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Iyer S, Enman M, Sahay P, Dudeja V. Novel therapeutics to treat chronic pancreatitis: targeting pancreatic stellate cells and macrophages. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:171-183. [PMID: 38761167 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2024.2355969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a persistent, recurrent, and progressive disorder that is characterized by chronic inflammation and irreversible fibrosis of the pancreas. It is associated with severe morbidity, resulting in intense abdominal pain, diabetes, exocrine and endocrine dysfunction, and an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. The etiological factors are diverse and the major risk factors include smoking, chronic alcoholism, as well as other environmental and genetic factors. The treatment and management of CP is challenging, and no definitive curative therapy is currently available. AREAS COVERED This review paper aims to provide an overview of the different cell types in the pancreas that is known to mediate disease progression and outline potential novel therapeutic approaches and drug targets that may be effective in treating and managing CP. The information presented in this review was obtained by conducting a NCBI PubMed database search, using relevant keywords. EXPERT OPINION In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the development of novel therapeutics for CP. A collaborative multi-disciplinary approach coupled with a consistent funding for research can expedite progress of translating the findings from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Iyer
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Macie Enman
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Preeti Sahay
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vikas Dudeja
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Ortiz-Placín C, Castillejo-Rufo A, Estarás M, González A. Membrane Lipid Derivatives: Roles of Arachidonic Acid and Its Metabolites in Pancreatic Physiology and Pathophysiology. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114316. [PMID: 37298790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important constituents of the cell membrane is arachidonic acid. Lipids forming part of the cellular membrane can be metabolized in a variety of cellular types of the body by a family of enzymes termed phospholipases: phospholipase A2, phospholipase C and phospholipase D. Phospholipase A2 is considered the most important enzyme type for the release of arachidonic acid. The latter is subsequently subjected to metabolization via different enzymes. Three enzymatic pathways, involving the enzymes cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450, transform the lipid derivative into several bioactive compounds. Arachidonic acid itself plays a role as an intracellular signaling molecule. Additionally, its derivatives play critical roles in cell physiology and, moreover, are involved in the development of disease. Its metabolites comprise, predominantly, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Their involvement in cellular responses leading to inflammation and/or cancer development is subject to intense study. This manuscript reviews the findings on the involvement of the membrane lipid derivative arachidonic acid and its metabolites in the development of pancreatitis, diabetes and/or pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cándido Ortiz-Placín
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alba Castillejo-Rufo
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Matías Estarás
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Antonio González
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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Han S, Conwell DL, Li L, Cervantes A, Hart PA, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Hao W, Lesinski GB, Mace T, Palermo TM, Saloman JL, Yadav D, Vege SS, Topazian M. The phase 1/2 trial of indomethacin in chronic pancreatitis (The PAIR trial): Protocol for a parallel multi-center randomized controlled trial. Pancreatology 2023; 23:42-47. [PMID: 36535851 PMCID: PMC9839482 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Current treatments for chronic pancreatitis focus on symptom management and therapeutics targeting disease reversal are lacking. Given the role of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme in producing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a key component in the inflammatory pathway of chronic pancreatitis, this study evaluates the physiologic effect of oral indomethacin, a COX-2 inhibitor, on PGE2 levels in pancreatic fluid. METHODS This pilot two-center randomized controlled trial seeks to examine 32 subjects with chronic pancreatitis who have no contraindications to indomethacin. Subjects will be randomized to either oral indomethacin 50 mg twice a day or placebo twice a day for a total of 28 days. Baseline (pre-treatment) assessment of pain and quality of life will be performed using the Brief Pain Inventory and the PROMIS-10 questionnaires, respectively. Biological specimens including blood, urine, and saliva will be collected at pre-treatment and post-treatment(day 28). Endoscopic pancreatic function testing with concomitant pancreatic fluid collection will also be performed pre- and post-treatment to assess the change in pancreatic fluid PGE2 levels. The relationship between pancreatic fluid PGE2 levels with blood and saliva PGE2 levels will be examined. CONCLUSIONS This study will elucidate the effect of oral indomethacin on PGE2 levels in the pancreas to assess its role in the inflammatory pathway of chronic pancreatitis. Should indomethacin significantly reduce PGE2 levels, this may represent a potential disease-altering treatment for chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Han
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Darwin L Conwell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alejandra Cervantes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Phil A Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wenrui Hao
- Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas Mace
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tonya M Palermo
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jami L Saloman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Santhi Swaroop Vege
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark Topazian
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Xiang H, Yu H, Zhou Q, Wu Y, Ren J, Zhao Z, Tao X, Dong D. Macrophages: A rising star in immunotherapy for chronic pancreatitis. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xu XF, Fan JW, Xin JQ, Wu N, Gao H, Duan LF, Zou WB, Zhang H, Li ZS. Aspirin Ameliorates Pancreatic Inflammation and Fibrosis by Inhibiting COX-2 Expression in Experimental Chronic Pancreatitis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:4737-4749. [PMID: 36032936 PMCID: PMC9398909 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s375383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex and intractable disease mainly manifested as chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Aspirin(acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) has been reported to be used in the treatment of acute pancreatitis (AP), but its effectiveness on CP is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of ASA in CP mice. Methods A murine model of CP was induced by intraperitoneal injection with 20% L-arginine. After one week of L-arginine administration, mice in the ASA treatment group were administered aspirin (100mg/kg/d) by intragastric gavage. At two, four, and six weeks after the first injection of L-arginine, mice were euthanized and the pancreas was collected for histological and molecular analysis. A second model of CP (caeruelin-induced) was used as a validation experiment to test the effect of ASA. Results L-arginine-induced CP resulted in over-expression of the inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. COX-2 expression decreased after ASA treatment. Pancreatic-injury inflammatory response (measured by changes in amylase, CK-19, F4/80, CD3, MCP-1, IL-6) and fibrosis degree (measured by expression of COL1A1, MMP-1 and TIMP-1) was reduce in ASA -treated mice model. The therapeutic effect of ASA was also observed in caeruelin-induced CP. Conclusion ASA has an ameliorating effect in murine models of CP through inhibition of pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis, which may be a promising option for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fan Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China.,Basic Medical Academy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Wei Fan
- Basic Medical Academy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Qi Xin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - He Gao
- Basic Medical Academy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Fang Duan
- Basic Medical Academy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Basic Medical Academy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi International Cooperation Base, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Role of the Immune System and the Circadian Rhythm in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Pancreatitis: Establishing a Personalized Signature for Improving the Effect of Immunotherapies for Chronic Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2020; 49:1024-1032. [PMID: 32833942 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis, in both acute and chronic forms, poses a major therapeutic challenge and is associated with great morbidity and several complications. The nature of pancreatic injury in chronic pancreatitis (CP) and the wide range of causative processes that lead to CP have made effective therapy a true unmet need. Multiple physiological, genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors contribute to the development of CP. As a result, several fields of research are aimed at identifying and addressing the factors that contribute to pancreatic injury. In this article, we review the current understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of CP. We focus on the autonomous nervous system, immune system, and role of a chronobiological therapeutic approach to alleviate symptoms and prevent or reverse pancreatic injury associated with CP. We aim to demonstrate that individualizing chronopharmacological treatments for CP is a promising direction for future treatment using immune, nervous, and circadian systems.
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Abstract
Expression of prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway enzymes in mucinous pancreatic cysts is unknown. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition is a potential cancer chemoprevention strategy for these lesions. We evaluated the expression of COX-2, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), and protein kinase B (AKT) in the epithelium of pancreatic cysts and correlated enzyme expression with aspirin (ASA) use and cyst fluid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration.
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Huang H, Chen J, Peng L, Yao Y, Deng D, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wang H, Li Z, Bi Y, Haddock AN, Zhan X, Lu W, Logsdon CD, Ji B. Transgenic expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in pancreatic acinar cells induces chronic pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G179-G186. [PMID: 30431318 PMCID: PMC6383372 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00096.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Replacement of the exocrine parenchyma by fibrous tissue is a main characteristic of chronic pancreatitis. Understanding the mechanisms of pancreatic fibrogenesis is critical for the development of preventive and therapeutic interventions. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a rate-limiting enzyme for prostaglandin synthesis, is expressed in patients with chronic pancreatitis. However, it is unknown whether COX-2 can cause chronic pancreatitis. To investigate the roles of pancreatic acinar COX-2 in fibrogenesis and the development of chronic pancreatitis, COX-2 was ectopically expressed specifically in pancreatic acinar cells in transgenic mice. Histopathological changes and expression levels of several profibrogenic factors related to chronic pancreatitis were evaluated. COX-2 was expressed in the pancreas of the transgenic mice, as detected by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical staining showed COX-2 was specifically expressed in pancreatic acinar cells. COX-2 expression led to progressive changes in the pancreas, including pancreas megaly, persistent inflammation, collagen deposition, and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunostaining showed that profibrogenic factors were upregulated and pancreatic stellate cells were activated in the COX-2 transgenic mice. Expression of COX-2 in pancreatic acinar cells is sufficient to induce chronic pancreatitis. Targeting this pathway may be valuable in the prevention of chronic pancreatitis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY COX-2 expression is observed in pancreatic tissues of human chronic pancreatitis. In this study, we showed that COX-2 expression caused the development of chronic pancreatitis in transgenic mice, supporting the idea that COX-2 inhibition may be an effective preventive and therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Jiaxiang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Lisi Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Defeng Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Huamin Wang
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, Florida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Ashley N Haddock
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Xianbao Zhan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, Florida
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Baoan Ji
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, Florida
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Chen Z, Shen L, Yang C, Jiang J, Liu X. Metabolic analysis of the effect of rheum on a taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis rat model. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000215022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Chen
- Sichuan University, China; Sichuan University, China
| | | | | | | | - Xing Liu
- The Children’s Hospital Chongqing Medical University, People’ s Republic of China
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10
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Zeleniak AE, Huang W, Brinkman MK, Fishel ML, Hill R. Loss of MTSS1 results in increased metastatic potential in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16473-16487. [PMID: 28146435 PMCID: PMC5369978 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a 5-year survival rate of 7%. This dismal prognosis is largely due to the inability to diagnose the disease before metastasis occurs. Tumor cell dissemination occurs early in PDAC. While it is known that inflammation facilitates this process, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this progression have not been fully characterized. Here, we functionally test the role of metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1) in PDAC. Despite evidence showing that MTSS1 could be important for regulating metastasis in many different cancers, its function in PDAC has not been studied. Here, we show that loss of MTSS1 leads to increased invasion and migration in PDAC cell lines. Moreover, PDAC cells treated with cancer-associated fibroblast-conditioned media also have increased metastatic potential, which is augmented by loss of MTSS1. Finally, overexpression of MTSS1 in PDAC cell lines leads to a loss of migratory potential in vitro and an increase in overall survival in vivo. Collectively, our data provide insight into an important role for MTSS1 in suppressing tumor cell invasion and migration driven by the tumor microenvironment and suggest that therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing MTSS1 levels may effectively slow the development of metastatic lesions, increasing survival of patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Zeleniak
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | - Mary K Brinkman
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Reginald Hill
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
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Smith RW, Coleman JD, Thompson JT, Vanden Heuvel JP. Therapeutic potential of GW501516 and the role of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ and B-cell lymphoma 6 in inflammatory signaling in human pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 8:395-402. [PMID: 28955982 PMCID: PMC5614479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and a ligand-activated transcription factor that is involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response via activation of anti-inflammatory target genes and ligand-induced disassociation with the transcriptional repressor B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6). Chronic pancreatitis is considered to be a significant etiological factor for pancreatic cancer development, and a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the transition between inflammation and carcinogenesis would help further elucidate chemopreventative options. The aim of this study was to determine the role of PPARβ/δ and BCL6 in human pancreatic cancer of ductal origin, as well as the therapeutic potential of PPARβ/δ agonist, GW501516. Over-expression of PPARβ/δ inhibited basal and TNFα-induced Nfkb luciferase activity. GW501516-activated PPARβ/δ suppressed TNFα-induced Nfkb reporter activity. RNAi knockdown of Pparb attenuated the GW501516 effect on Nfkb luciferase, while knockdown of Bcl6 enhanced TNFα-induced Nfkb activity. PPARβ/δ activation induced expression of several anti-inflammatory genes in a dose-dependent manner, and GW501516 inhibited Mcp1 promoter-driven luciferase in a BCL6-dependent manner. Several pro-inflammatory genes were suppressed in a BCL6-dependent manner. Conditioned media from GW501516-treated pancreatic cancer cells suppressed pro-inflammatory expression in THP-1 macrophages as well as reduced invasiveness across a basement membrane. These results demonstrate that PPARβ/δ and BCL6 regulate anti-inflammatory signaling in human pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting NFκB and pro-inflammatory gene expression, and via induction of anti-inflammatory target genes. Activation of PPARβ/δ may be a useful target in pancreatic cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John P. Vanden Heuvel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
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12
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K-Ras and cyclooxygenase-2 coactivation augments intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and Notch1 mimicking human pancreas lesions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29455. [PMID: 27381829 PMCID: PMC4933934 DOI: 10.1038/srep29455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutational activation of K-Ras is an initiating event of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) that may develop either from pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) or intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is causally related to pancreatic carcinogenesis. Here, we deciphered the impact of COX-2, a key modulator of inflammation, in concert with active mutant K-RasG12D on tumor burden and gene expression signature using compound mutant mouse lines. Concomitant activation of COX-2 and K-RasG12D accelerated the progression of pancreatic intraepithelial lesions predominantly with a cystic papillary phenotype resembling human IPMN. Transcriptomes derived from laser capture microdissected preneoplastic lesions of single and compound mutants revealed a signature that was significantly enriched in Notch1 signaling components. In vitro, Notch1 signaling was COX-2-dependent. In line with these findings, human IPMN stratified into intestinal, gastric and pancreatobillary types displayed Notch1 immunosignals with high prevalence, especially in the gastric lesions. In conclusion, a yet unknown link between activated Ras, protumorigenic COX-2 and Notch1 in IPMN onset was unraveled.
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13
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Zeman M, Macášek J, Burda M, Tvrzická E, Vecka M, Krechler T, Staňková B, Hrabák P, Žák A. Chronic pancreatitis and the composition of plasma phosphatidylcholine fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 108:38-44. [PMID: 27154363 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an irreversible inflammatory disorder characterized by the destruction of both exocrine and endocrine tissue. There is growing evidence that dysregulation of fatty acid (FA) metabolism is connected with many diseases; however, there are few data concerning FA composition in CP. Therefore, we analyzed FA profiles in plasma phosphatidylcholines in 96 patients with CP and in 108 control subjects (CON). The patients with CP had, in comparison with CON, increased sum of monounsaturated FA (ΣMUFA) and decreased content of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in both n-6 and n-3 families. Moreover, CP patients had increased indexes for delta-9, delta-6 desaturases, and fall in activity of delta-5 desaturase. Increased ratio of 16:1n-7/18:2n-6 (marker of essential n-6 FA deficiency), was more prevalent among CP patients. These changes implicated decreased fat intake, including n-3 as well as n-6 PUFA, and intrinsic changes in FA metabolism due to the alteration of delta desaturase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Zeman
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Macášek
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Burda
- Institute for Research and Applications of Fuzzy Modeling, CE IT4Innovations, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tvrzická
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Vecka
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Krechler
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Staňková
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hrabák
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Žák
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Agúndez JAG, Blanca M, Cornejo-García JA, García-Martín E. Pharmacogenomics of cyclooxygenases. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:501-22. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) are key enzymes in several physiopathological processes. Many adverse drugs reactions to NSAIDs are attributable to COX-inhibition. The genes coding for these enzymes (PTGS1 and PTGS2) are highly variable, and variations in these genes may underlie the risk of developing, or the clinical evolution of, several diseases and adverse drug reactions. We analyze major variations in the PTGS1 and PTGS2 genes, allele frequencies, functional consequences and population genetics. The most salient clinical associations of PTGS gene variations are related to colorectal cancer and stroke. In many studies, the SNPs interact with NSAIDs use, dietary or environmental factors. We provide an up-to-date catalog of PTGS clinical associations based on case–control studies and genome-wide association studies, and future research suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José AG Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Red de Investigación de Reacciones Adversas a Alergenos y Fármacos, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanca
- Red de Investigación de Reacciones Adversas a Alergenos y Fármacos, Spain
- Allergy Service, Carlos Haya Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Cornejo-García
- Red de Investigación de Reacciones Adversas a Alergenos y Fármacos, Spain
- Allergy Service, Carlos Haya Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elena García-Martín
- Red de Investigación de Reacciones Adversas a Alergenos y Fármacos, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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15
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Pancreatic juice prostaglandin e2 concentrations are elevated in chronic pancreatitis and improve detection of early disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2015; 6:e72. [PMID: 25630864 PMCID: PMC4418410 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) may be difficult to diagnose in early stages. We aimed to measure pancreatic juice (PJ) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations to determine whether they are elevated in CP and improve diagnosis of early disease. Methods: We measured PJ PGE2 in 10 patients with established CP, 25 patients who met criteria for “minimal change” chronic pancreatitis (MCCP), and 10 normal control participants. Results: Median PJ PGE2 was elevated in CP (307 pg/ml, IQR (249–362)) and MCCP (568 pg/ml, (418–854)) compared with normal controls (104 pg/ml, (68–206)) (P≤ 0.001). Area under receiving operator curve (AUROC) for diagnosis of CP and MCCP was 0.9 and 0.62, respectively, for PJ bicarbonate concentration alone; AUROC was 1.0 and 0.94 for the combination of PJ bicarbonate and PGE2 concentrations. Conclusions: PJ PGE2 appears to be a biomarker for CP and is elevated in both established and “minimal change” chronic pancreatitis.
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16
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Pomianowska E, Sandnes D, Grzyb K, Schjølberg AR, Aasrum M, Tveteraas IH, Tjomsland V, Christoffersen T, Gladhaug IP. Inhibitory effects of prostaglandin E2 on collagen synthesis and cell proliferation in human stellate cells from pancreatic head adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:413. [PMID: 24912820 PMCID: PMC4084579 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have described an increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in pancreatic cancer, but the role of COX-2 in tumour development and progression is not clear. The aim of the present study was to examine expression of COX-2 in cancer cells and stromal cells in pancreatic cancer specimens, and to explore the role of PGE2 in pancreatic stellate cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence was performed on slides from whole sections of tissue blocks using antibodies against COX-2 and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) were isolated from surgically resected tumour tissue by the outgrowth method. Cells were used between passages 4 and 8. Collagen synthesis was determined by [(3)H]-proline incorporation, or by enzyme immunoassay measurement of collagen C-peptide. DNA synthesis was measured by incorporation of [(3)H]-thymidine in DNA. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) was determined by radioimmunoassay. Collagen 1A1 mRNA was determined by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry staining showed COX-2 in pancreatic carcinoma cells, but not in stromal cells. All tumours showed positive staining for αSMA in the fibrotic stroma. Cultured PSC expressed COX-2, which could be further induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β), epidermal growth factor (EGF), thrombin, and PGE2, but not by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ). Indirect coculture with the adenocarcinoma cell line BxPC-3, but not HPAFII or Panc-1, induced COX-2 expression in PSC. Treatment of PSC with PGE2 strongly stimulated cAMP accumulation, mediated by EP2 receptors, and also stimulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Treatment of PSC with PGE2 or forskolin suppressed both TGFβ-stimulated collagen synthesis and PDGF-stimulated DNA synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The present results show that COX-2 is mainly produced in carcinoma cells and suggest that the cancer cells are the main source of PGE2 in pancreatic tumours. PGE2 exerts a suppressive effect on proliferation and fibrogenesis in pancreatic stellate cells. These effects of PGE2 are mediated by the cAMP pathway and suggest a role of EP2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pomianowska
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4956, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dagny Sandnes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Krzysztof Grzyb
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aasa R Schjølberg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica Aasrum
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingun H Tveteraas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vegard Tjomsland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4956, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar P Gladhaug
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4956, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway
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17
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Ling S, Feng T, Jia K, Tian Y, Li Y. Inflammation to cancer: The molecular biology in the pancreas (Review). Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1747-1754. [PMID: 24932227 PMCID: PMC4049733 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory responses are known to be correlated with cancer initiation and progression, and exploration of the route from inflammation to cancer makes a great contribution in elucidating the mechanisms underlying cancer development. Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a lethal disease with a low radical-resection rate and a poor prognosis. As chronic pancreatitis is considered to be a significant etiological factor for PC development, the current review aims to describe the molecular pathways from inflammation to pancreatic carcinogenesis, in support of the strategies for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunbin Ling
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Kaiqi Jia
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China ; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
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18
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Gong J, Xie J, Bedolla R, Rivas P, Chakravarthy D, Freeman JW, Reddick R, Kopetz S, Peterson A, Wang H, Fischer SM, Kumar AP. Combined targeting of STAT3/NF-κB/COX-2/EP4 for effective management of pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1259-73. [PMID: 24520096 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Near equal rates of incidence and mortality emphasize the need for novel targeted approaches for better management of patients with pancreatic cancer. Inflammatory molecules NF-κB and STAT3 are overexpressed in pancreatic tumors. Inhibition of one protein allows cancer cells to survive using the other. The goal of this study is to determine whether targeting STAT3/NF-κB crosstalk with a natural product Nexrutine can inhibit inflammatory signaling in pancreatic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN HPNE, HPNE-Ras, BxPC3, Capan-2, MIA PaCa-2, and AsPC-1 cells were tested for growth, apoptosis, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), NF-κB, and STAT3 level in response to Nexrutine treatment. Transient expression, gel shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to examine transcriptional regulation of COX-2. STAT3 knockdown was used to decipher STAT3/NF-κB crosstalk. Histopathologic and immunoblotting evaluation was performed on BK5-COX-2 transgenic mice treated with Nexrutine. In vivo expression of prostaglandin receptor E-prostanoid 4 (EP4) was analyzed in a retrospective cohort of pancreatic tumors using a tissue microarray. RESULTS Nexrutine treatment inhibited growth of pancreatic cancer cells through induction of apoptosis. Reduced levels and activity of STAT3, NF-κB, and their crosstalk led to transcriptional suppression of COX-2 and subsequent decreased levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2. STAT3 knockdown studies suggest STAT3 as negative regulator of NF-κB activation. Nexrutine intervention reduced the levels of NF-κB, STAT3, and fibrosis in vivo. Expression of prostaglandin receptor EP4 that is known to play a role in fibrosis was significantly elevated in human pancreatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS Dual inhibition of STAT3-NF-κB by Nexrutine may overcome problems associated with inhibition of either pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gong
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Medical Oncology, Pathology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; and Department of carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
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19
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Liou GY, Döppler H, Necela B, Krishna M, Crawford HC, Raimondo M, Storz P. Macrophage-secreted cytokines drive pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia through NF-κB and MMPs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:563-77. [PMID: 23918941 PMCID: PMC3734091 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201301001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In response to inflammation, pancreatic acinar cells can undergo acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), a reprogramming event that induces transdifferentiation to a ductlike phenotype and, in the context of additional oncogenic stimulation, contributes to development of pancreatic cancer. The signaling mechanisms underlying pancreatitis-inducing ADM are largely undefined. Our results provide evidence that macrophages infiltrating the pancreas drive this transdifferentiation process. We identify the macrophage-secreted inflammatory cytokines RANTES and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) as mediators of such signaling. Both RANTES and TNF induce ADM through activation of nuclear factor κB and its target genes involved in regulating survival, proliferation, and degradation of extracellular matrix. In particular, we identify matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as targets that drive ADM and provide in vivo data suggesting that MMP inhibitors may be efficiently applied to block pancreatitis-induced ADM in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geou-Yarh Liou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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20
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Charo C, Holla V, Arumugam T, Hwang R, Yang P, Dubois RN, Menter DG, Logsdon CD, Ramachandran V. Prostaglandin E2 regulates pancreatic stellate cell activity via the EP4 receptor. Pancreas 2013; 42:467-74. [PMID: 23090667 PMCID: PMC3600062 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318264d0f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic stellate cells are source of dense fibrotic stroma, a constant pathological feature of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We observed correlation between levels of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and its product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the extent of pancreatic fibrosis. The aims of this study were to delineate the effects of PGE2 on immortalized human pancreatic stellate cells (HPSCs) and to identify the receptor involved. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to assess COX-2, extracellular matrix, and matrix metalloproteinase gene expression. Eicosanoid profile was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Human pancreatic stellate cell proliferation was assessed by MTS assay, migration by Boyden chamber assay, and invasion using an invasion chamber. Transient silencing was obtained by small interfering RNA. RESULTS Human pancreatic stellate cells express COX-2 and synthesize PGE2. Prostaglandin E2 stimulated HPSC proliferation, migration, and invasion and stimulated expression of both extracellular matrix and matrix metalloproteinase genes. Human pancreatic stellate cells expressed all 4 EP receptors. Only blocking the EP4 receptor resulted in abrogation of PGE2-mediated HPSC activation. Specificity of EP4 for the effects of PGE2 on stellate cells was confirmed using specific antagonists. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that PGE2 regulates pancreatic stellate cell profibrotic activities via EP4 receptor, thus suggesting EP4 receptor as useful therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer to reduce desmoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantale Charo
- Department of Cancer Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Vijaykumar Holla
- Department of Cancer Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Rosa Hwang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Raymond N. Dubois
- Department of Cancer Biology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - David G. Menter
- Department of Cancer Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Craig D. Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology and Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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21
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Involvement of inflammatory factors in pancreatic carcinogenesis and preventive effects of anti-inflammatory agents. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 35:203-27. [PMID: 22955327 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is known to be a risk for many cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Heavy alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking are major causes of pancreatitis, and epidemiological studies have shown that smoking and chronic pancreatitis are risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Meanwhile, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are elevated in pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer tissues in humans and in animal models. Selective inhibitors of iNOS and COX-2 suppress pancreatic cancer development in a chemical carcinogenesis model of hamsters treated with N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP). In addition, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and type II diabetes are also suggested to be associated with chronic inflammation in the pancreas and involved in pancreatic cancer development. We have shown that a high-fat diet increased pancreatic cancer development in BOP-treated hamsters, along with aggravation of hyperlipidemia, severe fatty infiltration, and increased expression of adipokines and inflammatory factors in the pancreas. Of note, fatty pancreas has been observed in obese and/or diabetic cases in humans. Preventive effects of anti-hyperlipidemic/anti-diabetic agents on pancreatic cancer have also been shown in humans and animals. Taking this evidence into consideration, modulation of inflammatory factors by anti-inflammatory agents will provide useful data for prevention of pancreatic cancer.
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22
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Bai H, Chen X, Zhang L, Dou X. The effect of sulindac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, attenuates inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of chronic pancreatitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12:115. [PMID: 22920325 PMCID: PMC3503779 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-12-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by progressive fibrosis, pain and loss of exocrine and endocrine functions. The long-standing chronic pancreatitis and its associated pancreatic fibrosis are the most common pathogenic events involved in human pancreatic carcinogenesis, but the therapeutic strategies to chronic pancreatitis and the chemoprevention of pancreatic carcinogenesis are very limited. METHODS We investigated the effect of sulindac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), on inhibition of chronic pancreatitis in a caerulein induced chronic pancreatitis mouse model. RESULTS Sulindac significantly reduced the severity of chronic pancreatitis including the extent of acini loss, inflammatory cell infiltration and stromal fibrosis. The protein expression of phosphorylation of MEK/ERK was inhibited in the chronic pancreatic tissues by sulindac treatment as measured by Western blot assay. The levels of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and MCP-1 were also significantly decreased with sulindac treatment, as well as the expression of TGF-β, PDGF-β, SHH and Gli in the chronic pancreatic tissue detected by qPCR assay and confirmed by western blot assay. The activation of pancreatic satellet cells was also inhibited by sulindac as measured by the activity of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the pancreatic tissue of chronic pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS Sulindac is a promising reagent for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis via inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration and stromal fibrosis, the inhibitory effect of sulindac on chronic pancreatitis may through targeting the activation ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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23
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Hogendorf P, Durczyński A, Kumor A, Strzelczyk J. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in portal blood in patients with pancreatic tumor--a single institution series. J INVEST SURG 2012; 25:8-13. [PMID: 22272632 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2011.592569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may play a significant role in the development of pancreatic cancer. One of COX-2 main metabolites is prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is involved both in inflammation and carcinogenesis. As PGE2 is inactivated in the lungs and the liver we assumed that the best medium to assess the level of PGE2 is not peripheral but portal blood. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-seven patients with pathologically verified diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC group, n = 38) and chronic pancreatitis (CP group, n = 19) were enrolled in this study. Sample of blood from central line was collected before surgery. Intraoperatively portal vein was identified and sampled. PGE2 levels were determined using ELISA test. All the patients were followed-up for 1-35 months. RESULTS PGE2 portal blood levels in patients with PDAC were higher than in patients with CP (190.55 ± 149.86 versus 120.23 ± 132.60; p = .04). PGE2 concentration at a cut-off value of 94.46 pg/ml had a sensitivity of 91.67%, specificity of 50%, AUC = 0.631 (95% CI, 0.489-0.758). CONCLUSION The PGE2 portal blood levels in PDAC patients are higher than in those with CP. The PGE2 portal concentration cannot be a single marker in diagnosing PDAC due to low specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Hogendorf
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, Norbert Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Łódź, Poland.
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24
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Momi N, Kaur S, Ponnusamy MP, Kumar S, Wittel UA, Batra SK. Interplay between smoking-induced genotoxicity and altered signaling in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1617-28. [PMID: 22623649 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous research efforts directed at early diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer (PC), the status of patients affected by this deadly malignancy remains dismal. Its notoriety with regard to lack of early diagnosis and resistance to the current chemotherapeutics is due to accumulating signaling abnormalities. Hoarding experimental and epidemiological evidences have established a direct correlation between cigarette smoking and PC risk. The cancer initiating/promoting nature of cigarette smoke can be attributed to its various constituents including nicotine, which is the major psychoactive component, and several other toxic constituents, such as nitrosamines, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These predominant smoke-constituents initiate a series of oncogenic events facilitating epigenetic alterations, self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, sustained angiogenesis, and metastasis. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning these events is crucial for the prevention and therapeutic intervention against PC. This review presents various interconnected signal transduction cascades, the smoking-mediated genotoxicity, and genetic polymorphisms influencing the susceptibility for smoking-mediated PC development by modulating pivotal biological aspects such as cell defense/tumor suppression, inflammation, DNA repair, as well as tobacco-carcinogen metabolization. Additionally, it provides a large perspective toward tumor biology and the therapeutic approaches against PC by targeting one or several steps of smoking-mediated signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Momi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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25
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Park B, Prasad S, Yadav V, Sung B, Aggarwal BB. Boswellic acid suppresses growth and metastasis of human pancreatic tumors in an orthotopic nude mouse model through modulation of multiple targets. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26943. [PMID: 22066019 PMCID: PMC3204996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) is one of the most lethal cancers, with an estimated 5-year survival of <5% even when patients are given the best treatment available. In addition, these treatments are often toxic and expensive, thus new agents which are safe, affordable and effective are urgently needed. We describe here the results of our study with acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), an agent obtained from an Ayurvedic medicine, gum resin of Boswellia serrata. Whether AKBA has an activity against human PaCa, was examined in in vitro models and in an orthotopic nude mouse model of PaCa. We found that AKBA inhibited the proliferation of four different PaCa cell lines (AsPC-1, PANC-28, and MIA PaCa-2 with K-Ras and p53 mutations, and BxPC-3 with wild-type K-Ras and p53 mutation). These effects correlated with an inhibition of constitutively active NF-κB and suppression of NF-κB regulating gene expression. AKBA also induced apoptosis, and sensitized the cells to apoptotic effects of gemcitabine. In the orthotopic nude mouse model of PaCa, p.o. administration of AKBA alone (100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the tumor growth; this activity was enhanced by gemcitabine. In addition, AKBA inhibited the metastasis of the PaCa to spleen, liver, and lungs. This correlated with decreases in Ki-67, a biomarker of proliferation, and CD31, a biomarker of microvessel density, in the tumor tissue. AKBA produced significant decreases in the expression of NF-κB regulating genes in the tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis also showed AKBA downregulated the expression of COX-2, MMP-9, CXCR4, and VEGF in the tissues. Overall these results demonstrate that AKBA can suppress the growth and metastasis of human pancreatic tumors in an orthotopic nude mouse model that correlates with modulation of multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungduck Park
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sahdeo Prasad
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vivek Yadav
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bokyung Sung
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bharat B. Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Puylaert M, Kapural L, Van Zundert J, Peek D, Lataster A, Mekhail N, van Kleef M, Keulemans YCA. 26. Pain in chronic pancreatitis. Pain Pract 2011; 11:492-505. [PMID: 21676159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is defined as a progressive inflammatory response of the pancreas that has lead to irreversible morphological changes of the parenchyma (fibrosis, loss of acini and islets of Langerhans, and formation of pancreatic stones) as well as of the pancreatic duct (stenosis and pancreatic stones). Pain is one of the most important symptoms of chronic pancreatitis. The pathogenesis of this pain can only partly be explained and it is therefore often difficult to treat this symptom. The management of pain induced by chronic pancreatitis starts with lifestyle changes and analgesics. For the pharmacological management, the three-step ladder of the World Health Organization extended with the use of co-analgesics is followed. Interventional pain management may consist of radiofrequency treatment of the nervi splanchnici, spinal cord stimulation, endoscopic stenting or stone extraction possibly in combination with lithotripsy, and surgery. To date, there are no randomized controlled trials supporting the efficacy of radiofrequency and spinal cord stimulation. The large published series reports justify a recommendation to consider these treatment options. Radiofrequency treatment, being less invasive than spinal cord stimulation, could be tested prior to considering spinal cord stimulation. There are several other treatment possibilities such as endoscopic or surgical treatment, pancreatic enzyme supplementation and administration of octreotide and antioxidants. All may have a role in the management of pain induced by chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Puylaert
- Department of Anesthesiology and Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
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27
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Silva A, Weber A, Bain M, Reding T, Heikenwalder M, Sonda S, Graf R. COX-2 is not required for the development of murine chronic pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G968-75. [PMID: 21372163 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00497.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is a severe inflammation of the pancreas associated with destruction of the parenchyma, fibrosis, and persistent abdominal pain. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and COX-2-derived prostaglandins, key mediators of the inflammatory response, are elevated in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Previous studies investigated COX-2 as a therapeutic target. These reports showed a reduced pathology in COX-2-deficient mice with a better outcome. Here we compared the role of COX-2 in acute and chronic pancreatic inflammation using the same COX-2(-/-) mouse model of cerulein-induced pancreatitis. In a setting of acute pancreatitis, juvenile COX-2(-/-) mice exhibited a reduced histopathological score compared with wild-type littermates; on the contrary, adult mice did not show any difference in the development of the disease. Similarly, in a setting of chronic pancreatitis induced over a period of 4 wk, adult mice of the two strains showed comparable histological score and collagen deposition. However, the abundance of mRNAs coding for profibrotic genes, such as collagen, α-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-β was consistently lower in COX-2(-/-) mice. In addition, comparable histological scores and collagen deposition were observed in wild-type mice treated with a COX-2 inhibitor. We conclude that, in contrast to what was observed in the rat pancreatitis models, COX-2 has a limited and age-dependent effect on inflammatory processes in the mouse pancreas. These results suggest that COX-2 modulates the inflammatory process during the development of pancreatitis in a species-specific manner. Thus the pathophysiological roles of COX-2 and its therapeutic implications in patients with pancreatitis should be reexamined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Silva
- Swiss HPB Center, Pancreatitis Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Rizzo MT. Cyclooxygenase-2 in oncogenesis. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 412:671-87. [PMID: 21187081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Compelling experimental and clinical evidence supports the notion that cyclooxygenase-2, the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, plays a crucial role in oncogenesis. Clinical and epidemiological data indicate that aberrant regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in certain solid tumors and hematological malignancies is associated with adverse clinical outcome. Moreover, findings extrapolated from experimental studies in cultured tumor cells and animal tumor models indicate that cyclooxygenase-2 critically influences all stages of tumor development from tumor initiation to tumor progression. Cyclooxygenase-2 elicits cell-autonomous effects on tumor cells resulting in stimulation of growth, increased cell survival, enhanced tumor cell invasiveness, stimulation of neovascularization, and tumor evasion from the host immune system. Additionally, the oncogenic effects of cyclooxygenase-2 stem from its unique ability to impact tumor cell surroundings and create a proinflammatory environment conducive for tumor development, growth and progression. The initial enthusiasm generated by the availability of cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors for cancer prevention and therapy has been lessened by the severe cardiovascular adverse side effects associated with their long-term use, as well as by the mixed results of recent clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in adjuvant chemotherapy. Therefore, our ability to efficiently target the oncogenic effects of cyclooxygenase-2 for therapeutic and preventive purposes strictly depends on a better understanding of the spatial and temporal aspects of its activation in tumor cells along with a clearer elucidation of the signaling networks whereby cyclooxygenase-2 affects tumor cells and their interactions with the tumor microenvironment. This knowledge has the potential of leading to the identification of novel cyclooxygenase-2-dependent molecular and signaling networks that can be exploited to improve cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Rizzo
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Clarian Health and Department of Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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Marosvolgyi T, Horvath G, Dittrich A, Cseh J, Lelovics Z, Szabo E, Decsi T, Figler M. Fatty acid composition of plasma lipid classes in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2010; 10:580-5. [PMID: 20980776 DOI: 10.1159/000289466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Supplementation of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) is considered as adjuvant therapy in acute pancreatitis. We investigated plasma fatty acid status in chronic pancreatitis (CP). METHODS Patients with alcoholic CP (n = 56, gender: 33/23 male/female, age: 60.0 [14.0] years (median [IQR]), who reported giving up alcohol consumption several years ago and 51 control subjects were included into the study. The fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids (PL), triacylglycerols (TG) and sterol esters (STE) was analyzed. RESULTS The sum of monounsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher in patients with CP than in controls (PL: 12.83 [3.35] vs. 12.20 [1.95], TG: 40.51 [6.02] vs. 37.52 [5.80], STE: 20.58 [7.22] vs. 17.54 [3.48], CP vs. control, % weight/weight, median [IQR], p < 0.05). Values of arachidonic acid were significantly lower in patients with CP than in controls (PL: 10.57 [3.56] vs. 11.66 [3.25], STE: 8.14 [2.63] vs. 9.24 [2.86], p < 0.05). Values of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid did not differ and there was no difference in the ratio of n-3 to n-6 LCPUFA. CONCLUSION Our present data do not furnish evidence for the supplementation of n-3 LCPUFA to the diet of CP patients in relatively good clinical condition.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES : Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely prescribed for the treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis (CP). This study aimed to investigate the effect of NSAIDs on the inflammation and fibrosis progression in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced CP rats. METHODS Chronic pancreatitis was induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid infusion into rat pancreatic ducts. Naproxen treatment (20 and 40 mg/kg per os [PO] and intraperitoneally) started 2 weeks after the induction of CP for 3 weeks. Histological analysis of the pancreas, Van Gieson staining, and contents of hydroxyproline were used to evaluate pancreatic damage and fibrosis. Furthermore, the effect of naproxen on nociceptive reflective behaviors and serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration were studied, and immunohistochemical analysis of alpha-smooth muscle actin in the pancreas was performed. RESULTS Pancreatic collagen content and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression were higher in the CP group treated with high-dose (40 mg/kg PO) naproxen (P < 0.05). High-dose naproxen administered orally aggravated pancreatic fibrosis and inflammation (P < 0.05). Instead of playing an analgesic role, high-dose naproxen decreased the thermal withdrawal latencies in CP rats (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High-dose naproxen treatment (40 mg/kg PO) aggravated pancreatic fibrosis in CP rats and played an algogenic role that suggests the potential risk of long-term use of NSAIDs as analgesic in clinical practice with CP.
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Aggarwal BB, Gehlot P. Inflammation and cancer: how friendly is the relationship for cancer patients? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 9:351-69. [PMID: 19665429 PMCID: PMC2730981 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has emerged in the last two decades that at the molecular level most chronic diseases, including cancer, are caused by a dysregulated inflammatory response. The identification of transcription factors such as NF-kappaB, AP-1 and STAT3 and their gene products such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, chemokines, cyclooxygenase-2, 5 lipooxygenase, matrix metalloproteases, and vascular endothelial growth factor, adhesion molecules and others have provided the molecular basis for the role of inflammation in cancer. These inflammatory pathways are activated by tobacco, stress, dietary agents, obesity, alcohol, infectious agents, irradiation, and environmental stimuli, which together account for as much as 95% of all cancers. These pathways have been implicated in transformation, survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, chemoresistance, and radioresistance of cancer, so much so that survival and proliferation of most types of cancer stem cells themselves appear to be dependent on the activation of these inflammatory pathways. Most of this evidence, however, is from preclinical studies. Whether these pathways have any role in prevention, progression, diagnosis, prognosis, recurrence or treatment of cancer in patients, is the topic of discussion of this review. We present evidence that inhibitors of inflammatory biomarkers may have a role in both prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Zhao D, Xu D, Zhang X, Wang L, Tan W, Guo Y, Yu D, Li H, Zhao P, Lin D. Interaction of cyclooxygenase-2 variants and smoking in pancreatic cancer: a possible role of nucleophosmin. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1659-68. [PMID: 19422084 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is implicated in cancer development. This study examined the functional relevance of genetic polymorphisms in the COX-2 promoter and evaluated their associations with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. METHODS Genotypes and haplotypes of COX-2 -765G/C, -1195G/A, and -1290A/G were analyzed in 393 pancreatic cancer patients and 786 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed by logistic regression.The function of the -765G-->C polymorphism was examined by a set of biochemical assays. RESULTS The -1195AA or -765GC genotype carriers had a 1.34-fold (95% CI: 1.12-1.60) or 1.63-fold (95% CI: 1.25-2.10) excess risk for developing pancreatic cancer. These 2 variants showed a cooperative effect in context of haplotype, with the ORs for the A(-1195)-C(-765)- containing haplotypes being significantly greater than those for the G(-1195)-G(-765)-containing haplotypes. The -765C allele and smoking displayed a multiplicative joint effect, with an OR of 3.72 (95% CI: 1.70-8.14) for heavy smokers carrying the -765GC genotype. Biochemical assays suggest that the -765G-->C change creates a binding site for nucleophosmin (NPM) and phosphorylated NPM (p-NPM), which acts as a transcriptional inhibitor. Cigarette smoke remarkably increased COX-2 promoter activity, and this effect was more pronounced for the -765C allele compared with the -765G allele. Cigarette smoke reduced nuclear p-NPM levels, which was reversely associated with COX-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Functional COX-2 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer and tobacco smoke specifically increases -765C promoter activity, which might be mediated by p-NPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES A prior study suggested serum heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) as a potential marker for pancreatic carcinoma, but its accuracy in differentiating cancer from chronic pancreatitis was not evaluated. We aimed to analyze HSP27 levels in pancreatic carcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, and healthy subjects and assess its diagnostic efficacy. METHODS Pretreatment serums from 58 pancreatic carcinoma, 44 chronic pancreatitis, and 102 control subjects were collected. Serum HSP27 and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) levels were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay, respectively. RESULTS Heat shock protein 27 levels were significantly higher in cancer and pancreatitis compared with control (P < 0.001 for both), but no significant difference was noted between cancer and pancreatitis (P = 0.978). By logistic regression, HSP27 was a significant predictor of differentiation between cancer and control (P < 0.0001) but not between cancer and pancreatitis (P = 0.885). At a cutoff of 1650 ng/L, the sensitivity and specificity for differentiating cancer from healthy control were 62.1% and 95.1%, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed a greater area under curve for CA19-9 compared with HSP27 in differentiating between cancer and control (0.92 and 0.84, respectively, P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Serum HSP27 is increased in both chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. It should not be recommended as a diagnostic marker for pancreatic carcinoma.
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Bergmann F, Breinig M, Höpfner M, Rieker RJ, Fischer L, Köhler C, Esposito I, Kleeff J, Herpel E, Ehemann V, Friess H, Schirmacher P, Kern MA. Expression pattern and functional relevance of epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2: novel chemotherapeutic targets in pancreatic endocrine tumors? Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:171-81. [PMID: 19098866 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2008.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic endocrine tumors represent morphologically and biologically heterogeneous neoplasms. Well-differentiated endocrine tumors (benign or of uncertain behavior) can be distinguished from well-differentiated and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas. Although many well-differentiated endocrine carcinomas show rather low rates of tumor growth, more than two-thirds of pancreatic endocrine carcinomas display distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. As the currently applied therapies beyond surgery only achieve partial or complete response rates of approximately 15%, additional chemotherapeutic targets are needed, especially in the therapy of inoperable and progressive pancreatic endocrine carcinomas. METHODS The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were investigated in 110 clinically and pathomorphologically well-characterized pancreatic endocrine tumors, using immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analyses. Functional tests were performed using the human pancreas carcinoid cell line BON and the mouse insulinoma cell line beta-TC-3. RESULTS The expression of EGFR correlated significantly with the grade of malignancy, increasing from low rates of expression in benign tumors and tumors of uncertain behavior to high rates of expression in well- and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas. The expression of COX-2 was independent of the malignant potential, but was more frequently expressed in primary tumors than in metastases. The treatment of the human pancreas carcinoid cell line BON and the mouse insulinoma cell line beta-TC-3 with EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors (monotherapy and combined therapy) resulted in a significant, dose-dependent reduction of cell viability coupled with increased apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that EGFR and COX-2 may represent useful additional chemotherapeutic targets in pancreatic endocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Progressive metaplastic and dysplastic changes in mouse pancreas induced by cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression. Neoplasia 2008; 10:782-96. [PMID: 18670639 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression is an established factor linking chronic inflammation with metaplastic and neoplastic change in various tissues. We generated transgenic mice (BK5.COX-2) in which elevation of COX-2 and its effectors trigger a metaplasia-dysplasia sequence in exocrine pancreas. Histologic evaluation revealed a chronic pancreatitis-like state characterized by acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and a well-vascularized fibroinflammatory stroma that develops by 3 months. By 6 to 8 months, strongly dysplastic features suggestive of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma emerge in the metaplastic ducts. Increased proliferation, cellular atypia, and loss of normal cell/tissue organization are typical features in transgenic pancreata. Alterations in biomarkers associated with human inflammatory and neoplastic pancreatic disease were detected using immunohistochemistry. The abnormal pancreatic phenotype can be completely prevented by maintaining mice on a diet containing celecoxib, a well-characterized COX-2 inhibitor. Despite the high degree of atypia, only limited evidence of invasion to adjacent tissues was observed, with no evidence of distant metastases. However, cell lines derived from spontaneous lesions are aggressively tumorigenic when injected into syngeneic or nude mice. The progressive nature of the metaplastic/dysplastic changes observed in this model make it a valuable tool for examining the transition from chronic inflammation to neoplasia.
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Li J, Guo M, Hu B, Liu R, Wang R, Tang C. Does chronic ethanol intake cause chronic pancreatitis?: evidence and mechanism. Pancreas 2008; 37:189-95. [PMID: 18665082 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31816459b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To demonstrate the relationship between prolonged alcohol intake and chronic pancreatitis. METHODS Wistar rats were fed diet containing 25% concentration (vol/vol) of ethanol for 6 months. Cholecystokinin (CCK) was quantified by radioimmunoassay. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect alpha-smooth muscle actin, cyclooxygenase 2, and toll-like receptor 4 in rat pancreas. Western-blot was used to quantitatively determine the expression of nuclear factor kappaB and the above inflammatory markers. Pancreatic collagen content was quantified by measuring OH-proline. Superoxide dismutase was measured by colorimetric method. RESULTS In contrast to the control group, there was little histological change in pancreatic tissue but obvious ultrastructural changes in acinar cells of the ethanol group. Cholecystokinin, amylase, and lipase were found reduced in the ethanol group. Chronic ethanol intake did not elicit any change in the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, cyclooxygenase 2, toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor kappaB, pancreatic collagen, and superoxide dismutase. CONCLUSIONS Long-term alcohol consumption did not cause chronic pancreatitis but impaired exocrine pancreatic function. The mechanism behind it could be associated with decreased output of intestinal CCK and lower concentration of pancreatic CCK. Furthermore, the nonoxidative pathway of ethanol metabolism was probably involved in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Human Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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Sun LK, Reding T, Bain M, Heikenwalder M, Bimmler D, Graf R. Prostaglandin E2 modulates TNF-alpha-induced MCP-1 synthesis in pancreatic acinar cells in a PKA-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G1196-204. [PMID: 17916652 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00330.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is increased in human chronic pancreatitis. We recently demonstrated in a model of chronic pancreatitis (WBN/Kob rat) that inhibition of COX-2 activity reduces and delays pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 mRNA and PGE(2) were significantly reduced, correlating with a decreased infiltration of macrophages. MCP-1 plays an important role in the recruitment of macrophages to the site of tissue injury. The aim of our study is to identify mechanisms by which macrophages and acinar cells maintain an inflammatory reaction. The expression profile of E prostanoid receptors EP(1-4) and MCP-1 was analyzed by RT-PCR from pancreatic specimens and AR42J cells. MCP-1 secretion was detected by ELISA from rat pancreatic lobuli. We determined EP(1-4) mRNA levels in WBN/Kob rats with chronic pancreatic inflammation. Individual isoforms were highly increased in rat pancreas, concurrent with MCP-1 mRNA expression. In supernatants of pancreatic lobuli and AR42J cells, MCP-1 was detectable by ELISA. In the presence of TNF-alpha, MCP-1 was upregulated. Coincubation with PGE(2) enhanced the TNF-alpha-induced MCP-1 synthesis significantly. Similarly, TNF-alpha mRNA was synergistically upregulated by TNF-alpha and PGE(2). Furthermore, the synergistic effect of TNF-alpha and PGE(2) was abolished by inhibition of PKA but not of PKC. We conclude that EP receptors are upregulated during chronic pancreatic inflammation. PGE(2) modulates the TNF-alpha-induced MCP-1 synthesis and secretion from acinar cells. This synergistic effect is controlled by PKA. This mechanism might explain the COX-2-dependent propagation of pancreatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kang Sun
- Pancreatitis Research Laboratory, Lab D34, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Dept. of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Univ. Hospital, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
The genetic paradigm of cancer, focused largely on sequential molecular aberrations and associated biological impact in the neoplastic cell compartment of malignant tumors, has dominated our view of cancer pathogenesis. For the most part, this conceptualization has overlooked the dynamic and complex contributions of the surrounding microenvironment comprised of non-tumor cells (stroma) that may resist, react to, and/or foster tumor development. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease in which a prominent tumor stroma compartment is a defining characteristic. Indeed, the bulk of PDAC tumor volume consists of non-neoplastic fibroblastic, vascular, and inflammatory cells surrounded by immense quantities of extracellular matrix, far exceeding that found in most other tumor types. Remarkably, little is known about the composition and physiology of the PDAC tumor microenvironment, in particular, the role of stroma in tumor initiation and progression. This review attempts to define key challenges, opportunities and state-of-knowledge relating to the PDAC microenvironment research with an emphasis on how inflammatory processes and key cancer pathways may shape the ontogeny of the tumor stroma. Such knowledge may be used to understand the evolution and biology of this lethal cancer and may convert these insights into new points of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Kunnumakkara AB, Guha S, Krishnan S, Diagaradjane P, Gelovani J, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin potentiates antitumor activity of gemcitabine in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer through suppression of proliferation, angiogenesis, and inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated gene products. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3853-61. [PMID: 17440100 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is currently the best treatment available for pancreatic cancer, but the disease develops resistance to the drug over time. Agents that can either enhance the effects of gemcitabine or overcome chemoresistance to the drug are needed for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Curcumin, a component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), is one such agent that has been shown to suppress the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), which is implicated in proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. In this study, we investigated whether curcumin can sensitize pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, curcumin inhibited the proliferation of various pancreatic cancer cell lines, potentiated the apoptosis induced by gemcitabine, and inhibited constitutive NF-kappaB activation in the cells. In vivo, tumors from nude mice injected with pancreatic cancer cells and treated with a combination of curcumin and gemcitabine showed significant reductions in volume (P = 0.008 versus control; P = 0.036 versus gemcitabine alone), Ki-67 proliferation index (P = 0.030 versus control), NF-kappaB activation, and expression of NF-kappaB-regulated gene products (cyclin D1, c-myc, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1, cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase, and vascular endothelial growth factor) compared with tumors from control mice treated with olive oil only. The combination treatment was also highly effective in suppressing angiogenesis as indicated by a decrease in CD31(+) microvessel density (P = 0.018 versus control). Overall, our results suggest that curcumin potentiates the antitumor effects of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer by suppressing proliferation, angiogenesis, NF-kappaB, and NF-kappaB-regulated gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Crowell PL, Schmidt CM, Yip-Schneider MT, Savage JJ, Hertzler DA, Cummings WO. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in hamster and human pancreatic neoplasia. Neoplasia 2006; 8:437-45. [PMID: 16820089 PMCID: PMC1601471 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been implicated in the development of gastrointestinal malignancies. The aim of the present study was to determine COX-2 expression/activity throughout stages of experimental and human pancreatic neoplasia. COX-2 immunohistochemistry was performed in pancreata of hamsters subjected to the carcinogen N-nitrosobis-(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) and in human pancreatic tumors. COX-2 activity was determined by prostaglandin E2 assay in tumor versus matched normal pancreatic tissues. The activity of the COX inhibitor sulindac was tested in the PC-1 hamster pancreatic cancer model. COX-2 expression was elevated in all pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) and adenocarcinomas. In BOP-treated hamsters, there were significant progressive elevations in COX-2 expression throughout pancreatic tumorigenesis. In human samples, peak COX-2 expression occurred in PanIN2 lesions and remained moderately elevated in PanIN3 and adenocarcinoma tissues. COX-2 activity was significantly elevated in hamster and human pancreatic cancers compared to pair-matched normal pancreas. Furthermore, hamster pancreatic tumor engraftment/formation in the PC-1 hamster pancreatic cancer model was reduced 4.9-fold by oral administration of sulindac. Increased COX-2 expression is an early event in pancreatic carcinogeneses. The BOP-induced hamster carcinogenesis model is a representative model used to study the role of COX-2 in well-differentiated pancreatic tumorigenesis. COX inhibitors may have a role in preventing tumor engraftment/formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Crowell
- Indiana University Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterized by progressive fibrosis, pain and/or loss of exocrine and endocrine functions. With the identification and characterization of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), the pathogenesis of CP and pancreatic fibrosis is now better understood. Molecular mediators shown to regulate the pathogenesis include transforming growth factor-beta, platelet-derived growth factor, and proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Besides these, the roles of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and apoptosis-related proteins have also been implicated in the pathogenesis. Furthermore, molecular pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Ras superfamily G proteins, serine threonine protein kinase Raf-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) have been elucidated. Newer pathobiologic concepts concerning pain generation have also been put forward. Understanding the pathogenesis has led to the identification of novel molecular targets and the development of newer potential therapeutic agents. Those found to retard the progression of experimental CP and fibrosis in animal models include antioxidants, a Japanese herbal medicine called Saiko-keisi-to (TJ 10), the PPAR-gamma ligand troglitazone, the protease inhibitor Camostat mesilate, and Lovastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupjyoti Talukdar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pushpawati Singhania Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Aoki H, Ohnishi H, Hama K, Shinozaki S, Kita H, Osawa H, Yamamoto H, Sato K, Tamada K, Sugano K. Cyclooxygenase-2 is required for activated pancreatic stellate cells to respond to proinflammatory cytokines. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C259-68. [PMID: 16837651 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00030.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mediates various inflammatory responses and is expressed in pancreatic tissue from patients with chronic pancreatitis. To examine the role of COX-2 in chronic pancreatitis, we investigated its participation in regulating functions of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), using isolated rat PSCs. COX-2 was expressed in culture-activated PSCs but not in freshly isolated quiescent PSCs. TGF-beta1, IL-1beta, and IL-6 enhanced COX-2 expression in activated PSCs, concomitantly increasing the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), a parameter of PSC activation. The COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 blocked culture activation of freshly isolated quiescent PSCs. NS-398 also inhibited the enhancement of alpha-SMA expression by TGF-beta1, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in activated PSCs. These data indicate that COX-2 is required for the initiation and promotion of PSC activation. We further investigated the mechanism by which cytokines enhance COX-2 expression in PSCs. Adenovirus-mediated expression of dominant negative Smad2/3 inhibited the increase in expression of COX-2, alpha-SMA, and collagen-1 mediated by TGF-beta1 in activated PSCs. Moreover, dominant negative Smad2/3 expression attenuated the expression of COX-2 and alpha-SMA enhanced by IL-1beta and IL-6. Anti-TGF-beta neutralizing antibody also attenuated the increase in COX-2 and alpha-SMA expression caused by IL-1beta and IL-6. IL-6 as well as IL-1beta enhanced TGF-beta1 secretion from PSCs. These data indicate that Smad2/3-dependent pathway plays a central role in COX-2 induction by TGF-beta1, IL-1beta, and IL-6. Furthermore, IL-1beta and IL-6 promote PSC activation by enhancing COX-2 expression indirectly through Smad2/3-dependent pathway by increasing TGF-beta1 secretion from PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Aoki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical School, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Minamikawachi-cho, Kawachi-gun, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Juuti A, Louhimo J, Nordling S, Ristimäki A, Haglund C. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:382-6. [PMID: 16467169 PMCID: PMC1860358 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.026831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression is related to poor outcome in several cancers. COX-2 is upregulated in 42-90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and is a potential target for chemotherapy. Earlier studies have not shown the expression of COX-2 to be a prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prognostic value of COX-2 in a series of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS 128 patients operated on for pancreatic adenocarcinoma at Helsinki University Central Hospital between 1974 and 1998 provided sections from primary tumours which were immunohistochemically stained with a COX-2-antihuman monoclonal antibody. RESULTS Cytoplasmic COX-2 reactivity (>5%) occurred in 46 specimens (36%), correlating neither with age, sex, stage, size, tumour stage, nodal metastases, nor grade. Lack of COX-2 expression correlated with distant metastases (p = 0.026). In univariate survival analysis, COX-2 expression (p = 0.0114), stage (p = 0.0002), grade (p = 0.0001), and age (p = 0.042) had prognostic significance. One, two, and five year survival rates were 51%, 32%, and 8% in the COX-2 negative groups compared with 34%, 5%, and 5% in the COX-2 positive groups (p = 0.011). Prognostic significance was especially high for patients operated on with curative intent (p = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, COX-2 was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio = 1.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.3)). CONCLUSIONS Expression of COX-2 was associated with poor outcome from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and was independent of tumour stage, grade, or age in multivariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Juuti
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Oxidative stress imposed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology associated with neoplasia, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. The ROS-induced development of cancer involves malignant transformation due to altered gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms as well as DNA mutations. Considerable attention has been focused on identifying naturally occurring antioxidative phenolic phytochemicals that are able to decrease ROS levels, but the efficacies of antioxidant therapies have been equivocal at best. Several studies have shown that some antioxidants exhibit prooxidant activity under certain conditions and potential carcinogenicity under others, and that dietary supplementation with large amounts of a single antioxidant may be deleterious to human health. This article reviews the intracellular signaling pathways that respond to oxidative stress and how they are modulated by naturally occurring polyphenols. The possible toxicity and carcinogenicity of polyphenols is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Hull MA. Cyclooxygenase-2: how good is it as a target for cancer chemoprevention? Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1854-63. [PMID: 16002278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is now substantial evidence for a role for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated prostaglandin (PG) signalling during carcinogenesis in a number of tissues and selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) were considered attractive candidate chemoprevention agents. However, recent concerns over the toxicity of systemic selective COX-2 inhibition and the realisation that COX-1 may also contribute to carcinogenesis have cast some doubt on COX-2 inhibition as a safe and effective chemoprevention strategy. This review will describe the available evidence relating to the known benefits (preventive efficacy in rodent tumorigenesis models and limited human data from small randomised, controlled trials and epidemiological studies) and risks (cardiovascular and renal toxicity) of coxib therapy for cancer chemoprevention. Potential, alternative strategies for inhibition of COX-PG signalling that minimise or avoid systemic selective COX-2 inhibition will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hull
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Clinical Sciences Building, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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Lee KW, Kim JH, Lee HJ, Surh YJ. Curcumin inhibits phorbol ester-induced up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 by blocking ERK1/2 phosphorylation and NF-kappaB transcriptional activity in MCF10A human breast epithelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:1612-20. [PMID: 16356124 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are often observed in various types of cancerous and transformed cells, and hence recognized as potential molecular targets for the chemoprevention. In the present study, we investigated the possible inhibitory effects of curcumin on the expression of COX-2 and MMP-9 induced by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) in MCF10A human breast epithelial (MCF10A) cells and the underlying mechanisms. Curcumin inhibited the TPA-induced COX-2 expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and reduced the synthesis of prostaglandin E(2), one of the major products of COX-2. Likewise, curcumin attenuated invasiveness and motility of MCF10A cells stimulated with TPA through suppression of MMP expression. Curcumin blocked TPA-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcriptional activity. Overexpression of the dominant negative forms of ERK2 abrogated the TPA-induced NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. Treatment of MCF10A cells with U0126, which is a pharmacological inhibitor of ERK1/2, reduced TPA-induced up-regulation of COX-2 and MMP-9. Taken together, these findings suggest that curcumin inhibits the TPA-induced up-regulation of COX-2 and MMP-9 by suppressing ERK1/2 phosphorylation and NF-kappaB trans-activation in human breast epithelial cells, which may contribute to its chemopreventive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Askari MDF, Tsao MS, Schuller HM. The tobacco-specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone stimulates proliferation of immortalized human pancreatic duct epithelia through beta-adrenergic transactivation of EGF receptors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 131:639-48. [PMID: 16091975 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-005-0002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive smoking-associated human cancer in both men and women. The nicotine-derived 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is thought to contribute to the development of these neoplasms in smokers through genotoxic effects. However, NNK has been recently identified as an agonist for both beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenergic receptors. Binding of NNK to these receptors stimulates proliferation of pulmonary and pancreatic adenocarcinomas cells in vitro and in hamster models. The goal of this study was to elucidate the NNK effects on the signal transduction pathways downstream of both beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenergic receptors in immortalized human pancreatic HPDE6-c7 cells. METHODS The HPDE6-c7 cells are developed from normal pancreatic duct epithelial cells which are the putative cells of origin of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) cell proliferation assays, Western blot and cyclic AMP assays were employed to demonstrate the effects of NNK and other beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenergic agonists and antagonist treatments on these cells. RESULTS MTT cell proliferation assays demonstrated that NNK and the classic beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, increased cell proliferation in HPDE6-c7 cells. Western blot and cyclic AMP assays demonstrated that NNK treatments also resulted in: (1) transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR, (2) an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation, and (3) phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, Erk1/2. The proliferative response to NNK and isoproterenol were inhibited by the use of beta-blockers (propranolol), and the inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase (SQ 22536), EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase (AG 1478) and Erk (PD 98059). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the NNK -mediated beta-adrenergic receptor transactivation of the EGFR and phosphorylation of Erk1/2 in immortalized human pancreatic duct epithelial cells as a novel mechanism might contribute to the development of tobacco-associated pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo D F Askari
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
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Garcea G, Dennison AR, Steward WP, Berry DP. Role of inflammation in pancreatic carcinogenesis and the implications for future therapy. Pancreatology 2005; 5:514-29. [PMID: 16110250 DOI: 10.1159/000087493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The link between inflammation and pancreatic cancer has been observed for a number of gastrointestinal neoplasms. This review examines the role of inflammation in pancreatic carcinogenesis and how it can be utilised to develop new therapies against pancreatic cancer. METHODS A literature review of Pubmed, Medline and Web of Science databases was undertaken using the key words, pancreatic cancer, inflammation, inducible nitric oxide, interleukins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2, NF-kappa B, reactive oxygen species, DNA adducts, lipoxygenases, chemoprevention. RESULTS Epidemiological evidence and molecular studies both in vitro and in vivo all support the hypothesis that inflammation plays an important in the initiation and progression of pancreatic tumours. CONCLUSION Sustained damage caused by chronic inflammation may precede the onset of frank malignancy by a significant interval. As such, suppression of inflammatory changes and oxidative damage, may help delay or even prevent the inception of pancreatic neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Garcea
- Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, The Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK.
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Albazaz R, Verbeke CS, Rahman SH, McMahon MJ. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression associated with severity of PanIN lesions: a possible link between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2005; 5:361-9. [PMID: 15980665 DOI: 10.1159/000086536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key modulatory molecule in inflammation and neoplasia. Increasing evidence suggests a role for COX-2 in pancreatic cancer (PAC). However, expression of COX-2 in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), the precursor lesion of PAC which is often present in chronic pancreatitis (CP), has received little attention. METHOD COX-2 immunostaining was performed on sections of PAC (n = 26), CP (n = 34), PanIN (n = 68) and normal pancreas (n = 11). Sections were also stained for macrophages (CD68), activated pancreatic stellate cells (alphaSMA), and collagen (Sirius Red) as markers of fibrosis. Semiquantitative scoring was based on the extent and intensity of immunostaining. RESULTS COX-2 expression was increased in PAC compared to normal (p = 0.02) with 89% of cases exceeding COX-2 immunostaining in normal ducts. In PanIN lesions, COX-2 expression increased with escalating severity of the PanIN change (p < or = 0.01). COX-2 expression was increased in PanIN-2/3 compared to normal pancreas and CP (p < or = 0.001). In ducts of CP, COX-2 expression did not differ from that in normal tissue. There was no association between COX-2 expression and clinicopathological variables. CONCLUSION The high level of COX-2 expression in PanIN lesions suggests that this enzyme could be a therapeutic target at a non-invasive stage of pancreatic carcinogenesis and feasible for chemoprevention in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Albazaz
- Academic Unit of Surgery, The General Infirmary at Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Lee KW, Lee HJ, Lee CY. Vitamins, Phytochemicals, Diets, and Their Implementation in Cancer Chemoprevention. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2004; 44:437-52. [PMID: 15615427 DOI: 10.1080/10408690490886674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
With progressive "Westernization" of the dietary pattern in Asian countries, such as Korea and Japan, unhealthy signs, such as increases in obesity and incidence rate of cancers, are starting to appear in recent statistics. These results support the hypothesis that a dietary pattern of low fats and high antioxidants based on plant foods will reduce the risk of cancer Recently, antioxidative vitamins and phenolic phytochemicals derived from our daily diet have received much attention because of their potential chemopreventive activities. Their chemopreventive mechanisms have been suggested mainly due to their protective effects against oxidative DNA damage. However. several studies have shown that dietary antioxidant supplements, such as vitamins and phenolic phytochemicals, are not beneficial; they may rather, cause DNA damage. These results suggest that a metabolomics approach might demonstrate that antioxidant rich whole diets play a more important role, rather than individual antioxidants in cancer prevention. On the other hand, the chemopreventive mechanisms of dietary vitamins and phenolic phytochemicals may be associated with the inhibition of other carcinogenic processes, particularly tumor promotion, rather than that of tumor initiation. In this article, possible cancer-preventive mechanisms of dietary vitamins and phenolic phytochemicals, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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