1
|
Roggio F, Trovato B, Sortino M, Onesta MP, Petrigna L, Musumeci G. The Role of Muscle Biomarkers in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7616. [PMID: 38137689 PMCID: PMC10743897 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the predominant orthopedic disorder in children, affecting 1-3% of the global population. Research in this field has tried to delineate the genetic factors behind scoliosis and its association with heredity since AIS is considered a polygenic disease and has different genetic and epigenetic factors. The current study conducted a narrative review of the literature, focusing on biomarkers in the pathophysiology of muscle in AIS patients. Articles were collected from Scopus, Pubmed, and Web of Science. The key screening parameters were scoliosis classification, sampling, and the biomarkers evaluated. This review emphasizes potential key mechanisms and molecular regulators in muscle tissue. While there has been limited focus on the proteins contributing to muscle changes in AIS, significant attention has been given to genomic studies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, particularly in LBX1. Despite these efforts, the exact causes of AIS remain elusive, with several theories suggesting genetic and hormonal factors. This review identified critical protein biomarkers such as Gi-protein alpha subunits, fibrillin-1 and -2, and various differentially expressed proteins, which may be linked to muscle alterations in AIS. This field of research is still limited due to a lack of homogeneity in the distinction of patients by groups and curve severity. Although the pathophysiology of AIS is still unclear, molecular research is important to guide the treatment of AIS before achieving skeletal maturity, thus avoiding serious problems associated with posture changes and low quality of life. In the future, a more comprehensive synergy between orthopedic and molecular research might ameliorate the diagnosis and treatment of AIS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Roggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (B.T.); (M.S.); (L.P.)
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruno Trovato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (B.T.); (M.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Martina Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (B.T.); (M.S.); (L.P.)
| | | | - Luca Petrigna
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (B.T.); (M.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (B.T.); (M.S.); (L.P.)
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ru L, Zheng H, Lian W, Zhao S, Fan Q. Knowledge mapping of idiopathic scoliosis genes and research hotspots (2002-2022): a bibliometric analysis. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1177983. [PMID: 38111628 PMCID: PMC10725947 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1177983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) remains unclear. Gene-based studies on genetic etiology and molecular mechanisms have improved our understanding of IS and guided treatment and diagnosis. Therefore, it is imperative to explicate and demarcate the preponderant areas of inquiry, key scholars, and their aggregate scholarly output, in addition to the collaborative associations amongst publications or researchers. Methods Documents were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) with the following criteria: TS = ("idiopathic scoliosis" AND gene) refined by search operators (genomic OR "hereditary substance" OR "germ plasm" OR Cistrons OR genetics OR genetic OR genes OR Polygenic OR genotype OR genome OR allele OR polygenes OR Polygene) AND DOCUMENT TYPES (ARTICLE OR REVIEW), and the timespan of 2002-01-01 to 2022-11-26. The online bibliometric analysis platform (bibliometric), bibliographic item co-occurrence matrix builder (BICOMB), CiteSpace 6.1. R6 and VOS viewer were used to evaluate articles for publications, nations, institutions, journals, references, knowledge bases, keywords, and research hotspots. Results A total of 479 documents were retrieved from WoSCC. Fourty-four countries published relevant articles. The country with the most significant number of articles was China, and the institution with the most significant number of articles was Nanjing University. Citation analysis formed eight meaningful clusters and 16 high-frequency keywords. (2) The citation knowledge map included single nucleotide polymorphisms, whole exome sequencing, axonal dynamin, drug development, mesenchymal stem cells, dietary intake, curve progression, zebrafish development model, extracellular matrix, and rare variants were the current research hotspots and frontiers. Conclusions Recent research has focused on IS-related genes, whereas the extracellular matrix and unusual variants are research frontiers and hotspots. Functional analysis of susceptibility genes will prove to be valuable for identifying this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Like Ru
- School of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Lian
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuying Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qimeng Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Li M, Chan CO, Yang G, Lam JCK, Law BCS, Lam TP, Hung ALH, Cheng JCY, Mok DKW, Lee WYW. Biological effect of dysregulated LBX1 on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis through modulating muscle carbohydrate metabolism. Spine J 2022; 22:1551-1565. [PMID: 35460899 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Abnormal energy metabolism such as lower body weight and body mass index (BMI) and less fat mass is widely reported in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and has been implicated in deformity development. However, the underlying mechanism is largely unclear. LBX1 is one of the promising AIS predisposing genes validated by multicenter studies. PURPOSE This study aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) relating to energy metabolism in AIS by using proteomic and metabolic analysis and to explore if the expression of these DEPs is associated with clinical parameters and modulated by LBX1. STUDY DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study using clinical data and biological samples followed by basic study using a cellular model. PATIENT SAMPLE Plasma samples were collected from Chinese girls with nonprogressive and progressive AIS (N=7 and 8, respectively) and age-matched healthy girls (N=50). Paraspinal muscle tissues were collected intraoperatively from concave and convex side of the apex of the major spinal curve in AIS (N=24) and either side from nonscoliosis patients (N=14). OUTCOME MEASURES Radiological Cobb angle and basic anthropometric data of recruited subjects were measured. The DEPs and metabolites were compared in plasma using proteomics and metabolomics technique. The relative expression of selected genes was measured in muscles. METHODS Plasma samples from AIS were collected at first clinical visit and were further divided into nonprogressive or progressive groups according to Cobb angle changes in 6-year follow-up. Age-matched healthy girls were recruited as control. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based proteomic analysis was carried out in three groups to identify DEPs and their annotated metabolic pathways. An independent cohort was used for validation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolomic analysis. Paraspinal muscles were subjected to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) followed by correlation analysis. Human skeletal muscle myoblast (HSMM) was used as the cellular model. RESULTS The likelihood of aberrant galactose metabolism and glycolysis was found to be associated with AIS curve progression as evidenced by the thirteen DEPs and seven related metabolites according to proteomic and metabolomic analysis. Some of the DEPs showed significantly altered expression in AIS concave and convex sides paraspinal muscles compared with those in nonscoliosis control. Four DEPs were found significantly and negatively correlated with LBX1 in AIS convex side paraspinal muscles. Overexpressing LBX1 in HSMM cells led to increased expression of three DEPs and decreased expression of three DEPs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This is the first integrated proteomic and metabolomic analysis on AIS. Our findings show dysregulated galactose metabolism and glycolysis pathways in progressive group of AIS, suggesting the presence of abnormal energy metabolism at early stage of this disease, and their association with higher risk of progressing into more severe curvature. Evidence from ex vivo study with human muscle biopsies and in vitro study with human myoblast cells propose the possible effect of LBX1 on these two pathways in skeletal muscles. The present study provides new evidence of LBX1 function in AIS via modulating effect on the expression of energy metabolism related genes. This study might provide new insights into etiopathogenesis and development of novel treatment strategy targeting on abnormal body weight and BMI in patients with AIS. Additionally, the plasma proteomic and metabolomic studies suggested new candidates as biomarkers for establishing predictive model for AIS onset/progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mengheng Li
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-On Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guangpu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jacky Chun-Kit Lam
- Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brian Chun-Sum Law
- Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alec Lik-Hang Hung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daniel Kam-Wah Mok
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wayne Yuk-Wai Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Terhune EA, Monley AM, Cuevas MT, Wethey CI, Gray RS, Hadley-Miller N. Genetic animal modeling for idiopathic scoliosis research: history and considerations. Spine Deform 2022; 10:1003-1016. [PMID: 35430722 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is defined as a structural lateral spinal curvature ≥ 10° in otherwise healthy children and is the most common pediatric spinal deformity. IS is known to have a strong genetic component; however, the underlying etiology is still largely unknown. Animal models have been used historically to both understand and develop treatments for human disease, including within the context of IS. This intended audience for this review is clinicians in the fields of musculoskeletal surgery and research. METHODS In this review article, we synthesize current literature of genetic animal models of IS and introduce considerations for researchers. RESULTS Due to complex genetic and unique biomechanical factors (i.e., bipedalism) hypothesized to contribute to IS in humans, scoliosis is a difficult condition to replicate in model organisms. CONCLUSION We advocate careful selection of animal models based on the scientific question and introduce gaps and limitations in the current literature. We advocate future research efforts to include animal models with multiple characterized genetic or environmental perturbations to reflect current understanding of the human condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anna M Monley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Melissa T Cuevas
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cambria I Wethey
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Altered mechanotransduction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis osteoblasts: an exploratory in vitro study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1846. [PMID: 35115632 PMCID: PMC8813918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05918-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most prevalent pediatric spinal deformity. We previously demonstrated elongated cilia and an altered molecular mechanosensory response in AIS osteoblasts. The purpose of this exploratory study was to characterize the mechanosensory defect occurring in AIS osteoblasts. We found that cilia length dynamics in response to flow significantly differ in AIS osteoblasts compared to control cells. In addition, strain-induced rearrangement of actin filaments was compromised resulting in a failure of AIS osteoblasts to position or elongate in function of the bidirectional-applied flow. Contrary to control osteoblasts, fluid flow had an inhibitory effect on AIS cell migration. Moreover, flow induced an increase in secreted VEGF-A and PGE2 in control but not AIS cells. Collectively our data demonstrated that in addition to the observed primary cilium defects, there are cytoskeletal abnormalities correlated to impaired mechanotransduction in AIS. Thus, we propose that the AIS etiology could be a result of generalized defects in cellular mechanotransduction given that an adolescent growing spine is under constant stimulation for growth and bone remodeling in response to applied mechanical forces. Recognition of an altered mechanotransduction as part of the AIS pathomechanism must be considered in the conception and development of more effective bracing treatments.
Collapse
|
6
|
Liang ZT, Guo CF, Li J, Zhang HQ. The role of endocrine hormones in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21839. [PMID: 34387890 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100759r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common spinal deformity characterized by changes in the three-dimensional structure of the spine. It usually initiates during puberty, the peak period of human growth when the secretion of numerous hormones is changing, and it is more common in females than in males. Accumulating evidence shows that the abnormal levels of many hormones including estrogen, melatonin, growth hormone, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin, may be related to the occurrence and development of AIS. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary and critique of the research published on each hormone over the past 20 years, and to highlight areas for future study. It is hoped that the presentation will help provide a better understanding of the role of endocrine hormones in the pathogenesis of AIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Tao Liang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao-Feng Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong-Qi Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li J, Yang Z, Yu M. Association study of single nucleotide polymorphism in tryptophan hydroxylase 1 gene with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e23733. [PMID: 33545939 PMCID: PMC7837909 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a common spinal deformity among children and adolescents worldwide with its etiology uncertain. Over a decade, a single nucleotide polymorphism rs10488682 in tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) gene has been investigated in several association studies. We perform this study to summarize the current evidence of TPH1 rs10488682 polymorphisms and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). METHODS Six databases were systematically searched: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature, and Wanfang database. Eligible case-control studies related to TPH1 and AIS were selected. Reference lists of them were reviewed for more available studies. Two authors independently screened and evaluated the literature and extracted data. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were derived in association tests. Subgroup analysis was conducted by ethnicity. Sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the stability of the overall results. RESULTS A total of 1006 cases and 1557 controls in 3 independent studies were included for meta-analysis. Statistical significance was discovered in heterozygote model (AT vs AA: OR = 1.741, 95%Cl = 1.100-2.753, P = .018 < .05, I2 = 0%), recessive model (AA vs AT + TT: OR = 0.640, 95%Cl = 0.414-0.990, P = .045 < .05, I2 = 0%) and over-dominant model (AT vs AA + TT: OR = 1.366, 95%Cl = 1.115-1.673, P = .003 < .05, I2 = 84.7%) in overall populations. Similar associations were also found in the Caucasian population. No significant associations were found in other genotypic comparisons and allelic comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Statistically significant correlations were discovered between the TPH1 rs10488682 polymorphisms and AIS. Heterozygous AT genotype seems to be risky with an over-dominant effect. Ethnicity appears to modify the disease association. REGISTRATION Not applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Li
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road
| | - Zexi Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Barre R, Beton N, Batut A, Accabled F, Sales de Gauzy J, Auriol F, Eddiry S, Tauber M, Laurencin S, Salles JP, Gennero I. Ghrelin uses the GHS-R1a/Gi/cAMP pathway and induces differentiation only in mature osteoblasts. This ghrelin pathway is impaired in AIS patients. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100782. [PMID: 32984555 PMCID: PMC7494670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the Acylated Ghrelin (AG)/Gi pathway in different human osteoblastic cell lines. We have found that: 1) AG induces differentiation/mineralization only in mature osteoblasts; 2) the expression of GHS-R1a increases up to the mature cell stage, 3) the action is mediated via the GHS-R/Gi/cAMP pathway only in mature osteoblasts, and 4) osteoblastic cells from adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) are resistant to the AG/Gi/cAMP pathway. Altogether, these results suggested that AG uses the GHS-R1a/Gi/cAMP pathway to induce differentiation in mature osteoblasts only. This pathway is impaired in AIS osteoblasts. Understanding AG-specific pathways involved in normal and pathological osteoblasts may be useful for developing new treatments for pathologies such as AIS or osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Barre
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Odontology, Paul Sabatier Toulouse III University, France
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Beton
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CHU Toulouse, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Paul Sabatier Toulouse III University, France
| | - Aurélie Batut
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CHU Toulouse, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Paul Sabatier Toulouse III University, France
| | - Frank Accabled
- Faculty of Medicine, Paul Sabatier Toulouse III University, France
- Orthopedic Department, Children Hospital, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Jerome Sales de Gauzy
- Faculty of Medicine, Paul Sabatier Toulouse III University, France
- Orthopedic Department, Children Hospital, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Auriol
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CHU Toulouse, France
- Endocrinology and Bone Pathologies Department, Children Hospital, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Sanaa Eddiry
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CHU Toulouse, France
- Endocrinology and Bone Pathologies Department, Children Hospital, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Maithe Tauber
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CHU Toulouse, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Paul Sabatier Toulouse III University, France
- Endocrinology and Bone Pathologies Department, Children Hospital, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Sara Laurencin
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CHU Toulouse, France
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Odontology, Paul Sabatier Toulouse III University, France
| | - Jean Pierre Salles
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CHU Toulouse, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Paul Sabatier Toulouse III University, France
- Endocrinology and Bone Pathologies Department, Children Hospital, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Gennero
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CHU Toulouse, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Paul Sabatier Toulouse III University, France
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Federative Institute of Biology, CHU Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Castelein RM, Pasha S, Cheng JC, Dubousset J. Idiopathic Scoliosis as a Rotatory Decompensation of the Spine. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1850-1857. [PMID: 32697856 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many years of dedicated research into the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis have not led to one unified theory. We propose that scoliosis is a mechanical, rotatory decompensation of the human spine that starts in the transverse, or horizontal, plane. The human spine is prone to this type of decompensation because of its unique and individually different, fully upright sagittal shape with some preexistent transverse plane rotation. Spinal stability depends on the integrity of a delicate system of stabilizers, in which intervertebral disc stiffness is crucial. There are two phases in life when important changes occur in the precarious balance between spinal loading and the disc's stabilizing properties: (i) during puberty, when loads and moment arms increase rapidly, while the disc's "anchor," the ring apophysis, matures from purely cartilaginous to mineralized to ultimately fused to the vertebral body, and (ii) in older age, when the torsional stiffness of the spinal segments decreases, due to disc degeneration and subsequent laxity of the fibers of the annulus fibrosus. During these crucial periods, transverse plane vertebral rotation can increase during a relatively brief window in time, either as adolescent idiopathic or degenerative de novo scoliosis. Much more is known of the biomechanical changes that occur during disc aging and degeneration than of the changing properties of the disc during maturation. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René M Castelein
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saba Pasha
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jack Cy Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, S. H. Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Joint Scoliosis Research Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Patient outcomes in idiopathic scoliosis are associated with biological endophenotypes: 2020 SOSORT award winner. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2020; 30:1125-1131. [PMID: 32860536 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-020-06579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bracing is the treatment of choice for idiopathic scoliosis (IS), unfortunately factors underlying brace response remain unknown. Clinicians are currently unable to identify patients who may benefit from bracing, and therefore, better molecular stratification is critically needed. The aim of this study is to evaluate IS patient outcomes at skeletal maturity in relation to biological endophenotypes, and determine specific endophenotypes associated to differential bracing outcomes. This is a retrospective cohort with secondary cross-sectional comparative studies. METHODS Clinical and radiological data were collected from 563 IS patients, stratified into biological endophenotypes (FG1, FG2, FG3) based on a cell-based test. Measured outcomes were maximum Cobb angle at skeletal maturity, and if severe, spinal deformity (≥ 45°) or surgery was attained. Treatment success/failure was determined by standard progression thresholds (Cobb ≥ 45° or surgery; Cobb angle progression ≥ 6°). Multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate associations between endophenotypes and clinical outcome. RESULTS Higher Cobb angles at maturity for FG1 and FG2 patients were observed (p = 0.056 and p = 0.05), with increased likelihood of ≥ 45° and/or surgery for FG1 (OR = 2.181 [1.002-4.749] and FG2 (OR = 2.141 [1.038-4.413]) compared to FG3. FG3 was 9.31 [2.58-33.61] and 5.63 [2.11-15.05] times more likely for bracing success at treatment termination and based on the < 6° progression criterion, respectively, compared to FG1. CONCLUSION Associations between biological endophenotypes and outcomes suggest differences in progression and/or bracing response among IS patients. Outcomes were most favorable in FG3 patients. The results pave the way for establishing personalized treatments, distinguishing who may benefit or not from treatment.
Collapse
|
12
|
Increased EEG alpha peak frequency in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis during balance control in normal upright standing. Neurosci Lett 2020; 722:134836. [PMID: 32057922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by a tridimensional deformation of the spine. AIS pathophysiology is still unclear and its aetiology is unknown. Results from several studies revealed balance control alterations in adolescents with AIS suggesting cortical sensorimotor processing impairments. Studies assessing cortical activity involved in balance control revealed an increase in alpha peak frequency (APF), which is a neurophysiological marker of thalamo-cortical transmission, related to a more challenging balance task. The objective of this study is to assess APF of adolescents with AIS during balance control in upright standing posture using electroencephalography (EEG). EEG was recorded in 16 girls with AIS and 15 control girls in normal standing posture on a force platform. The participants stood upright for 2 min with eyes open and 2 min with eyes closed. Fast Fourier transformations of EEG data were calculated to obtain APF. Balance performances were assessed through the area of an ellipse covering the center of pressure (COP) displacement and the root mean square value of the COP velocity. Compared to the control group, APF was higher in the AIS group at central, frontal, parietal and occipital regions. Further, COP analyses did not reveal any difference between AIS and control groups. A higher APF may indicate the need for increased cortical processing to maintain balance control in normal upright standing in adolescents with AIS compared to healthy controls. We suggest that this may be a compensatory strategy to overcome balance control challenges.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang J, Cheuk KY, Xu L, Wang Y, Feng Z, Sit T, Cheng KL, Nepotchatykh E, Lam TP, Liu Z, Hung AL, Zhu Z, Moreau A, Cheng JC, Qiu Y, Lee WY. A validated composite model to predict risk of curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 18:100236. [PMID: 31922123 PMCID: PMC6948250 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the continuous search for effective prognostication of significant curve progression at the initial clinical consultation to inform decision for timely treatment and to avoid unnecessary overtreatment remains a big challenge as evidence of the multifactorial etiopathogenic nature is increasingly reported. This study aimed to formulate a composite model composed of clinical parameters and circulating markers in the prediction of curve progression. METHOD This is a two-phase study consisting of an exploration cohort (120 AIS, mean Cobb angle of 25°± 8.5 at their first clinical visit) and a validation cohort (51 AIS, mean Cobb angle of 23° ± 5.0° at the first visit). Patients with AIS were followed-up for a minimum of six years to formulate a composite model for prediction. At the first visit, clinical parameters were collected from routine clinical practice, and circulating markers were assayed from blood. FINDING We constructed the composite predictive model for curve progression to severe Cobb angle > 40° with a high HR of 27.9 (95% CI of 6.55 to 119.16). The area under curve of the composite model is higher than that of individual parameters used in current clinical practice. The model was validated by an independent cohort and achieved a sensitivity of 72.7% and a specificity of 90%. INTERPRETATION This is the first study proposing and validating a prognostic composite model consisting of clinical and circulating parameters which could quantitatively evaluate the probability of curve progression to a severe curvature in AIS at the initial consultation. Further validation in clinic will facilitate application of composite model in assisting objective clinical decision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-yee Cheuk
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leilei Xu
- Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenhua Feng
- Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tony Sit
- Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-lo Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Evguenia Nepotchatykh
- Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics of Musculoskeletal Diseases, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tsz-ping Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alec L.H. Hung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zezhang Zhu
- Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alain Moreau
- Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics of Musculoskeletal Diseases, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jack C.Y. Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Co-corresponding author at: Lui Che Woo Clinical Science Bu/F, Lui Che Woo Clinical Science Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yong Qiu
- Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Co-corresponding author at: Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wayne Y.W. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Corresponding author at: Room 904, 9/F, Li Ka Shing Medical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li J, Li N, Chen Y, Hui S, Fan J, Ye B, Fan Z, Zhang J, Zhao RC, Zhuang Q. SPRY4 is responsible for pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by contributing to osteogenic differentiation and melatonin response of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:805. [PMID: 31645544 PMCID: PMC6811559 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex, three-dimensional deformity of the spine that commonly occurs in pubescent girls. Decreased osteogenic differentiation and aberrant melatonin signalling have been demonstrated in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from AIS patients and are implicated in the pathogenesis of AIS. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these abnormal cellular features remain largely unknown. Our previous work comparing gene expression profiles between MSCs from AIS patients and healthy controls identified 1027 differentially expressed genes. In the present study, we focused on one of the most downregulated genes, SPRY4, in the MAPK signalling pathway and examined its role in osteogenic differentiation. We found that SPRY4 is markedly downregulated in AIS MSCs. Knockdown of SPRY4 impaired differentiation of healthy MSCs to osteoblasts, while SPRY4 overexpression in AIS MSCs enhanced osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, melatonin treatment boosted osteogenic differentiation, whereas SPRY4 ablation ablated the promotional effects of melatonin. Moreover, SPRY4 was upregulated by melatonin exposure and contributed to osteogenic differentiation and melatonin response in a MEK-ERK1/2 dependent manner. Thus, loss of SPRY4 in bone marrow derived-MSCs results in reduced osteogenic differentiation, and these defects are further aggravated under the influence of melatonin. Our findings provide new insights for understanding the role of melatonin in AIS aetiology and highlight the importance of MSCs in AIS pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shangyi Hui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junfen Fan
- Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Buqing Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zusen Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Qianyu Zhuang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nakano M, Ikegame M, Igarashi-Migitaka J, Maruyama Y, Suzuki N, Hattori A. Suppressive effect of melatonin on osteoclast function via osteocyte calcitonin. J Endocrinol 2019; 242:13-23. [PMID: 31042672 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the actions of melatonin on osteoblasts and osteoclasts. However, the underlying mechanisms, especially regarding osteocyte function, remain largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of melatonin action on bone tissue via osteocyte function. Chick calvariae were employed as a model. In ovo injection of melatonin (5, 50 and 500 µg) dose-dependently decreased the mRNA expression levels of cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in chick calvariae without affecting the expression levels of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand or osteoprotegerin. Surprisingly enough, the expression of calcitonin mRNA in chick calvariae was significantly raised. After 3 days of in vitro treatment of melatonin (10-7 and 10-5 M) on newly hatched chick calvariae, both calcitonin mRNA expression in calvariae and the concentration of calcitonin in cultured medium were augmented in a dose-dependent manner, coincident with the decreased mRNA expression levels of cathepsin K and MMP9. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed expression of melatonin receptors and calcitonin by osteocytes buried in bone matrix. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of melatonin receptors, calcitonin and sclerostin (a marker of osteocyte), were strongly and positively correlated. In conclusion, we demonstrated the expression of melatonin receptors and calcitonin expression in osteocytes for the first time and suggest a new mechanism underlying the suppressive effect of melatonin on osteoclasts via upregulation of calcitonin secretion by osteocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nakano
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mika Ikegame
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junko Igarashi-Migitaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fortin C, Pialasse JP, Knoth IS, Lippé S, Duclos C, Simoneau M. Cortical dynamics of sensorimotor information processing associated with balance control in adolescents with and without idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:1752-1761. [PMID: 31401484 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims at examining the cortical dynamics of sensorimotor information processing related to balance control in participants with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and in age-matched controls (CTL). METHODS Cortical dynamics during standing balance control were assessed in 13 girls with AIS and 13 age-matched controls using electroencephalography. Time-frequency analysis were used to determine frequency power during ankle proprioception alteration (ankle tendons co-vibration interval) or reintegration of ankle proprioception (post-vibration interval) with or without vision. RESULTS Balance control did not differ between groups. In the co-vibration interval, a significant suppression in alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) band power and a significant increase in theta (4-7 Hz) band power were found respectively in the vision and non-vision condition in the AIS group compared to the CTL group. In the post-vibration interval, significant suppressions in beta (13-30 Hz) and gamma (30-50 Hz) band power were observed in the AIS group in the non-vision condition. CONCLUSION Participants with AIS showed brain oscillations differences compared to CTL in the sensorimotor cortex while controlling their balance in various sensory conditions. SIGNIFICANCE Future study using evaluation of cortical dynamics could serve documenting whether rehabilitation programs have an effect on sensorimotor function in AIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Fortin
- École de réadaptation, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jean-Philippe Pialasse
- École de réadaptation, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Sarah Lippé
- Centre de recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cyril Duclos
- École de réadaptation, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain (CRIR), Institut de Réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Simoneau
- Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et intégration sociale (CIRRIS), Québec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A Differential Hypofunctionality of Gαi Proteins Occurs in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and Correlates with the Risk of Disease Progression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10074. [PMID: 31296888 PMCID: PMC6624302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most prevalent spine deformity and the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathophysiology remain poorly understood. We have previously found a differential impairment of melatonin receptor signaling in AIS osteoblasts allowing the classification of patients into three biological endophenotypes or functional groups (FG1, FG2 and FG3). Here, we provide evidence that the defect characterizing each endophenotype lies at the level of Gαi proteins leading to a systemic and generalized differential impairment of Gi-coupled receptor signaling. The three Gαi isoforms exhibited a selective serine phosphorylation patterns for each AIS endophenotype resulting in a differential reduction in Gαi protein activity as determined by cellular dielectric spectroscopy and small interfering RNA methods. We found that one endophenotype (FG2) with phosphorylated Gαi1 and Gαi2 was consistently associated with a significantly high risk of spinal deformity progression when compared to the other two endophenotypes (FG1 and FG3). We further demonstrated that each endophenotype is conserved among affected family members. This study expands our understanding of the mechanism underlying the Gi-coupled receptor signaling dysfunction occurring in AIS and provides the first evidence for its hereditary nature. Collectively, our findings offers a new perspective on Gαi hypofunctionality in a human disease by revealing specific serine phosphorylation signatures of Gαi isoforms that may facilitate the identification of AIS patients at risk of spinal deformity progression.
Collapse
|
18
|
Musa G, Cazorla‐Vázquez S, Amerongen MJ, Stemmler MP, Eckstein M, Hartmann A, Braun T, Brabletz T, Engel FB. Gpr126 (Adgrg6)
is expressed in cell types known to be exposed to mechanical stimuli. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:96-108. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gentian Musa
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of NephropathologyInstitute of Pathology, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Salvador Cazorla‐Vázquez
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of NephropathologyInstitute of Pathology, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Machteld J. Amerongen
- Department of Cardiac Development and RemodellingMax‐Planck‐Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim Germany
| | - Marc P. Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐CenterFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Department of Pathology and AnatomyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Department of Pathology and AnatomyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and RemodellingMax‐Planck‐Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐CenterFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of NephropathologyInstitute of Pathology, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
- Department of Cardiac Development and RemodellingMax‐Planck‐Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Onaolapo OJ, Onaolapo AY. Melatonin, adolescence, and the brain: An insight into the period-specific influences of a multifunctional signaling molecule. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1659-1671. [PMID: 29251845 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone that is involved in the modulation of a wide range of physiological processes, including maintenance of the circadian rhythm, mediation of photoperiodic information, regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, synchronization of cell physiology, antioxidant defense, and immune-modulation. Although there are reports of increasing use of melatonin in the management of a number of health conditions, evidence exists that is suggestive of deleterious effects of melatonin administration on brain and reproductive development in the prepubertal and pubertal periods that are within the teenage years. In this review, we examine the influences of endogenous and exogenous melatonin on the adolescent brain, with specific reference to its involvement in the evolution of brain functions, brain structure, sleep regulation, and modulation of behaviors in health or disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O J Onaolapo
- Behavioral Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - A Y Onaolapo
- Behavioral Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Verticality perception reveals a vestibular deficit in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:1725-1734. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
21
|
Negrini S, Donzelli S, Aulisa AG, Czaprowski D, Schreiber S, de Mauroy JC, Diers H, Grivas TB, Knott P, Kotwicki T, Lebel A, Marti C, Maruyama T, O’Brien J, Price N, Parent E, Rigo M, Romano M, Stikeleather L, Wynne J, Zaina F. 2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth. SCOLIOSIS AND SPINAL DISORDERS 2018; 13:3. [PMID: 29435499 PMCID: PMC5795289 DOI: 10.1186/s13013-017-0145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Scientific Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) produced its first guidelines in 2005 and renewed them in 2011. Recently published high-quality clinical trials on the effect of conservative treatment approaches (braces and exercises) for idiopathic scoliosis prompted us to update the last guidelines' version. The objective was to align the guidelines with the new scientific evidence to assure faster knowledge transfer into clinical practice of conservative treatment for idiopathic scoliosis (CTIS). METHODS Physicians, researchers and allied health practitioners working in the area of CTIS were involved in the development of the 2016 guidelines. Multiple literature reviews reviewing the evidence on CTIS (assessment, bracing, physiotherapy, physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises (PSSE) and other CTIS) were conducted. Documents, recommendations and practical approach flow charts were developed using a Delphi procedure. The process was completed with the Consensus Session held during the first combined SOSORT/IRSSD Meeting held in Banff, Canada, in May 2016. RESULTS The contents of the new 2016 guidelines include the following: background on idiopathic scoliosis, description of CTIS approaches for various populations with flow-charts for clinical practice, as well as literature reviews and recommendations on assessment, bracing, PSSE and other CTIS. The present guidelines include a total of 68 recommendations divided into following topics: bracing (n = 25), PSSE to prevent scoliosis progression during growth (n = 12), PSSE during brace treatment and surgical therapy (n = 6), other conservative treatments (n = 2), respiratory function and exercises (n = 3), general sport activities (n = 6); and assessment (n = 14). According to the agreed strength and level of evidence rating scale, there were 2 recommendations on bracing and 1 recommendation on PSSE that reached level of recommendation "I" and level of evidence "II". Three recommendations reached strength of recommendation A based on the level of evidence I (2 for bracing and one for assessment); 39 recommendations reached strength of recommendation B (20 for bracing, 13 for PSSE, and 6 for assessment).The number of paper for each level of evidence for each treatment is shown in Table 8. CONCLUSION The 2016 SOSORT guidelines were developed based on the current evidence on CTIS. Over the last 5 years, high-quality evidence has started to emerge, particularly in the areas of efficacy of bracing (one large multicentre trial) and PSSE (three single-centre randomized controlled trials). Several grade A recommendations were presented. Despite the growing high-quality evidence, the heterogeneity of the study protocols limits generalizability of the recommendations. There is a need for standardization of research methods of conservative treatment effectiveness, as recognized by SOSORT and the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) non-operative management Committee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Negrini
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Department, University of Brescia Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Donzelli
- ISICO (Italian Scientific Spine Institute), Via R. Bellarmino 13/1, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Gabriele Aulisa
- U.O.C. of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Children’s Hospital Bambino Gesù, Institute of Scientific Research, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Dariusz Czaprowski
- Center of Body Posture, Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy, Józef Rusiecki University College, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sanja Schreiber
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Alberta Health Services, Department of Surgery, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Helmut Diers
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Theodoros B. Grivas
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Tzaneio” General Hospital of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Patrick Knott
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL USA
| | - Tomasz Kotwicki
- Department of Spine Disorders and Pediatric Orthopedics, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrea Lebel
- Scoliosis Physiotherapy & Posture Centre, 231 McLeod Street, Ottawa, Ontario K2P0Z8 Canada
| | - Cindy Marti
- Schroth-Barcelona Institute, LLC, Spinal Dynamics of Wisconsin, SC., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Saitama Prefectural Rehabilitation Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Joe O’Brien
- National Scoliosis Foundation, Stoughton, MA USA
| | - Nigel Price
- Section of Spine Surgery, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, UMKC Orthopedics, Kansas City, MO USA
| | - Eric Parent
- Department of Physical Therapy, 2-50 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4 Canada
| | - Manuel Rigo
- Salvá SLP (E. Salvá Institute), Vía Augusta 185, 08021 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michele Romano
- ISICO (Italian Scientific Spine Institute), Via R. Bellarmino 13/1, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Luke Stikeleather
- National Scoliosis Center, 3023 Hamaker Court, Suite LL-50, Fairfax, VA 22124 USA
| | - James Wynne
- Boston Orthotics & Prosthetics, Boston, MA USA
| | - Fabio Zaina
- ISICO (Italian Scientific Spine Institute), Via R. Bellarmino 13/1, 20141 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fadzan M, Bettany-Saltikov J. Etiological Theories of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Past and Present. Open Orthop J 2017; 11:1466-1489. [PMID: 29399224 PMCID: PMC5759107 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001711011466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is one of the most common spinal deformities, yet its cause is unknown. Various theories look to biomechanical, neuromuscular, genetic, and environmental origins, yet our understanding of scoliosis etiology is still limited. Determining the cause of a disease is crucial to developing the most effective treatment. Associations made with scoliosis do not necessarily point to causality, and it is difficult to determine whether said associations are primary (playing a role in development) or secondary (develop as a result of scoliosis). Scoliosis is a complex condition with highly variable expression, even among family members, and likely has many causes. These causes could be similar among homogenous groups of AIS patients, or they could be individual. Here, we review the most prevalent theories of scoliosis etiology and recent trends in research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Fadzan
- Scoliosis 3DC, 3 Baldwin Green Common, Suite 204, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pialasse JP, Mercier P, Descarreaux M, Simoneau M. A procedure to detect abnormal sensorimotor control in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Gait Posture 2017; 57:124-129. [PMID: 28605674 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This work identifies, among adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis, those demonstrating impaired sensorimotor control through a classification procedure comparing the amplitude of their vestibular-evoked postural responses. The sensorimotor control of healthy adolescents (n=17) and adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (n=52) with either mild (Cobb angle≥15° and ≤30°) or severe (Cobb angle >30°) spine deformation was assessed through galvanic vestibular stimulation. A classification procedure sorted out adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis whether the amplitude of their vestibular-evoked postural response was dissimilar or similar to controls. Compared to controls, galvanic vestibular stimulation evoked larger postural response in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Nonetheless, the classification procedure revealed that only 42.5% of all patients showed impaired sensorimotor control. Consequently, identifying patients with sensorimotor control impairment would allow to apply personalized treatments, help clinicians to establish prognosis and hopefully improve the condition of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Pialasse
- Faculté de médecine, Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Mercier
- Clinique d'orthopédie infantile de Québec and Département de Chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Descarreaux
- Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Simoneau
- Faculté de médecine, Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Normand E, Franco A, Moreau A, Marcil V. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 and Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Expression in Osteoblasts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3173. [PMID: 28600546 PMCID: PMC5466660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) tend to have a taller stature and a lower body mass index. Energy homeostasis, that is known to affect bone growth, could contribute to these characteristics. In circulation, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inactivates glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin that promotes insulin secretion and sensitivity. Our objectives were to investigate DPP-4 status in plasma and in osteoblasts of AIS subjects and controls and to evaluate the regulatory role of metabolic effectors on DPP-4 expression. DPP-4 activity was assessed in plasma of 113 girls and 62 age-matched controls. Osteoblasts were isolated from bone specimens of AIS patients and controls. Human cells were incubated with glucose, insulin, GLP-1 and butyrate. Gene and protein expressions were evaluated by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Our results showed 14% inferior plasma DPP-4 activity in AIS patients when compared to healthy controls (P = 0.0357). Similarly, osteoblasts derived from AIS subjects had lower DPP-4 gene and protein expression than controls by 90.5% and 57.1% respectively (P < 0.009). DPP-4 expression was regulated in a different manner in osteoblasts isolated from AIS participants compared to controls. Our results suggest a role for incretins in AIS development and severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Normand
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anita Franco
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics of Musculoskeletal Diseases, Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Alain Moreau
- Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics of Musculoskeletal Diseases, Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1J4, Canada
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada.
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang S, Zheng C, Jiang J, Lu F, Xia X, Zhu W, Jin X, Ma X. The value of applying a melatonin antagonist (Luzindole) in improving the success rate of the bipedal rat scoliosis model. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:137. [PMID: 28376758 PMCID: PMC5379722 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An ideal animal model has always been the key to research the pathogenesis and treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), while available methods have obvious disadvantages. The deficiency of melatonin has been proved relating to AIS. In this research, we intended to apply Luzindole, the melatonin antagonist, in bipedal rat model, for the block of combination of melatonin and its receptor, to inhibit the melatonin effect, and then to understand whether this method can effectively improve the scoliosis rate of bipedal rat model, and investigate the role of melatonin in scoliosis. To investigate the feasibility of improving the success rate of bipedal rat scoliosis model via intraperitoneal injection of melatonin antagonist (Luzindole). METHODS A total of 60 3-weeks-old Sprague-Dawley rats were included in this study, and were divided into 3 groups (A, B and C). Each group included 20 rats. Osteotomy of the bilateral proximal humerus and proximal tailbone was performed in group A and group B; intraperitoneal injection of Luzindole (0.2 mg/kg) was performed in group A and group C. X-rays were taken before the surgery, 1 month after the surgery, 3 months after the surgery, and 6 months after the surgery, to calculate the Cobb's angle of the spine (>10° was considered scoliosis). The weight of every rat was also measured at the same time. Rats were euthanized 6 months after surgery to determine the calmodulin level in thrombocytes. RESULTS The rate of scoliosis in group A (14/20) was significantly higher than those in group B (6/20) and group C (0/20) (P < 0.05). The differences in the weights of the 3 groups were non-significant; as were differences in the calmodulin level in thrombocytes. CONCLUSION The application of the melatonin antagonist of Luzindole can improve the success rate of the bipedal rat scoliosis model. Meanwhile, this study indicates that a decreased melatonin level is not the primary cause of scoliosis, but that it may increase the likelihood and severity of scoliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chaojun Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jianyuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Feizhou Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No.128, Ruili Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinlei Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiang Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiaosheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lateur G, Grobost P, Gerbelot J, Eid A, Griffet J, Courvoisier A. Efficacy of nighttime brace in preventing progression of idiopathic scoliosis of less than 25°. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2017; 103:275-278. [PMID: 28025152 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of the present study was to assess, at skeletal maturity, the efficacy of non-operative treatment by isolated nighttime brace in the prevention of progression of progressive idiopathic scoliosis of less than 25°. HYPOTHESIS Isolated nighttime brace treatment is effective in the prevention of progression of mild progressive idiopathic scoliosis (Cobb<25°). MATERIAL AND METHODS A single-center retrospective study included 142 patients managed by nighttime brace for progressive idiopathic scoliosis with Cobb angle<25°, with assessment at skeletal maturity. Mean Cobb angle at start of treatment was 15.5° (range, 10-25°). Mean values for Cobb angle and sagittal parameters before treatment and at skeletal maturity were compared on Student t-test. Change in Cobb angle over time was also analyzed. RESULTS Mean Cobb angle at skeletal maturity was 16.3°, showing significant increase over baseline (15.5°; P=0.04), although the difference was less than the uncertainty of measurement (±6°). In baseline Risser 0 or 1, mean change in Cobb angle at skeletal maturity (16.2°) was not significant (P=0.1). Cobb angle diminished in 26 cases (18%), increased in 24 (17%) and was unchanged in 92 (65%). CONCLUSION The present study confirmed the efficacy of non-operative treatment by nighttime brace in mild progressive idiopathic scoliosis (<25°) in a large majority of cases. A nighttime brace thus seems to be an effective option for the treatment of adolescent scoliosis, ensuring a safe curve of around 20°. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, retrospective study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Lateur
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique pédiatrique, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - P Grobost
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique pédiatrique, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - J Gerbelot
- Demeure Orthopédie, 1, rue Rosa-Lee-Parks, 38400 Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
| | - A Eid
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique pédiatrique, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - J Griffet
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique pédiatrique, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - A Courvoisier
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique pédiatrique, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Identification of Elongated Primary Cilia with Impaired Mechanotransduction in Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44260. [PMID: 28290481 PMCID: PMC5349607 DOI: 10.1038/srep44260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an outward projecting antenna-like organelle with an important role in bone mechanotransduction. The capacity to sense mechanical stimuli can affect important cellular and molecular aspects of bone tissue. Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a complex pediatric disease of unknown cause, defined by abnormal spinal curvatures. We demonstrate significant elongation of primary cilia in IS patient bone cells. In response to mechanical stimulation, these IS cells differentially express osteogenic factors, mechanosensitive genes, and signaling genes. Considering that numerous ciliary genes are associated with a scoliosis phenotype, among ciliopathies and knockout animal models, we expected IS patients to have an accumulation of rare variants in ciliary genes. Instead, our SKAT-O analysis of whole exomes showed an enrichment among IS patients for rare variants in genes with a role in cellular mechanotransduction. Our data indicates defective cilia in IS bone cells, which may be linked to heterogeneous gene variants pertaining to cellular mechanotransduction.
Collapse
|
28
|
Grauers A, Einarsdottir E, Gerdhem P. Genetics and pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis. SCOLIOSIS AND SPINAL DISORDERS 2016; 11:45. [PMID: 27933320 PMCID: PMC5125035 DOI: 10.1186/s13013-016-0105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS), the most common spinal deformity, affects otherwise healthy children and adolescents during growth. The aetiology is still unknown, although genetic factors are believed to be important. The present review corroborates the understanding of IS as a complex disease with a polygenic background. Presumably IS can be due to a spectrum of genetic risk variants, ranging from very rare or even private to very common. The most promising candidate genes are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Grauers
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sundsvall and Härnösand County Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden ; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Einarsdottir
- Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - P Gerdhem
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Orthopaedics, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zamecnik J, Krskova L, Hacek J, Stetkarova I, Krbec M. Etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Expression of melatonin receptors 1A/1B, calmodulin and estrogen receptor 2 in deep paravertebral muscles revisited. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5719-5724. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
30
|
Nikolova ST, Yablanski VT, Vlaev EN, Savov AS, Kremensky IM. Investigation of Predictive Potential of TPH1 Common Polymorphism in Idiopathic Scoliosis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.5799/jcei.328607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
31
|
Samaan MC, Missiuna P, Peterson D, Thabane L. Understanding the role of the immune system in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Immunometabolic CONnections to Scoliosis (ICONS) study protocol. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011812. [PMID: 27401365 PMCID: PMC4947809 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects up to 3% of children around the world. There is limited knowledge of AIS aetiopathogenesis, and this evidence is needed to develop new management strategies. Paraspinal muscle in AIS demonstrates evidence of differential fibrosis based on curve sidedness. Fibrosis is the hallmark of macrophage-driven inflammation and tissue remodelling, yet the mechanisms of fibrosis in paraspinal muscle in AIS are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study is to determine the influence of curve sidedness on paraspinal muscle inflammation. Secondary objectives include defining the mechanisms of macrophage homing to muscle, and determining muscle-macrophage crosstalk in muscle fibrosis in AIS. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary paediatric centre in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. We will recruit boys and girls, 10-17 years of age, who are having surgery to correct AIS. We will exclude children who have an active infection or are on immunosuppressive therapies within 2 weeks of surgery, smokers and pregnant girls. Paraspinal muscle biopsies will be obtained at the start of surgery. Also, blood and urine samples will be collected from participants, who will fill questionnaires about their lifestyle. Anthropometric measures will also be collected including height, weight, waist and hip circumferences. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has received ethics authorisation by the institutional review board. This work will be published in peer-reviewed journals and will be presented in oral and poster formats at scientific meetings. DISCUSSION This study will explore the mechanisms of paraspinal muscle inflammation, remodelling and fibrosis in AIS. This will help identify pathways and molecules as potential therapeutic targets to treat and prevent AIS. It may also yield markers that predict scoliosis progression and response to treatment in these children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Constantine Samaan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Missiuna
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devin Peterson
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics unit, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen C, Xu C, Zhou T, Gao B, Zhou H, Chen C, Zhang C, Huang D, Su P. Abnormal osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells from patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in response to melatonin. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1201-9. [PMID: 27314307 PMCID: PMC4940077 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of membranous and endochondral ossification in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remain incompletely understood. To investigate abnormalities in the melatonin signaling pathway and cellular response to melatonin in AIS, a case-control study of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation was performed using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). AIS was diagnosed by physical and radiographic examination. hMSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of patients with AIS and control subjects (n=12 each), and purified by density gradient centrifugation. The expression levels of melatonin receptors (MTs) 1 and 2 were detected by western blotting. Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation was induced by culturing hMSCs in osteogenic and chondrogenic media containing vehicle or 50 nM melatonin. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays, quantitative glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis were performed. Compared with controls, MT2 demonstrated low expression in the AIS group. Melatonin increased ALP activity, GAG synthesis and upregulated the expression of genes involved in osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation including, ALP, osteopontin, osteocalcin, runt-related transcription factor 2, collagen type II, collagen type X, aggrecan and sex-determining region Y-box 9 in the normal control hMSCs, but did not affect the AIS groups. Thus, AIS hMSCs exhibit abnormal cellular responses to melatonin during osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, which may be associated with abnormal membranous and endochondral ossification, and skeletal growth. These results indicate a potential modulating role of melatonin via the MT2 receptor on abnormal osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiaation in patients with AIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Caixia Xu
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Taifeng Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Changhua Chen
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| | - Changli Zhang
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Peiqiang Su
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li W, Li Y, Zhang L, Guo H, Tian D, Li Y, Peng Y, Zheng Y, Dai Y, Xia K, Lan X, Wang B, Hu Z. AKAP2 identified as a novel gene mutated in a Chinese family with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Med Genet 2016; 53:488-93. [PMID: 26989089 PMCID: PMC4941158 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis exhibits high heritability and is one of the most common spinal deformities found in adolescent populations. However, little is known about the disease-causing genes in families with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis exhibiting Mendelian inheritance. Objective The aim of this study was to identify the causative gene in a family with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Methods Whole-exome sequencing was performed on this family to identify the candidate gene. Sanger sequencing was conducted to validate the candidate mutations and familial segregation. Real-time QPCR was used to measure the expression level of the possible causative gene. Results We identified the mutation c.2645A>C (p.E882A) within the AKAP2 gene, which cosegregated with the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis phenotypes. AKAP2 is located in a previously reported linkage locus (IS4) on chromosome 9q31.2–q34.2 and has been implicated in skeletal development. The mutation was absent in dbSNP144, ESP6500 and 503 ethnicity-matched controls. Real-time QPCR revealed that the mRNA expression level in the patients was increased significantly compared with the family controls (p<0.0001). Conclusions AKAP2 was therefore implicated as a novel gene mutated in a Chinese family with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Further studies should be conducted to validate the results from the perspective of both the genetics and pathogenesis of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - YaWei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lusi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Di Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuliang Dai
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kun Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinqiang Lan
- Laboratory of Prepotency and Genetics, Weihai Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang ZW, Lee WYW, Lam TP, Yip BHK, Yu FWP, Yu WS, Zhu F, Ng BKW, Qiu Y, Cheng JCY. Defining the bone morphometry, micro-architecture and volumetric density profile in osteopenic vs non-osteopenic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2016; 26:1586-1594. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-016-4422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
35
|
Burwell RG, Clark EM, Dangerfield PH, Moulton A. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): a multifactorial cascade concept for pathogenesis and embryonic origin. SCOLIOSIS AND SPINAL DISORDERS 2016; 11:8. [PMID: 27252984 PMCID: PMC4888516 DOI: 10.1186/s13013-016-0063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper formulates a novel multifactorial Cascade Concept for the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). This Concept stems from the longitudinal findings of Clark et al. (J Bone Miner Res 29(8):1729-36, 2014) who identified leptin body composition factors at 10 years of age associated with a scoliosis deformity found at 15 years. We interpret these findings in the light of some concepts for AIS pathogenesis. In particular, we speculate that the leptin body composition effect is linked to central nervous system development and the initiation of the asynchronous neuro-osseous growth mechanism that involves the creation of a neuraxis tether of relative anterior vertebral overgrowth. The latter mechanism in combination with age and gender-related anatomical variants of vertebral backward tilt (dorsal shear concept), human upright posture, adolescent growth factors, Hueter-Volkmann effect in vertebrae and vertebral bone mass abnormalities, lead to AIS, possibly both initiation and progression of scoliosis curvatures. Being multifactorial, while the Cascade Concept cannot be tested for all its components, some components should be testable by the method of numerical simulation. Clark et al. (J Bone Miner Res 29(8):1729-36, 2014) also suggested the origin of scoliosis was in the embryonic stages of life from cell types, including adipocytes and osteoblasts, derived from the same progenitor cells, and myoblasts from mesodermal somites. The involvement of cell types from different developmental origins suggests a process acting in embryonic life at a similar time, probably environmental, as previously proposed from anthropometric studies. As a Complex disease, AIS will involve genetic, environmental and life style factors operating in development and growth; this possibility needs evaluating in epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Geoffrey Burwell
- Centre for Spinal Studies and Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emma M Clark
- Academic Rheumatology, Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Alan Moulton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, King's Mill Hospital, Mansfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Osteogenesis from Dental Pulp Derived Stem Cells: A Novel Conditioned Medium Including Melatonin within a Mixture of Hyaluronic, Butyric, and Retinoic Acids. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2056416. [PMID: 26880937 PMCID: PMC4736970 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2056416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) have shown relevant potential for cell therapy in the orthopedic and odontoiatric fields. The optimization of their osteogenic potential is currently a major challenge. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF A) has been recently reported to act as a major conductor of osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Here, we attempted to prime endogenous VEGF A expression without the need for viral vector mediated gene transfer technologies. We show that hDPSCs exposure to a mixture of hyaluronic, butyric, and retinoic acids (HA + BU + RA) induced the transcription of a gene program of osteogenesis and the acquirement of an osteogenic lineage. Such response was also elicited by cell exposure to melatonin, a pleiotropic agent that recently emerged as a remarkable osteogenic inducer. Interestingly, the commitment to the osteogenic fate was synergistically enhanced by the combinatorial exposure to a conditioned medium containing both melatonin and HA + BU + RA. These in vitro results suggest that in vivo osteogenesis might be improved and further studies are needed.
Collapse
|
37
|
Cheng JC, Castelein RM, Chu WC, Danielsson AJ, Dobbs MB, Grivas TB, Gurnett CA, Luk KD, Moreau A, Newton PO, Stokes IA, Weinstein SL, Burwell RG. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1:15030. [PMID: 27188385 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of structural spinal deformities that have a radiological lateral Cobb angle - a measure of spinal curvature - of ≥10(°). AIS affects between 1% and 4% of adolescents in the early stages of puberty and is more common in young women than in young men. The condition occurs in otherwise healthy individuals and currently has no recognizable cause. In the past few decades, considerable progress has been made towards understanding the clinical patterns and the three-dimensional pathoanatomy of AIS. Advances in biomechanics and technology and their clinical application, supported by limited evidence-based research, have led to improvements in the safety and outcomes of surgical and non-surgical treatments. However, the definite aetiology and aetiopathogenetic mechanisms that underlie AIS are still unclear. Thus, at present, both the prevention of AIS and the treatment of its direct underlying cause are not possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - René M Castelein
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Winnie C Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Aina J Danielsson
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew B Dobbs
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery Neurology and Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Theodoros B Grivas
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, Tzaneio General Hospital of Piraeus, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina A Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Keith D Luk
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alain Moreau
- Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics of Musculoskeletal Diseases, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebéc, Canada.,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebéc, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebéc, Canada
| | - Peter O Newton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ian A Stokes
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Stuart L Weinstein
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - R Geoffrey Burwell
- Centre for Spinal Studies and Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust - Queen's Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hitier M, Hamon M, Denise P, Lacoudre J, Thenint MA, Mallet JF, Moreau S, Quarck G. Lateral Semicircular Canal Asymmetry in Idiopathic Scoliosis: An Early Link between Biomechanical, Hormonal and Neurosensory Theories? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131120. [PMID: 26186348 PMCID: PMC4506017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite its high incidence and severe morbidity, the physiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is still unknown. Here, we looked for early anomalies in AIS which are likely to be the cause of spinal deformity and could also be targeted by early treatments. We focused on the vestibular system, which is suspected of acting in AIS pathogenesis and which exhibits an end organ with size and shape fixed before birth. We hypothesize that, in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis, vestibular morphological anomalies were already present at birth and could possibly have caused other abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The vestibular organ of 18 adolescents with AIS and 9 controls were evaluated with MRI in a prospective case controlled study. We studied lateral semicircular canal orientation and the three semicircular canal positions relative to the midline. Lateral semicircular canal function was also evaluated by vestibulonystagmography after bithermal caloric stimulation. RESULTS The left lateral semicircular canal was more vertical and further from the midline in AIS (p = 0.01) and these two parameters were highly correlated (r = -0.6; p = 0.02). These morphological anomalies were associated with functional anomalies in AIS (lower excitability, higher canal paresis), but were not significantly different from controls (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis exhibit morphological vestibular asymmetry, probably determined well before birth. Since the vestibular system influences the vestibulospinal pathway, the hypothalamus, and the cerebellum, this indicates that the vestibular system is a possible cause of later morphological, hormonal and neurosensory anomalies observed in AIS. Moreover, the simple lateral SCC MRI measurement demonstrated here could be used for early detection of AIS, selection of children for close follow-up, and initiation of preventive treatment before spinal deformity occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hitier
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Caen, Caen, F-14000, France
- Department of Anatomy, UNICAEN, Caen, 14032, France
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; School of Medical Sciences and Brain Health Research Center, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- U 1075 COMETE, INSERM, Caen, 14032, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Michèle Hamon
- Department of Neuroradiology, CHU de Caen, Caen, 14000, France
| | | | - Julien Lacoudre
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Caen, Caen, F-14000, France
| | | | | | - Sylvain Moreau
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Caen, Caen, F-14000, France
- Department of Anatomy, UNICAEN, Caen, 14032, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yang M, Wei X, Yang W, Li Y, Ni H, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Bai Y, Li M. The polymorphisms of melatonin receptor 1B gene (MTNR1B) (rs4753426 and rs10830963) and susceptibility to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Sci 2015; 20:593-600. [PMID: 25898821 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-015-0725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether MTNR1B rs4753426 and rs10830963 polymorphisms are correlated with AIS. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of spinal deformity, while its etiology remains uncertain. Melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B) gene polymorphisms have been found to be significantly associated with AIS risk; however, some of these results are controversial. METHODS An systematic online search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library to identify case-control studies investigating the relationship between MTNR1B rs4753426 and rs10830963 polymorphisms and the susceptibility of AIS. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) was calculated to assess the associations, and subgroup meta-analyses were performed according to the ethnicity of the study populations. RESULTS A total of five studies involving 2395 cases and 3645 controls met the inclusion criteria after assessment by two reviewers. Overall, no significant associations were found between MTNR1B rs4753426 polymorphism and AIS risk (C vs. T: OR = 1.11, 95 % CI 0.94-1.30, P = 0.21; CC vs. TT: OR = 1.15, 95 % CI 0.97-1.36, P = 0.12; CT vs. TT: OR = 1.14, 95 % CI 0.97-1.35, P = 0.10; CC/CT vs. TT: OR = 1.14, 95 % CI 0.98-1.33, P = 0.09; CC vs. CT/TT OR = 1.10, 95 % CI 0.84-1.45, P = 0.48), as well as the MTNR1B rs10830963 polymorphism (G vs. C: OR = 0.99, 95 % CI 0.88-1.12, P = 0.91; GG vs. CC: OR = 0.99, 95 % CI 0.74-1.33, P = 0.96; CG vs. CC: OR = 1.00, 95 % CI 0.84-1.18, P = 0.88; GG/CG vs. CC: OR = 0.99, 95 % CI 0.84-1.17, P = 0.93; GG vs. CG/CC OR = 0.99, 95 % CI 0.75-1.30, P = 0.92). When stratified by ethnicity, there were no significant associations between MTNR1B rs4753426 and MTNR1B rs10830963 polymorphisms and AIS risk in either Asian or Caucasian populations. CONCLUSION MTNR1B rs4753426 and MTNR1B rs10830963 polymorphisms are not obviously associated with risk of AIS in either Asian populations or Caucasian populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Deng M, Hui SCN, Yu FWP, Lam TP, Qiu Y, Ng BKW, Cheng JCY, Chu WCW. MRI-based morphological evidence of spinal cord tethering predicts curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine J 2015; 15:1391-401. [PMID: 25725365 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Existing prognostic factors for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients have focused mainly on curve, maturity, and bone-related factors. Previous studies have shown significant associations between curve severity and morphological evidences of relative shorter spinal cord tethering in AIS, and increased prevalence of abnormal somatosensory cortical-evoked potentials and low-lying cerebellar tonsil in severe AIS. Earlier evidence suggests that there might be neural morphological predictors for curve progression. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify any morphological predictors associated with cord tethering, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for curve progression in AIS patients. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING This is a prospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE A total of 81 female AIS subjects between 10 and 14 years were included, without surgical intervention during the follow-up period. OUTCOME MEASURES Magnetic resonance imaging scans of hindbrain and whole spine and areal bone mineral density (BMD) at bilateral femoral necks were performed. METHODS All AIS patients were longitudinally followed up starting from initiation of bracing beyond skeletal maturity in 6-month intervals. Clinical and radiographic data were recorded at each clinic visit. Bone mineral density and MRI measurements including ratio of spinal cord to vertebral column length, ratio of anteroposterior (AP) and transverse (TS) diameter of cord, lateral cord space (LCS) ratio, cerebellar tonsil level, and conus medullaris position were obtained at baseline. Only compliant patients with a minimum 2-year follow-up were analyzed. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis girls were assigned into three groups according to bracing outcome: Group A, nonprogression (curvature increase of less than or equal to 5°); Group B, progression (curvature increase of greater than or equal to 6°); Group C, progression with surgery indication (Cobb angle of greater than or equal to 50° after skeletal maturity despite bracing). The predictors for curve progression were evaluated using univariate analysis and multivariate ordinal regression model. RESULTS The average duration of follow-up was 3.4 (range, 2.0-5.6) years. There were 46 girls (57%) in Group A, 19 (23%) in Group B, and 16 (20%) in Group C. No significant intergroup differences were found in spinal cord length, tonsil level, and conus position. Group C had significantly longer vertebral column length, smaller cord-vertebral length ratio, and higher AP/TS cord ratio compared with Group A, whereas LCS ratio in Group C was significantly increased compared with both Group A and Group B. In regression model, five significant independent predictors including cord-vertebral length ratio (odds ratio [OR]: 1.993 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.053-3.771], p=.034), LCS ratio (OR: 2.639 [95% CI: 1.128-6.174], p=.025), initial Cobb angle (OR: 1.156 [95% CI: 1.043-1.281], p=.006), menarche age (OR: 1.688 [95% CI: 1.010-2.823], p=.046), and BMD (OR: 2.960 [95% CI: 1.301-6.731], p=.010) and a marginally significant predictor namely AP/TS cord ratio (OR: 1.463 [95% CI: 0.791-2.706], p=.096) were obtained. CONCLUSIONS On baseline MRI measurement, cord-vertebral length ratio and LCS ratio are identified as new significant independent predictors for curve progression in AIS, whereas AP/TS cord ratio is suggested as a potential predictor requiring further validations. The earlier MRI parameters can be taken into accounts for prognostication of bracing outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Chinese University of HongKong, Pince of Wales Hospital, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Steve C N Hui
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Chinese University of HongKong, Pince of Wales Hospital, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fiona W P Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of HongKong, Pince of Wales Hospital, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of HongKong, Pince of Wales Hospital, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of HongKong, Pince of Wales Hospital, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of HongKong, Pince of Wales Hospital, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, China
| | - Bobby K W Ng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of HongKong, Pince of Wales Hospital, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jack C Y Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of HongKong, Pince of Wales Hospital, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of HongKong, Pince of Wales Hospital, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Winnie C W Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Chinese University of HongKong, Pince of Wales Hospital, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Courvoisier A, Eid A, Bourgeois E, Griffet J. Growth tethering devices for idiopathic scoliosis. Expert Rev Med Devices 2015; 12:449-56. [DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2015.1052745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
42
|
Wong C. Mechanism of right thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis at risk for progression; a unifying pathway of development by normal growth and imbalance. SCOLIOSIS 2015; 10:2. [PMID: 25657814 PMCID: PMC4318446 DOI: 10.1186/s13013-015-0030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is regarded as a multifactorial disease and none of the many suggested causal etiologies have yet prevailed. I will suggest that adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has one common denominator, namely that initial curve development is mediated through one common normal physiological pathway of thoracic rotational instability. This is a consequence of gender specific natural growth of the passive structural components of thoracic spinal tissues for the adolescent female. This causes an unbalanced mechanical situation, which progresses if the paravertebral muscles cannot maintain spinal alignment. The alteration in the coronal plane with the lateral curve deformity is an uncoupling effect due to a culmination of a secondary, temporary sagittal plane thoracic flattening and of a primary, temporary transverse plane rotational instability for the adolescent female. Treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis should address this physiological pathway and the overall treatment strategy is early intervention with strengthening of thoracic rotational stability for small curve adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melatonin deficiency hypothesis as a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is certainly intriguing. However, the actual role of melatonin remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the potential clinical value of melatonin serum level in the pathogenesis and the prognosis of AIS progression in patients who were treated nonoperatively. METHODS Two groups of patients were enrolled. The study group consisted of patients with AIS aged below 14 years who were treated conservatively. In the second group, that is, the control group, age-matched, weight-matched, and height-matched healthy individuals were enrolled. Blood samples were collected from all patients on visit 1 and the serum levels of melatonin were evaluated with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The blood sampling procedure was repeated exactly 1 year later (visit 2). RESULTS Forty-two patients formed the study group (with AIS) and 29 served as the control group. The mean serum value of melatonin on visit 1 was 19.32 pg/mL for the AIS group and 12.23 pg/mL for the control group. This difference was statistically significant (P = 0.014). One year later, 34 patients from the AIS group and 23 from the control group were reevaluated and the mean serum levels of melatonin were 52.43 and 68.44 pg/mL, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the 2 groups (P = 0.235). Statistical analysis of the serum melatonin levels of patients with progressing AIS (>5 degrees of the Cobb angle in 1 y) when compared with patients with stable AIS (P = 0.387) or the control group (P = 0.727) failed to show that the deficiency of melatonin may be associated with the progression of AIS. CONCLUSIONS Higher melatonin levels were observed in conservatively treated patients with AIS, whereas melatonin deficiency was not associated with AIS progression in this study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III-case-control study.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abnormal response of the proliferation and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes to melatonin in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17100-14. [PMID: 25257530 PMCID: PMC4200781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150917100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the melatonin signaling pathway and the involvement of melatonin receptor MT2 have been reported in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Whether these abnormalities were involved in the systemic abnormal skeletal growth in AIS during the peripubertal period remain unknown. In this cross-sectional case-control study, growth plate chondrocytes (GPCs) were cultured from twenty AIS and ten normal control subjects. Although the MT2 receptor was identified in GPCs from both AIS and controls, its mRNA expression was significantly lower in AIS patients than the controls. GPCs were cultured in the presence of either the vehicle or various concentrations of melatonin, with or without the selective MT2 melatonin receptor antagonist 4-P-PDOT (10 µM). Then the cell viability and the mRNA expression of collagen type X (COLX) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were assessed by MTT and qPCR, respectively. In the control GPCs, melatonin at the concentrations of 1, 100 nM and 10 µM significantly reduced the population of viable cells, and the mRNA level of COLX and ALP compared to the vehicle. Similar changes were not observed in the presence of 4-P-PDOT. Further, neither proliferation nor differentiation of GPCs from AIS patients was affected by the melatonin treatment. These findings support the presence of a functional abnormality of the melatonin signaling pathway in AIS GPCs, which might be associated with the abnormal endochondral ossification in AIS patients.
Collapse
|
45
|
Man GCW, Wai MGC, Wang WWJ, Jun WWW, Yim APY, Yee YAP, Wong JH, Ho WJ, Ng TB, Bun NT, Lam TP, Ping LT, Lee SKM, Man LSK, Ng BKW, Wah NBK, Wang CC, Chiu WC, Qiu Y, Yong Q, Cheng CY, Yiu CJC. A review of pinealectomy-induced melatonin-deficient animal models for the study of etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16484-99. [PMID: 25238413 PMCID: PMC4200812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common orthopedic disorder of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Melatonin and melatonin pathway dysfunction has been widely suspected to play an important role in the pathogenesis. Many different types of animal models have been developed to induce experimental scoliosis mimicking the pathoanatomical features of idiopathic scoliosis in human. The scoliosis deformity was believed to be induced by pinealectomy and mediated through the resulting melatonin-deficiency. However, the lack of upright mechanical spinal loading and inherent rotational instability of the curvature render the similarity of these models to the human counterparts questionable. Different concerns have been raised challenging the scientific validity and limitations of each model. The objectives of this review follow the logical need to re-examine and compare the relevance and appropriateness of each of the animal models that have been used for studying the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in human in the past 15 to 20 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Man Gene Chi Wai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Wang William Wei Jun
- Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | | | - Yim Annie Po Yee
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Wong Jack Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Ng Tzi Bun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Lam Tsz Ping
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Lee Simon Kwong Man
- Lee Hysan Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Ng Bobby Kin Wah
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Wang Chi Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Qiu Yong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | | | - Cheng Jack Chun Yiu
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ultrastructure of Intervertebral Disc and Vertebra-Disc Junctions Zones as a Link in Etiopathogenesis of Idiopathic Scoliosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/850594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Context. There is no general accepted theory on the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis (IS). An important role of the vertebrae endplate physes (VEPh) and intervertebral discs (IVD) in spinal curve progression is acknowledged, but ultrastructural mechanisms are not well understood. Purpose. To analyze the current literature on ultrastructural characteristics of VEPh and IVD in the context of IS etiology. Study Design/Setting. A literature review. Results. There is strong evidence for multifactorial etiology of IS. Early wedging of vertebra bodies is likely due to laterally directed appositional bone growth at the concave side, caused by a combination of increased cell proliferation at the vertebrae endplate and altered mechanical properties of the outer annulus fibrosus of the adjacent IVD. Genetic defects in bending proteins necessary for IVD lamellar organization underlie altered mechanical properties. Asymmetrical ligaments, muscular stretch, and spine instability may also play roles in curve formation. Conclusions. Development of a reliable, cost effective method for identifying patients at high risk for curve progression is needed and could lead to a paradigm shift in treatment options. Unnecessary anxiety, bracing, and radiation could potentially be minimized and high risk patient could receive surgery earlier, rendering better outcomes with fewer fused segments needed to mitigate curve progression.
Collapse
|
47
|
Maria S, Witt-Enderby PA. Melatonin effects on bone: potential use for the prevention and treatment for osteopenia, osteoporosis, and periodontal disease and for use in bone-grafting procedures. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:115-25. [PMID: 24372640 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An important role for melatonin in bone formation and restructuring has emerged, and studies demonstrate the multiple mechanisms for these beneficial actions. Statistical analysis shows that even with existing osteoporotic therapies, bone-related disease, and mortality are on the rise, creating a huge financial burden for societies worldwide. These findings suggest that novel alternatives need to be developed to either prevent or reverse bone loss to combat osteoporosis-related fractures. The focus of this review describes melatonin's role in bone physiology and discusses how disruption of melatonin rhythms by light exposure at night, shift work, and disease can adversely impact on bone. The signal transduction mechanisms underlying osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and coupling with one another are discussed with a focus on how melatonin, through the regulation of RANKL and osteoprotegerin synthesis and release from osteoblasts, can induce osteoblastogenesis while inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. Also, melatonin's free-radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of this indoleamine are discussed as yet an additional mechanism by which melatonin can maintain one's bone health, especially oral health. The clinical use for melatonin in bone-grafting procedures, in reversing bone loss due to osteopenia and osteoporosis, and in managing periodontal disease is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sifat Maria
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
The association study of calmodulin 1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:168106. [PMID: 24551838 PMCID: PMC3914287 DOI: 10.1155/2014/168106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common pediatric spinal deformity affecting 1% to 3% of the population, and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) accounts for approximately 80% of these cases; however, the etiology and pathogenesis of AIS are still uncertain. The current study aims to identify the relationship between calmodulin 1 (CALM1) gene and AIS predisposition, to identify the relationship between the genotypes of the SNPs and the clinical phenotypes of AIS. Methods. 146 AIS patients and 146 healthy controls were enrolled into this case-control study. 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) candidates in CALM1 gene were selected to determine the relationship between CALM1 gene and AIS predisposition. Case-only study was performed to determine the effects of these variants on the severity of the condition. Results. Three SNPs from 12 candidates were found to be associated with AIS predisposition. The ORs were observed as 0.549 (95% CI 0.3519–0.8579, P = 0.0079), 0.549 (95% CI 0.3519–0.8579, P = 0.0079), and 1.6139 (95% CI 1.0576–2.4634, P = 0.0257) for rs2300496, rs2300500, and rs3231718, respectively. There was no statistical difference between main curve, severity, and genotype distributions of all of 12 SNPs. Conclusion. Genetic variants of CALM1 gene are associated with AIS susceptibility.
Collapse
|
49
|
Volumetric changes in cerebellar regions in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis compared with healthy controls. Spine J 2013; 13:1904-11. [PMID: 23988458 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional spinal deformation that affects adolescents, especially girls. The etiopathogenesis of this disease remains uncertain, and studies have been carried out to understand its cause and related organs. Previous studies suggest that AIS is probably related to the cerebellum dysfunction, which could also be related to the abnormality in morphology of the cerebellum. PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between AIS and the volume and morphology of cerebellum. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING The study design of the cerebellum segmentation and volume quantification involved the following four steps: whole-brain normalization, cerebellum isolation, mapping with the statistical cerebellum template, and cerebellum regional volume correction. PATIENT SAMPLE In particular, high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of 50 AIS patients with the right-thoracic curves (ie, Cobb angle ≥20°) and 40 age-matched normal controls were acquired. The exclusion criteria included history of head injury, back injury, severe headache, weakness or numbness in any limbs, urinary incontinence, nocturnal enuresis, and any space-occupying lesion found on magnetic resonance (MR) images. OUTCOME MEASURES The AIS subjects were all with moderate-to-severe curves (ie, Cobb angle ≥20°) (9 moderate and 41 severe; mean Cobb angle 48.7°, range 20°-90°). METHODS The cerebellum was parcellated to 28 regions by mapping with a well-recognized probabilistic MR cerebellum atlas. Student t test of each cerebellar region and the correction for multiple comparisons were performed. RESULTS The volumes of four regions, namely right VIIIa, right VIIIb, left X, and right X, were significantly increased by approximately 7.43% to 8.25% in the AIS compared with the control group. Statistically, the results suggested that the cerebellar volume in AIS patients was larger compared with normal controls in the cerebellum regions of prepyramidal-prebiventer and intrabiventer fissures, intrabiventer and secondary fissures, and floccular-nodular (X)-posterolateral fissure to the inferior hemispheric margin. CONCLUSIONS The functions of the affected regions involve motor control, somatosensory, working memory, language, and response to visual stimulation. We conclude that the volume difference could be compensatory consequences in the central nervous system because of the persistent effort in AIS patients to maintain the body balance given the asymmetric spine.
Collapse
|
50
|
Amstrup AK, Sikjaer T, Mosekilde L, Rejnmark L. Melatonin and the skeleton. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:2919-27. [PMID: 23716040 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin may affect bone metabolism through bone anabolic as well as antiresorptive effects. An age-related decrease in peak melatonin levels at nighttime is well documented, which may increase bone resorption and bone loss in the elderly. In vitro, melatonin reduces oxidative stress on bone cells by acting as an antioxidant. Furthermore, melatonin improves bone formation by promoting differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) into the osteoblastic cell linage. Bone resorption is reduced by increased synthesis of osteoprogeterin (OPG), a decoy receptor that prevents receptor activator of NK-κB ligand (RANKL) in binding to its receptor. Moreover, melatonin is believed to reduce the synthesis of RANKL preventing further bone resorption. In ovariectomized as well as nonovariectomized rodents, melatonin has shown beneficial effects on bone as assessed by biochemical bone turnover markers, DXA, and μCT scans. Furthermore, in pinealectomized animals, bone mineral density (BMD) is significantly decreased compared to controls, supporting the importance of sufficient melatonin levels. In humans, dysfunction of the melatonin signaling pathway may be involved in idiopathic scoliosis, and the increased fracture risk in nighttime workers may be related to changes in the circadian rhythm of melatonin. In the so-far only randomized study on melatonin treatment, no effects were, however, found on bone turnover markers. In conclusion, melatonin may have beneficial effects on the skeleton, but more studies on humans are warranted in order to find out whether supplementation with melatonin at bedtime may preserve bone mass and improve bone biomechanical competence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Amstrup
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology (MEA), THG Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|