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Bou-Fakhredin R, Rivella S, Cappellini MD, Taher AT. Pathogenic Mechanisms in Thalassemia I: Ineffective Erythropoiesis and Hypercoagulability. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:341-351. [PMID: 36907607 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is the physiological process that results in the production of red blood cells (RBCs). In conditions of pathologically altered erythropoiesis or ineffective erythropoiesis, as in the case of β-thalassemia, the reduced ability of erythrocytes to differentiate, survive and deliver oxygen stimulates a state of stress that leads to the ineffective production of RBCs. We herein describe the main features of erythropoiesis and its regulation in addition to the mechanisms behind ineffective erythropoiesis development in β-thalassemia. Finally, we review the pathophysiology of hypercoagulability and vascular disease development in β-thalassemia and the currently available prevention and treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Bou-Fakhredin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Domenica Cappellini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; UOC General Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ali T Taher
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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2
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Xin Z, Zhang W, Gong S, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhang Z, Fang X. Mapping Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Erythroid Differentiation by Single-cell Transcriptome Analysis. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 19:358-376. [PMID: 34284135 PMCID: PMC8864192 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an imbalance between the supply and demand of functional red blood cells (RBCs) in clinical applications. This imbalance can be addressed by regenerating RBCs using several in vitro methods. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can handle the low supply of cord blood and the ethical issues in embryonic stem cell research and provide a promising strategy to eliminate immune rejection. However, no complete single-cell level differentiation pathway exists for the iPSC-derived RBC differentiation system. In this study, we used iPSC line BC1 to establish a RBCs regeneration system. The 10× genomics single-cell transcriptome platform was used to map the cell lineage and differentiation trajectories on day 14 of the regeneration system. We observed that iPSCs differentiation was not synchronized during embryoid body (EB) culture. The cells (day 14) mainly consisted of mesodermal and various blood cells, similar to the yolk sac hematopoiesis. We identified six cell classifications and characterized the regulatory transcription factors (TFs) networks and cell-cell contacts underlying the system. iPSCs undergo two transformations during the differentiation trajectory, accompanied by the dynamic expression of cell adhesion molecules and estrogen-responsive genes. We identified different stages of erythroid cells, such as burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-E) and orthochromatic erythroblasts (ortho-E), and found that the regulation of TFs (e.g., TFDP1 and FOXO3) is erythroid-stage specific. Immune erythroid cells were identified in our system. This study provides systematic theoretical guidance for optimizing the iPSCs-derived RBCs differentiation system, and this system is a useful model for simulating in vivo hematopoietic development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center of Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center of Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shangjin Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center of Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junwei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center of Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Genome and Precision Medicine Technologies, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center of Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaojun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center of Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Genome and Precision Medicine Technologies, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xiangdong Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center of Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Genome and Precision Medicine Technologies, Beijing, 100101, China.
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3
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Bisht K, Tay J, Wellburn RN, McGirr C, Fleming W, Nowlan B, Barbier V, Winkler IG, Levesque JP. Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides Suppress Erythroblastic Islands and Erythropoiesis in the Bone Marrow in an Extrinsic and G- CSF-, IL-1-, and TNF-Independent Manner. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583550. [PMID: 33123170 PMCID: PMC7573160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia of inflammation (AI) is the second most prevalent anemia after iron deficiency anemia and results in persistent low blood erythrocytes and hemoglobin, fatigue, weakness, and early death. Anemia of inflammation is common in people with chronic inflammation, chronic infections, or sepsis. Although several studies have reported the effect of inflammation on stress erythropoiesis and iron homeostasis, the mechanisms by which inflammation suppresses erythropoiesis in the bone marrow (BM), where differentiation and maturation of erythroid cells from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) occurs, have not been extensively studied. Here we show that in a mouse model of acute sepsis, bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) suppress medullary erythroblastic islands (EBIs) and erythropoiesis in a TLR-4- and MyD88-dependent manner with concomitant mobilization of HSCs. LPS suppressive effect on erythropoiesis is indirect as erythroid progenitors and erythroblasts do not express TLR-4 whereas EBI macrophages do. Using cytokine receptor gene knock-out mice LPS-induced mobilization of HSCs is G-CSF-dependent whereas LPS-induced suppression of medullary erythropoiesis does not require G- CSF-, IL- 1-, or TNF-mediated signaling. Therefore suppression of medullary erythropoiesis and mobilization of HSCs in response to LPS are mechanistically distinct. Our findings also suggest that EBI macrophages in the BM may sense innate immune stimuli in response to acute inflammation or infections to rapidly convert to a pro-inflammatory function at the expense of their erythropoietic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Bisht
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Joshua Tay
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Rebecca N Wellburn
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Crystal McGirr
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Whitney Fleming
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Bianca Nowlan
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Valerie Barbier
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ingrid G Winkler
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Levesque
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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Rittase WB, Muir JM, Slaven JE, Bouten RM, Bylicky MA, Wilkins WL, Day RM. Deposition of Iron in the Bone Marrow of a Murine Model of Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome. Exp Hematol 2020; 84:54-66. [PMID: 32240658 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to high-dose total body irradiation (TBI) can result in hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS), characterized by leukopenia, anemia, and coagulopathy. Death from H-ARS occurs from hematopoietic insufficiency and opportunistic infections. Following radiation exposure, red blood cells (RBCs) undergo hemolysis from radiation-induced hemoglobin denaturation, causing the release of iron. Free iron can have multiple detrimental biological effects, including suppression of hematopoiesis. We investigated the impact of radiation-induced iron release on the bone marrow following TBI and the potential impact of the ACE inhibitor captopril, which improves survival from H-ARS. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 7.9 Gy, 60Co irradiation, 0.6 Gy/min (LD70-90/30). RBCs and reticulocytes were significantly reduced within 7 days of TBI, with the RBC nadir at 14-21 days. Iron accumulation in the bone marrow correlated with the time course of RBC hemolysis, with an ∼10-fold increase in bone marrow iron at 14-21 days post-irradiation, primarily within the cytoplasm of macrophages. Iron accumulation in the bone marrow was associated with increased expression of genes for iron binding and transport proteins, including transferrin, transferrin receptor 1, ferroportin, and integrin αMβ2. Expression of the gene encoding Nrf2, a transcription factor activated by oxidative stress, also increased at 21 days post-irradiation. Captopril did not alter iron accumulation in the bone marrow or expression of iron storage genes, but did suppress Nrf2 expression. Our study suggests that following TBI, iron is deposited in tissues not normally associated with iron storage, which may be a secondary mechanism of radiation-induced tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bradley Rittase
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeannie M Muir
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - John E Slaven
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Roxane M Bouten
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michelle A Bylicky
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | - W Louis Wilkins
- Department of Laboratory Animal Research, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Regina M Day
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD.
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Gbotosho OT, Kapetanaki MG, Ross M, Ghosh S, Weidert F, Bullock GC, Watkins S, Ofori-Acquah SF, Kato GJ. Nrf2 deficiency in mice attenuates erythropoietic stress-related macrophage hypercellularity. Exp Hematol 2020; 84:19-28.e4. [PMID: 32151553 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and spleen depends on intricate interactions between the resident macrophages and erythroblasts. Our study focuses on identifying the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) during recovery from stress erythropoiesis. To that end, we induced stress erythropoiesis in Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2-null mice and evaluated macrophage subsets known to support erythropoiesis and erythroid cell populations. Our results confirm macrophage and erythroid hypercellularity after acute blood loss. Importantly, Nrf2 depletion results in a marked numerical reduction of F4/80+/CD169+/CD11b+ macrophages, which is more prominent under the induction of stress erythropoiesis. The observed macrophage deficiency is concomitant to a significantly impaired erythroid response to acute stress erythropoiesis in both murine bone marrow and murine spleen. Additionally, peripheral blood reticulocyte count as a response to acute blood loss is delayed in Nrf2-deficient mice compared with age-matched controls (11.0 ± 0.6% vs. 14.8 ± 0.6%, p ≤ 0.001). Interestingly, we observe macrophage hypercellularity in conjunction with erythroid hyperplasia in the bone marrow during stress erythropoiesis in Nrf2+/+ controls, with both impaired in Nrf2-/- mice. We further confirm the finding of macrophage hypercellularity in another model of erythroid hyperplasia, the transgenic sickle cell mouse, characterized by hemolytic anemia and chronic stress erythropoiesis. Our results revealed the role of Nrf2 in stress erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and that macrophage hypercellularity occurs concurrently with erythroid expansion during stress erythropoiesis. Macrophage hypercellularity is a previously underappreciated feature of stress erythropoiesis in sickle cell disease and recovery from blood loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwabukola T Gbotosho
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maria G Kapetanaki
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mark Ross
- Center for Biologic Imaging, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Samit Ghosh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Center for Translational and International Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Frances Weidert
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Grant C Bullock
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Simon Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Solomon F Ofori-Acquah
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Center for Translational and International Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gregory J Kato
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
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6
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El-Beshlawy A, El-Ghamrawy M. Recent trends in treatment of thalassemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2019; 76:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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8
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Abstract
Stress erythropoiesis (SE) is characterized by an imbalance in erythroid proliferation and differentiation under increased demands of erythrocyte generation and tissue oxygenation. β-thalassemia represents a chronic state of SE, called ineffective erythropoiesis (IE), exhibiting an expansion of erythroid-progenitor pool and deposition of alpha chains on erythrocyte membranes, causing cell death and anemia. Concurrently, there is a decrease in hepcidin expression and a subsequent state of iron overload. There are substantial investigative efforts to target increased iron absorption under IE. There are also avenues for targeting cell contact and signaling within erythroblastic islands under SE, for therapeutic benefits.
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Deletion of Stk40 impairs definitive erythropoiesis in the mouse fetal liver. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2722. [PMID: 28358362 PMCID: PMC5386544 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The serine threonine kinase Stk40 has been shown to involve in mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation, pulmonary maturation and adipocyte differentiation. Here we report that targeted deletion of Stk40 leads to fetal liver hypoplasia and anemia in the mouse embryo. The reduction of erythrocytes in the fetal liver is accompanied by increased apoptosis and compromised erythroid maturation. Stk40−/− fetal liver cells have significantly reduced colony-forming units (CFUs) capable of erythroid differentiation, including burst forming unit-erythroid, CFU-erythroid (CFU-E), and CFU-granulocyte, erythrocyte, megakaryocyte and macrophage, but not CFU-granulocyte/macrophages. Purified Stk40−/− megakaryocyte–erythrocyte progenitors produce substantially fewer CFU-E colonies compared to control cells. Moreover, Stk40−/− fetal liver erythroblasts fail to form normal erythroblastic islands in association with wild type or Stk40−/− macrophages, indicating an intrinsic defect of Stk40−/− erythroblasts. Furthermore, the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell pool is reduced in Stk40−/− fetal livers but still retains the multi-lineage reconstitution capacity. Finally, comparison of microarray data between wild type and Stk40−/− E14.5 fetal liver cells reveals a potential role of aberrantly activated TNF-α signaling in Stk40 depletion induced dyserythropoiesis with a concomitant increase in cleaved caspase-3 and decrease in Gata1 proteins. Altogether, the identification of Stk40 as a regulator for fetal erythroid maturation and survival provides new clues to the molecular regulation of erythropoiesis and related diseases.
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10
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Klei TRL, Meinderts SM, van den Berg TK, van Bruggen R. From the Cradle to the Grave: The Role of Macrophages in Erythropoiesis and Erythrophagocytosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:73. [PMID: 28210260 PMCID: PMC5288342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is a highly regulated process where sequential events ensure the proper differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into, ultimately, red blood cells (RBCs). Macrophages in the bone marrow play an important role in hematopoiesis by providing signals that induce differentiation and proliferation of the earliest committed erythroid progenitors. Subsequent differentiation toward the erythroblast stage is accompanied by the formation of so-called erythroblastic islands where a central macrophage provides further cues to induce erythroblast differentiation, expansion, and hemoglobinization. Finally, erythroblasts extrude their nuclei that are phagocytosed by macrophages whereas the reticulocytes are released into the circulation. While in circulation, RBCs slowly accumulate damage that is repaired by macrophages of the spleen. Finally, after 120 days of circulation, senescent RBCs are removed from the circulation by splenic and liver macrophages. Macrophages are thus important for RBCs throughout their lifespan. Finally, in a range of diseases, the delicate interplay between macrophages and both developing and mature RBCs is disturbed. Here, we review the current knowledge on the contribution of macrophages to erythropoiesis and erythrophagocytosis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R L Klei
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Sanne M Meinderts
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Robin van Bruggen
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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Human Cord Blood and Bone Marrow CD34+ Cells Generate Macrophages That Support Erythroid Islands. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171096. [PMID: 28135323 PMCID: PMC5279789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we developed a small molecule responsive hyperactive Mpl-based Cell Growth Switch (CGS) that drives erythropoiesis associated with macrophages in the absence of exogenous cytokines. Here, we compare the physical, cellular and molecular interaction between the macrophages and erythroid cells in CGS expanded CD34+ cells harvested from cord blood, marrow or G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood. Results indicated that macrophage based erythroid islands could be generated from cord blood and marrow CD34+ cells but not from G-CSF-mobilized CD34+ cells. Additional studies suggest that the deficiency resides with the G-CSF-mobilized CD34+ derived monocytes. Gene expression and proteomics studies of the in vitro generated erythroid islands detected the expression of erythroblast macrophage protein (EMP), intercellular adhesion molecule 4 (ICAM-4), CD163 and DNASE2. 78% of the erythroblasts in contact with macrophages reached the pre reticulocyte orthochromatic stage of differentiation within 14 days of culture. The addition of conditioned medium from cultures of CD146+ marrow fibroblasts resulted in a 700-fold increase in total cell number and a 90-fold increase in erythroid cell number. This novel CD34+ cell derived erythroid island may serve as a platform to explore the molecular basis of red cell maturation and production under normal, stress and pathological conditions.
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Barminko J, Reinholt B, Baron MH. Development and differentiation of the erythroid lineage in mammals. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:18-29. [PMID: 26709231 PMCID: PMC4775370 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The red blood cell (RBC) is responsible for performing the highly specialized function of oxygen transport, making it essential for survival during gestation and postnatal life. Establishment of sufficient RBC numbers, therefore, has evolved to be a major priority of the postimplantation embryo. The "primitive" erythroid lineage is the first to be specified in the developing embryo proper. Significant resources are dedicated to producing RBCs throughout gestation. Two transient and morphologically distinct waves of hematopoietic progenitor-derived erythropoiesis are observed in development before hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) take over to produce "definitive" RBCs in the fetal liver. Toward the end of gestation, HSCs migrate to the bone marrow, which becomes the primary site of RBC production in the adult. Erythropoiesis is regulated at various stages of erythroid cell maturation to ensure sufficient production of RBCs in response to physiological demands. Here, we highlight key aspects of mammalian erythroid development and maturation as well as differences among the primitive and definitive erythroid cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Barminko
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Brad Reinholt
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Margaret H Baron
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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13
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Rivella S. β-thalassemias: paradigmatic diseases for scientific discoveries and development of innovative therapies. Haematologica 2015; 100:418-30. [PMID: 25828088 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemias are monogenic disorders characterized by defective synthesis of the β-globin chain, one of the major components of adult hemoglobin. A large number of mutations in the β-globin gene or its regulatory elements have been associated with β-thalassemias. Due to the complexity of the regulation of the β-globin gene and the role of red cells in many physiological processes, patients can manifest a large spectrum of phenotypes, and clinical requirements vary from patient to patient. It is important to consider the major differences in the light of potential novel therapeutics. This review summarizes the main discoveries and mechanisms associated with the synthesis of β-globin and abnormal erythropoiesis, as well as current and novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rivella
- Department of Pediatrics Hematology-Oncology Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
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Graversen JH, Moestrup SK. Drug Trafficking into Macrophages via the Endocytotic Receptor CD163. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:228-52. [PMID: 26111002 PMCID: PMC4496642 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In inflammatory diseases, macrophages are a main producer of a range of cytokines regulating the inflammatory state. This also includes inflammation induced by tumor growth, which recruits so-called tumor-associated macrophages supporting tumor growth. Macrophages are therefore relevant targets for cytotoxic or phenotype-modulating drugs in the treatment of inflammatory and cancerous diseases. Such targeting of macrophages has been tried using the natural propensity of macrophages to non-specifically phagocytose circulating foreign particulate material. In addition, the specific targeting of macrophage-expressed receptors has been used in order to obtain a selective uptake in macrophages and reduce adverse effects of off-target delivery of drugs. CD163 is a highly expressed macrophage-specific endocytic receptor that has been studied for intracellular delivery of small molecule drugs to macrophages using targeted liposomes or antibody drug conjugates. This review will focus on the biology of CD163 and its potential role as a target for selective macrophage targeting compared with other macrophage targeting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Heilskov Graversen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000-Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Søren Kragh Moestrup
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000-Odense C, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000-Odense C, Denmark.
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Langdon JM, Yates SC, Femnou LK, McCranor BJ, Cheadle C, Xue QL, Vaulont S, Civin CI, Walston JD, Roy CN. Hepcidin-dependent and hepcidin-independent regulation of erythropoiesis in a mouse model of anemia of chronic inflammation. Am J Hematol 2014; 89:470-9. [PMID: 24415655 PMCID: PMC4200395 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased hepcidin antimicrobial peptide correlates with hypoferremia and anemia in various disease states, but its requirement for anemia of inflammation has not been adequately demonstrated. Anemia of inflammation is usually described as normocytic and normochromic, while diseases associated with over expression of hepcidin, alone, are often microcytic and hypochromic. These differences in erythrocyte parameters suggest anemia in many inflammatory states may not be fully explained by hepcidin-mediated iron sequestration. We used turpentine-induced sterile abscesses to model chronic inflammation in mice with targeted disruption of Hepcidin 1 [Hepc1 (-/-)] or its positive regulator, Interleukin-6 [IL-6 (-/-)], to determine whether these genes are required for features characteristic of anemia of inflammation. Although hemoglobin levels did not decline in Hepc1 (-/-) mice with sterile abscesses, erythrocyte numbers were significantly reduced compared to untreated Hepc1 (-/-) mice. In contrast, both hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte number declined significantly in wild type and IL-6 (-/-) mice with sterile abscesses. Both Hepc1 (-/-) and IL-6 (-/-) mice had increased erythrocyte mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin following sterile abscesses, while wild types had no change. Thus, IL-6 (-/-) mice with sterile abscesses exhibit an intermediate phenotype between wild type and Hepc1 (-/-). Our results demonstrate the requirement of Hepc1 for the development of anemia in this rodent model. Simultaneously, our results demonstrate hepcidin-independent effects of inflammation on the suppression of erythropoiesis. Our results suggest chronic anemia associated with inflammation may benefit from interventions protecting erythrocyte number in addition to anti-hepcidin interventions aimed at enhancing iron availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Langdon
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Saiah C. Yates
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laurette K. Femnou
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bryan J. McCranor
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chris Cheadle
- Lowe Family Genomics Core, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qian-Li Xue
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale U1016, Paris, France
| | - Curt I. Civin
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeremy D. Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cindy N. Roy
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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16
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Wang YH, Fu R, Dong SW, Liu H, Shao ZH. Erythroblastic islands in the bone marrow of patients with immune-related pancytopenia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95143. [PMID: 24740145 PMCID: PMC3989288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-related pancytopenia (IRP) is characterized by pancytopenia caused by autoantibody-mediated bone marrow destruction or suppression. The bone marrows of IRP patients have remarkably increased erythroblastic islands (EIs). METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We determined the immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies in some parts of EIs of IRP patients using immunofluorescence to investigate the biological function of EIs with IgG in the pathophysiology of IRP. The dominant class of autoantibodies detected in mononuclear cells was IgG (CD34 IgG, CD15 IgG, and GlycoA IgG), specifically IgG on GlycoA-positive cells (GlycoA IgG). Results show that extravascular hemolysis occurred in IRP through IgG autoantibodies in the EIs. These data included a high percentage of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood, hypererythrocytosis in the bone marrow, and high serum bilirubin. Furthermore, we examined the macrophages in the bone marrow of IRP patients. The results show that the number of activated macrophages relatively increased, and the phagocytic activity of macrophages significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Increased EIs with IgG were the sites of erythroblast phagocytosis by the activated macrophages, rather than erythropoietic niches. The IgG autoantibodies in the EIs possibly functioned as adhesion molecules for a ring of erythroblasts around the macrophages, thereby forming morphologic EIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,
| | - Shu-Wen Dong
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,
| | - Zong-Hong Shao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,
- * E-mail:
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17
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Breda L, Rivella S. Modulators of erythropoiesis: emerging therapies for hemoglobinopathies and disorders of red cell production. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2014; 28:375-86. [PMID: 24589272 PMCID: PMC3970239 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Use of new compound such as inhibitors of JAK2 or transforming growth factor β-like molecules might soon revolutionize the treatment of β-thalassemia and related disorders. However, this situation requires careful optimization, noting the potential for off-target immune suppression for JAK2 inhibitors and the lack of mechanistic insights for the use of the ligand trap soluble molecules that sequester ligands of activin receptor IIA and B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Breda
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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18
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Choi HS, Lee EM, Kim HO, Park MI, Baek EJ. Autonomous control of terminal erythropoiesis via physical interactions among erythroid cells. Stem Cell Res 2013; 10:442-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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19
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Mao X, Shi X, Liu F, Li G, Hu L. Evaluation of erythroblast macrophage protein related to erythroblastic islands in patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Eur J Med Res 2013; 18:9. [PMID: 23566571 PMCID: PMC3637484 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-18-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hematopoietic evaluation of the patients after Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is very important. Erythroblast macrophage protein (Emp) is a key protein with function in normal differentiation of erythroid cells and macrophages. Emp expression correlates with erythroblastic island formation, a process widely believed to be associated with hematopoiesis in bone marrow. We aimed to investigate the hematopoietic function of bone marrow from 46 HSCT patients and 16 inpatients with severe anemia applied to the treatment of EPO by measuring Emp expression level. Methods Emp mRNA and protein expression levels in mononuclear cells of bone marrow and peripheral blood samples were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting method respectively. Results While hematopoiesis occurs in bone marrow, Emp expression level was elevated and more erythroblastic islands were found , and Emp is upregulated in bone marrow in response to erythropoietin (EPO) treatment. Conclusions Emp expression correlates with erythroblastic island formation and has an important function for bone marrow hematopoiesis. Emp could be a potential biomarker for hematopoietic evaluation of HSCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China
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20
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Florea A, Crăciun C. Bee venom induced in vivo ultrastructural reactions of cells involved in the bone marrow erythropoiesis and of circulating red blood cells. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:393-405. [PMID: 23375112 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612014195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural answer of bone marrow erythroid series and of red blood cells (RBCs) in Wistar rats to bee venom (BV) was analyzed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and corroborated with hematological data. A 5-day and a 30-day treatment with daily doses of 700 μg BV/kg and an acute-lethal treatment with a single dose of 62 mg BV/kg were performed. The 5-day treatment resulted in a reduced cellularity of the bone marrow, with necrosed proerythroblasts, polymorphous erythroblasts, and reticulocytes with cytoplasmic extensions, and a lower number of larger RBCs, with poikilocytosis (acanthocytosis) and anisocytosis, and reduced concentrations of hemoglobin. After the 30-day treatment, the bone marrow architecture was restored, but polymorphous erythroblasts and reticulocytes with thin extensions could still be observed, while the RBCs in higher number were smaller, many with abnormal shapes, especially acanthocytes. The acute treatment produced a partial depopulation of the bone marrow and ultrastructural changes of erythroblasts including abnormal mitochondrial cristae. The RBCs in lower number were bigger and crenated, with reduced concentrations of hemoglobin. Overall, BV was able to promote stress erythropoiesis in a time- and dose-related manner, mitochondrial cristae modification being a critical factor involved in the toxicity of the BV high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Florea
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur St., 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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21
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In vitro large scale production of human mature red blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells by coculturing with human fetal liver stromal cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:807863. [PMID: 23484161 PMCID: PMC3581122 DOI: 10.1155/2013/807863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models of human erythropoiesis are useful in studying the mechanisms of erythroid differentiation in normal and pathological conditions. Here we describe an erythroid liquid culture system starting from cord blood derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs were cultured for more than 50 days in erythroid differentiation conditions and resulted in a more than 10(9)-fold expansion within 50 days under optimal conditions. Homogeneous erythroid cells were characterized by cell morphology, flow cytometry, and hematopoietic colony assays. Furthermore, terminal erythroid maturation was improved by cosculturing with human fetal liver stromal cells. Cocultured erythroid cells underwent multiple maturation events, including decrease in size, increase in glycophorin A expression, and nuclear condensation. This process resulted in extrusion of the pycnotic nuclei in up to 80% of the cells. Importantly, they possessed the capacity to express the adult definitive β -globin chain upon further maturation. We also show that the oxygen equilibrium curves of the cord blood-differentiated red blood cells (RBCs) are comparable to normal RBCs. The large number and purity of erythroid cells and RBCs produced from cord blood make this method useful for fundamental research in erythroid development, and they also provide a basis for future production of available RBCs for transfusion.
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22
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Dual functions of the C5a receptor as a connector for the K562 erythroblast-like cell-THP-1 macrophage-like cell island and as a sensor for the differentiation of the K562 erythroblast-like cell during haemin-induced erythropoiesis. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:187080. [PMID: 23346183 PMCID: PMC3546471 DOI: 10.1155/2012/187080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional nuclear factor binding to the Y box of human leukocyte antigen genes (NF-Y) for the C5a receptor (C5aR) gene is active in erythroblasts. However, the roles of the C5aR in erythropoiesis are unclear. We have previously demonstrated that apoptotic cell-derived ribosomal protein S19 (RP S19) oligomers exhibit extraribosomal functions in promoting monocyte chemotaxis and proapoptosis via the C5aR without receptor internalisation. In contrast to the extraribosomal functions of the RP S19, a proapoptotic signal in pro-EBs, which is caused by mutations in the RP S19 gene, is associated with the inherited erythroblastopenia, Diamond-Blackfan anaemia. In this study, we detected C5aR expression and RP S19 oligomer generation in human erythroleukemia K562 cells during haemin-induced erythropoiesis. Under monocell culture conditions, the differentiation into K562 erythrocyte-like cells was enhanced following the overexpression of Wild-type RP S19. Conversely, the differentiation was repressed following the overexpression of mutant RP S19. An RP S19 oligomer inhibitor and a C5aR inhibitor blocked the association of the K562 basophilic EB-like cells and the THP-1 macrophage-like cells under coculture conditions. When bound to RP S19 oligomers, the C5aR may exhibit dual functions as a connector for the EB-macrophage island and as a sensor for EB differentiation in the bone marrow.
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23
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Prince OD, Langdon JM, Layman AJ, Prince IC, Sabogal M, Mak HH, Berger AE, Cheadle C, Chrest FJ, Yu Q, Andrews NC, Xue QL, Civin CI, Walston JD, Roy CN. Late stage erythroid precursor production is impaired in mice with chronic inflammation. Haematologica 2012; 97:1648-56. [PMID: 22581006 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.053397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We and others have shown previously that over-expression of hepcidin antimicrobial peptide, independently of inflammation, induces several features of anemia of inflammation and chronic disease, including hypoferremia, sequestration of iron stores and iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Because the iron-restricted erythropoiesis evident in hepcidin transgenic mice differs from the normocytic, normochromic anemia most often observed in anemia of inflammation, we tested the hypothesis that chronic inflammation may contribute additional features to anemia of inflammation which continue to impair erythropoiesis following the acute phase of inflammation in which hepcidin is active. DESIGN AND METHODS We compared erythropoiesis and iron handling in mice with turpentine-induced sterile abscesses with erythropoiesis and iron handling in hepcidin transgenic mice. We compared erythrocyte indices, expression of genes in the hepcidin regulatory pathway, tissue iron distribution, expression of heme and iron transport genes in splenic macrophages, the phenotype of erythroid maturation and chloromethyl dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester fluorescence. RESULTS Mice with sterile abscesses exhibited an intense, acute inflammatory phase followed by a mild to moderate chronic inflammatory phase. We found that erythrocytes in mice with sterile abscesses were normocytic and normochromic in contrast to those in hepcidin transgenic mice. We also observed that although hypoferremia resolved in the late phases of inflammation, erythropoiesis remained suppressed, with evidence of inefficient maturation of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow of mice with sterile abscesses. Finally, we observed increased oxidative stress in erythroid progenitors and circulating erythrocytes of mice with sterile abscesses which was not evident in hepcidin transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that chronic inflammation inhibits late stages of erythroid production in the turpentine-induced sterile abscess model and induces features of impaired erythropoiesis which are distinct from those in hepcidin transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier D Prince
- Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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24
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Brendt P, Rehfeld I, Kamphausen A, Kreissig C, Peters J. Lipopolysaccharide interference in erythropoiesis in mice. Anaesthesia 2012; 67:493-500. [PMID: 22352462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.07001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Anaemia is a common problem in septic patients. We tested whether lipopolysaccharide suppressed erythropoiesis and interfered with erythropoietin. Male mice (strain C57BL/6, n = 76) were injected Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (serotype O127:B8; 20 mg.kg(-1) intraperitoneally) or vehicle, followed by either erythropoietin (5000 IU.kg(-1) intraperitoneally) or vehicle, and killed after 24 or 72 h. Femur bone marrow cells were stained for Ter-119, CD71 and C-Kit antigen using specific flow cytometry gates for proerythroblasts, basophilic, polychromatic and orthochromatic erythroblasts, and peripheral blood reticulocytes were counted. Erythropoietin stimulated erythropoiesis, as evidenced by increased reticulocytes after 72 h by 197% and proerythroblasts by 50% (p < 0.05). Lipopolysaccharide alone decreased proerythroblasts by 53% and basophilic erythroblasts by 75% (p < 0.05). Orthochromatic erythroblasts doubled after lipopolysaccharide exposure (p < 0.05) without any increase in reticulocytes. Lipopolysaccharide completely suppressed erythropoietin's stimulatory effects and evoked a maturation block at the late stage of erythropoiesis. Lipopolysaccharide could cause anaemia in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C Kreissig
- Specialist in Transfusion Medicine and Medical Director, DRK-Blutspendedienst West, ZBST, Ratingen, Germany
| | - J Peters
- Professor of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, and Chairman, Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen, Germany
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25
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Akila P, Prashant V, Suma MN, Prashant SN, Chaitra TR. CD163 and its expanding functional repertoire. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:669-74. [PMID: 22309681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key players of the immune system and express a variety of surface receptors. CD163 is one such receptor which belongs to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich super family (SRCR-SF) class B. It has four isoforms which differ in the structure of their cytoplasmic domains and putative phosphorylation sites. Expression of CD163 is tightly regulated with a general tendency of anti-inflammatory signals to induce its synthesis, while pro-inflammatory signals downregulate its expression. Previously the molecule has been shown to act as a receptor for hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes. However, it also plays a crucial role in the control of inflammatory processes by induction of anti-inflammatory pathways. Soluble CD163, which is generated via ectodomain shedding, serves as a potential diagnostic tool in a variety of disease states, such as inflammation, atherosclerosis, transplant rejection and carcinoma. Recently, CD163 has been identified as a promising target for cell directed therapy. In this review we aim to summarize the current knowledge of CD163.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Akila
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, India.
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26
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Cesar B, Abud APR, de Oliveira CC, Cardoso F, Bernardi RPD, Guimarães FSF, Gabardo J, de Freitas Buchi D. Treatment with at homeopathic complex medication modulates mononuclear bone marrow cell differentiation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2011; 2011:212459. [PMID: 19736221 PMCID: PMC3095418 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A homeopathic complex medication (HCM), with immunomodulatory properties, is recommended for patients with depressed immune systems. Previous studies demonstrated that the medication induces an increase in leukocyte number. The bone marrow microenvironment is composed of growth factors, stromal cells, an extracellular matrix and progenitor cells that differentiate into mature blood cells. Mice were our biological model used in this research. We now report in vivo immunophenotyping of total bone marrow cells and ex vivo effects of the medication on mononuclear cell differentiation at different times. Cells were examined by light microscopy and cytokine levels were measured in vitro. After in vivo treatment with HCM, a pool of cells from the new marrow microenvironment was analyzed by flow cytometry to detect any trend in cell alteration. The results showed decreases, mainly, in CD11b and TER-119 markers compared with controls. Mononuclear cells were used to analyze the effects of ex vivo HCM treatment and the number of cells showing ring nuclei, niche cells and activated macrophages increased in culture, even in the absence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Cytokines favoring stromal cell survival and differentiation in culture were induced in vitro. Thus, we observe that HCM is immunomodulatory, either alone or in association with other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cesar
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula R. Abud
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carolina C. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Raffaello Popa Di Bernardi
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernando S. F. Guimarães
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Juarez Gabardo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Dorly de Freitas Buchi
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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27
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Walkley CR. Erythropoiesis, anemia and the bone marrow microenvironment. Int J Hematol 2011; 93:10-3. [PMID: 21222184 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo regulation of erythropoiesis involves the integration of a range of intrinsic and cell extrinsic cues. The macrophage contained within the erythroblastic island is central to the normal differentiation and support of erythroid development. The contributions of other cell types found within the local bone marrow microenvironment are also likely to play important roles depending on the context. Such cell types include osteoblasts, osteoclasts, adipocytes, endothelial cells in addition to developing hematopoietic cells. There are data correlating changes in erythroid homeostasis, particularly in anemic states such as hemoglobinopathies, with alterations in the skeleton. The interaction and coordination of erythroid development and skeletal homeostasis, particularly in setting of erythroid demand, may represent a centrally regulated axis that is important physiologically, pharmacologically and in the pathology of anemia states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Walkley
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
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28
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Abstract
Every day billions of cells die in our bodies to eliminate those that are harmful, useless, or senescent. The process can be divided into two steps: cell dying and cell clearance. In the first step, death machinery is activated in the cells and quickly kills them. During the second step, dead cells are engulfed by phagocytes, and their components are degraded in the lysosomes of the phagocytes. The death mechanism and the clearance of dead cells have been extensively studied. Mouse lines that are deficient in the death or clearance process have been established, and human patients carrying a mutation in the death machinery have been identified. Data from these mutant mice and human patients indicate that defects in cell death or dead-cell clearance leads to autoimmunity. This review examines the cell death and clearance processes and briefly discusses the diseases they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Nagata
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Yoshida, Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan.
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Claudin 13, a member of the claudin family regulated in mouse stress induced erythropoiesis. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20844758 PMCID: PMC2937028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals are able to rapidly produce red blood cells in response to stress. The molecular pathways used in this process are important in understanding responses to anaemia in multiple biological settings. Here we characterise the novel gene Claudin 13 (Cldn13), a member of the Claudin family of tight junction proteins using RNA expression, microarray and phylogenetic analysis. We present evidence that Cldn13 appears to be co-ordinately regulated as part of a stress induced erythropoiesis pathway and is a mouse-specific gene mainly expressed in tissues associated with haematopoietic function. CLDN13 phylogenetically groups with its genomic neighbour CLDN4, a conserved tight junction protein with a putative role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition, suggesting a recent duplication event. Mechanisms of mammalian stress erythropoiesis are of importance in anaemic responses and expression microarray analyses demonstrate that Cldn13 is the most abundant Claudin in spleen from mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense. In mice prone to anaemia (C57BL/6), its expression is reduced compared to strains which display a less severe anaemic response (A/J and BALB/c) and is differentially regulated in spleen during disease progression. Genes clustering with Cldn13 on microarrays are key regulators of erythropoiesis (Tal1, Trim10, E2f2), erythrocyte membrane proteins (Rhd and Gypa), associated with red cell volume (Tmcc2) and indirectly associated with erythropoietic pathways (Cdca8, Cdkn2d, Cenpk). Relationships between genes appearing co-ordinately regulated with Cldn13 post-infection suggest new insights into the molecular regulation and pathways involved in stress induced erythropoiesis and suggest a novel, previously unreported role for claudins in correct cell polarisation and protein partitioning prior to erythroblast enucleation.
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30
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During EPO or anemia challenge, erythroid progenitor cells transit through a selectively expandable proerythroblast pool. Blood 2010; 116:5334-46. [PMID: 20810925 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-258947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of bone marrow (BM) erythroblast development are important for clinical concerns but are hindered by progenitor cell and tissue availability. We therefore sought to more specifically define dynamics, and key regulators, of the formation of developing BM erythroid cell cohorts. A unique Kit(-)CD71(high)Ter119(-) "stage E2" proerythroblast pool first is described, which (unlike its Kit(+) "stage E1" progenitors, or maturing Ter119(+) "stage E3" progeny) proved to selectively expand ∼ 7-fold on erythropoietin challenge. During short-term BM transplantation, stage E2 proerythroblasts additionally proved to be a predominantly expanded progenitor pool within spleen. This E1→E2→E3 erythroid series reproducibly formed ex vivo, enabling further characterizations. Expansion, in part, involved E1 cell hyperproliferation together with rapid E2 conversion plus E2 stage restricted BCL2 expression. Possible erythropoietin/erythropoietin receptor proerythroblast stage specific events were further investigated in mice expressing minimal erythropoietin receptor alleles. For a hypomorphic erythropoietin receptor-HM allele, major defects in erythroblast development occurred selectively at stage E2. In addition, stage E2 cells proved to interact productively with primary BM stromal cells in ways that enhanced both survival and late-stage development. Overall, findings reveal a novel transitional proerythroblast compartment that deploys unique expansion devices.
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Crawford LW, Foley JF, Elmore SA. Histology atlas of the developing mouse hepatobiliary system with emphasis on embryonic days 9.5-18.5. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:872-906. [PMID: 20805319 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310374329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal model phenotyping, in utero exposure toxicity studies, and investigation into causes of embryonic, fetal, or perinatal deaths have required pathologists to recognize and diagnose developmental disorders in spontaneous and engineered mouse models of disease. In mammals, the liver is the main site of hematopoiesis during fetal development, has endocrine and exocrine functions important for maintaining homeostasis in fetal and adult life; and performs other functions including waste detoxification, production and removal of glucose, glycogen storage, triglyceride and fatty acid processing, and serum protein production. Due to its role in many critical functions, alterations in the size, morphology, or function(s) of the liver often lead to embryonic lethality. Many publications and websites describe individual aspects of hepatobiliary development at defined stages. However, no single resource provides a detailed histological evaluation of H&E-stained sections of the developing murine liver and biliary systems using high-magnification and high-resolution color images. The work herein provides a histology atlas of hepatobiliary development between embryonic days 9.5-18.5. Although the focus of this work is normal hepatobiliary development, common defects in liver development are also described as a reference for pathologists who may be asked to phenotype mice with congenital, inherited, or treatment-related hepatobiliary defects. Authors' note: All digital images can be viewed online at https://niehsimagesepl-inc.com with the username "ToxPathLiver" and the password "embryolivers."
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wilding Crawford
- 1Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709,USA
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32
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The effect of mild agitation on in vitro erythroid development. J Immunol Methods 2010; 360:20-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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beta-Thalassemia: HiJAKing Ineffective Erythropoiesis and Iron Overload. Adv Hematol 2010; 2010:938640. [PMID: 20508726 PMCID: PMC2873658 DOI: 10.1155/2010/938640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemia encompasses a group of monogenic diseases that have in common defective synthesis of β-globin. The defects involved are extremely heterogeneous and give rise to a large phenotypic spectrum, with patients that are almost asymptomatic to cases in which regular blood transfusions are required to sustain life. As a result of the inefficient synthesis of β-globin, the patients suffer from chronic anemia due to a process called ineffective erythropoiesis (IE). The sequelae of IE lead to extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) with massive splenomegaly and dramatic iron overload, which in turn is responsible for many of the secondary pathologies observed in thalassemic patients. The processes are intimately linked such that an ideal therapeutic approach should address all of the complications. Although β-thalassemia is one of the first monogenic diseases to be described and represents a global health problem, only recently has the scientific community started to focus on the real molecular mechanisms that underlie this disease, opening new and exciting therapeutic perspectives for thalassemic patients worldwide.
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34
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Riley RS, Williams D, Ross M, Zhao S, Chesney A, Clark BD, Ben-Ezra JM. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy: a pathologist's perspective. II. interpretation of the bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. J Clin Lab Anal 2010; 23:259-307. [PMID: 19774631 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow examination has become increasingly important for the diagnosis and treatment of hematologic and other illnesses. Morphologic evaluation of the bone marrow aspirate and biopsy has recently been supplemented by increasingly sophisticated ancillary assays, including immunocytochemistry, cytogenetic analysis, flow cytometry, and molecular assays. With our rapidly expanding knowledge of the clinical and biologic diversity of leukemia and other hematologic neoplasms, and an increasing variety of therapeutic options, the bone marrow examination has became more critical for therapeutic monitoring and planning optimal therapy. Sensitive molecular techniques, in vitro drug sensitivity testing, and a number of other special assays are available to provide valuable data to assist these endeavors. Fortunately, improvements in bone marrow aspirate and needle technology has made the procurement of adequate specimens more reliable and efficient, while the use of conscious sedation has improved patient comfort. The procurement of bone marrow specimens was reviewed in the first part of this series. This paper specifically addresses the diagnostic interpretation of bone marrow specimens and the use of ancillary techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Riley
- Medical College of Virginia Hospitals of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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35
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Nakamura-Ishizu A, Morikawa S, Shimizu K, Ezaki T. Recruited peripheral blood monocytes participate in the liver extramedullary hematopoietic milieu. ARCHIVES OF HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 2010; 73:127-37. [PMID: 22572180 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.73.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic microenvironment has been investigated and well defined in the bone marrow. However, there is a lack of studies on the extramedullary hematopoietic milieu such as in the liver, to which hematopoietic stem cells migrate and there commence hematopoiesis under pathological conditions such as bone marrow failure. We induced extramedullary hematopoiesis by phenylhydrazine in the adult mouse liver and investigated the immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular changes within this organ. Using an intravital lectin injection technique, we found numerous monocytes attached to the central vein prior to hematopoietic foci formation. These cells were later incorporated into the hematopoietic foci. An increase in the mRNA expressions of the monocyte attracting chemokine CCL-2 (MCP-1) was noted in the central vein region as well as in cells within the hematopoietic foci. Together with local liver components, we regard these monocytes as components of the extramedullary hematopoietic milieu. We conclude that the recruitment of extra-hepatic monocytes is an important event during extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver and that these monocytes participate in the liver hematopoietic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nakamura-Ishizu
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Abstract
Inflammation arising from various etiologies, including infection, autoimmune disorders, chronic diseases, and aging, can promote anemia. The anemia of inflammation (AI) is most often normocytic and normochromic and is usually mild. Characteristic changes in systemic iron handling, erythrocyte production, and erythrocyte life span all contribute to AI. The preferred treatment is directed at the underlying disease. However, when the inflammatory insult is intractable, or the cause has not been diagnosed, there are limited options for treatment of AI. Because anemia is a comorbid condition that is associated with poor outcomes in various chronic disease states, understanding its pathogenesis and developing new tools for its treatment should remain a priority. Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide has taken center stage in recent years as a potent modulator of iron availability. As the technology for quantitative hepcidin analysis improves, hepcidin's role in various disease states is also being revealed. Recent insights concerning the regulatory pathways that modify hepcidin expression have identified novel targets for drug development. As the field advances with such therapeutics, the analysis of the impact of normalized hemoglobin on disease outcomes will confirm whether anemia is a reversible independent contributor to the morbidity and mortality associated with inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy N Roy
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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37
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The potential of human peripheral blood derived CD34+ cells for ex vivo red blood cell production. J Biotechnol 2009; 144:127-34. [PMID: 19735679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential of peripheral blood derived CD34+ cells for ex vivo erythropoiesis was investigated in a stroma-free culture system using a novel strategy of daily passaging. By expanding PB-derived CD34+ cells up to 1.5 x 10(6)-fold this method achieved expansion factors previously only reported for CD34+ cells derived from more potent stem cell sources such as cord blood, bone marrow and mobilized peripheral blood. Analysis of cell surface markers showed differentiation of immature CD34+ cells to populations with 80% CD71-/GpA+ cells and up to 45% enucleated cells, indicating a significant amount of terminal maturation. Cell crowdedness was found to have decisive effects on in vitro erythropoiesis. Cell density per surface area rather than cell concentration per media volume determined cell expansion during exponential growth where more crowded cells showed reduced overall expansion. In late stage erythropoiesis, however, when cells no longer proliferating, increased cell density was seen to enhance cell viability. These results indicate that peripheral blood derived haematopoietic stem cells can be an alternative to cells sourced from bone marrow, cord blood or leukapheresis in terms of expansion potential. This provides distinct advantages in terms of availability for studies of conditions for scale-up and maturation, and may have particular clinical applications in the future.
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38
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CNTO 530 functions as a potent EPO mimetic via unique sustained effects on bone marrow proerythroblast pools. Blood 2009; 113:4955-62. [PMID: 19264917 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-08-172320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia as associated with numerous clinical conditions can be debilitating, but frequently can be treated via administration of epoetin-alfa, darbepoietin-alfa, or methoxy-PEG epoetin-beta. Despite the complexity of EPO-EPO receptor interactions, the development of interesting EPO mimetic peptides (EMPs) also has been possible. CNTO 530 is one such novel MIMETIBODY Fc-domain dimeric EMP fusion protein. In a mouse model, single-dose CNTO 530 (unlike epoetin-alfa or darbepoietin-alfa) bolstered red cell production for up to 1 month. In 5-fluorouracil and carboplatin-paclitaxel models, CNTO 530 also protected against anemia with unique efficiency. These actions were not fully accounted for by half-life estimates, and CNTO 530 signaling events therefore were studied. Within primary bone marrow erythroblasts, kinetics of STAT5, ERK, and AKT activation were similar for CNTO 530 and epoetin-alfa. p70S6K activation by CNTO 530, however, was selectively sustained. In vivo, CNTO 530 uniquely stimulated the enhanced formation of PODXL(high)CD71(high) (pro)erythroblasts at frequencies multifold above epoetin-alfa or darbepoietin-alfa. CNTO 530 moreover supported the sustained expansion of a bone marrow-resident Kit(neg)CD71(high)Ter119(neg) progenitor pool. Based on these distinct erythropoietic and EPOR signaling properties, CNTO 530 holds excellent promise as a new EPO mimetic.
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39
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Dynamics of human erythroblast enucleation. Int J Hematol 2008; 88:498-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-008-0200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Walkley CR, Sankaran VG, Orkin SH. Rb and hematopoiesis: stem cells to anemia. Cell Div 2008; 3:13. [PMID: 18775080 PMCID: PMC2562376 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein, Rb, was one of the first tumor suppressor genes identified as a result of the familial syndrome retinoblastoma. In the period since its identification and cloning a large number of studies have described its role in various cellular processes. The application of conditional somatic mutation with lineage and temporally controlled gene deletion strategies, thus circumventing the lethality associated with germ-line deletion of Rb, have allowed for a reanalysis of the in vivo role of Rb. In the hematopoietic system, such approaches have led to new insights into stem cell biology and the role of the microenvironment in regulating hematopoietic stem cell fate. They have also clarified the role that Rb plays during erythropoiesis and defined a novel mechanism linking mitochondrial function to terminal cell cycle withdrawal. These studies have shed light on the in vivo role of Rb in the regulation of hematopoiesis and also prompt further analysis of the role that Rb plays in both the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells and the terminal differentiation of their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Walkley
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,St. Vincent's Institute, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Vijay G Sankaran
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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41
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present study review examines the current understanding of the ontogeny of erythropoiesis with a focus on the emergence of the embryonic (primitive) erythroid lineage and on the similarities and differences between the primitive and the fetal/adult (definitive) forms of erythroid cell maturation. RECENT FINDINGS Primitive erythroid precursors in the mouse embryo and cultured in vitro from human embryonic stem cells undergo 'maturational' globin switching as they differentiate terminally. The appearance of a transient population of primitive 'pyrenocytes' (extruded nuclei) in the fetal bloodstream indicates that primitive erythroblasts enucleate by nuclear extrusion. In-vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells recapitulates hematopoietic ontogeny reminiscent of the murine yolk sac, including overlapping waves of hemangioblast, primitive, erythroid, and definitive erythroid progenitors. Definitive erythroid potential in zebrafish embryos, like that in mice, initially arises prior to, and independent of, hematopoietic stem cell emergence in the region of the aorta. Maturation of definitive erythroid cells within macrophage islands promotes erythroblast-erythroblast and erythroblast-stromal interactions that regulate red cell output. SUMMARY The study of embryonic development in several different model systems, as well as in cultured human embryonic stem cells, continues to provide important insights into the ontogeny of erythropoiesis. Contrasting the similarities and differences between primitive and definitive erythropoiesis will lead to an improved understanding of erythroblast maturation and the terminal steps of erythroid differentiation.
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43
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Soni S, Bala S, Hanspal M. Requirement for erythroblast-macrophage protein (Emp) in definitive erythropoiesis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2008; 41:141-7. [PMID: 18501646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emp, erythroblast-macrophage protein was initially identified as a mediator of erythroblast-macrophage interactions during erythroid differentiation. More recent studies have shown that targeted disruption of Emp leads to abnormal erythropoiesis in the fetal liver, and fetal demise. To further address the activity of Emp in the hematopoietic lineage in adult bone marrow, we conducted fetal liver HSC reconstitution assay. Emp null fetal liver cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated wild-type sibling mice, and assessed the erythropoietic activity. We found that Emp null cells rescued lethally irradiated mice with efficiency comparable to that of wild-type cells. However, the recipients of Emp null cells showed abnormal erythropoiesis as indicated by the presence of persistent anemia, extensive extramedullary erythropoiesis, and increased apoptosis of erythroid precursors. Extramedullary erythropoiesis suggests perturbed interactions between the Emp-deficient hematopoietic cells and the wild-type niche. Furthermore, in spleen colony-forming unit assays, proliferation rates of the Emp null cells were greater than those of the wild-type cells. Similarly, in vitro burst-forming unit-erythroid and colony-forming unit-erythroid assays showed increased erythroid colony numbers from Emp null livers. Morphologic examination showed that Emp null CFU-E-derived erythroblasts were immature compared to those derived from wild-type CFU-Es, suggesting that loss of Emp function in erythroid cells results in impaired proliferation and terminal differentiation. These results demonstrate that Emp plays a cell intrinsic role in the erythroid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Soni
- Department of Medicine, Center of Cell Biology, Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
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44
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Isern J, Fraser ST, He Z, Baron MH. The fetal liver is a niche for maturation of primitive erythroid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:6662-7. [PMID: 18445648 PMCID: PMC2373346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802032105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primitive erythroid cells (EryP) are the earliest differentiated cell type of the mammalian embryo. They appear in the yolk sac by embryonic day 7.5, begin to enter the embryonic circulation 2 days later and continue to mature in a stepwise and synchronous fashion. Like their adult counterparts, EryP enucleate. However, EryP circulate throughout the embryo for several days before the first enucleated forms can be identified in the blood. We have used transgenic mouse lines in which GFP marks EryP to investigate this seemingly long lag and have identified a previously unrecognized developmental niche for EryP maturation. After exiting the yolk sac, EryP begin to express cell adhesion proteins, including alpha4, alpha5, and beta1 integrins, on their surface and migrate into the fetal liver (FL), where they interact with macrophages within erythroblastic islands. Binding of EryP to FL macrophages in vitro is stage-specific and partly depends on VCAM-1. The ability to tag and track EryP nuclei using a transgenic mouse line expressing an H2B-EGFP fusion allowed us to identify and characterize extruded EryP nuclei and to demonstrate that molecules such as alpha4, alpha5, and beta1 integrins are redistributed onto the plasma membrane surrounding the extruding nucleus. FL macrophages engulf extruded EryP nuclei in cocultures and in the native FL in vivo. We conclude that EryP home to, complete their maturation, and enucleate within the FL, a tissue that is just developing as EryP begin to circulate. Our observations suggest a simple solution for a puzzling aspect of the development of the primitive erythroid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart T. Fraser
- Departments of *Medicine and
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | | | - Margaret H. Baron
- Departments of *Medicine and
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Oncological Sciences, and Gene and Cell Medicine, and
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
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45
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Abstract
Red cells are required not only for adult well-being but also for survival and growth of the mammalian embryo beyond early postimplantation stages of development. The embryo's first "primitive" erythroid cells, derived from a transient wave of committed progenitors, emerge from the yolk sac as immature precursors and differentiate as a semisynchronous cohort in the bloodstream. Surprisingly, this maturational process in the mammalian embryo is characterized by globin gene switching and ultimately by enucleation. The yolk sac also synthesizes a second transient wave of "definitive" erythroid progenitors that enter the bloodstream and seed the liver of the fetus. At the same time, hematopoietic stem cells within the embryo also seed the liver and are the presumed source of long-term erythroid potential. Fetal definitive erythroid precursors mature in macrophage islands within the liver, enucleate, and enter the bloodstream as erythrocytes. Toward the end of gestation, definitive erythropoiesis shifts to its final location, the bone marrow. It has recently been recognized that the yolk sac-derived primitive and fetal definitive erythroid lineages, like their adult definitive erythroid counterpart, are each hierarchically associated with the megakaryocyte lineage. Continued comparative studies of primitive and definitive erythropoiesis in mammalian and nonmammalian embryos will lead to an improved understanding of terminal erythroid maturation and globin gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen McGrath
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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46
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Liu S, Suragani RNVS, Wang F, Han A, Zhao W, Andrews NC, Chen JJ. The function of heme-regulated eIF2alpha kinase in murine iron homeostasis and macrophage maturation. J Clin Invest 2008. [PMID: 17932563 DOI: 10.1172/jci32084.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme-regulated eIF2alpha kinase (HRI) plays an essential protective role in anemias of iron deficiency, erythroid protoporphyria, and beta-thalassemia. In this study, we report that HRI protein is present in murine macrophages, albeit at a lower level than in erythroid precursors. Hri-/- mice exhibited impaired macrophage maturation and a weaker antiinflammatory response with reduced cytokine production upon LPS challenge. The level of production of hepcidin, an important player in the pathogenesis of the anemia of inflammation, was significantly decreased in Hri-/- mice, accompanied by decreased splenic macrophage iron content and increased serum iron content. Hepcidin expression was also significantly lower, with a concomitant increase in serum iron in Hri-/- mice upon LPS treatment. We also demonstrated an impairment of erythrophagocytosis by Hri-/- macrophages both in vitro and in vivo under chronic hemolytic anemia, providing evidence for the role of HRI in recycling iron from senescent red blood cells. This work demonstrates that HRI deficiency attenuates hepcidin expression and iron homeostasis in mice, indicating a potential role for HRI in the anemia of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Liu
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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47
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Liu S, Suragani RNVS, Wang F, Han A, Zhao W, Andrews NC, Chen JJ. The function of heme-regulated eIF2alpha kinase in murine iron homeostasis and macrophage maturation. J Clin Invest 2008; 117:3296-305. [PMID: 17932563 DOI: 10.1172/jci32084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme-regulated eIF2alpha kinase (HRI) plays an essential protective role in anemias of iron deficiency, erythroid protoporphyria, and beta-thalassemia. In this study, we report that HRI protein is present in murine macrophages, albeit at a lower level than in erythroid precursors. Hri-/- mice exhibited impaired macrophage maturation and a weaker antiinflammatory response with reduced cytokine production upon LPS challenge. The level of production of hepcidin, an important player in the pathogenesis of the anemia of inflammation, was significantly decreased in Hri-/- mice, accompanied by decreased splenic macrophage iron content and increased serum iron content. Hepcidin expression was also significantly lower, with a concomitant increase in serum iron in Hri-/- mice upon LPS treatment. We also demonstrated an impairment of erythrophagocytosis by Hri-/- macrophages both in vitro and in vivo under chronic hemolytic anemia, providing evidence for the role of HRI in recycling iron from senescent red blood cells. This work demonstrates that HRI deficiency attenuates hepcidin expression and iron homeostasis in mice, indicating a potential role for HRI in the anemia of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Liu
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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48
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Angelillo-Scherrer A, Burnier L, Lambrechts D, Fish RJ, Tjwa M, Plaisance S, Sugamele R, DeMol M, Martinez-Soria E, Maxwell PH, Lemke G, Goff SP, Matsushima GK, Earp HS, Chanson M, Collen D, Izui S, Schapira M, Conway EM, Carmeliet P. Role of Gas6 in erythropoiesis and anemia in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:583-96. [PMID: 18188450 DOI: 10.1172/jci30375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with anemia fail to respond to treatment with erythropoietin (Epo), a commonly used hormone that stimulates erythroid progenitor production and maturation by human BM or by murine spleen. The protein product of growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) is important for cell survival across several cell types, but its precise physiological role remains largely enigmatic. Here, we report that murine erythroblasts released Gas6 in response to Epo and that Gas6 enhanced Epo receptor signaling by activating the serine-threonine kinase Akt in these cells. In the absence of Gas6, erythroid progenitors and erythroblasts were hyporesponsive to the survival activity of Epo and failed to restore hematocrit levels in response to anemia. In addition, Gas6 may influence erythropoiesis via paracrine erythroblast-independent mechanisms involving macrophages. When mice with acute anemia were treated with Gas6, the protein normalized hematocrit levels without causing undesired erythrocytosis. In a transgenic mouse model of chronic anemia caused by insufficient Epo production, Gas6 synergized with Epo in restoring hematocrit levels. These findings may have implications for the treatment of patients with anemia who fail to adequately respond to Epo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Angelillo-Scherrer
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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49
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McGrath KE, Kingsley PD, Koniski AD, Porter RL, Bushnell TP, Palis J. Enucleation of primitive erythroid cells generates a transient population of "pyrenocytes" in the mammalian fetus. Blood 2008; 111:2409-17. [PMID: 18032705 PMCID: PMC2234067 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-107581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enucleation is the hallmark of erythropoiesis in mammals. Previously, we determined that yolk sac-derived primitive erythroblasts mature in the bloodstream and enucleate between embryonic day (E)14.5 and E16.5 of mouse gestation. While definitive erythroblasts enucleate by nuclear extrusion, generating reticulocytes and small, nucleated cells with a thin rim of cytoplasm ("pyrenocytes"), it is unclear by what mechanism primitive erythroblasts enucleate. Immunohistochemical examination of fetal blood revealed primitive pyrenocytes that were confirmed by multispectral imaging flow cytometry to constitute a distinct, transient cell population. The frequency of primitive erythroblasts was higher in the liver than the bloodstream, suggesting that they enucleate in the liver, a possibility supported by their proximity to liver macrophages and the isolation of erythroblast islands containing primitive erythroblasts. Furthermore, primitive erythroblasts can reconstitute erythroblast islands in vitro by attaching to fetal liver-derived macrophages, an association mediated in part by alpha4 integrin. Late-stage primitive erythroblasts fail to enucleate in vitro unless cocultured with macrophage cells. Our studies indicate that primitive erythroblasts enucleate by nuclear extrusion to generate erythrocytes and pyrenocytes and suggest this occurs in the fetal liver in association with macrophages. Continued studies comparing primitive and definitive erythropoiesis will lead to an improved understanding of terminal erythroid maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E McGrath
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Nagata S. Autoimmune diseases caused by defects in clearing dead cells and nuclei expelled from erythroid precursors. Immunol Rev 2008; 220:237-50. [PMID: 17979851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells are recognized and subsequently engulfed by macrophages and immature dendritic cells. The engulfed dead cells are transported to the lysosomes of macrophages, and their components are degraded into amino acids and nucleotides for reuse. In mammals, macrophages also engulf nuclei expelled from erythroid precursors in the final stage of definitive erythropoiesis. Failure to swiftly engulf dead cells at the germinal centers of lymphoid organs causes systemic lupus erythematosus-type autoimmune diseases. In contrast, failure to efficiently degrade the DNA of dead cells or erythroid cell nuclei activates innate immunity, causing lethal anemia in the fetus and chronic arthritis in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Nagata
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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