H. Fu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yeonho Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Patricia A. Vu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph T. McCabe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Joseph T. McCabe,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Lu Y, Shao Y, Wu Y, He J, Wu C. Mechanism of the traumatic brain injury induced by blast wave using the energy assessment method. Med Eng Phys 2022; 101:103767. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
A Retrospective Study of the Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on Auditory Function: From a Clinical Perspective. NEUROSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The main purpose of this retrospective study was to identify auditory dysfunctions related to traumatic brain injury (TBI) in individuals evaluated in an Audiology clinic. Method: Peripheral and central auditory evaluations were performed from March 2014 to June 2018 in 26 patients (14 males) with TBI. The age of the participants ranged from 9 to 59 years old (34.24 ± 15.21). Six participants had blast-related TBI and 20 had blunt force TBI. Sixteen experienced a single TBI event whereas ten experienced several. Correlation analyses were performed to verify the relationship, if any, between the number of auditory tests failed and the number, type, and severity of TBIs. Result: All participants failed at least one auditory test. Nearly 60% had abnormal results on degraded speech tests (compressed and echoed, filtered or in background noise) and 25% had a high frequency hearing loss. There was no statistically significant correlation between the number of auditory tests failed and the number, type, and severity of TBIs. Conclusion: Results indicated negative and heterogenous effects of TBI on peripheral and central auditory function and highlighted the need for a more extensive auditory assessment in individuals with TBI.
Collapse
|
10
|
Siedhoff HR, Chen S, Song H, Cui J, Cernak I, Cifu DX, DePalma RG, Gu Z. Perspectives on Primary Blast Injury of the Brain: Translational Insights Into Non-inertial Low-Intensity Blast Injury. Front Neurol 2022; 12:818169. [PMID: 35095749 PMCID: PMC8794583 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.818169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) during military deployment or training are clinically "mild" and frequently caused by non-impact blast exposures. Experimental models were developed to reproduce the biological consequences of high-intensity blasts causing moderate to severe brain injuries. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of low-intensity blast (LIB)-induced neurological deficits have been understudied. This review provides perspectives on primary blast-induced mild TBI models and discusses translational aspects of LIB exposures as defined by standardized physical parameters including overpressure, impulse, and shock wave velocity. Our mouse LIB-exposure model, which reproduces deployment-related scenarios of open-field blast (OFB), caused neurobehavioral changes, including reduced exploratory activities, elevated anxiety-like levels, impaired nesting behavior, and compromised spatial reference learning and memory. These functional impairments associate with subcellular and ultrastructural neuropathological changes, such as myelinated axonal damage, synaptic alterations, and mitochondrial abnormalities occurring in the absence of gross- or cellular damage. Biochemically, we observed dysfunctional mitochondrial pathways that led to elevated oxidative stress, impaired fission-fusion dynamics, diminished mitophagy, decreased oxidative phosphorylation, and compensated cell respiration-relevant enzyme activity. LIB also induced increased levels of total tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid β peptide, suggesting initiation of signaling cascades leading to neurodegeneration. We also compare translational aspects of OFB findings to alternative blast injury models. By scoping relevant recent research findings, we provide recommendations for future preclinical studies to better reflect military-operational and clinical realities. Overall, better alignment of preclinical models with clinical observations and experience related to military injuries will facilitate development of more precise diagnosis, clinical evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather R. Siedhoff
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shanyan Chen
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Hailong Song
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ibolja Cernak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States
| | - David X. Cifu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ralph G. DePalma
- Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Animal model of repeated low-level blast traumatic brain injury displays acute and chronic neurobehavioral and neuropathological changes. Exp Neurol 2021; 349:113938. [PMID: 34863680 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT) is not only a signature injury to soldiers in combat field and training facilities but may also a growing concern in civilian population due to recent increases in the use of improvised explosives by insurgent groups. Unlike moderate or severe BINT, repeated low-level blast (rLLB) is different in its etiology as well as pathology. Due to the constant use of heavy weaponry as part of combat readiness, rLLB usually occurs in service members undergoing training as part of combat readiness. rLLB does not display overt pathological symptoms; however, earlier studies report chronic neurocognitive changes such as altered mood, irritability, and aggressive behavior, all of which may be caused by subtle neuropathological manifestations. Current animal models of rLLB for investigation of neurobehavioral and neuropathological alterations have not been adequate and do not sufficiently represent rLLB conditions. Here, we developed a rat model of rLLB by applying controlled low-level blast pressures (<10 psi) repeated successively five times to mimic the pressures experienced by service members. Using this model, we assessed anxiety-like symptoms, motor coordination, and short-term memory as a function of time. We also examined levels of superoxide-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase, microglial activation, and reactive astrocytosis as factors likely contributing to these neurobehavioral changes. Animals exposed to rLLB displayed acute and chronic anxiety-like symptoms, motor and short-term memory impairments. These changes were paralleled by increased microglial activation and reactive astrocytosis. Conversely, animals exposed to a single low-level blast did not display significant changes. Collectively, this study demonstrates that, unlike a single low-level blast, rLLB exerts a cumulative impact on different brain regions and produces chronic neuropathological changes in so doing, may be responsible for neurobehavioral alterations.
Collapse
|
12
|
Martindale SL, Shura RD, Rostami R, Taber KH, Rowland JA. Research Letter: Blast Exposure and Brain Volume. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2021; 36:424-428. [PMID: 33656482 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether blast exposure is associated with brain volume beyond posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis and history of traumatic brain injury (TBI). SETTING Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS One hundred sixty-three Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans, 86.5% male, and 68.10% with a history of blast exposure. Individuals with a history of moderate to severe TBI were excluded. MAIN MEASURES Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5), Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Assessment of TBI (MMA-TBI), Salisbury Blast Interview (SBI), and magnetic resonance imaging. Maximum blast pressure experienced from a blast event represented blast severity. METHODS Hierarchical regression analysis evaluated effects of maximum pressure experienced from a blast event on bilateral volume of hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, precuneus, and insula. All analyses adjusted for effects of current and lifetime PTSD diagnosis, and a history of deployment mild TBI. RESULTS Maximum blast pressure experienced was significantly associated with lower bilateral hippocampal volume (left: ΔR2 = 0.032, P < .001; right: ΔR2 = 0.030, P < .001) beyond PTSD diagnosis and deployment mild TBI history. Other characteristics of blast exposure (time since most recent exposure, distance from closest blast, and frequency of blast events) were not associated with evaluated volumes. CONCLUSION Exposure to a blast is independently associated with hippocampal volume beyond PTSD and mild TBI; however, these effects are small. These results also demonstrate that blast exposure in and of itself may be less consequential than severity of the exposure as measured by the pressure gradient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Martindale
- Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MA-MIRECC), Research & Academic Affairs Service Line (Drs Martindale, Shura, Taber, and Rowland), and Mental Health & Behavioral Sciences Service Line (Dr Rostami), W. G. (Bill) Hefner VA Healthcare System, Salisbury, North Carolina; Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology (Dr Martindale), Neurology (Dr Shura), and Neurobiology & Anatomy (Dr Rowland), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia (Dr Taber); and Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (Dr Taber)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tong C, Cong P, Liu Y, Shi X, Shi L, Mao S, Zhao Y, Hou M, Liu Y. Tandem Mass Tag-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Pathways Involved in Brain Injury Induced by Chest Exposure to Shock Waves. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:688050. [PMID: 34630032 PMCID: PMC8496458 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.688050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent chest blast exposure can lead to brain inflammation, oxidative stress, and mental disorders in soldiers. However, the mechanism that underlies brain injury caused indirectly by chest blasts remains unclear. It is urgent to find additional reliable biomarkers to reveal the intimate details of the pathogenesis of this phenomenon. We used the term tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to screen for differentially expressed proteins in rat brain at different time points after a chest blast. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD025204. Gene Ontology (GO), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), and Cytoscape analyses were used to analyze the proteomic profiles of blast-exposed rats. In addition, we performed Western blotting to verify protein levels. We identified 6,931 proteins, of which 255 were differentially expressed and 43, 84, 52, 97, and 49 were identified in brain tissues at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h and 1 week after chest blast exposure, respectively. In this study, the GO, KEGG, Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins, and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) analyses indicated that brain damage caused by chest blast exposure involved many important biological processes and signaling pathways, such as inflammation, cell adhesion, phagocytosis, neuronal and synaptic damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Furthermore, Western blotting confirmed that these differentially expressed proteins and affected signaling pathways were associated with brain damage caused by chest blast exposure. This study identifies potential protein biomarkers of brain damage caused indirectly by chest blast and new targets for the treatment of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changci Tong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Peifang Cong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiuyun Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Shun Mao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Mingxiao Hou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunen Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Al-Hajj S, Dhaini HR, Mondello S, Kaafarani H, Kobeissy F, DePalma RG. Beirut Ammonium Nitrate Blast: Analysis, Review, and Recommendations. Front Public Health 2021; 9:657996. [PMID: 34150702 PMCID: PMC8212863 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.657996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A massive chemical detonation occurred on August 4, 2020 in the Port of Beirut, Lebanon. An uncontrolled fire in an adjacent warehouse ignited ~2,750 tons of Ammonium Nitrate (AN), producing one of the most devastating blasts in recent history. The blast supersonic pressure and heat wave claimed the lives of 220 people and injured more than 6,500 instantaneously, with severe damage to the nearby dense residential and commercial areas. This review represents one of the in-depth reports to provide a detailed analysis of the Beirut blast and its health and environmental implications. It further reviews prior AN incidents and suggests actionable recommendations and strategies to optimize chemical safety measures, improve emergency preparedness, and mitigate the delayed clinical effects of blast and toxic gas exposures. These recommended actionable steps offer a starting point for government officials and policymakers to build frameworks, adopt regulations, and implement chemical safety protocols to ensure safe storage of hazardous materials as well as reorganizing healthcare system disaster preparedness to improve emergency preparedness in response to similar large-scale disasters and promote population safety. Future clinical efforts should involve detailed assessment of physical injuries sustained by blast victims, with systemic mitigation and possible treatment of late blast effects involving individuals, communities and the region at large.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Al-Hajj
- Health Management and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan R Dhaini
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Haytham Kaafarani
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ralph G DePalma
- Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Muresanu DF, Sharma A, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Feng L, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Sjöquist PO, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Diabetes exacerbates brain pathology following a focal blast brain injury: New role of a multimodal drug cerebrolysin and nanomedicine. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:285-367. [PMID: 33223037 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blast brain injury (bBI) is a combination of several forces of pressure, rotation, penetration of sharp objects and chemical exposure causing laceration, perforation and tissue losses in the brain. The bBI is quite prevalent in military personnel during combat operations. However, no suitable therapeutic strategies are available so far to minimize bBI pathology. Combat stress induces profound cardiovascular and endocrine dysfunction leading to psychosomatic disorders including diabetes mellitus (DM). This is still unclear whether brain pathology in bBI could exacerbate in DM. In present review influence of DM on pathophysiology of bBI is discussed based on our own investigations. In addition, treatment with cerebrolysin (a multimodal drug comprising neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments) or H-290/51 (a chain-breaking antioxidant) using nanowired delivery of for superior neuroprotection on brain pathology in bBI in DM is explored. Our observations are the first to show that pathophysiology of bBI is exacerbated in DM and TiO2-nanowired delivery of cerebrolysin induces profound neuroprotection in bBI in DM, not reported earlier. The clinical significance of our findings with regard to military medicine is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Per-Ove Sjöquist
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Bryukhovetskiy I, Manzhulo I, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Concussive head injury exacerbates neuropathology of sleep deprivation: Superior neuroprotection by co-administration of TiO 2-nanowired cerebrolysin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and mesenchymal stem cells. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:1-77. [PMID: 33223033 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) is common in military personnel engaged in combat operations leading to brain dysfunction. Military personnel during acute or chronic SD often prone to traumatic brain injury (TBI) indicating the possibility of further exacerbating brain pathology. Several lines of evidence suggest that in both TBI and SD alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels decreases in plasma and brain. Thus, a possibility exists that exogenous supplement of α-MSH and/or BDNF induces neuroprotection in SD compounded with TBI. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are very portent in inducing neuroprotection in TBI. We examined the effects of concussive head injury (CHI) in SD on brain pathology. Furthermore, possible neuroprotective effects of α-MSH, MSCs and neurotrophic factors treatment were explored in a rat model of SD and CHI. Rats subjected to 48h SD with CHI exhibited higher leakage of BBB to Evans blue and radioiodine compared to identical SD or CHI alone. Brain pathology was also exacerbated in SD with CHI group as compared to SD or CHI alone together with a significant reduction in α-MSH and BDNF levels in plasma and brain and enhanced level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Exogenous administration of α-MSH (250μg/kg) together with MSCs (1×106) and cerebrolysin (a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments) (5mL/kg) significantly induced neuroprotection in SD with CHI. Interestingly, TiO2 nanowired delivery of α-MSH (100μg), MSCs, and cerebrolysin (2.5mL/kg) induced enhanced neuroprotection with higher levels of α-MSH and BDNF and decreased the TNF-α in SD with CHI. These observations are the first to show that TiO2 nanowired administration of α-MSH, MSCs and cerebrolysin induces superior neuroprotection following SD in CHI, not reported earlier. The clinical significance of our findings in light of the current literature is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sawant-Pokam PA, Vail TJ, Metcalf CS, Maguire JL, McKean TO, McKean NO, Brennan K. Preventing neuronal edema increases network excitability after traumatic brain injury. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:6005-6020. [PMID: 33044227 PMCID: PMC7598047 DOI: 10.1172/jci134793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Edema is an important target for clinical intervention after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We used in vivo cellular resolution imaging and electrophysiological recording to examine the ionic mechanisms underlying neuronal edema and their effects on neuronal and network excitability after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice. Unexpectedly, we found that neuronal edema 48 hours after CCI was associated with reduced cellular and network excitability, concurrent with an increase in the expression ratio of the cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) NKCC1 and KCC2. Treatment with the CCC blocker bumetanide prevented neuronal swelling via a reversal in the NKCC1/KCC2 expression ratio, identifying altered chloride flux as the mechanism of neuronal edema. Importantly, bumetanide treatment was associated with increased neuronal and network excitability after injury, including increased susceptibility to spreading depolarizations (SDs) and seizures, known agents of clinical worsening after TBI. Treatment with mannitol, a first-line edema treatment in clinical practice, was also associated with increased susceptibility to SDs and seizures after CCI, showing that neuronal volume reduction, regardless of mechanism, was associated with an excitability increase. Finally, we observed an increase in excitability when neuronal edema normalized by 1 week after CCI. We conclude that neuronal swelling may exert protective effects against damaging excitability in the aftermath of TBI and that treatment of edema has the potential to reverse these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cameron S. Metcalf
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jamie L. Maguire
- Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - K.C. Brennan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, and
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meabon JS, Cook DG, Yagi M, Terry GE, Cross DJ, Muzi M, Pagulayan KF, Logsdon AF, Schindler AG, Ghai V, Wang K, Fallen S, Zhou Y, Kim TK, Lee I, Banks WA, Carlson ES, Mayer C, Hendrickson RC, Raskind MA, Marshall DA, Perl DP, Keene CD, Peskind ER. Chronic elevation of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is associated with a history of blast exposure. J Neurol Sci 2020; 417:117049. [PMID: 32758764 PMCID: PMC7492467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence points to the significance of neurovascular-related dysfunction in veterans with blast-related mTBI, which is also associated with reduced [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake. The goal of this study was to determine whether plasma VEGF-A is altered in veterans with blast-related mTBI and address whether VEGF-A levels correlate with FDG uptake in the cerebellum, a brain region that is vulnerable to blast-related injury 72 veterans with blast-related mTBI (mTBI) and 24 deployed control (DC) veterans with no lifetime history of TBI were studied. Plasma VEGF-A was significantly elevated in mTBIs compared to DCs. Plasma VEGF-A levels in mTBIs were significantly negatively correlated with FDG uptake in cerebellum. In addition, performance on a Stroop color/word interference task was inversely correlated with plasma VEGF-A levels in blast mTBI veterans. Finally, we observed aberrant perivascular VEGF-A immunoreactivity in postmortem cerebellar tissue and not cortical or hippocampal tissues from blast mTBI veterans. These findings add to the limited number of plasma proteins that are chronically elevated in veterans with a history of blast exposure associated with mTBI. It is likely the elevated VEGF-A levels are from peripheral sources. Nonetheless, increasing plasma VEGF-A concentrations correlated with chronically decreased cerebellar glucose metabolism and poorer performance on tasks involving cognitive inhibition and set shifting. These results strengthen an emerging view that cognitive complaints and functional brain deficits caused by blast exposure are associated with chronic blood-brain barrier injury and prolonged recovery in affected regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James S Meabon
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David G Cook
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mayumi Yagi
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Garth E Terry
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Donna J Cross
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mark Muzi
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen F Pagulayan
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Abigail G Schindler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vikas Ghai
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yong Zhou
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Inyoul Lee
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erik S Carlson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cynthia Mayer
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca C Hendrickson
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Murray A Raskind
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Daniel P Perl
- Department of Pathology, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Arun P, Rossetti F, Wilder DM, Sajja S, Van Albert SA, Wang Y, Gist ID, Long JB. Blast Exposure Leads to Accelerated Cellular Senescence in the Rat Brain. Front Neurol 2020; 11:438. [PMID: 32508743 PMCID: PMC7253679 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is one of the major causes of persistent disabilities in Service Members, and a history of bTBI has been identified as a primary risk factor for developing age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Clinical observations of several military blast casualties have revealed a rapid age-related loss of white matter integrity in the brain. In the present study, we have tested the effect of single and tightly coupled repeated blasts on cellular senescence in the rat brain. Isoflurane-anesthetized rats were exposed to either a single or 2 closely coupled blasts in an advanced blast simulator. Rats were euthanized and brains were collected at 24 h, 1 month and 1 year post-blast to determine senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity in the cells using senescence marker stain. Single and repeated blast exposures resulted in significantly increased senescence marker staining in several neuroanatomical structures, including cortex, auditory cortex, dorsal lateral thalamic nucleus, geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, ventral thalamic nucleus and hippocampus. In general, the increases in SA-β-gal activity were more pronounced at 1 month than at 24 h or 1 year post-blast and were also greater after repeated than single blast exposures. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed decreased levels of mRNA for senescence marker protein-30 (SMP-30) and increased mRNA levels for p21 (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, CDKN1A), two other related protein markers of cellular senescence. The increased senescence observed in some of these affected brain structures may be implicated in several long-term sequelae after exposure to blast, including memory disruptions and impairments in movement, auditory and ocular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peethambaran Arun
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Franco Rossetti
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Donna M Wilder
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sujith Sajja
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Stephen A Van Albert
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Irene D Gist
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Joseph B Long
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oral ascorbic acid 2-glucoside prevents coordination disorder induced via laser-induced shock waves in rat brain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230774. [PMID: 32240226 PMCID: PMC7117653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of primary blast-related traumatic brain injury (bTBI). We evaluated the effects of ascorbic acid 2-glucoside (AA2G), a well-known antioxidant, to control oxidative stress in rat brain exposed to laser-induced shock waves (LISWs). The design consisted of a controlled animal study using male 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The study was conducted at the University research laboratory. Low-impulse (54 Pa•s) LISWs were transcranially applied to rat brain. Rats were randomized to control group (anesthesia and head shaving, n = 10), LISW group (anesthesia, head shaving and LISW application, n = 10) or LISW + post AA2G group (AA2G administration after LISW application, n = 10) in the first study. In another study, rats were randomized to control group (n = 10), LISW group (n = 10) or LISW + pre and post AA2G group (AA2G administration before and after LISW application, n = 10). The measured outcomes were as follows: (i) motor function assessed by accelerating rotarod test; (ii) levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidative stress marker; (iii) ascorbic acid in each group of rats. Ascorbic acid levels were significantly decreased and 8-OHdG levels were significantly increased in the cerebellum of the LISW group. Motor coordination disorder was also observed in the group. Prophylactic AA2G administration significantly increased the ascorbic acid levels, reduced oxidative stress and mitigated the motor dysfunction. In contrast, the effects of therapeutic AA2G administration alone were limited. The results suggest that the prophylactic administration of ascorbic acid can reduce shock wave-related oxidative stress and prevented motor dysfunction in rats.
Collapse
|
21
|
Azar A, Bhagavathula KB, Hogan J, Ouellet S, Satapathy S, Dennison CR. Protective Headgear Attenuates Forces on the Inner Table and Pressure in the Brain Parenchyma During Blast and Impact: An Experimental Study Using a Simulant-Based Surrogate Model of the Human Head. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:041009. [PMID: 31539422 DOI: 10.1115/1.4044926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Military personnel sustain head and brain injuries as a result of ballistic, blast, and blunt impact threats. Combat helmets are meant to protect the heads of these personnel during injury events. Studies show peak kinematics and kinetics are attenuated using protective headgear during impacts; however, there is limited experimental biomechanical literature that examines whether or not helmets mitigate peak mechanics delivered to the head and brain during blast. While the mechanical links between blast and brain injury are not universally agreed upon, one hypothesis is that blast energy can be transmitted through the head and into the brain. These transmissions can lead to rapid skull flexure and elevated pressures in the cranial vault, and, therefore, may be relevant in determining injury likelihood. Therefore, it could be argued that assessing a helmet for the ability to mitigate mechanics may be an appropriate paradigm for assessing the potential protective benefits of helmets against blast. In this work, we use a surrogate model of the head and brain to assess whether or not helmets and eye protection can alter mechanical measures during both head-level face-on blast and high forehead blunt impact events. Measurements near the forehead suggest head protection can attenuate brain parenchyma pressures by as much as 49% during blast and 52% during impact, and forces on the inner table of the skull by as much as 80% during blast and 84% during impact, relative to an unprotected head.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Azar
- Biomedical Instrumentation Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | | | - James Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Simon Ouellet
- Weapons Effects and Protection Section, Defence R&D Valcartier Research Center, Quebec, QC G3J 1X5, Canada
| | - Sikhanda Satapathy
- Chief(A) with Impact Physics Branch, U.S. Army Research Labs, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD 21005-5066
| | - Christopher R Dennison
- Biomedical Instrumentation Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tepe V, Papesh M, Russell S, Lewis MS, Pryor N, Guillory L. Acquired Central Auditory Processing Disorder in Service Members and Veterans. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:834-857. [PMID: 32163310 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose A growing body of evidence suggests that military service members and military veterans are at risk for deficits in central auditory processing. Risk factors include exposure to blast, neurotrauma, hazardous noise, and ototoxicants. We overview these risk factors and comorbidities, address implications for clinical assessment and care of central auditory processing deficits in service members and veterans, and specify knowledge gaps that warrant research. Method We reviewed the literature to identify studies of risk factors, assessment, and care of central auditory processing deficits in service members and veterans. We also assessed the current state of the science for knowledge gaps that warrant additional study. This literature review describes key findings relating to military risk factors and clinical considerations for the assessment and care of those exposed. Conclusions Central auditory processing deficits are associated with exposure to known military risk factors. Research is needed to characterize mechanisms, sources of variance, and differential diagnosis in this population. Existing best practices do not explicitly consider confounds faced by military personnel. Assessment and rehabilitation strategies that account for these challenges are needed. Finally, investment is critical to ensure that Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense clinical staff are informed, trained, and equipped to implement effective patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tepe
- Department of Defense Hearing Center of Excellence, JBSA Lackland, TX
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA
| | - Melissa Papesh
- VA RR&D National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, VA Portland Health Care System, OR
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Shoshannah Russell
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
- Henry Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD
| | - M Samantha Lewis
- VA RR&D National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, VA Portland Health Care System, OR
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
- School of Audiology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR
| | - Nina Pryor
- Department of Defense Hearing Center of Excellence, JBSA Lackland, TX
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH
| | - Lisa Guillory
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chaves da Silva PG, Hsu K, Benton JL, Beltz BS, Allodi S. A Balancing Act: The Immune System Supports Neurodegeneration and Neurogenesis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:967-989. [PMID: 31980992 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Decapod crustaceans, like mammals, retain the ability to make new neurons throughout life. In mammals, immune cells are closely associated with stem cells that generate adult-born neurons. In crayfish, evidence suggests that immune cells (hemocytes) originating in the immune system travel to neurogenic regions and transform into neural progenitor cells. This nontraditional immune activity takes place continuously under normal physiological conditions, but little is known under pathological conditions (neurodegeneration). In this study, the immune system and its relationship with neurogenesis were investigated during neurodegeneration (unilateral antennular ablation) in adult crayfish. Our experiments show that after ablation (1) Proliferating cells decrease in neurogenic areas of the adult crayfish brain; (2) The immune response, but not neurogenesis, is ablation-side dependent; (3) Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a crucial role in the neurogenic niche containing neural progenitors during the immune response; (4) Brain areas targeted by antennular projections respond acutely (15 min) to the lesion, increasing the number of local immune cells; (5) Immune cells are recruited to the area surrounding the ipsilateral neurogenic niche; and (6) The vasculature in the niche responds acutely by dilation and possibly also neovascularization. We conclude that immune cells are important in both neurodegeneration and neurogenesis by contributing in physiological conditions to the maintenance of the number of neural precursor cells in the neurogenic niche (neurogenesis), and in pathological conditions (neurodegeneration) by coordinating NO release and vascular responses associated with the neurogenic niche. Our data suggest that neural damage and recovery participate in a balance between these competing immune cell roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grazielle Chaves da Silva
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-902, Brazil
- Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Kelly Hsu
- Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | | | | | - Silvana Allodi
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-902, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Disasters are increasing around the world. Children are greatly impacted by both natural disasters (forces of nature) and man-made (intentional, accidental) disasters. Their unique anatomical, physiological, behavioral, developmental, and psychological vulnerabilities must be considered when planning and preparing for disasters. The nurse or health care provider (HCP) must be able to rapidly identify acutely ill children during a disaster. Whether it is during a natural or man-made event, the nurse or HCP must intervene effectively to improve survival and outcomes. It is extremely vital to understand the medical management of these children during disasters, especially the use of appropriate medical countermeasures such as medications, antidotes, supplies, and equipment.
Collapse
|
25
|
Harper MM, Hedberg-Buenz A, Herlein J, Abrahamson EE, Anderson MG, Kuehn MH, Kardon RH, Poolman P, Ikonomovic MD. Blast-Mediated Traumatic Brain Injury Exacerbates Retinal Damage and Amyloidosis in the APPswePSENd19e Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2716-2725. [PMID: 31247112 PMCID: PMC6735799 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for developing chronic neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this study was to examine chronic effects of blast TBI on retinal ganglion cells (RGC), optic nerve, and brain amyloid load in a mouse model of AD amyloidosis. Methods Transgenic (TG) double-mutant APPswePSENd19e (APP/PS1) mice and nontransgenic (Non-TG) littermates were exposed to a single blast TBI (20 psi) at age 2 to 3 months. RGC cell structure and function was evaluated 2 months later (average age at endpoint = 4.5 months) using pattern electroretinogram (PERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and the chromatic pupil light reflex (cPLR), followed by histologic analysis of retina, optic nerve, and brain amyloid pathology. Results APP/PS1 mice exposed to blast TBI (TG-Blast) had significantly lower PERG and cPLR responses 2 months after injury compared to preblast values and compared to sham groups of APP/PS1 (TG-Sham) and nontransgenic (Non-TG-Sham) mice as well as nontransgenic blast-exposed mice (Non-TG-Blast). The TG-Blast group also had significantly thinner RGC complex and more optic nerve damage compared to all groups. No amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits were detected in retinas of APP/PS1 mice; however, increased amyloid precursor protein (APP)/Aβ-immunoreactivity was seen in TG-Blast compared to TG-Sham mice, particularly near blood vessels. TG-Blast and TG-Sham groups exhibited high variability in pathology severity, with a strong, but not statistically significant, trend for greater cerebral cortical Aβ plaque load in the TG-Blast compared to TG-Sham group. Conclusions When combined with a genetic susceptibility for developing amyloidosis of AD, blast TBI exposure leads to earlier RGC and optic nerve damage associated with modest but detectable increase in cerebral cortical Aβ pathology. These findings suggest that genetic risk factors for AD may increase the sensitivity of the retina to blast-mediated damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Harper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,The Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Adam Hedberg-Buenz
- The Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Judith Herlein
- The Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Eric E Abrahamson
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Michael G Anderson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,The Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Markus H Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,The Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Randy H Kardon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,The Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Pieter Poolman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,The Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sutar S, Ganpule S. Investigation of wave propagation through head layers with focus on understanding blast wave transmission. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:875-892. [PMID: 31745681 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a critical health concern. This issue is being addressed in terms of identifying a cause-effect relationship between the mechanical insult in the form of a blast and resulting injury to the brain. Understanding wave propagation through the head is an important aspect in this regard. The objective of this work was to study the blast wave propagation through the layered architecture of the head with an emphasis on understanding the wave transmission mechanism. Toward this end, one-dimensional (1D) finite element head model is built for a simplified surrogate, human, and rat. Motivated from experimental investigations, four different head layer configurations have been considered. These configurations are: (A) Skull-Brain, (B) Skin-Skull-Brain, (C) Skin-Skull-Dura-Arachnoid-CSF-Pia-Brain, (D) Skin-Skull-Dura-Arachnoid-AT-Pia-Brain. The validated head model is subjected to flattop and Friedlander loading implied in the blast, and the resulting response is evaluated in terms of brain pressures. Our results suggest that wave propagation through head parenchyma plays an important role in blast wave transmission. The thickness, material properties of head layers, and rise time of an input pulse govern the temporal evolution of pressure in the brain. The key findings of this work are: (a) Skin and meninges amplify the applied input pressure, whereas air sinus has an attenuation effect. (b) Model is able to describe experimentally recorded peak pressures and rise times in the brain, including variations within the aforementioned experimental head models of TBI. This reinforces that the wave transmission is an important loading pathway to the brain. (c) Equivalent layer theory for modeling meningeal layers as a single layer has been proposed, and it gives reasonable agreement with each meningeal layer modeled explicitly. This modeling approach has a great utility in 3D head models. The potential applications of 1D head model in evaluation of new helmet materials, brain sensor calibration, and brain pressure estimation for a given explosive strength have also been demonstrated. Overall, these results provide important insights into the understanding of mechanics of blast wave transmission in the head.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sutar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - S Ganpule
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Satoh Y, Araki Y, Kashitani M, Nishii K, Kobayashi Y, Fujita M, Suzuki S, Morimoto Y, Tokuno S, Tsumatori G, Yamamoto T, Saitoh D, Ishizuka T. Molecular Hydrogen Prevents Social Deficits and Depression-Like Behaviors Induced by Low-Intensity Blast in Mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:827-836. [PMID: 30053086 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Detonation of explosive devices creates blast waves, which can injure brains even in the absence of external injuries. Among these, blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury (bmTBI) is increasing in military populations, such as in the wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. Although the clinical presentation of bmTBI is not precisely defined, it is frequently associated with psycho-neurological deficits and usually manifests in the form of poly-trauma including psychiatric morbidity and cognitive disruption. Although the underlying mechanisms of bmTBI are largely unknown, some studies suggested that bmTBI is associated with blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, and edema in the brain. The present study investigated the effects of novel antioxidant, molecular hydrogen gas, on bmTBI using a laboratory-scale shock tube model in mice. Hydrogen gas has a strong prospect for clinical use due to easy preparation, low-cost, and no side effects. The administration of hydrogen gas significantly attenuated the behavioral deficits observed in our bmTBI model, suggesting that hydrogen application might be a strong therapeutic method for treatment of bmTBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiyuki Araki
- Department of Defense Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Kashitani
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, National Defense Academy of Japan, Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | - Yasushi Kobayashi
- Department of Defense Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | | - Shinya Suzuki
- Kameda Medical Center, Emergency and Trauma Center, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Integrated Physiology Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Tokuno
- Department of Defense Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Gentaro Tsumatori
- Department of Defense Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamoto
- Military Medicine Research Unit, Test and Evaluation Command, Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daizoh Saitoh
- Division of Traumatology, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Harper MM, Woll AW, Evans LP, Delcau M, Akurathi A, Hedberg-Buenz A, Soukup DA, Boehme N, Hefti MM, Dutca LM, Anderson MG, Bassuk AG. Blast Preconditioning Protects Retinal Ganglion Cells and Reveals Targets for Prevention of Neurodegeneration Following Blast-Mediated Traumatic Brian Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:4159-4170. [PMID: 31598627 PMCID: PMC6785841 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of multiple blast exposures and blast preconditioning on the structure and function of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), to identify molecular pathways that contribute to RGC loss, and to evaluate the role of kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) inhibition on RGC structure and function. Methods Mice were subjected to sham blast injury, one single blast injury, or three blast injuries separated by either 1 hour or 1 week, using a blast intensity of 20 PSI. To examine the effect of blast preconditioning, mice were subjected to sham blast injury, one single 20-PSI injury, or three blast injuries separated by 1 week (5 PSI, 5 PSI, 20 PSI and 5 PSI, 5 PSI, 5 PSI). RGC structure was analyzed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and function was analyzed by the pattern electroretinogram (PERG). BRN3A-positive cells were quantified to determine RGC density. RNA-seq analysis was used to identify transcriptional changes between groups. Results Analysis of mice with multiple blast exposures of 20 PSI revealed no significant differences compared to one 20-pounds per square inch (PSI) exposure using OCT, PERG, or BRN3A cell counts. Analysis of mice exposed to two preconditioning 5-PSI blasts prior to one 20-PSI blast showed preservation of RGC structure and function. RNA-seq analysis of the retina identified multiple transcriptomic changes between conditions. Pharmacologic inhibition of KMO preserved RGC responses compared to vehicle-treated mice. Conclusions Preconditioning protects RGC from blast injury. Protective effects appear to involve changes in KMO activity, whose inhibition is also protective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Harper
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Addison W. Woll
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Lucy P. Evans
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Michael Delcau
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Abhigna Akurathi
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Adam Hedberg-Buenz
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Dana A. Soukup
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Nickolas Boehme
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Marco M. Hefti
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Laura M. Dutca
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Michael G. Anderson
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Alexander G. Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bryden DW, Tilghman JI, Hinds SR. Blast-Related Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Concepts and Research Considerations. J Exp Neurosci 2019; 13:1179069519872213. [PMID: 31548796 PMCID: PMC6743194 DOI: 10.1177/1179069519872213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a well-known consequence of participation in activities such as military combat or collision sports. But the wide variability in eliciting circumstances and injury severities makes the study of TBI as a uniform disease state impossible. Military Service members are under additional, unique threats such as exposure to explosive blast and its unique effects on the body. This review is aimed toward TBI researchers, as it covers important concepts and considerations for studying blast-induced head trauma. These include the comparability of blast-induced head trauma to other mechanisms of TBI, whether blast overpressure induces measureable biomarkers, and whether a biodosimeter can link blast exposure to health outcomes, using acute radiation exposure as a corollary. This examination is contextualized by the understanding of concussive events and their psychological effects throughout the past century's wars, as well as the variables that predict sustaining a TBI and those that precipitate or exacerbate psychological conditions. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are solely the views of the authors and not those of the Department of Defense Blast Injury Research Coordinating Office, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, US Army Futures Command, US Army, or the Department of Defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bryden
- Booz Allen Hamilton, contract support to
DoD Blast Injury Research Coordinating Office, US Army Medical Research and
Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jessica I Tilghman
- Booz Allen Hamilton, contract support to
DoD Blast Injury Research Coordinating Office, US Army Medical Research and
Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Sidney R Hinds
- DoD Blast Injury Research Coordinating
Office, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sempere L, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Boyero L, Egea-Guerrero J. Principales modelos experimentales de traumatismo craneoencefálico: de la preclínica a los modelos in vitro. Med Intensiva 2019; 43:362-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
31
|
Kawoos U, Abutarboush R, Zarriello S, Qadri A, Ahlers ST, McCarron RM, Chavko M. N-acetylcysteine Amide Ameliorates Blast-Induced Changes in Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Rats. Front Neurol 2019; 10:650. [PMID: 31297080 PMCID: PMC6607624 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury resulting from exposure to blast overpressure (BOP) is associated with neuropathology including impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This study examined the effects of repeated exposure to primary BOP and post-blast treatment with an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) on the integrity of BBB. Anesthetized rats were exposed to three 110 kPa BOPs separated by 0.5 h. BBB integrity was examined in vivo via a cranial window allowing imaging of pial microcirculation by intravital microscopy. Tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate Dextran (TRITC-Dextran, mw = 40 kDa or 150 kDa) was injected intravenously 2.5 h after the first BOP exposure and the leakage of TRITC-Dextran from pial microvessels into the brain parenchyma was assessed. The animals were randomized into 6 groups (n = 5/group): four groups received 40 kDa TRITC-Dextran (BOP-40, sham-40, BOP-40 NACA, and sham-40 NACA), and two groups received 150 kDa TRITC-Dextran (BOP-150 and sham-150). NACA treated groups were administered NACA 2 h after the first BOP exposure. The rate of TRITC-Dextran leakage was significantly higher in BOP-40 than in sham-40 group. NACA treatment significantly reduced TRITC-Dextran leakage in BOP-40 NACA group and sham-40 NACA group presented the least amount of leakage. The rate of leakage in BOP-150 and sham-150 groups was comparable to sham-40 NACA and thus these groups were not assessed for the effects of NACA. Collectively, these data suggest that BBB integrity is compromised following BOP exposure and that NACA treatment at a single dose may significantly protect against blast-induced BBB breakdown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usmah Kawoos
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Rania Abutarboush
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sydney Zarriello
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Aasheen Qadri
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Stephen T Ahlers
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Richard M McCarron
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mikulas Chavko
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cortical thinning in military blast compared to non-blast persistent mild traumatic brain injuries. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 22:101793. [PMID: 30939340 PMCID: PMC6446073 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the military, explosive blasts are a significant cause of mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs). The symptoms associated with blast mTBIs causes significant economic burdens and a diminished quality of life for many service members. At present, the distinction of the injury mechanism (blast versus non-blast) may not influence TBI diagnosis. However, using noninvasive imaging, this study reveals significant distinctions between the blast and non-blast TBI mechanisms. A cortical whole-brain thickness analysis was performed using structural high-resolution T1-weighted MRI to identify the effects of blasts in persistent mTBI (pmTBI) subjects. A total of 41 blast pmTBI subjects were individually age- and gender-matched to 41 non-blast pmTBI subjects. Using FreeSurfer, cortical thickness was quantified for the blast group, relative to the non-blast group. Cortical thinning was identified within the blast mTBI group, in two clusters bilaterally. In the left hemisphere, the cluster overlapped with the lateral orbitofrontal, rostral middle frontal, medial orbitofrontal, superior frontal, rostral anterior cingulate and frontal pole cortices (p < 0.02, two-tailed, size = 1680 mm2). In the right hemisphere, the cluster overlapped with the lateral orbitofrontal, rostral middle frontal, medial orbitofrontal, pars orbitalis, pars triangularis and insula cortices (p < 0.002, two-tailed, cluster size = 2453 mm2). Self-report assessments suggest significant differences in the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (p < 0.05, Bonferroni-corrected) and the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (p < 0.01, uncorrected) between the blast and non-blast mTBI groups. These results suggest that blast may cause a unique injury pattern related to a reduction in cortical thickness within specific brain regions which could affect symptoms. No other study has found cortical thickness difference between blast and non-blast mTBI groups and further replication is needed to confirm these initial observations.
Collapse
|
33
|
Konan LM, Song H, Pentecost G, Fogwe D, Ndam T, Cui J, Johnson CE, Grant D, White T, Chen M, Xia W, Cernak I, DePalma RG, Gu Z. Multi-Focal Neuronal Ultrastructural Abnormalities and Synaptic Alterations in Mice after Low-Intensity Blast Exposure. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2117-2128. [PMID: 30667346 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Service members during military actions or combat training are exposed frequently to primary blast generated by explosive weaponry. The majority of military-related neurotrauma are classified as mild and designated as "invisible injuries" that are prevalent during current conflicts. While the previous experimental blast injury studies using moderate- to high-intensity exposures focused mainly on gross and microscopic neuropathology, our previous studies have shown that low-intensity blast (LIB) exposures resulted in nanoscale subcellular myelin and mitochondrial damages and subsequent behavioral disorders in the absence of gross or detectable cellular damage. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy to delineate the LIB effects at the ultrastructural level specifically focusing on the neuron perikaryon, axons, and synapses in the cortex and hippocampus of mice at seven and 30 days post-injury (DPI). We found dysmorphic dark neuronal perikaryon and "cytoplasmic aeration" of dendritic processes, as well as increased microtubular fragmentation of the myelinated axons along with biochemically measured elevated tau/phosphorylated tau/Aβ levels. The number of cortical excitatory synapses decreased along with a compensatory increase of the post-synaptic density (PSD) thickness both at seven and 30 DPI, while the amount of hippocampal CA1 synapses increased with the reduced PSD thickness. In addition, we observed a significant increase in protein levels of PSD95 and synaptophysin mainly at seven DPI indicating potential synaptic reorganization. These results demonstrated that a single LIB exposure can lead to ultrastructural brain injury with accompanying multi-focal neuronal organelle alterations. This pre-clinical study provides key insights into disease pathogenesis related to primary blast exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Landry M Konan
- 1 Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Hailong Song
- 1 Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Genevieve Pentecost
- 1 Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Delvise Fogwe
- 1 Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Tina Ndam
- 1 Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jiankun Cui
- 1 Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.,7 Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Catherine E Johnson
- 2 Department of Mining and Nuclear Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - DeAna Grant
- 3 Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Tommi White
- 3 Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Mei Chen
- 4 Bedford VA Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Weiming Xia
- 4 Bedford VA Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ibolja Cernak
- 5 STARR-C (Stress, Trauma and Resilience Research Consulting) LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ralph G DePalma
- 6 Norman Rich Department of Surgery, Uniformed University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC
| | - Zezong Gu
- 1 Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.,7 Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Townsend MT, Alay E, Skotak M, Chandra N. Effect of Tissue Material Properties in Blast Loading: Coupled Experimentation and Finite Element Simulation. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 47:2019-2032. [PMID: 30523466 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Computational models of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) require a robust definition of the material models of the brain. The mechanical constitutive models of these tissues are difficult to characterize, leading to a wide range of values reported in literature. Therefore, the sensitivity of the intracranial pressure (ICP) and maximum principal strain to variations in the material model of the brain was investigated through a combined computational and experimental approach. A finite element model of a rat was created to simulate a shock wave exposure, guided by the experimental measurements of rats subjected to shock loading conditions corresponding to that of mild traumatic brain injury in a field-validated shock tube. In the numerical model, the properties of the brain were parametrically varied. A comparison of the ICP measured at two locations revealed that experimental and simulated ICP were higher in the cerebellum (p < 0.0001), highlighting the significance of pressure sensor locations within the cranium. The ICP and strain were correlated with the long-term bulk (p < 0.0001) and shear moduli (p < 0.0001), with an 80 MPa effective bulk modulus value matching best with experimental measurements. In bTBI, the solution is sensitive to the brain material model, necessitating robust validation methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly T Townsend
- Biomedical Engineering Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Eren Alay
- Biomedical Engineering Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Maciej Skotak
- Biomedical Engineering Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Namas Chandra
- Biomedical Engineering Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ning YL, Yang N, Chen X, Tian HK, Zhao ZA, Zhang XZ, Liu D, Li P, Zhao Y, Peng Y, Wang ZG, Chen JF, Zhou YG. Caffeine attenuates brain injury but increases mortality induced by high-intensity blast wave exposure. Toxicol Lett 2018; 301:90-97. [PMID: 30423366 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is a substance that is consumed worldwide, and it may exert neuroprotective effects against various cerebral insults, including neurotrauma, which is the most prevalent injury among military personnel. To investigate the effects of caffeine on high-intensity blast wave-induced severe blast injury in mice, three different paradigms of caffeine were applied to male C57BL/6 mice with severe whole body blast injury (WBBI). The results demonstrated that chronic caffeine treatment alleviated blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI); however, both chronic and acute caffeine treatments exacerbated blast-induced lung injuries and, more importantly, increased both the cumulative and time-segmented mortalities postinjury. Interestingly, withdrawing caffeine intake preinjury resulted in favorable outcomes in mortality and lung injury, similar to the findings in water-treated mice, and had the trend to attenuate brain injury. These findings demonstrated that although drinking coffee or caffeine preparations attenuated blast-induced brain trauma, these beverages may place personnel in the battlefield at high risk of casualties, which will help us re-evaluate the therapeutic strategy of caffeine application, particularly in multiple-organ-trauma settings. Furthermore, these findings provided possible strategies for reducing the risk of casualties with caffeine consumption, which may help to change the coffee-drinking habits of military personnel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lei Ning
- Molecular Biology Center, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Molecular Biology Center, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Molecular Biology Center, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Hua-Ke Tian
- Department of Trauma and Microsurgery, the PLA No. 324 Hospital, Chongqing, 400020, China
| | - Zi-Ai Zhao
- Molecular Biology Center, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xiu-Zhu Zhang
- Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ping Li
- Molecular Biology Center, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Molecular Biology Center, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Molecular Biology Center, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zheng-Guo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Department four, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Yuan-Guo Zhou
- Molecular Biology Center, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Estrada-Rojo F, Martínez-Tapia RJ, Estrada-Bernal F, Martínez-Vargas M, Perez-Arredondo A, Flores-Avalos L, Navarro L. Models used in the study of traumatic brain injury. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:139-149. [PMID: 28888093 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a contemporary health problem and a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Survivors of TBI frequently experience disabling long-term changes in cognition, sensorimotor function, and personality. A crucial step in understanding TBI and providing better treatment has been the use of models to mimic the event under controlled conditions. Here, we describe the known head injury models, which can be classified as whole animal (in vivo), in vitro, and mathematical models. We will also review the ways in which these models have advanced the knowledge of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Estrada-Rojo
- Departamento Fisiologia Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Jesús Martínez-Tapia
- Departamento Fisiologia Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Francisco Estrada-Bernal
- Departamento Fisiologia Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marina Martínez-Vargas
- Departamento Fisiologia Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Adán Perez-Arredondo
- Departamento Fisiologia Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis Flores-Avalos
- Departamento Fisiologia Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luz Navarro
- Departamento Fisiologia Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jurick SM, Hoffman SN, Sorg S, Keller AV, Evangelista ND, DeFord NE, Sanderson-Cimino M, Bangen KJ, Delano-Wood L, Deoni S, Jak AJ. Pilot investigation of a novel white matter imaging technique in Veterans with and without history of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2018; 32:1256-1265. [DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1493225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Jurick
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Scott Sorg
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amber V. Keller
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Nicole E. DeFord
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katherine J. Bangen
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Delano-Wood
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sean Deoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Amy J. Jak
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dougherty AL, MacGregor AJ, Viirre E, Clouser MC, Han PP, Quinn KH, Galarneau MR. Preliminary study of hearing protection and non-impact, blast-induced concussion in US military personnel. Brain Inj 2018; 32:1423-1428. [DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1496476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Dougherty
- Medical Modeling, Simulation, and Mission Support Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J. MacGregor
- Medical Modeling, Simulation, and Mission Support Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Erik Viirre
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mary C. Clouser
- Medical Modeling, Simulation, and Mission Support Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Peggy P. Han
- Medical Modeling, Simulation, and Mission Support Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly H. Quinn
- Medical Modeling, Simulation, and Mission Support Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael R. Galarneau
- Medical Modeling, Simulation, and Mission Support Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sandlin DS, Yu Y, Huang J, Zhang C, Arteaga AA, Lippincott JK, Peeden EO, Guyton RR, Chen L, Beneke LL, Allison JC, Zhu H, Zhou W. Autonomic responses to blast overpressure can be elicited by exclusively exposing the ear in rats. J Otol 2018; 13:44-53. [PMID: 30559764 PMCID: PMC6291641 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast overpressure has become an increasing cause of brain injuries in both military and civilian populations. Though blast's direct effects on the cochlea and vestibular organs are active areas of study, little attention has been given to the ear's contribution to the overall spectrum of blast injury. Acute autonomic responses to blast exposure, including bradycardia and hypotension, can cause hypoxia and contribute to blast-induced neurotrauma. Existing literature suggests that these autonomic responses are elicited through blast impacting the thorax and lungs. We hypothesize that the unprotected ear also provides a vulnerable locus for blast to cause autonomic responses. We designed a blast generator that delivers controlled overpressure waves into the ear canal without impacting surrounding tissues in order to study the ear's specific contribution to blast injury. Anesthetized adult rats' left ears were exposed to a single blast wave ranging from 0 to 110 PSI (0-758 kPa). Blast exposed rats exhibited decreased heart rates and blood pressures with increased blast intensity, similar to results gathered using shock tubes and whole-body exposure in the literature. While rats exposed to blasts below 50 PSI (345 kPa) exhibited increased respiratory rate with increased blast intensity, some rats exposed to blasts higher than 50 PSI (345 kPa) stopped breathing immediately and ultimately died. These autonomic responses were significantly reduced in vagally denervated rats, again similar to whole-body exposure literature. These results support the hypothesis that the unprotected ear contributes to the autonomic responses to blast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Sandlin
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Chunming Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, 85 Jiefang S Rd, Yingze Qu, Taiyuan Shi, Shanxi Sheng, China
| | - Alberto A. Arteaga
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - John K. Lippincott
- School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Erin O.H. Peeden
- School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ryan R. Guyton
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Lan Chen
- Summer Undergraduate Research Experience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Laura L.S. Beneke
- School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jerome C. Allison
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Wu Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Agoston DV. Modeling the Long-Term Consequences of Repeated Blast-Induced Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries. J Neurotrauma 2018; 34:S44-S52. [PMID: 28937952 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) caused by playing collision sports or by exposure to blasts during military operations can lead to late onset, chronic diseases such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive neurodegenerative condition that manifests in increasingly severe neuropsychiatric abnormalities years after the last injury. Currently, because of the heterogeneity of the clinical presentation, confirmation of a CTE diagnosis requires post-mortem examination of the brain. The hallmarks of CTE are abnormal accumulation of phosphorylated tau protein, TDP-43 immunoreactive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, and astroglial abnormalities, but the pathomechanism leading to these terminal findings remains unknown. Animal modeling can play an important role in the identification of CTE pathomechanisms, the development of early stage diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and pharmacological interventions. Modeling the long-term consequences of blast rmTBI in animals is especially challenging because of the complexities of blast physics and animal-to-human scaling issues. This review summarizes current knowledge about the pathobiologies of CTE and rmbTBI and discusses problems as well as potential solutions related to high-fidelity modeling of rmbTBI and determining its long-term consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denes V Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University , Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Esenaliev RO, Petrov IY, Petrov Y, Guptarak J, Boone DR, Mocciaro E, Weisz H, Parsley MA, Sell SL, Hellmich H, Ford JM, Pogue C, DeWitt D, Prough DS, Micci MA. Nano-Pulsed Laser Therapy Is Neuroprotective in a Rat Model of Blast-Induced Neurotrauma. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1510-1522. [PMID: 29562823 PMCID: PMC5998828 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel, non-invasive nano-pulsed laser therapy (NPLT) system that combines the benefits of near-infrared laser light (808 nm) and ultrasound (optoacoustic) waves, which are generated with each short laser pulse within the tissue. We tested NPLT in a rat model of blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT) to determine whether transcranial application of NPLT provides neuroprotective effects. The laser pulses were applied on the intact rat head 1 h after injury using a specially developed fiber-optic system. Vestibulomotor function was assessed on post-injury days (PIDs) 1–3 on the beam balance and beam walking tasks. Cognitive function was assessed on PIDs 6–10 using a working memory Morris water maze (MWM) test. BDNF and caspase-3 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in laser-captured cortical neurons. Microglia activation and neuronal injury were assessed in brain sections by immunofluorescence using specific antibodies against CD68 and active caspase-3, respectively. In the vestibulomotor and cognitive (MWM) tests, NPLT-treated animals performed significantly better than the untreated blast group and similarly to sham animals. NPLT upregulated mRNA encoding BDNF and downregulated the pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 in cortical neurons. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that NPLT inhibited microglia activation and reduced the number of cortical neurons expressing activated caspase-3. NPLT also increased expression of BDNF in the hippocampus and the number of proliferating progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus. Our data demonstrate a neuroprotective effect of NPLT and prompt further studies aimed to develop NPLT as a therapeutic intervention after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinat O Esenaliev
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas.,2 Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas.,3 Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Irene Y Petrov
- 3 Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Yuriy Petrov
- 3 Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Jutatip Guptarak
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Debbie R Boone
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Emanuele Mocciaro
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Harris Weisz
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Margaret A Parsley
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Stacy L Sell
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Helen Hellmich
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Jonathan M Ford
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Connor Pogue
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Douglas DeWitt
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Donald S Prough
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Maria-Adelaide Micci
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Masri S, Zhang LS, Luo H, Pace E, Zhang J, Bao S. Blast Exposure Disrupts the Tonotopic Frequency Map in the Primary Auditory Cortex. Neuroscience 2018; 379:428-434. [PMID: 29625214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Blast exposure can cause various auditory disorders including tinnitus, hyperacusis, and other central auditory processing disorders. While this is suggestive of pathologies in the central auditory system, the impact of blast exposure on central auditory processing remains poorly understood. Here we examined the effects of blast shockwaves on acoustic response properties and the tonotopic frequency map in the auditory cortex. We found that multiunits recorded from the auditory cortex exhibited higher acoustic thresholds and broader frequency tuning in blast-exposed animals. Furthermore, the frequency map in the primary auditory cortex was distorted. These changes may contribute to central auditory processing disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samer Masri
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Li S Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Edward Pace
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Shaowen Bao
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States; Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Song H, Konan LM, Cui J, Johnson CE, Langenderfer M, Grant D, Ndam T, Simonyi A, White T, Demirci U, Mott DR, Schwer D, Hubler GK, Cernak I, DePalma RG, Gu Z. Ultrastructural brain abnormalities and associated behavioral changes in mice after low-intensity blast exposure. Behav Brain Res 2018. [PMID: 29526786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Explosive blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), a "signature wound" of recent military conflicts, commonly affects service members. While past blast injury studies have provided insights into TBI with moderate- to high-intensity explosions, the impact of primary low-intensity blast (LIB)-mediated pathobiology on neurological deficits requires further investigation. Our prior considerations of blast physics predicted ultrastructural injuries at nanoscale levels. Here, we provide quantitative data using a primary LIB injury murine model exposed to open field detonation of 350 g of high-energy explosive C4. We quantified ultrastructural and behavioral changes up to 30 days post blast injury (DPI). The use of an open-field experimental blast generated a primary blast wave with a peak overpressure of 6.76 PSI (46.6 kPa) at a 3-m distance from the center of the explosion, a positive phase duration of approximate 3.0 milliseconds (ms), a maximal impulse of 8.7 PSI × ms and a sharp rising time of 9 × 10-3 ms, with no apparent impact/acceleration in exposed animals. Neuropathologically, myelinated axonal damage was observed in blast-exposed groups at 7 DPI. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed and quantified myelin sheath defects and mitochondrial abnormalities at 7 and 30 DPI. Inverse correlations between blast intensities and neurobehavioral outcomes including motor activities, anxiety levels, nesting behavior, spatial learning and memory occurred. These observations uncover unique ultrastructural brain abnormalities and associated behavioral changes due to primary blast injury and provide key insights into its pathogenesis and potential treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Song
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Landry M Konan
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Catherine E Johnson
- Department of Mining and Nuclear Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Martin Langenderfer
- Department of Mining and Nuclear Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - DeAna Grant
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Tina Ndam
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Tommi White
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David R Mott
- U.S. Naval Research Lab, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Doug Schwer
- U.S. Naval Research Lab, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Graham K Hubler
- Sidney Kimmel Institute for Nuclear Renaissance, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ibolja Cernak
- Canadian Military and Veterans' Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4, Canada
| | - Ralph G DePalma
- Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC 20420, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Song H, Cui J, Simonyi A, Johnson CE, Hubler GK, DePalma RG, Gu Z. Linking blast physics to biological outcomes in mild traumatic brain injury: Narrative review and preliminary report of an open-field blast model. Behav Brain Res 2018; 340:147-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
45
|
Rodriguez UA, Zeng Y, Deyo D, Parsley MA, Hawkins BE, Prough DS, DeWitt DS. Effects of Mild Blast Traumatic Brain Injury on Cerebral Vascular, Histopathological, and Behavioral Outcomes in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:375-392. [PMID: 29160141 PMCID: PMC5784797 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI), several groups of rats were subjected to blast injury or sham injury in a compressed air-driven shock tube. The effects of bTBI on relative cerebral perfusion (laser Doppler flowmetry [LDF]), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) cerebral vascular resistance were measured for 2 h post-bTBI. Dilator responses to reduced intravascular pressure were measured in isolated middle cerebral arterial (MCA) segments, ex vivo, 30 and 60 min post-bTBI. Neuronal injury was assessed (Fluoro-Jade C [FJC]) 24 and 48 h post-bTBI. Neurological outcomes (beam balance and walking tests) and working memory (Morris water maze [MWM]) were assessed 2 weeks post-bTBI. Because impact TBI (i.e., non-blast TBI) is often associated with reduced cerebral perfusion and impaired cerebrovascular function in part because of the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite (ONOO-), the effects of the administration of the ONOO- scavenger, penicillamine methyl ester (PenME), on cerebral perfusion and cerebral vascular resistance were measured for 2 h post-bTBI. Mild bTBI resulted in reduced relative cerebral perfusion and MCA dilator responses to reduced intravascular pressure, increases in cerebral vascular resistance and in the numbers of FJC-positive cells in the brain, and significantly impaired working memory. PenME administration resulted in significant reductions in cerebral vascular resistance and a trend toward increased cerebral perfusion, suggesting that ONOO- may contribute to blast-induced cerebral vascular dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uylissa A. Rodriguez
- Cell Biology Graduate Program, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yaping Zeng
- The Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Charles R. Allen Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Donald Deyo
- The Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Charles R. Allen Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Margaret A. Parsley
- The Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Charles R. Allen Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Bridget E. Hawkins
- Cell Biology Graduate Program, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Donald S. Prough
- The Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Charles R. Allen Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Douglas S. DeWitt
- Cell Biology Graduate Program, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- The Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Charles R. Allen Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fievisohn E, Bailey Z, Guettler A, VandeVord P. Primary Blast Brain Injury Mechanisms: Current Knowledge, Limitations, and Future Directions. J Biomech Eng 2018; 140:2666247. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4038710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mild blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) accounts for the majority of brain injury in United States service members and other military personnel worldwide. The mechanisms of primary blast brain injury continue to be disputed with little evidence to support one or a combination of theories. The main hypotheses addressed in this review are blast wave transmission through the skull orifices, direct cranial transmission, skull flexure dynamics, thoracic surge, acceleration, and cavitation. Each possible mechanism is discussed using available literature with the goal of focusing research efforts to address the limitations and challenges that exist in blast injury research. Multiple mechanisms may contribute to the pathology of bTBI and could be dependent on magnitudes and orientation to blast exposure. Further focused biomechanical investigation with cadaver, in vivo, and finite element models would advance our knowledge of bTBI mechanisms. In addition, this understanding could guide future research and contribute to the greater goal of developing relevant injury criteria and mandates to protect our soldiers on the battlefield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fievisohn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 440 Kelly Hall, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061 e-mail:
| | - Zachary Bailey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 440 Kelly Hall, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061 e-mail:
| | - Allison Guettler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 440 Kelly Hall, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061 e-mail:
| | - Pamela VandeVord
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 317 Kelly Hall, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061; Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salam, VA 24153 e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Perez Garcia GS, Sosa H, Searcy C, Vargas D, Janssen PL, Perez GM, Tschiffely AE, Janssen WG, McCarron RM, Hof PR, Haghighi FG, Ahlers ST, Elder GA. Lack of chronic neuroinflammation in the absence of focal hemorrhage in a rat model of low-energy blast-induced TBI. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:80. [PMID: 29126430 PMCID: PMC6389215 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been a common cause of injury in the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Blast waves can damage blood vessels, neurons, and glial cells within the brain. Acutely, depending on the blast energy, blast wave duration, and number of exposures, blast waves disrupt the blood-brain barrier, triggering microglial activation and neuroinflammation. Recently, there has been much interest in the role that ongoing neuroinflammation may play in the chronic effects of TBI. Here, we investigated whether chronic neuroinflammation is present in a rat model of repetitive low-energy blast exposure. Six weeks after three 74.5-kPa blast exposures, and in the absence of hemorrhage, no significant alteration in the level of microglia activation was found. At 6 weeks after blast exposure, plasma levels of fractalkine, interleukin-1β, lipopolysaccharide-inducible CXC chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, and vascular endothelial growth factor were decreased. However, no differences in cytokine levels were detected between blast-exposed and control rats at 40 weeks. In brain, isolated changes were seen in levels of selected cytokines at 6 weeks following blast exposure, but none of these changes was found in both hemispheres or at 40 weeks after blast exposure. Notably, one animal with a focal hemorrhagic tear showed chronic microglial activation around the lesion 16 weeks post-blast exposure. These findings suggest that focal hemorrhage can trigger chronic focal neuroinflammation following blast-induced TBI, but that in the absence of hemorrhage, chronic neuroinflammation is not a general feature of low-level blast injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Gama Sosa
- General Medical Research Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, New York, 10468, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rita De Gasperi
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgina S Perez Garcia
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heidi Sosa
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Courtney Searcy
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danielle Vargas
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pierce L Janssen
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gissel M Perez
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Anna E Tschiffely
- Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - William G Janssen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard M McCarron
- Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fatemeh G Haghighi
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen T Ahlers
- Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gregory A Elder
- Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cernak I. Understanding blast-induced neurotrauma: how far have we come? Concussion 2017; 2:CNC42. [PMID: 30202583 PMCID: PMC6093818 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2017-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast injuries, including blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT), are caused by blast waves generated during an explosion. Accordingly, their history coincides with that of explosives. Hence, it is intriguing that, after more than 1000 years of using explosives, our understanding of the pathological consequences of blast and body/brain interactions is extremely limited. Postconflict recovery mechanisms seemingly include the suppression of painful experiences, such as explosive injuries. Unfortunately, ignoring the knowledge generated by previous generations of scientists retards research progress, leading to superfluous and repetitive studies. This article summarizes clinical and experimental findings published about blast injuries and BINT following the wars of the 20th and 21th centuries. Moreover, it offers a personal view on potential factors interfering with the progress of BINT research working toward providing better diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation for military personnel affected by blast exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibolja Cernak
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Corbett Hall 3–48, Edmonton Alberta, T6G 2G4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Race N, Lai J, Shi R, Bartlett EL. Differences in postinjury auditory system pathophysiology after mild blast and nonblast acute acoustic trauma. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:782-799. [PMID: 28275059 PMCID: PMC5539456 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00710.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing difficulties are the most commonly reported disabilities among veterans. Blast exposures during explosive events likely play a role, given their propensity to directly damage both peripheral (PAS) and central auditory system (CAS) components. Postblast PAS pathophysiology has been well documented in both clinical case reports and laboratory investigations. In contrast, blast-induced CAS dysfunction remains understudied but has been hypothesized to contribute to an array of common veteran behavioral complaints, including learning, memory, communication, and emotional regulation. This investigation compared the effects of acute blast and nonblast acoustic impulse trauma in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. An array of audiometric tests were utilized, including distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE), auditory brain stem responses (ABR), middle latency responses (MLR), and envelope following responses (EFRs). Generally, more severe and persistent postinjury central auditory processing (CAP) deficits were observed in blast-exposed animals throughout the auditory neuraxis, spanning from the cochlea to the cortex. DPOAE and ABR results captured cochlear and auditory nerve/brain stem deficits, respectively. EFRs demonstrated temporal processing impairments suggestive of functional damage to regions in the auditory brain stem and the inferior colliculus. MLRs captured thalamocortical transmission and cortical activation impairments. Taken together, the results suggest blast-induced CAS dysfunction may play a complementary pathophysiological role to maladaptive neuroplasticity of PAS origin. Even mild blasts can produce lasting hearing impairments that can be assessed with noninvasive electrophysiology, allowing these measurements to serve as simple, effective diagnostics.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Blasts exposures often produce hearing difficulties. Although cochlear damage typically occurs, the downstream effects on central auditory processing are less clear. Moreover, outcomes were compared between individuals exposed to the blast pressure wave vs. those who experienced the blast noise without the pressure wave. It was found that a single blast exposure produced changes at all stages of the ascending auditory path at least 4 wk postblast, whereas blast noise alone produced largely transient changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Race
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jesyin Lai
- Purdue University Inderdisciplinary Life Science (PULSe) Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; and
| | - Riyi Shi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue University Inderdisciplinary Life Science (PULSe) Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; and
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Edward L Bartlett
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana;
- Purdue University Inderdisciplinary Life Science (PULSe) Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; and
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Defective methionine metabolism in the brain after repeated blast exposures might contribute to increased oxidative stress. Neurochem Int 2017; 112:234-238. [PMID: 28774719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is one of the major disabilities in Service Members returning from recent military operations. The neurobiological underpinnings of bTBI, which are associated with acute and chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral deficits, are uncertain. Increased oxidative stress in the brain is reported to play a significant role promoting neuronal damage associated with both brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, brains of rats exposed to repeated blasts in a shock tube underwent untargeted profiling of primary metabolism by automatic linear exchange/cold injection GC-TOF mass spectrometry and revealed acute and sub-acute disruptions in the metabolism of the essential amino acid methionine and associated antioxidants. Methionine sulfoxide, the oxidized metabolite of methionine, showed a sustained increase in the brain after blast exposure which was associated with a significant decrease in cysteine, the amino acid derived from methionine. Glutathione, the antioxidant synthesized from cysteine, also concomitantly decreased as did the antioxidant ascorbic acid. Reductions in ascorbic acid were accompanied by increased levels of its oxidized metabolite, dehydroascorbic acid and other metabolites such as threonic acid, isothreonic acid, glycolic acid and oxalic acid. Fluorometric analysis of the brains showed acute and sub-acute increase in total reactive oxygen species. In view of the fundamental importance of glutathione in the brain as an antioxidant, including its role in the reduction of dehydroascorbic acid to ascorbic acid, the disruptions in methionine metabolism elicited by blast exposure might prominently contribute to neuronal injury by promoting increased and sustained oxidative stress.
Collapse
|