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Dekeyser A, Huart C, Hummel T, Hox V. Olfactory Loss in Rhinosinusitis: Mechanisms of Loss and Recovery. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4460. [PMID: 38674045 PMCID: PMC11050448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a highly prevalent disease and up to 83% of CRS patients suffer from olfactory dysfunction (OD). Because OD is specifically seen in those CRS patients that present with a type 2 eosinophilic inflammation, it is believed that type 2 inflammatory mediators at the level of the olfactory epithelium are involved in the development of this olfactory loss. However, due to the difficulties in obtaining tissue from the olfactory epithelium, little is known about the true mechanisms of inflammatory OD. Thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in olfaction has been growing rapidly and several studies have been focusing on disease mechanisms of OD in inflammatory conditions. In this paper, we summarize the most recent data exploring the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying OD in CRS. We also review what is known about the potential capacity of olfactory recovery of the currently available treatments in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Dekeyser
- Laboratory of Pneumology, ENT (Airways) and Dermatology (Skin) (LUNS), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (A.D.); (C.H.)
| | - Caroline Huart
- Laboratory of Pneumology, ENT (Airways) and Dermatology (Skin) (LUNS), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (A.D.); (C.H.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Valérie Hox
- Laboratory of Pneumology, ENT (Airways) and Dermatology (Skin) (LUNS), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (A.D.); (C.H.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Sicard RM, Frank-Ito DO. Parameter characteristics in intranasal drug delivery: A key to targeting medications to the olfactory airspace. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 114:106231. [PMID: 38507865 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2024.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nose is a viable pathway for topical drug delivery to the olfactory cleft for treatment of obstructive smell loss and nose-to-brain drug delivery. This study investigates how variations in nasal vestibule morphology influence intranasal spray drug transport to the olfactory cleft and olfactory roof/bulb regions. METHODS The unilateral nasal vestibule morphology in three healthy subjects with healthy normal nasal anatomy was classified as Elongated (Subject DN001), Notched (Subject DN002), and Standard (Subject DN003). Computational fluid and particle dynamics modelling were used to simulate nasal airflow and drug particle transport to the olfactory cleft and olfactory roof/bulb regions in each subject-specific nasal cavity. To evaluate highest drug depositions in these regions, the particle transport simulations involved extensive parameter combination analyses: 6 inspiratory flow rates mimicking resting to sniffing (10-50 L/min); 5 spray release locations (Top, Bottom, Central, Lateral, and Medial); 5 head positions (Upright, Tilted Forward, Tilted Back, Supine, and Mygind); 3 particle velocities (1, 5, and 10 m/s); 350,000 μm-particles (1-100 μm) and 346,500 nanoparticles (10-990 nm). FINDINGS Particle size groups with highest depositions in olfactory cleft: DN001 left = 28.4% at 11-20 μm, right = 75.3% at 6-10 μm; DN002 left = 16.8% at 1-5 μm, right = 45.3% at 30-40 nm; DN003 left = 29.1% at 21-30 μm, right = 15.9% at 6-10 μm. Highest depositions in olfactory roof/bulb: DN001 left = 6.5% at 11-20 μm, right = 26.4% at 11-20 μm; DN002 left = 3.6% at 1-5 μm, right = 2.6% at 1-5 μm; DN003 left = 2.8% at 21-30 μm, right = 1.7% at 31-40 μm. INTERPRETATION DN001 (Elongated nasal vestibule) had the most deposition in the olfactory regions. Micron-particles size groups generally had better deposition in the olfactory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Sicard
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennis O Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Computational Biology & Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Chavez-Herrera VR, Desai R, Gel G, Nilchian P, Schwartz TH. Endonasal endoscopic surgery for pituitary adenomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 237:108172. [PMID: 38359520 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are slow-growing, benign intracranial tumors that can be characterized as functional (hormone-producing) or non-functional (non-hormone producing). Symptoms therefore arise from either endocrinologic abnormalities or mass effect on surrounding structures resulting in symptoms such as visual impairment and headache. In the last two decades, technical innovations have shifted surgical resection of such adenomas to endoscopic endonasal approaches. In this review, we describe the evolving approach to pituitary adenomas in the modern endoscopic era, including preoperative multidisciplinary review, relevant surgical anatomy, and a description of the technical nuances of standard and expanded approaches to the anterior skull base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ramzes Chavez-Herrera
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rupen Desai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gülce Gel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Parsa Nilchian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theodore H Schwartz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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Hosseindoost S, Dehpour AR, Dehghan S, Javadi SAH, Arjmand B, Fallah A, Hadjighassem M. Fluoxetine enhances the antitumor effect of olfactory ensheathing cell-thymidine kinase/ganciclovir gene therapy in human glioblastoma multiforme cells through upregulation of Connexin43 levels. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1739-1750. [PMID: 37769152 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most invasive form of primary brain astrocytoma, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV-TK/GCV) gene therapy is considered a promising strategy for GBM treatment. Since Connexin43 (Cx43) expression is reduced in GBM cells, increasing Cx43 levels could enhance the effectiveness of gene therapy. The present study aims to examine the impact of fluoxetine on HSV-TK/GCV gene therapy in human GBM cells using human olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) as vectors. The effect of fluoxetine on Cx43 levels was assessed using the western blot technique. GBM-derived astrocytes and OECs-TK were Cocultured, and the effect of fluoxetine on the Antitumor effect of OEC-TK/GCV gene therapy was evaluated using MTT assay and flow cytometry. Our results showed that fluoxetine increased Cx43 levels in OECs and GBM cells and augmented the killing effect of OECs-TK on GBM cells. Western blot data revealed that fluoxetine enhanced the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and the levels of cleaved caspase-3 in the coculture of OECs-TK and GBM cells. Moreover, flow cytometry data indicated that fluoxetine increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in the coculture system. This study suggests that fluoxetine, by upregulating Cx43 levels, could strengthen the Antitumor effect of OEC-TK/GCV gene therapy on GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saereh Hosseindoost
- Pain Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad R Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Dehghan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed A H Javadi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurosurgery Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Fallah
- Space Medicine B.V., Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Group, Mede Bioeconomy Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Russel SM, Chiang H, Finlay JB, Shah R, Marcus JR, Jang DW, Abi Hachem R, Goldstein BJ, Frank-Ito DO. Characterizing Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformities. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2023; 25:457-465. [PMID: 37130297 PMCID: PMC10701508 DOI: 10.1089/fpsam.2022.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity (uCLND) is associated with olfactory dysfunction, but the underlying etiology remains poorly understood. Objective: To investigate the etiology of uCLND-associated olfactory dysfunction using clinical, computational, and histologic assessments. Methods: Inclusion criteria: uCLND patients >16 years undergoing septorhinoplasty. Exclusion criteria: prior septoplasty or rhinoplasty, pregnancy, sinusitis. Measured outcomes: patient-reported scores, rhinomanometry, smell identification and threshold tests, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) airflow simulations, and histologic analysis of olfactory epithelium. Results: Five uCLND subjects were included: 18-23 years, three male and two female, four left-sided cleft and one right-sided cleft. All subjects reported moderate to severe nasal obstruction. Smell identification and threshold tests showed varying degrees of hyposmia. Nasal resistance was higher on the cleft side versus noncleft side measured by rhinomanometry (median 3.85 Pa-s/mL, interquartile range [IQR] = 21.96, versus 0.90 Pa-s/mL, IQR = 5.17) and CFD (median 1.04 Pa-s/mL, IQR = 0.94 vs. 0.11 Pa-s/mL, IQR = 0.12). Unilateral olfaction varied widely and was dependent on unilateral percentage olfactory airflow. Biopsies revealed intact olfactory neuroepithelium. Conclusions: uCLND-associated olfactory dysfunction appears to be primarily conductive in etiology and highly susceptible to variations in nasal anatomy. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT04150783.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harry Chiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John B. Finlay
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Reanna Shah
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Marcus
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David W. Jang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ralph Abi Hachem
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bradley J. Goldstein
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis Onyeka Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, North Carolina, USA
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Song J, Wang M, Wang C, Zhang L. Olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: insights into the underlying mechanisms and treatments. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:993-1004. [PMID: 37432663 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2235891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a typical symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), which adversely affects the patient's quality of life and results in mood depression. Studies investigating the impairment of olfactory epithelium (OE) have indicated that inflammation-induced cell damage and dysfunction in OE plays a vital role in the development of OD. Consequently, glucocorticoids and biologics are beneficial in the management of OD in CRS patients. However, the mechanisms underlying OE impairment in CRS patients have not been fully elucidated. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on mechanisms underlying inflammation-induced cell impairment in OE of CRS patients. Additionally, the methods used for detection of olfaction and both currently available and potentially new clinical treatments for OD are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Chronic inflammation in OE impairs not only olfactory sensory neurons but also non-neuronal cells that are responsible for regeneration and support for neurons. The current treatment for OD in CRS is mainly aimed at attenuating and preventing inflammation. Strategies for use of combinations of these therapies may achieve greater efficacy in restoration of the damaged OE and consequently better management of OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengshuo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
- Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Hummel T, Power Guerra N, Gunder N, Hähner A, Menzel S. Olfactory Function and Olfactory Disorders. Laryngorhinootologie 2023; 102:S67-S92. [PMID: 37130532 PMCID: PMC10184680 DOI: 10.1055/a-1957-3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The sense of smell is important. This became especially clear to patients with infection-related olfactory loss during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We react, for example, to the body odors of other humans. The sense of smell warns us of danger, and it allows us to perceive flavors when eating and drinking. In essence, this means quality of life. Therefore, anosmia must be taken seriously. Although olfactory receptor neurons are characterized by regenerative capacity, anosmia is relatively common with about 5 % of anosmic people in the general population. Olfactory disorders are classified according to their causes (e. g., infections of the upper respiratory tract, traumatic brain injury, chronic rhinosinusitis, age) with the resulting different therapeutic options and prognoses. Thorough history taking is therefore important. A wide variety of tools are available for diagnosis, ranging from short screening tests and detailed multidimensional test procedures to electrophysiological and imaging methods. Thus, quantitative olfactory disorders are easily assessable and traceable. For qualitative olfactory disorders such as parosmia, however, no objectifying diagnostic procedures are currently available. Therapeutic options for olfactory disorders are limited. Nevertheless, there are effective options consisting of olfactory training as well as various additive drug therapies. The consultation and the competent discussion with the patients are of major importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hummel
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen und Schmecken, HNO Klinik, TU Dresden
| | - N Power Guerra
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institut für Experimentelle Chirurgie, Medizinische Universität Rostock, Rostock
| | - N Gunder
- Universitäts-HNO Klinik Dresden, Dresden
| | - A Hähner
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen und Schmecken, HNO Klinik, TU Dresden
| | - S Menzel
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen und Schmecken, HNO Klinik, TU Dresden
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Basak H, Beton S, Akyıldız S, Yücel L, Guliyev H, Meco C. Olfactory changes after endonasal endoscopic cerebrospinal fluid fistula repair: long-term outcomes. J Laryngol Otol 2023; 137:426-431. [PMID: 35673778 PMCID: PMC10040285 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215122001335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate odour measurements after endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas. METHOD Demographic characteristics, cerebrospinal fluid leak location, surgical procedure, aetiology and smell test results were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS A total of 27 patients were included. The mean age was 43.52 years. The aetiology was spontaneous in 13 patients (48.1 per cent) and traumatic in 14 patients (51.9 per cent). The skull base defect was at the cribriform plate in 15 patients (55.6 per cent), the frontal sinus posterior wall in 4 patients (14.8 per cent), the sphenoid sinus posterior wall in 4 patients (14.8 per cent), around the anterior ethmoid artery in 2 patients (7.4 per cent), at the ethmoid roof in 1 patient (3.7 per cent) and at the sphenoid sinus posterolateral wall in 1 patient (3.7 per cent). After the comparison of pre-operative and post-operative values in identification, discrimination and threshold categories, a statistically significant difference was seen only in the threshold category (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leak is safe in terms of olfactory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Basak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - S Beton
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - S Akyıldız
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - L Yücel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Training and Research, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Guliyev
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - C Meco
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Turkey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Salzburg University Paracelsus Medical School, Austria
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Burghardt GKL, Cuevas M, Sekine R, Hummel T. Trigeminal Sensitivity in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:654-660. [PMID: 36504410 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) are of high importance in otorhinolaryngology. Some of their symptoms are related to changes in the nasal trigeminal sensitivity. The aim of this study was to compare nasal trigeminal sensitivity in patients with AR, CRSwNP, and healthy controls (HC). METHODS A total of 75 individuals participated (age 19-78 years; 34 AR, 10 CRSwNP and 31 HC). Olfactory function was determined using the extended Sniffin' Sticks test battery. Trigeminal sensitivity was assessed with CO2 detection thresholds. Trigeminal negative mucosal potentials (NMP) and EEG-derived event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded in response to selective olfactory (phenylethyl alcohol) and trigeminal (CO2 ) stimuli using high-precision air-dilution olfactometry. RESULTS In comparison to HC, AR patients had lower CO2 thresholds, also reflected in shorter peak latencies in NMP and trigeminal ERP measurements. CRSwNP patients had a decreased sensitivity for trigeminal stimuli, also reflected in prolonged trigeminal ERP latencies, and reduced olfactory function compared to HC. CONCLUSION AR patients seemed to be more sensitive to trigeminal stimuli than CRSwNP patients. Importantly, the differences could be shown on psychophysical and electrophysiological levels. The changes in trigeminal sensitivity appear to be present already at the level of the respiratory epithelium. The differences between the two groups may depend on the specific inflammatory changes accompanying each disorder, the degree of inflammatory activity, or duration of the inflammatory disorder. However, because the sample sizes are relatively small, these results need to be confirmed in the future studies with larger groups. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 133:654-660, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandy Cuevas
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rumi Sekine
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Brozzetti L, Scambi I, Bertoldi L, Zanini A, Malacrida G, Sacchetto L, Baldassa L, Benvenuto G, Mariotti R, Zanusso G, Cecchini MP. RNAseq analysis of olfactory neuroepithelium cytological samples in individuals with Down syndrome compared to euploid controls: a pilot study. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:919-930. [PMID: 36394661 PMCID: PMC9925603 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome is a common genetic disorder caused by partial or complete triplication of chromosome 21. This syndrome shows an overall and progressive impairment of olfactory function, detected early in adulthood. The olfactory neuronal cells are located in the nasal olfactory mucosa and represent the first sensory neurons of the olfactory pathway. Herein, we applied the olfactory swabbing procedure to allow a gentle collection of olfactory epithelial cells in seven individuals with Down syndrome and in ten euploid controls. The aim of this research was to investigate the peripheral gene expression pattern in olfactory epithelial cells through RNAseq analysis. Validated tests (Sniffin' Sticks Extended test) were used to assess olfactory function. Olfactory scores were correlated with RNAseq results and cognitive scores (Vineland II and Leiter scales). All Down syndrome individuals showed both olfactory deficit and intellectual disability. Down syndrome individuals and euploid controls exhibited clear expression differences in genes located in and outside the chromosome 21. In addition, a significant correlation was found between olfactory test scores and gene expression, while a non-significant correlation emerged between olfactory and cognitive scores. This first preliminary step gives new insights into the Down syndrome olfactory system research, starting from the olfactory neuroepithelium, the first cellular step on the olfactory way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Brozzetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Scambi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Alice Zanini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Luca Sacchetto
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, Otolaryngology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia Baldassa
- AGBD, Associazione Sindrome di Down, Onlus, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Mariotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Cecchini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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11
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Choi R, Ko T, Finlay JB, Hachem RA, Jang D, Goldstein BJ. Preparation of Human Olfactory Epithelial Biopsies for Downstream Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2710:121-129. [PMID: 37688729 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3425-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa, lining a portion of the nasal cavity, houses the primary olfactory sensory neurons responsible for odor transduction, along with supporting cell populations. Tremendous advances have come from studying the peripheral olfactory system in animal models, especially the mouse. However, acquired human olfactory disorders lack effective therapies, and many of these conditions involve pathology in the olfactory mucosa. Thus, the ability to obtain human olfactory biopsy samples from subjects with olfactory dysfunction, or controls, may be of value. Here, we describe established techniques for collecting olfactory tissue from human subjects and preparing samples for downstream assays such as immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, single-cell RNA-sequencing, or chromatin studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Choi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tiffany Ko
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John B Finlay
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ralph Abi Hachem
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Jang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bradley J Goldstein
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Ozdener MH, Rockx B, Rawson NE. Primary Culture of the Human Olfactory Neuroepithelium and Utilization for Henipavirus Infection In Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2682:121-133. [PMID: 37610578 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3283-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are a unique cell type involved in the initial perception of odors. These specialized epithelial cells are located in the neuroepithelium of the nasal cavities and directly connect the nasal cavity with the central nervous system (CNS) via axons, which traverse the cribriform plate to synapse within the olfactory bulb. ORNs are derived from precursor cells that lie adjacent to the basal lamina of the olfactory epithelium. These precursor cells divide several times and their progeny differentiate into mature sensory neurons throughout life. In addition to its major and critical role in sensory transduction, the olfactory neuroepithelium may be an important tissue for viral replication and represents a potential site for viral entry into the CNS. In general, to gain access to the CNS, neurotropic viruses such as henipaviruses can use peripheral neural pathways or the circulatory system. However, the olfactory system has been reported to provide a portal of entry to the CNS for henipaviruses. The ability to obtain biopsies from living human subjects and culture these cells in the laboratory provides the opportunity to examine viral replication and effects on a neuronal cell population. As the most exposed and unprotected segment of the nervous system, the olfactory neuroepithelium may have an important role in neuropathology and systemic dissemination of viruses with established CNS effects. This chapter presents methods for primary culture of human ORNs, which have been used successfully by multiple investigators. The protocol provides a consistent, heterogeneous olfactory epithelial cell population, which demonstrates functional responses to odorant mixtures and exhibits several key features of the olfactory receptor neuron phenotype, encompassing olfactory receptors and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry Rockx
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Institute, Lelystad and Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Tirgar F, Azizi Z, Hosseindoost S, Hadjighassem M. Preclinical gene therapy in glioblastoma multiforme: Using olfactory ensheathing cells containing a suicide gene. Life Sci 2022; 311:121132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Melis M, Tomassini Barbarossa I, Crnjar R, Sollai G. Olfactory Sensitivity Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Polymorphism in the Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels Kv1.3. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234986. [PMID: 36501016 PMCID: PMC9736683 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Smell strongly contributes to food choice and its hedonistic evaluation. A reduction or loss of smell has been related to malnutrition problems, resulting in excessive weight loss or gain. Voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1.3 are widely expressed in the olfactory bulb, and contribute mainly to the value of the resting membrane potential and to the frequency of action potentials. Mutations in the Kv1.3 gene are associated with alterations in glycemic homeostasis and olfactory sensitivity. We evaluated the olfactory performance in 102 healthy subjects and its association with BMI and polymorphism in the human Kv1.3 gene. Olfactory performance, based on the olfactory threshold, discrimination and identification scores and their summed score (TDI), was measured using the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. Subjects were genotyped for the rs2821557 polymorphism of the Kv1.3 gene, whose major allele T was associated with a super-smeller phenotype, lower plasma glucose levels and resistance to diet-induced obesity as compared with the minor allele C. Based on the Kv1.3 genotype, the TDI and I olfactory scores obtained by the subjects were the following: TT > TC > CC. Subjects who were TT homozygous or heterozygous exhibited lower BMIs and reached higher olfactory scores than those with the CC genotype. The results were sex-dependent: heterozygous females performed better than heterozygous males. These findings show an inverse relationship between olfactory function and BMI, and a significant effect of the Kv1.3 genotypes on the olfactory functions and on the BMIs of the subjects. Finally, they suggest that the sex-related differences in the olfactory function can be partially ascribed to the Kv1.3 gene’s polymorphism.
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Kurihara S, Tei M, Hata J, Mori E, Fujioka M, Matsuwaki Y, Otori N, Kojima H, Okano HJ. MRI tractography reveals the human olfactory nerve map connecting the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. Commun Biol 2022; 5:843. [PMID: 36068329 PMCID: PMC9448749 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory nerve map describes the topographical neural connections between the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity and the olfactory bulb. Previous studies have constructed the olfactory nerve maps of rodents using histological analyses or transgenic animal models to investigate olfactory nerve pathways. However, the human olfactory nerve map remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that high-field magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor tractography can be used to visualize olfactory sensory neurons while maintaining their three-dimensional structures. This technique allowed us to evaluate the olfactory sensory neuron projections from the nasal cavities to the olfactory bulbs and visualize the olfactory nerve maps of humans, marmosets and mice. The olfactory nerve maps revealed that the dorsal-ventral and medial-lateral axes were preserved between the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb in all three species. Further development of this technique might allow it to be used clinically to facilitate the diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction. Combined high-field MRI and DTI analyses in post-mortem mouse, marmoset, and human samples provide insight into the neural connections between nasal cavities and olfactory bulbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kurihara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Tei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Junichi Hata
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan.,Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-Ogu Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan
| | - Eri Mori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Masato Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsuwaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Otori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Hirotaka James Okano
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan.
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16
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Sicard RM, Shah R, Frank-Ito DO. Analyses on the influence of normal nasal morphological variations on odorant transport to the olfactory cleft. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:350-358. [PMID: 36045580 PMCID: PMC9799026 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2115175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olfaction requires a combination of sensorineural components and conductive components, but conductive mechanisms have not typically received much attention. This study investigates the role of normal nasal vestibule morphological variations in ten healthy subjects on odorant flux in the olfactory cleft. MATERIALS AND METHODS Computed tomography images were used to create subject-specific nasal models. Each subject's unilateral nasal cavity was classified according to its nasal vestibule shape as Standard or Notched. Inspiratory airflow simulations were performed at 15 L/min, simulating resting inspiration using computational fluid dynamics modeling. Odorant transport simulations for three odorants (limonene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and acetaldehyde) were then performed at concentrations of 200 ppm for limonene and acetaldehyde, and 0.2 ppm for dinitrotoluene. Olfactory cleft odorant flux was computed for each simulation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Simulated results showed airflow in the olfactory cleft was greater in the Standard phenotype compared to the Notched phenotype. For Standard, median airflow was greatest in the anterior region (0.5006 L/min) and lowest in the posterior region (0.1009 L/min). Median airflow in Notched was greatest in the medial region (0.3267 L/min) and lowest in the posterior region (0.0756 L/min). Median olfactory odorant flux for acetaldehyde and limonene was greater in Standard (Acetaldehyde: Standard = 140.45 pg/cm2-s; Notched = 122.20 pg/cm2-s. Limonene: Standard = 0.67 pg/cm2-s; Notched = 0.65 pg/cm2-s). Median dinitrotoluene flux was greater in Notched (Standard = 2.86 × 10-4pg/cm2-s; Notched = 4.29 × 10-4 pg/cm2-s). The impact of nasal vestibule morphological variations on odorant flux at the olfactory cleft may have implications on individual differences in olfaction, which should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Sicard
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Reanna Shah
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dennis O. Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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17
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Bongianni M, Catalan M, Perra D, Fontana E, Janes F, Bertolotti C, Sacchetto L, Capaldi S, Tagliapietra M, Polverino P, Tommasini V, Bellavita G, Kachoie EA, Baruca R, Bernardini A, Valente M, Fiorini M, Bronzato E, Tamburin S, Bertolasi L, Brozzetti L, Cecchini MP, Gigli G, Monaco S, Manganotti P, Zanusso G. Olfactory swab sampling optimization for α-synuclein aggregate detection in patients with Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:37. [PMID: 35902902 PMCID: PMC9330656 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) detection of pathological α-synuclein (α-syn) in olfactory mucosa (OM) is not as accurate as in other α-synucleinopathies. It is unknown whether these variable results might be related to a different distribution of pathological α-syn in OM. Thus, we investigated whether nasal swab (NS) performed in areas with a different coverage by olfactory neuroepithelium, such as agger nasi (AN) and middle turbinate (MT), might affect the detection of pathological α-syn. METHODS NS was performed in 66 patients with PD and 29 non-PD between September 2018 and April 2021. In 43 patients, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was also obtained and all samples were analyzed by RT-QuIC for α-syn. RESULTS In the first round, 72 OM samples were collected by NS, from AN (NSAN) or from MT (NSMT), and 35 resulted positive for α-syn RT-QuIC, including 27/32 (84%) from AN, 5/11 (45%) from MT, and 3/29 (10%) belonging to the non-PD patients. Furthermore, 23 additional PD patients underwent NS at both AN and MT, and RT-QuIC revealed α-syn positive in 18/23 (78%) NSAN samples and in 10/23 (44%) NSMT samples. Immunocytochemistry of NS preparations showed a higher representation of olfactory neural cells in NSAN compared to NSMT. We also observed α-syn and phospho-α-syn deposits in NS from PD patients but not in controls. Finally, RT-QuIC was positive in 22/24 CSF samples from PD patients (92%) and in 1/19 non-PD. CONCLUSION In PD patients, RT-QuIC sensitivity is significantly increased (from 45% to 84%) when NS is performed at AN, indicating that α-syn aggregates are preferentially detected in olfactory areas with higher concentration of olfactory neurons. Although RT-QuIC analysis of CSF showed a higher diagnostic accuracy compared to NS, due to the non-invasiveness, NS might be considered as an ancillary procedure for PD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Bongianni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Catalan
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Ospedale Cattinara, University of Trieste, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniela Perra
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Fontana
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Janes
- Neurology Unit, University of Udine Academic Hospital, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Claudio Bertolotti
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Ospedale Cattinara, University of Trieste, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Sacchetto
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Capaldi
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Tagliapietra
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Polverino
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Ospedale Cattinara, University of Trieste, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Tommasini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Ospedale Cattinara, University of Trieste, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Bellavita
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Ospedale Cattinara, University of Trieste, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elham Ataie Kachoie
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Baruca
- Otolaryngology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Ospedale Cattinara, University of Trieste, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Bernardini
- Neurology Unit, University of Udine Academic Hospital, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Michele Fiorini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Erika Bronzato
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Bertolasi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Brozzetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Cecchini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Gigli
- Neurology Unit, University of Udine Academic Hospital, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Salvatore Monaco
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Manganotti
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Ospedale Cattinara, University of Trieste, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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18
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Carmel Neiderman NN, Wengier A, Dominsky O, Ringel B, Warshavsky A, Horowitz G, Baran TZ, Ram Z, Grossman R, Fliss DM, Avraham A. A Prospective Evaluation of Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Extended Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Benign Pituitary Gland Lesion. Skull Base Surg 2022; 83:e386-e394. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction Endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) has become the preferred approach for pituitary tumor resection. Nevertheless, research on quality of life related to pituitary adenoma surgery is scarce.
Objective The aim of the study is to evaluate short-term quality of life in patients after endoscopic endonasal resection of pituitary tumors and to find predictors for poor quality of life (QOL) outcome.
Materials and Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted, including all patients who underwent EES for pituitary tumors in a tertiary medical referral center. Recruited patients completed the Anterior Skull Base Disease-Specific QOL (ASBS-Q) questionnaire and the Sinonasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22) questionnaire before surgery, 2 and 4 to 6 months after surgery. Demographic and clinical data was collected.
Results Our study included 49 patients. The overall ASBS-Q scores significantly improved 4 to 6 months after surgery (4.46 vs. 4.2, p < 0.05). We found a significant improvement in QOL related to emotional state 2 months post surgery (4.41 vs. 3.87, p < 0.05), which became borderline significant 4 to 6 months post surgery. There was a significant improvement in pain (4.5 vs. 4.08, p < 0.05) and vitality (4.43 vs. 4.16, p < 0.05) domains 4 to 6 months post surgery. SNOT-22 scores did not change significantly postoperatively. Factors such as secreting and non-secreting tumors, tumor size, intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak, gross tumor resection, endocrine remission, and the use of nasoseptal flap reconstruction did not have a significant effect on QOL.
Conclusion We found that patients after EES reported improved QOL 4 to 6 months post surgery. Specific improvement was noted in the QOL related to pain and vitality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Nard Carmel Neiderman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Wengier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Omri Dominsky
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Barak Ringel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anton Warshavsky
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gilad Horowitz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tomer Ziv Baran
- Department of Epidemiology, Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zvi Ram
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Grossman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Marian Fliss
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Abergel Avraham
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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19
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Bolger WE, Lockett E, Bolger IM. Anosmia following middle nasal concha resection: an anatomic and developmental review with clinical correlation. Clin Anat 2022; 35:873-882. [PMID: 35417061 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Losing the sense of smell can be associated with a significant decrease in quality of life. Fortunately, this occurs infrequently with modern paranasal sinus surgery that has stressed minimally invasive, tissue-sparing principles. However, over time, more extensive surgical applications have emerged that incorporate increased tissue removal. Post-operative period sequelae can occur, including anosmia. Understanding the potential implications of expanded tissue removal, such as middle nasal concha (turbinate) resection, is clinically important and is facilitated by an understanding of anatomy. Our understanding of anatomic nuances is enhanced through an appreciation of embryonic and fetal development. We herein review the developmental anatomy of the middle nasal concha of the ethmoid sinus and olfactory nerve area as it relates to middle nasal concha removal during endoscopic sinus surgery. We present images from our analysis of twelve embryonic and fetal specimens that highlight the important relationship between the middle nasal concha and olfactory nerves. We also review the clinical issues surrounding turbinate preservation versus resection and present a clinical correlation to underscore the uncommon but significant complication of anosmia following sinus surgery with middle nasal concha resection. We highlight knowledge gaps, discuss case selection and review surgical technique modifications for middle nasal concha surgery to reduce the chance of this complication in the future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Bolger
- Professor of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Florida, School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Elizabeth Lockett
- Collections Manager Human Developmental Anatomy Center, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Ian M Bolger
- Neuroscience Program, College of Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology
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20
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Chen M, Pekosz A, Villano JS, Shen W, Zhou R, Kulaga H, Li Z, Beck SE, Witwer KW, Mankowski JL, Ramanathan M, Rowan NR, Lane AP. Evolution of nasal and olfactory infection characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.04.12.487379. [PMID: 35441175 PMCID: PMC9016639 DOI: 10.1101/2022.04.12.487379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection of the upper airway and the subsequent immune response are early, critical factors in COVID-19 pathogenesis. By studying infection of human biopsies in vitro and in a hamster model in vivo, we demonstrated a transition in tropism from olfactory to respiratory epithelium as the virus evolved. Analyzing each variants revealed that SARS-CoV-2 WA1 or Delta infects a proportion of olfactory neurons in addition to the primary target sustentacular cells. The Delta variant possesses broader cellular invasion capacity into the submucosa, while Omicron displays longer retention in the sinonasal epithelium. The olfactory neuronal infection by WA1 and the subsequent olfactory bulb transport via axon is more pronounced in younger hosts. In addition, the observed viral clearance delay and phagocytic dysfunction in aged olfactory mucosa is accompanied by a decline of phagocytosis related genes. Furthermore, robust basal stem cell activation contributes to neuroepithelial regeneration and restores ACE2 expression post-infection. Together, our study characterized the nasal tropism of SARS-CoV-2 strains, immune clearance, and regeneration post infection. The shifting characteristics of viral infection at the airway portal provides insight into the variability of COVID-19 clinical features and may suggest differing strategies for early local intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jason S. Villano
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ruifeng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Heather Kulaga
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zhexuan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sarah E. Beck
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph L. Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Murugappan Ramanathan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nicholas R. Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew P. Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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21
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Fitzek M, Patel PK, Solomon PD, Lin B, Hummel T, Schwob JE, Holbrook EH. Integrated age-related immunohistological changes occur in human olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2154-2175. [PMID: 35397118 PMCID: PMC9232960 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory epithelium (OE) is capable of lifelong regeneration due to presence of basal progenitor cells that respond to injury or neuronal loss with increased activity. However, this capability diminishes with advancing age and a decrease in odor perception in older individuals is well established. To characterize changes associated with age in the peripheral olfactory system, an in-depth analysis of the OE and its neuronal projections onto the olfactory bulb (OB) as a function of age was performed. Human olfactory tissue autopsy samples from 36 subjects with an average age of 74.1 years were analyzed. Established cell type-specific antibodies were used to identify OE component cells in whole mucosal sheets and epithelial sections as well as glomeruli and periglomerular structures in OB sections. With age, a reduction in OE area occurs across the mucosa progressing in a posterior-dorsal direction. Deterioration of the olfactory system is accompanied with diminution of neuron-containing OE, mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and OB innervation. On an individual level, the neuronal density within the epithelium appears to predict synapse density within the OB. The innervation of the OB is uneven with higher density at the ventral half that decreases with age as opposed to stable innervation at the dorsal half. Respiratory metaplasia, submucosal cysts, and neuromata, were commonly identified in aged OE. The finding of respiratory metaplasia and aneuronal epithelium with reduction in global basal cells suggests a progression of stem cell quiescence as an underlying pathophysiology of age-related smell loss in humans. KEY POINTS: A gradual loss of olfactory sensory neurons with age in human olfactory epithelium is also reflected in a reduction in glomeruli within the olfactory bulb. This gradual loss of neurons and synaptic connections with age occurs in a specific, spatially inhomogeneous manner. Decreasing mitotically active olfactory epithelium basal cells may contribute to age-related neuronal decline and smell loss in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Fitzek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Parthkumar K Patel
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter D Solomon
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian Lin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - James E Schwob
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Patel ZM, Holbrook EH, Turner JH, Adappa ND, Albers MW, Altundag A, Appenzeller S, Costanzo RM, Croy I, Davis GE, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Doty RL, Duffy VB, Goldstein BJ, Gudis DA, Haehner A, Higgins TS, Hopkins C, Huart C, Hummel T, Jitaroon K, Kern RC, Khanwalkar AR, Kobayashi M, Kondo K, Lane AP, Lechner M, Leopold DA, Levy JM, Marmura MJ, Mclelland L, Miwa T, Moberg PJ, Mueller CA, Nigwekar SU, O'Brien EK, Paunescu TG, Pellegrino R, Philpott C, Pinto JM, Reiter ER, Roalf DR, Rowan NR, Schlosser RJ, Schwob J, Seiden AM, Smith TL, Soler ZM, Sowerby L, Tan BK, Thamboo A, Wrobel B, Yan CH. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12:327-680. [PMID: 35373533 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). METHODS Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. RESULTS The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. CONCLUSION This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Patel
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin H Turner
- Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Otolaryngology, Biruni University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Rheumatology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ilona Croy
- Psychology and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Greg E Davis
- Otolaryngology, Proliance Surgeons, Seattle and Puyallup, Washington, USA
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Associazione Naso Sano, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerie B Duffy
- Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - David A Gudis
- Otolaryngology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas S Higgins
- Otolaryngology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Otolaryngology, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London Bridge Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline Huart
- Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholgique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Kern
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashoke R Khanwalkar
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matt Lechner
- Otolaryngology, Barts Health and University College London, London, UK
| | - Donald A Leopold
- Otolaryngology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Joshua M Levy
- Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J Marmura
- Neurology Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisha Mclelland
- Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Otolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sagar U Nigwekar
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin K O'Brien
- Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Teodor G Paunescu
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carl Philpott
- Otolaryngology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Otolaryngology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan R Reiter
- Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - James Schwob
- Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen M Seiden
- Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Sowerby
- Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce K Tan
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Thamboo
- Otolaryngology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bozena Wrobel
- Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol H Yan
- Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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23
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Juratli J, Joshi J, Füssel S, Hummel T. Gendered differences in relative ACE2 expression in the nasal epithelium. Rhinology 2022; 60:471-473. [DOI: 10.4193/rhin21.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Kılıç S, Sreenath SB, Grafmiller K, Woodard TD, Recinos PF, Kshettry VR, Sindwani R. Systematic Review of Olfactory Outcomes After Nasoseptal Flap Harvest for Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery: Does Using Cold Steel or Olfactory Strip Preservation Matter? Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 12:1043-1055. [PMID: 34910852 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have described techniques aimed at mitigating olfactory dysfunction after nasoseptal flap (NSF) harvest for endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS). No consensus exists as to whether popular methods including using cold-steel (CS) versus electrocautery (EC) or septal olfactory strip (SOS) preservation offer an advantage. This systematic review was performed to examine the impact of these two technical variations of NSF harvest on postoperative olfactory outcomes. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for articles reporting olfactory outcomes in ESBS cases employing a NSF. Original articles focusing on technique variations of the NSF and reporting at least 1 objective olfactory measure were included. RESULTS Nine studies comprising 610 patients were included. Various, olfactory testing outcomes were reported, and post-op follow-up ranged from 6 weeks to 12 months. Three studies, including a randomized-controlled trial, compared the use of CS and EC for the superior incision of the NSF. No significant difference was found in objective olfactory function (p>0.05) when comparing these techniques. Five studies comprising 504 patients reported results from SOS sparing. SOS sparing technique in NSF harvest demonstrated smell preservation in the post-op setting when compared to pre-op measures (p>0.05), however, no direct comparison to non-SOS sparing techniques was made. CONCLUSION Use of CS as opposed to EC for the superior NSF incision does not appear to confer an advantage in preserving post-op olfactory function (grade B evidence). SOS preservation may be associated with better olfactory outcomes in NSF harvest (grade C evidence). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Kılıç
- Section of Sinus, Rhinology, & Skull Base Surgery, Head& Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Satyan B Sreenath
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kevin Grafmiller
- Section of Sinus, Rhinology, & Skull Base Surgery, Head& Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Troy D Woodard
- Section of Sinus, Rhinology, & Skull Base Surgery, Head& Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Section of Skull Base Surgery, Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor & Neuro-oncology Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Pablo F Recinos
- Section of Sinus, Rhinology, & Skull Base Surgery, Head& Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.,Section of Skull Base Surgery, Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor & Neuro-oncology Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Varun R Kshettry
- Section of Sinus, Rhinology, & Skull Base Surgery, Head& Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.,Section of Skull Base Surgery, Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor & Neuro-oncology Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Raj Sindwani
- Section of Sinus, Rhinology, & Skull Base Surgery, Head& Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Section of Skull Base Surgery, Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor & Neuro-oncology Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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25
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Som Chaudhury S, Sinha K, Das Mukhopadhyay C. Intranasal route: The green corridor for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Calvo-Henriquez C, Mariño-Sánchez F, Lechien JR, Maldonado-Alvarado B, Maniaci A, Maza-Solano J, Martínez-Capoccioni G, Neves JC, Martin-Martin C. Radiofrequency ablation turbinoplasty improves the sense of smell in pediatric patients: A prospective study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 150:110935. [PMID: 34649156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The olfactory sense is of paramount importance for the adequate development of a child. Olfactory loss in children might have different origins. One of the most common is conductive, when nasal obstruction prevents odorants from reaching the olfactory epithelium. Rhinitis and turbinate enlargement have been proven to diminish the sense of smell in pediatric patients. A common treatment for resistant rhinitis in these patients is turbinate radiofrequency ablation (TRA). However, despite an increasing research effort in this field, there are no studies instrumentally assessing olfaction in children undergoing turbinate surgery to date. This study was designed with the aim of assessing changes in olfaction through validated instrumental tools in pediatric patients undergoing TRA for the first time. METHODS A prospective uncontrolled intervention clinical trial design was conducted. Two cohorts of children ranging 4-15 years old were consecutively selected from a third level referral Hospital and subjected to the universal sniff test (U-Sniff), alcohol sniff test (AST), and sniffin sticks threshold test (SST) before and 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. Cohort A consisted of children solely undergoing TRA. Cohort B consisted of children on whom adenoidectomy and TRA had been performed. Additionally, a cohort of Spanish healthy controls, paired by sex and age, were asked to perform the U-Sniff. RESULTS A total of 81 participants with a mean age of 10.31 ± 2.56 years were included. Fifty-three patients underwent TRA exclusively and 28 were subjected to associated adenoidectomy. Despite a tendency toward improvement in the U-sniff scores, there were no statistically significant differences after surgery. However, statistically significant differences were obtained for threshold tasks measured with SST and AST, revealing differences at 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery compared to preoperative scores. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this research demonstrated adequate levels in the sense of smell regarding identification tasks, but decreased olfactory threshold scores in pediatric patients suffering from TE. TRA, alone or with adenoidectomy, improved smell threshold scores, but had no significant effect on identification tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Calvo-Henriquez
- Rhinology Study Group of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France; Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Franklin Mariño-Sánchez
- Rhinology Study Group of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France; Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jerome R Lechien
- Rhinology Study Group of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France; Service of Otolaryngology, Foch Hospital, University of Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Byron Maldonado-Alvarado
- Rhinology Study Group of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France; Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonino Maniaci
- Rhinology Study Group of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", ENT Section, ENT Department of University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Juan Maza-Solano
- Rhinology Study Group of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France; Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otolaryngology Department, Hospital Virgen de la Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - Gabriel Martínez-Capoccioni
- Rhinology Study Group of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France; Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Carlos Neves
- Rhinology Study Group of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France; MyFace Clinics and Academy, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martin-Martin
- Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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27
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Shah R, Marcus J, Frank-Ito DO. Computational Analysis of Olfactory Airspace in Patients With Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 58:1242-1250. [PMID: 33356511 PMCID: PMC9984277 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620982754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the magnitude of olfactory recess opacity in patients with unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity (uCLND). DESIGN Subject-specific 3-dimensional reconstruction of the nasal airway anatomy was created from computed tomography images in 11 (4 males and 7 females) subjects with uCLND and 7 (3 males, and 4 females) normal subjects. The volume and surface area of each subject's unilateral and bilateral olfactory airspace was quantified to assess the impact of opacification. Qualitatively speaking, patients with 75% to 100% olfactory recess opacification were classified as extreme, 50% to 75% as severe, 25% to 50% as moderate, and 0% to 25% as mild. RESULTS Of the 11 subjects with uCLND, 5 (45%) were classified as having extreme olfactory recess opacification, 3 (27%) subjects had severe opacification, and 3 (27%) subjects had moderate opacification. Mean (±SD) bilateral olfactory recess volume was significantly greater in normal subjects than in subjects with uCLND (0.9668 cm3 ± 0.4061 cm3 vs 0.3426 cm3 ± 0.1316 cm3; P < .001). Furthermore, unilateral olfactory airspace volumes for the cleft and non-cleft sides in subjects with uCLND were considerably less than unilateral olfactory volume in subjects with normal anatomy (uCLND cleft side = 0.1623 cm3 ± 0.0933 cm3; uCLND non-cleft side = 0.1803 cm3 ± 0.0938 cm3; normal = 0.4834 cm3 ± 0.2328 cm3; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate a high prevalence of olfactory recess opacification among subjects with uCLND when compared to subjects with normal anatomy. The majority of subjects with uCLND had extreme olfactory recess opacity, which will likely influence their sense of smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reanna Shah
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C
| | - Jeffrey Marcus
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C
| | - Dennis O. Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, N.C.,Computational Biology & Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, N.C
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28
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Lessmann ME, Guducu C, Ibarlucea B, Hummel T. Electrophysiological Recordings from the Olfactory Epithelium and Human Brain in Response to Stimulation with HLA Related Peptides. Neuroscience 2021; 473:44-51. [PMID: 34407460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In many species, social communication and mate choice are influenced by olfactory cues associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). It has been reported that humans also respond to olfactory signals related to the human MHC-equivalent, the Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA)-System, and exhibit an olfactory-mediated preference for potential mating partners with a dissimilar, disassortative, HLA-type compared to their own. The aim of this study was to investigate whether HLA-associated peptides, presented as volatile cues, elicit neuronal responses at the receptors in the human olfactory epithelium and can be consciously perceived. To this end the discrimination ability for peptides was tested in a 3-alternative forced choice model. Furthermore electro-olfactograms of the olfactory epithelium and EEG-derived chemosensory event related potentials were recorded using precisely controlled olfactometric stimulation with peptides and control odors. Based on responses from 52 young, healthy participants the peptides could not be discriminated and the electrophysiological signals provided no evidence for a specific response to the peptides which was in contrast to the control odors. In conclusion, within the current setup the results suggest that HLA-associated peptides do not produce specific olfactory activation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Elisabeth Lessmann
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Cagdas Guducu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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29
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Beswick DM, Humphries SM, Balkissoon CD, Strand M, Vladar EK, Ramakrishnan VR, Taylor-Cousar JL. Olfactory dysfunction in cystic fibrosis: Impact of CFTR modulator therapy. J Cyst Fibros 2021; 21:e141-e147. [PMID: 34598881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor (ETI) improves pulmonary health and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) for people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF), however its impact on olfaction has not been investigated. Olfactory dysfunction impairs quality-of-life (QOL). This study evaluated the impact of ETI on multiple olfactory metrics. METHODS Adult PwCF/CRS with CF transmembrane conductance regulator genotype F508del/F508del or F508del/minimal function who clinically initiated ETI participated in a prospective, observational study. Endpoints included changes after 6 months of ETI in quantitative olfactory function (Smell Identification Test, SIT), olfactory QOL (Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders, QOD) and percent olfactory cleft opacification (%OCO), representing superior nasal cavity inflammation where afferent olfactory neurons are concentrated. RESULTS 30 PwCF/CRS met inclusion criteria; 25 completed the study. Mean ETI adherence was 93%. At baseline, participants were hyposmic (mean SIT 31.3), had significant %OCO (mean 65.6%), yet reported non-impaired olfactory QOL (mean QOD 6.1). At follow-up, mean SIT worsened mildly (p=0.009), mean %OCO remained stable (p=0.46), and mean QOD improved modestly (p=0.008). No outcomes were impacted by prior modulator use, genotype, nasal polyps, or CF-related diabetes. Prior sinus surgery was associated with QOD improvement (p=0.04). Increased (worse) baseline QOD scores and %OCO were associated with greater improvements (p<0.003), but not SIT (p=0.44). CONCLUSIONS ETI was not associated with improvement in quantitative olfaction or olfactory cleft opacification after 6 months. PwCF/CRS have hyposmia but do not report impairment in olfactory QOL. Further study to investigate mechanisms explaining olfactory dysfunction and whether olfaction improves with greater duration of ETI or in younger age groups is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Beswick
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
| | | | | | - Matthew Strand
- Division of Biostatistics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Eszter K Vladar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vijay R Ramakrishnan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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30
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Omura K, Han B, Nishijima H, Aoki S, Ebihara T, Kondo K, Otori N, Kojima H, Yamasoba T, Kikuta S. Heterogeneous distribution of mature olfactory sensory neurons in human olfactory epithelium. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 12:266-277. [PMID: 34538025 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The olfactory cleft (OC) comprising the olfactory epithelium (OE) is the most important anatomical location for olfactory function. Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is used to treat diseases related to the OC and improve olfactory dysfunction. However, iatrogenic OE injury occasionally occurs. Comprehensive knowledge of the olfactory region is required to avoid damage to the OE during endoscopic procedures. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on olfactory mucosa obtained from the unaffected side of olfactory neuroblastoma surgical specimens. The OE was defined as the epithelium containing mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). The distribution and cell kinetics of the OE were examined. RESULTS The OE was selectively localized to the anterior two-thirds of the superior turbinate (ST) and in the nasal septum (NS) just opposite to the ST; the OE was not detected within the mucosa of the superior meatus. The density of mature OSNs was high at the ethmoid tegmen but gradually decreased with distance from the ethmoid tegmen. The extent of cell death and proliferation was relatively even across the OE. Analysis of airflow profiles revealed that resection of inferior ST does not decrease airflow to the OC. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the distribution and degree of differentiation of mature OSNs are heterogenous throughout the OE. Epithelial resection of the anterior or superior ST has the potential to damage olfactory function. Resection of the inferior or posterior ST or widening of the superior meatus is a safer alternative that does not damage mature OSNs or alter airflow to the OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Omura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nishijima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Aoki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Teru Ebihara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Otori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Kikuta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Lipidomic profile of human nasal mucosa and associations with circulating fatty acids and olfactory deficiency. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16771. [PMID: 34408170 PMCID: PMC8373950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal mucosa (NM) contains olfactory mucosa which contributes to the detection of odorant molecules and the transmission of olfactory information to the brain. To date, the lipid composition of the human NM has not been adequately characterized. Using gas chromatography, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and thin layer chromatography, we analyzed the fatty acids and the phospholipid and ceramide molecular species in adult human nasal and blood biopsies. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) accounted for 45% and 29% of the nasal total fatty acids, respectively. Fatty acids of the n-6 family were predominant in the PUFA subgroup. Linoleic acid and arachidonic acid (AA) were incorporated in the main nasal phospholipid classes. Correlation analysis revealed that the nasal AA level might be positively associated with olfactory deficiency. In addition, a strong positive association between the AA levels in the NM and in plasma cholesteryl esters suggested that this blood fraction might be used as an indicator of the nasal AA level. The most abundant species of ceramides and their glycosylated derivatives detected in NM contained palmitic acid and long-chain fatty acids. Overall, this study provides new insight into lipid species that potentially contribute to the maintenance of NM homeostasis and demonstrates that circulating biomarkers might be used to predict nasal fatty acid content.
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İsmi O, Meşe F, Gür H, Gürses İ, Vayısoğlu Y, Görür K, Özcan C. Olfactory neuroepithelium in the middle turbinate: is there any impact on olfaction function after lateral marsupialization for concha bullosa surgery? Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 88 Suppl 5:S12-S18. [PMID: 34348856 PMCID: PMC9800953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effect of the quantity of olfactory neuroepithelium in the middle turbinate on the postoperative olfactory function for middle turbinate concha bullosa patients has not yet been evaluated. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to investigate the olfactory structures in the middle turbinate by immunohistochemical analysis of the olfactory marker protein and to correlate the immunostaining results with the olfaction test results for patients with middle turbinate concha bullosa. METHODS Surgical materials of 18 middle turbinate concha bullosa patients who had undergone lateral marsupialization surgery were immunostained with olfactory marker protein antibodies. Smell diskettes olfaction test was applied to all of the study group patients both preoperatively and three months postoperatively. A visual analog scale was used to quantify the sense of nasal obstruction. RESULTS It was observed that the postoperative smell scores and the nasal obstruction visual analog scale values were significantly improved as compared to the preoperative values (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a significant correlation between the smell score gain and the visual analog scale gain values (r = 0.682). Results also indicated no significant correlation between the olfactory marker protein staining scores and the smell scores (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION This first paper demonstrated that the quantity of the olfactory mucosa in the middle turbinate was not a determining factor for the postoperative smell function degree for middle turbinate concha bullosa patients. The underlying cause of the olfactory deficit for middle turbinate concha bullosa patients seems to be obstruction related rather than the middle turbinate's olfactory mucosa containing status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur İsmi
- University of Mersin, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mersin, Turkey,Corresponding author.
| | - Feyzi Meşe
- Special Batman Dünya Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology specialist, Batman, Turkey
| | - Harun Gür
- University of Mersin, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - İclal Gürses
- University of İstanbul, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Vayısoğlu
- University of Mersin, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Kemal Görür
- University of Mersin, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Özcan
- University of Mersin, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mersin, Turkey
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Unterholzner J, Millischer V, Wotawa C, Sawa A, Lanzenberger R. Making Sense of Patient-Derived iPSCs, Transdifferentiated Neurons, Olfactory Neuronal Cells, and Cerebral Organoids as Models for Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:759-775. [PMID: 34216465 PMCID: PMC8538891 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of experimental models for disorders requires a constant approximation towards the dysregulated tissue. In psychiatry, where an impairment of neuronal structure and function is assumed to play a major role in disease mechanisms and symptom development, this approximation is an ongoing process implicating various fields. These include genetic, animal, and post-mortem studies. To test hypotheses generated through these studies, in vitro models using non-neuronal cells such as fibroblasts and lymphocytes have been developed. For brain network disorders, cells with neuronal signatures would, however, represent a more adequate tissue. Considering the limited accessibility of brain tissue, research has thus turned towards neurons generated from induced pluripotent stem cells as well as directly induced neurons, cerebral organoids, and olfactory neuroepithelium. Regarding the increasing importance and amount of research using these neuronal cells, this review aims to provide an overview of all these models to make sense of the current literature. The development of each model system and its use as a model for the various psychiatric disorder categories will be laid out. Also, advantages and limitations of each model will be discussed, including a reflection on implications and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Unterholzner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent Millischer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria,Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Wotawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Biomedical Engineering and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria,Correspondence: Prof. Rupert Lanzenberger, MD, PD, NEUROIMAGING LABS (NIL) - PET, MRI, EEG, TMS & Chemical Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria ()
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Sicard RM, Frank-Ito DO. Role of nasal vestibule morphological variations on olfactory airflow dynamics. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 82:105282. [PMID: 33548767 PMCID: PMC8294407 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conductive mechanisms of olfaction are typically given little priority in the evaluation of olfactory function. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of nasal vestibule morphological variations on airflow volume at the olfactory recess in healthy subjects. METHODS Anatomically realistic three-dimensional nasal airway models were constructed from computed tomography scans in five subjects. Each individual's unilateral nasal cavity (10 total) was classified according to the shape of their nasal vestibule: Standard, Notched, or Elongated. Nasal airflow simulations were performed using computational fluid dynamics modeling at two inspiratory flow rates (15 L/min and 30 L/min) to reflect resting and moderate breathing rates. Olfactory airflow volume and cross-sectional flow resistance were computed. FINDINGS Average olfactory airflow volumes (and percent airflow in olfactory) were: 0.25 L/min to 0.64 L/min (3.0%-7.7%; 15 L/min simulations) and 0.53 L/min to 1.30 L/min (3.2%-7.8%; 30 L/min simulations) for Standard; 0.13 L/min - 0.47 L/min (2.0%-6.8%; 15 L/min simulations) and 0.06 L/min - 0.82 L/min (1.7%-6.1%; 30 L/min simulations) for Notched; and 0.07 L/min - 0.39 L/min (1.2%-5.4%; 15 L/min simulations) and 0.30 L/min - 0.99 L/min (2.1%-6.7%; 30 L/min simulations) for Elongated. On average, relative difference in olfactory resistance between left and right sides was 141.5% for patients with different unilateral phenotypes and 82.2% for patients with identical unilateral phenotype. INTERPRETATION Olfactory cleft airflow volume was highest in the Standard nasal vestibule phenotype, followed by Notched phenotype for 15 L/min simulations and Elongated phenotype for 30 L/min simulations. Further, intra-patient variation in olfactory cleft airflow resistance differs greatly for patients with different unilateral phenotypes compared to patients with identical unilateral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Sicard
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dennis O Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Computational Biology & Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Radiological Markers of the Olfactory Cleft: Relations to Unilateral Orthonasal and Retronasal Olfactory Function. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10110989. [PMID: 33238552 PMCID: PMC7700302 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The opacification of the olfactory cleft (OC) has been associated with birhinal orthonasal olfaction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The aim of this study was to determine the associations between monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal, and retronasal olfaction with radiological markers of the OC in a cohort of patients with CRS. Results were analyzed in a CRS-cohort including 13 patients with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and 12 patients with non-eosinophilic CRS (non-eCRS). Monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal olfactory function, and OC-air volume were higher in non-eCRS compared CRSwNP. OC-opacification was also higher in CRSwNP compared to non-eCRS. In the entire CRS-cohort, those with higher OC-opacification showed significantly lower orthonasal and retronasal olfactory test results compared to those with lower OC-opacification across all three coronal planes. Similarly, higher unilateral OC-opacification was also associated with lower ipsilateral orthonasal olfactory function. Correlation analysis further revealed a positive correlation between monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal olfaction with ipsilateral and overall OC-air volume. Likewise, birhinal and monorhinal orthonasal, and retronasal olfactory test results correlated negatively with the overall and ipsilateral Lund-Mackay scores. Monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal, and retronasal olfactory function were lower in CRS patients with higher ipsilateral and overall OC-opacification compared to those with lower OC-opacification.
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Zhu J, Feng K, Tang C, Yang J, Cai X, Zhong C, Ma C. Olfactory outcomes after endonasal skull base surgery: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev 2020; 44:1805-1814. [PMID: 32914235 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-020-01385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For the last two decades, endonasal approach has been regularly applied to treat skull base lesions. However, postoperative olfactory dysfunction remains an unsolved problem. This systematic review aimed to identify factors that might affect postoperative olfactory prognosis of patients undergoing endonasal surgery for resection of sellar/parasellar lesions. The literature search was conducted comprehensively to exhaust studies which focused on patients' olfaction with objective olfactory assessments after endonasal skull base surgery. We sought to characterize the potential factors that might affect postoperative olfactory outcomes. Nineteen articles met inclusion criteria. We found that (1) endoscopic surgery was beneficial to patients' olfactory prognosis than microscopic surgery (incidence of postoperative decreased olfactory function: 18.48% (39/211) for the endoscopic group and 36.88% (52/141) for the microscopic group, P < 0.01); meta-analysis for single rate, 20% (95% CI 9-30%) for the endoscopic group and 35% (95% CI 0-72%) for the microscopic group); (2) harvesting septal flaps was an unfavorable factor for olfactory recovery and the rescue flap technique should be preferred compared with the HB flap; (3) no evidence showed that resection of the middle turbinate was detrimental to recovery of olfaction. Patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal surgery may have better olfactory outcomes than those undergoing microscopic endonasal surgery for resection of sellar/parasellar lesions. Special attention should be paid when using septal flaps is planned and the rescue flap technique should be the preferred choice. After resecting the middle turbinate, patients' olfaction still has a great chance of returning to the baseline. More homogeneous and high-quality studies are needed for further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Zhu
- Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 104 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Kaiyang Feng
- Arkansas College of Health Education, 7000 Chad Colley Blvd, Fort Smith, AR, 72916, USA
| | - Chao Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 104 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Xiangming Cai
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chunyu Zhong
- Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 104 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Chiyuan Ma
- Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 104 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210002, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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Besser G, Liu DT, Sharma G, Bartosik TJ, Kaphle S, Enßlin M, Renner B, Mueller CA. Ortho- and retronasal olfactory performance in rhinosurgical procedures: a longitudinal comparative study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:397-403. [PMID: 32813170 PMCID: PMC7826311 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Testing olfaction should be an integral part of a clinical work-up in rhinosurgical procedures. Importantly, intact olfactory experience also includes retronasally perceived odors (retronasal olfaction). This study aimed at comprehensively assessing olfaction in patients undergoing rhinosurgical procedures in a comparative manner and evaluating relations to patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs). Methods Each nostril odor threshold and discrimination, and birhinal identification were tested using Sniffin’ Sticks in 14 subjects assigned for septoplasty (SP), 21 for septorhinoplasty (SRP), and 30 for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). The 27-Candy-Smell-Test was used to quantify retronasal abilities. Tests were repeated 3 months after surgery. Results Olfactory dysfunction was preoperatively present in 21% of SP, in 47.6% of SRP, and in 80% of ESS patients. Odor threshold side differences were most frequently found in SRP. Frequently, SRP and ESS patients showed severely impaired retronasal olfaction. Half of included subjects re-visited after 3 months, but olfactory function did not improve overall and rarely on an individual basis to a meaningful extent. Subjective ratings on nasal patency and PROMs were not associated with olfaction nor with changes in olfactory scores. Conclusion Olfactory function can decisively be impaired a priori not only in patients awaiting sinus surgery, but also in those assigned for functional septorhinoplasty. This impairment may not improve in the short term, which has to be taken into account in patient counseling. This study adds to the current literature on olfaction in rhinosurgery with the extension of retronasal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerold Besser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - David T Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina J Bartosik
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Kaphle
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Max Enßlin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bertold Renner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian A Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Soriano RM, Solares CA, Pradilla G, DelGaudio JM. Endoscopic Study of the Distribution of Olfactory Filaments: A Cadaveric Study. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020; 35:226-233. [DOI: 10.1177/1945892420948784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective Provide a detailed anatomical description of the olfactory filaments (OF) and their distribution in the nasal cavity through endoscopic endonasal dissection. Methods Four cadaveric specimens (8 sides) were used in this study. Nasoseptal (NSM), middle (MTM) and superior turbinate (STM) mucosa dissection was performed to identify the OF and follow them superiorly to the cribriform plate (CP). Measurements of the OF were taken on the NSM, MTM, STM under direct endoscopic visualization. A Student’s T-Test was performed to compare means. Results The NSM contained a mean of 11 OF, distributed over surface area (SA) of 173 ± 31 mm2 with the highest density of OF being found at the posterior NSM. The MTM contained a mean 6 OF, covering a mean SA of 77 mm2, with the first OF found 5 mm from the anterior border of the MTM, on average. The STM had a mean 9 OF, with the OF covering a mean SA of 96 mm2. Overall mean OF length was 6 mm. The STM OF were significantly greater in number, with a greater distance from the first OF to last OF (p < 0.05) than the MTM OF. Summary The STM and MTM combined were found to have a greater density of OF than the NSM. The STM contains a significantly greater number of OF covering a greater area than the MTM OF. Preservation of the STM and MTM in skull base defect repair, and in routine sinus surgery, can be as beneficial for olfactory function as preservation of the NSM; particularly in CP defect repair. Moreover, our findings indicate that nasoseptal flap harvest performed at least 6 mm from the skull base preserves OF in the NSM. To our knowledge, this is the first anatomical study of the OF through direct endoscopic observation and measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto M. Soriano
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C. Arturo Solares
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gustavo Pradilla
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John M. DelGaudio
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Dolci RLL, de Carvalho ACM, Rickli JCK, de Souza JL, Encinas WE, Dolci JEL, Dos Santos ARL, Lazarini PR. Relationship Between the Bilateral Removal of the Middle Nasal Turbinate and the Olfactory Function in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery. World Neurosurg 2020; 142:e337-e343. [PMID: 32653515 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of endonasal endoscopic access to the skull base on the olfaction sense, involving the harvest of a nasoseptal flap, with the removal of the middle nasal turbinate. METHODS A study was performed on a prospective cohort of 50 patients who underwent transnasal endoscopic surgery of the anterior skull base, with the harvest of a nasoseptal and reverse flap. The patients were divided into 2 groups: partial unilateral removal of the middle nasal turbinate and bilateral removal. Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center tests were administered before surgery and in months 1, 3, and 6 after surgery. RESULTS There was no difference in the olfactory sense, when comparing the partial removal of the middle nasal turbinate and the bilateral removal, as well as when comparing the side without the middle nasal turbinate and the side with this structure preserved. There was a worsening in olfaction (P < 0.001) in months 1 and 3 after surgery, returning to baseline in month 6 (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Bilateral removal of the middle nasal turbinate, compared with unilateral resection, showed no impact on the olfactory function 6 months after surgery. In both groups, there was a transitory decrease in the first month, but this normalized by the sixth postoperative month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo L L Dolci
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery at Santa Casa de Misericórdia of São Paulo and College of Medical Sciences at Santa Casa of SP, São Paulo, Brazil; Skull Base Surgery Center, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Mayor de Carvalho
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery at Santa Casa de Misericórdia of São Paulo and College of Medical Sciences at Santa Casa of SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeniffer Cristina Kozechen Rickli
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery at Santa Casa de Misericórdia of São Paulo and College of Medical Sciences at Santa Casa of SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jamile Lopes de Souza
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery at Santa Casa de Misericórdia of São Paulo and College of Medical Sciences at Santa Casa of SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Williams Escalante Encinas
- Discipline of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery at Santa Casa de Misericórdia of São Paulo and College of Medical Sciences at Santa Casa of SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Lutaif Dolci
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery at Santa Casa de Misericórdia of São Paulo and College of Medical Sciences at Santa Casa of SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Américo Rubens Leite Dos Santos
- Discipline of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery at Santa Casa de Misericórdia of São Paulo and College of Medical Sciences at Santa Casa of SP, São Paulo, Brazil; Skull Base Surgery Center, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Lazarini
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery at Santa Casa de Misericórdia of São Paulo and College of Medical Sciences at Santa Casa of SP, São Paulo, Brazil; Skull Base Surgery Center, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Besser G, Liu DT, Renner B, Hummel T, Mueller CA. Reversible obstruction of the olfactory cleft: impact on olfactory perception and nasal patency. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10:713-718. [PMID: 32216168 PMCID: PMC7318610 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporary disruption of sensory input can be studied relatively easily for vision or hearing by covering the eyes or ears. In contrast, closing the nostrils affects not only the sense of smell, but also the ability to breathe through the nose and humidify and warm inhaled air. We hypothesized that filling the olfactory cleft (OC) with dissolvable nasal dressing (foam) would temporarily block olfaction while respecting nasal airflow. METHODS In 30 healthy volunteers, the OC was unilaterally obstructed in a back-to-front fashion. Orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function were tested before and after foam application. Ratings of odors and subjective nasal patency (SNP) were collected. Peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) was used to measure nasal patency. RESULTS Foam was safely applied in every case using minimal instruments. No complications were reported. Orthonasal and retronasal test results decreased significantly in overall participants (all p < 0.0008). Indicating temporary anosmia, 3 subjects reached the lowest possible score for odor-threshold testing, with corresponding drops in retronasal test scores. PNIF values before and after foam application were not significantly different (p = 0.11). SNP ratings decreased slightly, but not significantly (p = 0.052). Odor-intensity ratings dropped significantly (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The OC can be safely obstructed with dissolvable nasal dressing, resulting in a decrease in odor-intensity and orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function test scores. This procedure may serve as a hyposmia model that maintains normal nasal airflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerold Besser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - David T. Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Bertold Renner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of OtorhinolaryngologyTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Christian A. Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Caulley L, Uppaluri R, Dunn IF. Perioperative nasal and paranasal sinus considerations in transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary disease. Br J Neurosurg 2020; 34:246-252. [PMID: 32098510 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2020.1731424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery has emerged as the treatment modality of choice for a range of skull base lesions, particularly pituitary adenomas. However, navigation and manipulation of the nasal corridor and paranasal sinuses requires that surgeons are aware of effective techniques to maximize patient outcomes and avoid sinonasal morbidity postoperatively. This paper is a narrative review aimed to provide an updated and consolidated report on the perioperative management of the nasal corridor and paranasal sinuses in the setting of endoscopic skull base surgery for pituitary disease. Anatomic variants and common surgical techniques are discussed. Post-operative complications are evaluated in detail. Understanding the structural implications of the endonasal approach to the sphenoid is crucial to optimization of the surgical outcomes. We propose guidelines for perioperative management of endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery for pituitary diseases. Standardized treatment algorithms can improve patient satisfaction, and increase the comparability and the quality of reported information across research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Caulley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ravindra Uppaluri
- Dana Farber Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian F Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kiparissides C, Vasileiadou A, Karageorgos F, Serpetsi S. A Computational Systems Approach to Rational Design of Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Biopharmaceutics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costas Kiparissides
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, 6th km Harilaou-Thermi Road, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athina Vasileiadou
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, 6th km Harilaou-Thermi Road, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Filippos Karageorgos
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, 6th km Harilaou-Thermi Road, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefania Serpetsi
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, 6th km Harilaou-Thermi Road, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Podlesek D, Zolal A, Kirsch M, Schackert G, Pinzer T, Hummel T. Olfactory bulb volume changes associated with trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224594. [PMID: 31851684 PMCID: PMC6919594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The trans-sphenoidal approach is most frequently used for pituitary adenoma (PA) enucleation. However, effects of this surgery on neighboring structures have received little attention so far. In particular, no investigations on olfactory bulb (OB) anatomy after trans-sphenoidal surgery have been reported. Because impairment of olfaction has been shown in small groups following trans-sphenoidal surgery we hypothesized that the transnasal approach is likely to alter OB volume which is associated with changes of olfactory function. Methods The study comprised 33 patients with pituitary adenoma (14 women and 19 men, mean age 50 years). Comprehensive assessment of olfactory function was conducted with the "Sniffin' Sticks" test kit. Based on magnetic resonance imaging scans OBs were measured before and approximately one year after trans-sphenoidal PA enucleation. Results Owing to postoperative non-compliance and MRI artifacts partly due to drill friction complete evaluation of “Sniffin' Sticks” in term of obtaining the TDI score was possible pre- and postoperatively in 21 patients whereas OB volumes were available in 32 patients. Approximately one year after surgery olfactory function was not significantly different from baseline. However, left- and right-sided OB volume in patients treated via trans-sphenoidal surgery decreased (p = 0.001). The side of the surgical approach did not affect OB volume in a side-specific manner. Changes in odor threshold were significantly correlated to changes in right-sided OB volume (r = 0.45, p = 0.024). Conclusion Overall olfactory performance one year after surgery was not significantly different from baseline. However, changes in OB volume are associated with changes in olfactory performance and OB volumes decreased in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Podlesek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dresden University of Technology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Amir Zolal
- Department of Spine Surgery and Neurotraumatology, SRH-Wald Clinic Gera, Gera, Germany
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asklepios Clinic Schildautal Seesen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dresden University of Technology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Pinzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dresden University of Technology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dresden University of Technology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
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Safety and efficacy of superior turbinate biopsies as a source of olfactory epithelium appropriate for morphological analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 277:483-492. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Inthavong K, Das P, Singh N, Sznitman J. In silico approaches to respiratory nasal flows: A review. J Biomech 2019; 97:109434. [PMID: 31711609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The engineering discipline of in silico fluid dynamics delivers quantitative information on airflow behaviour in the nasal regions with unprecedented detail, often beyond the reach of traditional experiments. The ability to provide visualisation and analysis of flow properties such as velocity and pressure fields, as well as wall shear stress, dynamically during the respiratory cycle may give significant insight to clinicians. Yet, there remains ongoing challenges to advance the state-of-the-art further, including for example the lack of comprehensive CFD modelling on varied cohorts of patients. The present article embodies a review of previous and current in silico approaches to simulating nasal airflows. The review discusses specific modelling techniques required to accommodate physiologically- and clinically-relevant findings. It also provides a critical summary of the reported results in the literature followed by an outlook on the challenges and topics anticipated to drive research into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prashant Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Narinder Singh
- Dept of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Westmead Hospital Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Akkoca Ö, Tüzüner A, Ünlü CE, Şimşek G, Kaytez SK, Uğurlu GA. Comparison of the Effects of 2 Surgical Techniques Used in the Treatment of Concha Bullosa on Olfactory Functions. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2019; 99:437-441. [PMID: 31597534 DOI: 10.1177/0145561319881061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concha bullosa (CB), which is pneumatization of the concha, is one of the most commonly seen anatomic variations of the lateral nasal wall. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects on olfactory function of lateral turbinectomy and crushing methods used in the surgical treatment of CB. METHODS The study included a total of 47 patients operated on for a diagnosis of CB and nasal septum deviation. The patients comprised 22 females and 25 males, with bilateral CB in 18 cases and unilateral in 29 cases. Intervention was made to a total of 65 CB. The cases were separated as those applied with septoplasty and lateral turbinectomy in group 1 (n = 34) and those applied with the septoplasty and crushing method in group 2 (n = 31). The olfactory function of the patients was evaluated preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively with the Brief Smell Identification Test. RESULTS A statistically significant increase was determined in the postoperative smell test results compared with the preoperative values in both group 1 (P = .021) and group 2 (P = .001). When the change in the smell test results from preoperative to postoperative was compared between the groups, the increase in group 2 was determined to be statistically significantly greater (P = .002). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that the crushing method in surgical treatment of CB increased olfactory functions more than the lateral resection method, and as the improvement in olfactory functions was greater, this demonstrated that only increasing the nasal cavity is not sufficient and the nasal mucosa should be protected as far as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Akkoca
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Health, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arzu Tüzüner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Health, Başkent Üniversity, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ceren Ersöz Ünlü
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Health, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökçe Şimşek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Health, Kırıkkale Üniversity, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selda Kargın Kaytez
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Health, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülay Aktar Uğurlu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Health, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Comparison of nasal and olfactory functions between two surgical approaches for the treatment of concha bullosa: a randomised clinical trial. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2019; 133:913-917. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022215119001968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveConcha bullosa may be associated with paranasal sinus infections and nasal obstruction. Middle concha mucosa membranes have olfactory neurofibrils. This study investigated the impact of routinely used concha bullosa surgery techniques – crushing and lateral laminectomy – on nasal and olfactory functions.MethodsForty-three adult patients who had undergone surgery for a symptomatic concha bullosa completed the odour test, nasal obstruction visual analogue scale, 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test, and peak nasal inspiratory flow test, pre-operatively and three months post-operatively. The pre- and post-operative results within and between the two treatment groups were compared.ResultsIntragroup comparison of mean pre- versus post-treatment changes revealed statistically significant findings for the nasal obstruction visual analogue scale, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test, peak nasal inspiratory flow and olfaction tests (allp< 0.05). However, there were no statistically significant changes when comparing the scores between the groups (intergroup comparison).ConclusionLateral laminectomy and crushing in concha bullosa surgery have no negative effects on olfactory function. Concha bullosa surgery provides positive outcomes regarding nasal complaints in symptomatic patients.
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Comparison of Olfactory Function and Quality of Life With Different Surgical Techniques for Nasal Septum Deviation. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30:433-436. [PMID: 30615000 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the nasal functions, nasal resistance, olfactory function, and quality of life in different surgical techniques for nasal septum deviation STUDY DESIGN:: Randomized controlled trial. METHODS This prospective controlled study was carried out on patients who underwent septoplasty. Patients participating in the study were divided into 2 groups; group 1: classic septoplasty (n: 25) and group 2: extracorporeal septoplasty (n: 14). The sinonasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22), peak nasal flowmetry, and Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center test were applied to all patients before and 8 weeks after surgery. Surgical outcomes also assessed to evaluate complications 6 months after surgery. RESULT In total, 39 (27 males, 12 females) patients diagnosed with nasal septum deviation were included in this study. A septoplasty was performed in all patients: 25 of them (18 males, 7 females; mean age = 29.4 [range, 23-50] years) underwent classic septoplasties and 14 (9 males, 5 females; mean age = 31.3 [range, 23-50] years) underwent extracorporeal septoplasties. Airway openness was achieved in all patients. As a result, the SNOT-22 scores, peak nasal inspiratory flowmeter results, and smell function scores showed significant improvements (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION All corrective surgical methods for a septum deviation have positive effects on nasal airflow, quality of life, and olfaction. The rates of complications were not significantly different between 2 treatment groups.
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Olfactory Stimulation Effect of Aldehydes, Nonanal, and Decanal on the Human Electroencephalographic Activity, According to Nostril Variation. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7030057. [PMID: 31370211 PMCID: PMC6784002 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragrances play a pivotal role in humans' psychological and physiological functions through the olfactory system. Aldehydes are important organic compounds with a variety of fragrance notes. Particularly, nonanal (C9) and decanal (C10) aldehydes are important natural fragrant components used to enhance floral, as well as citrus notes in perfumery products. In general, each nostril of the human nose is tuned to smell certain odor molecules better than others due to slight turbinate swelling between the nostrils. Hence, the objective of the present investigation was aimed to evaluate the influence of binasal and uninasal inhalations of C9 and C10 aldehydes on human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. Twenty healthy participants (10 males and 10 females) participated in this study. The EEG readings were recorded from 8 electrodes (QEEG-8 system) according to the International 10-20 System. The results revealed that C10 exposure exhibited significantly different EEG changes, during binasal and uninasal inhalations. In different brain regions, C10 odor markedly decreased the absolute alpha and absolute beta power spectra. In regards to C9 odor, significant changes of EEG power spectra were noticed only during binasal inhalation. In addition, C10 mainly produced changes at the left parietal site (P3) than other brain sites. In conclusion, the variations in EEG activities of C9 and C10 aldehydes might be owing to their characteristic fragrance quality, as well as the influence of nostril differences.
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Griffiths CF, Barkhoudarian G, Cutler A, Duong HT, Karimi K, Doyle O, Carrau R, Kelly DF. Analysis of Olfaction after Bilateral Nasoseptal Rescue Flap Transsphenoidal Approach with Olfactory Mucosal Preservation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 161:881-889. [PMID: 31331243 DOI: 10.1177/0194599819861340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain the impact of septal olfactory strip preservation and bilateral rescue flap elevation on the incidence of olfactory dysfunction. STUDY DESIGN Case series with chart review of patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery (2012-2014). SETTING Providence Saint John's Health Center and John Wayne Cancer Institute. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The incidences of postoperative epistaxis, hyposmia, and anosmia were analyzed using the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT), which was completed in 110 of the 165 patients. RESULTS Seventy-eight patients required extended approaches. Bilateral nasoseptal rescue flaps were elevated in 144 patients (87.3%) and pedicled nasoseptal or middle turbinate flaps in 21 patients (12.7%). The neurovascular pedicles were preserved in all patients, and there were no episodes of postoperative arterial epistaxis. Normal olfaction was noted in 95 patients (86%), with new hyposmia noted in 5 patients (5.5%). Within the rescue flap cohort, new hyposmia occurred in 6.3% (P < .01) of patients, balanced by improvement of olfaction in 43% of patients with preoperative dysfunction (overall pre- and postoperative olfactory function: 85% vs 86%). Patients with pedicled nasoseptal flaps did not have new hyposmia, with a net improvement of olfaction (71% vs 86%, P = .07). No patients experienced new anosmia. There was no difference between flap type within either subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Superior olfactory strip preservation during elevation of reconstructive flaps preserves olfactory function and maintains adequate surgical exposure. In addition, rescue flaps have significantly diminished the rate of arterial postoperative epistaxis while maintaining the ability to harvest nasoseptal flaps for future reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester F Griffiths
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute & Pituitary Disorders Program, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Garni Barkhoudarian
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute & Pituitary Disorders Program, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Aaron Cutler
- Inland Neurosurgery Institute, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Huy T Duong
- University of California, Davis Medical School, Davis, California and The Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kian Karimi
- Pacific Eye and Ear Specialists, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Olivia Doyle
- Pacific Eye and Ear Specialists, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ricardo Carrau
- Comprehensive Skull Base Surgery Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel F Kelly
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute & Pituitary Disorders Program, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
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