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Anderson GM, Hill JW, Kaiser UB, Navarro VM, Ong KK, Perry JRB, Prevot V, Tena-Sempere M, Elias CF. Metabolic control of puberty: 60 years in the footsteps of Kennedy and Mitra's seminal work. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:111-123. [PMID: 38049643 PMCID: PMC10843588 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
An individual's nutritional status has a powerful effect on sexual maturation. Puberty onset is delayed in response to chronic energy insufficiency and is advanced under energy abundance. The consequences of altered pubertal timing for human health are profound. Late puberty increases the chances of cardiometabolic, musculoskeletal and neurocognitive disorders, whereas early puberty is associated with increased risks of adult obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and various cancers, such as breast, endometrial and prostate cancer. Kennedy and Mitra's trailblazing studies, published in 1963 and using experimental models, were the first to demonstrate that nutrition is a key factor in puberty onset. Building on this work, the field has advanced substantially in the past decade, which is largely due to the impressive development of molecular tools for experimentation and population genetics. In this Review, we discuss the latest advances in basic and translational sciences underlying the nutritional and metabolic control of pubertal development, with a focus on perspectives and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor M Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken K Ong
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent Prevot
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Papanikolaou N, Millar O, Coulden A, Parker N, Sit L, Kelly C, Cox J, Dhillo WS, Meeran K, Al Memar M, Anderson R, Rees DA, Karavitaki N, Jayasena CN. Clinical characteristics of functioning gonadotroph adenoma in women presenting with ovarian hyperstimulation: Audit of UK pituitary centres. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023; 99:386-395. [PMID: 37430451 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functioning gonadotroph adenomas (FGAs) are rare pituitary tumours stimulating ovarian function with potential life-threatening consequences in women. However, a lack of aggregated clinical experience of FGAs impairs management in affected women. The aim of this study is to present the clinical course of FGA-induced ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) cases as identified by some of the largest UK pituitary endocrine tertiary centres with a view to increasing awareness and improving diagnosis and management of women with FGA. DESIGN A retrospective observational study; audit of eight UK regional pituitary centres for cases of FGAs. SETTING Specialist neuroendocrine centres in the United Kingdom. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS Women diagnosed with FGA-induced OHSS. Description of their clinical course. RESULTS Seven cases of FGA were identified in women, all causing OHSS. Mean age was 33.4 years at diagnosis. Abdominal pain, irregular periods, headache, and visual disturbances were reported at presentation by 100%, 71%, 57% and 43% of women, respectively. Three of seven women underwent ovarian surgery before FGA diagnosis. Six women underwent transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) with incomplete tumour resection in five of those, but all showed improvement or resolution in symptoms and biochemistry postoperatively. CONCLUSION FGA is a rare cause of spontaneous OHSS. TSS improves clinical and biochemical features of ovarian hyperstimulation in FGAs. Improved awareness of FGA will prevent inappropriate emergency ovarian surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ophelia Millar
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Amy Coulden
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nina Parker
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lee Sit
- The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris Kelly
- Department of Endocrinology, Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert, UK
| | - Jeremy Cox
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Karim Meeran
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Maya Al Memar
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D Aled Rees
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Niki Karavitaki
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Channa N Jayasena
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, UK
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Brito VN, Canton APM, Seraphim CE, Abreu AP, Macedo DB, Mendonca BB, Kaiser UB, Argente J, Latronico AC. The Congenital and Acquired Mechanisms Implicated in the Etiology of Central Precocious Puberty. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:193-221. [PMID: 35930274 PMCID: PMC9985412 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of central precocious puberty (CPP) is multiple and heterogeneous, including congenital and acquired causes that can be associated with structural or functional brain alterations. All causes of CPP culminate in the premature pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic GnRH and, consequently, in the premature reactivation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The activation of excitatory factors or suppression of inhibitory factors during childhood represent the 2 major mechanisms of CPP, revealing a delicate balance of these opposing neuronal pathways. Hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is the most well-known congenital cause of CPP with central nervous system abnormalities. Several mechanisms by which hamartoma causes CPP have been proposed, including an anatomical connection to the anterior hypothalamus, autonomous neuroendocrine activity in GnRH neurons, trophic factors secreted by HH, and mechanical pressure applied to the hypothalamus. The importance of genetic and/or epigenetic factors in the underlying mechanisms of CPP has grown significantly in the last decade, as demonstrated by the evidence of genetic abnormalities in hypothalamic structural lesions (eg, hamartomas, gliomas), syndromic disorders associated with CPP (Temple, Prader-Willi, Silver-Russell, and Rett syndromes), and isolated CPP from monogenic defects (MKRN3 and DLK1 loss-of-function mutations). Genetic and epigenetic discoveries involving the etiology of CPP have had influence on the diagnosis and familial counseling providing bases for potential prevention of premature sexual development and new treatment targets in the future. Global preventive actions inducing healthy lifestyle habits and less exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals during the lifespan are desirable because they are potentially associated with CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius N Brito
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
| | - Ana P M Canton
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Seraphim
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Delanie B Macedo
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Núcleo de Atenção Médica Integrada, Centro de Ciências da Saúde,
Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60811 905,
Brazil
| | - Berenice B Mendonca
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jesús Argente
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Endocrinology and
Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish PUBERE Registry,
CIBER of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IMDEA
Institute, Madrid 28009, Spain
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
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Wang L, Liang H, Deng C, Yu Q, Gong F, Feng F, You H, Liang Z, Chen B, Deng K, Ma J, Wang R, Yao Y, Zhu H. Functioning gonadotroph adenomas in premenopausal women: clinical and molecular characterization and review of the literature. Pituitary 2022; 25:454-467. [PMID: 35138520 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To summary the clinical features of premenopausal women with functioning gonadotroph adenomas (FGAs) and preliminarily explore their molecular characterization. METHODS 12 premenopausal females with FGAs in our center were retrospectively analyzed. Previously reported cases were also summarized. The patients were clinically divided into FSH- or LH-predominant types according to their preoperative serum FSH/LH ratio. The expressions of related genes in the tumor tissues of female FGAs, non-functioning gonadotroph adenomas (NFGAs), and silent corticotropin adenomas were evaluated by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Of all the 12 patients with FGAs from our center, 11 (91.7%) were diagnosed as FSH-predominant type, and they all had menstrual disorders, including 9 with spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (sOHSS). Their hormonal profiles showed non-suppressed FSH (12.45 ± 7.34 IU/L) with hyperestrogenemia [median estradiol level 1353.0 pg/mL (636.0, 3535.0)]. The other patient (8.3%) with LH-predominant type mainly manifested with infertility and sustained elevated serum LH without FSH or estradiol increasing. 65 premenopausal FGAs patients were systematic reviewed. 60 patients (92.3%) were FSH-predominant type, including 86.7% presented with menstrual disorders, 16.7% reported infertility, and 98.2% (55/56) showed sOHSS. No sOHSS or hyperestrogenemia were found in the 5 patients (7.7%) with LH-predominant type. Pituitary imaging data revealed macroadenomas and microadenomas accounted for 89.2% and 10.8%, respectively. Of 63 patients (96.9%) who underwent pituitary adenoma resection, 77.8% had complete tumor resection and no recurrence at the last follow-up. The relative expressions of KISS1 mRNA were significantly higher in FGA group than in NFGA group (p = 0.018), and significantly positively correlated with the preoperative serum estradiol levels (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Different clinical features were observed in premenopausal women with FGAs of FSH- or LH-predominant types. The elevated KISS1 expression in tumor tissues might involve in the secretion function of FGAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hanting Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Chengyan Deng
- Reproductive Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Reproductive Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fengying Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Radiology, Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, PekingBeijing, China
| | - Hui You
- Department of Radiology, Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, PekingBeijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Ghaderpour S, Ghiasi R, Heydari H, Keyhanmanesh R. The relation between obesity, kisspeptin, leptin, and male fertility. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2021; 43:235-247. [PMID: 34931507 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2021-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, obesity and infertility in men increased in parallel, and the association between both phenomena have been examined by several researchers. despite the fact that there is no agreement, obesity appears to affect the reproductive potential of men through various mechanisms, such as changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis, spermatogenesis, sperm quality and/or alteration of sexual health. Leptin is a hormone produced by the adipose tissue, and its production elevates with increasing body fat. Many studies have supported the relationship between raised leptin production and reproductive function regulation. In fact, Leptin acts on the HPT axis in men at all levels. However, most obese men are insensitive to increased production of endogenous leptin and functional leptin resistance development. Recently, it has been recommended that Kisspeptin neurons mediate the leptin's effects on the reproductive system. Kisspeptin binding to its receptor on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, activates the mammal's reproductive axis and stimulates GnRH release. Increasing infertility associated with obesity is probably mediated by the Kisspeptin-GnRH pathway. In this review, the link between obesity, kisspeptin, leptin, and male fertility will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Ghaderpour
- Department of Physiology, Tabriz Faculty of Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rafighe Ghiasi
- Department of Physiology, Tabriz Faculty of Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Heydari
- Department of Physiology, Tabriz Faculty of Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Department of Physiology, Tabriz Faculty of Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Tachykinins and Kisspeptins in the Regulation of Human Male Fertility. J Clin Med 2019; 9:jcm9010113. [PMID: 31906206 PMCID: PMC7019842 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility is a global disease affecting one out of six couples of reproductive age in the world, with a male factor involved in half the cases. There is still much to know about the regulation of human male fertility and thus we decided to focus on two peptide families that seem to play a key role in this function: tachykinins and kisspeptins. With this aim, we conducted an exhaustive review in order to describe the role of tachykinins and kisspeptins in human fertility and their possible implications in infertility etiopathogenesis. Many advances have been made to elucidate the roles of these two families in infertility, and multiple animal species have been studied, including humans. All of this knowledge could lead to new advances in male infertility diagnosis and treatment, but further research is needed to clarify all the implications of tachykinins and kisspeptins in fertility.
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D'Occhio MJ, Baruselli PS, Campanile G. Influence of nutrition, body condition, and metabolic status on reproduction in female beef cattle: A review. Theriogenology 2019; 125:277-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hill JW, Elias CF. Neuroanatomical Framework of the Metabolic Control of Reproduction. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:2349-2380. [PMID: 30109817 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A minimum amount of energy is required for basic physiological processes, such as protein biosynthesis, thermoregulation, locomotion, cardiovascular function, and digestion. However, for reproductive function and survival of the species, extra energy stores are necessary. Production of sex hormones and gametes, pubertal development, pregnancy, lactation, and parental care all require energy reserves. Thus the physiological systems that control energy homeostasis and reproductive function coevolved in mammals to support both individual health and species subsistence. In this review, we aim to gather scientific knowledge produced by laboratories around the world on the role of the brain in integrating metabolism and reproduction. We describe essential neuronal networks, highlighting key nodes and potential downstream targets. Novel animal models and genetic tools have produced substantial advances, but critical gaps remain. In times of soaring worldwide obesity and metabolic dysfunction, understanding the mechanisms by which metabolic stress alters reproductive physiology has become crucial for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Hill
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toledo College of Medicine , Toledo, Ohio ; and Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carol F Elias
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toledo College of Medicine , Toledo, Ohio ; and Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Zeydabadi Nejad S, Ramezani Tehrani F, Zadeh-Vakili A. The Role of Kisspeptin in Female Reproduction. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2017; 15:e44337. [PMID: 29201072 PMCID: PMC5702467 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.44337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Kisspeptin (KISS1), a recently discovered neuropeptide that acts upstream of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, is critical for maturation and function of the reproductive axis. This review aimed at providing comprehensive and up-to-date information on Kisspeptin and its role in female reproduction. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature review was performed using PubMed for all English language articles published between 1999 and 2016. RESULTS The kisspeptin system (KISS1/G protein-coupled receptor-54,GPR54) has recently been addressed as an essential gatekeeper of puberty onset and gonadotropin secretion. Compelling evidence has documented that hypothalamic Kisspeptin mediates steroid feedback and metabolic cues at different developmental stages throughout lifespan. Furthermore, in pre/postnatally androgenized animal models, which exhibit many of the characteristics of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), the hypothalamic expression of KISS1 and GnRH is abnormal, which might lead to multiple tissue abnormalities observed in this disorder. CONCLUSIONS Kisspeptin, a principal activator of GnRH neurons and the target of endocrine and metabolic cues, is a prerequisite for the onset of puberty and maintenance of normal reproductive function, as abnormal KISS1/GPR54 system has been reported in both animal models and patients with certain forms of infertility, e.g. Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and PCOS. The information suggests that kisspeptin or its receptor represents a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of patients with fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Zeydabadi Nejad
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Azita Zadeh-Vakili
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Azita Zadeh-Vakili, PhD, Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2122432513, Fax: +98-2122402463, E-mail:
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10
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Oh YJ, Rhie YJ, Nam HK, Kim HR, Lee KH. Genetic Variations of the KISS1R Gene in Korean Girls with Central Precocious Puberty. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32:108-114. [PMID: 27914139 PMCID: PMC5143281 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.1.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of puberty onset varies greatly among individuals, and much of this variation is modulated by genetic factors. This study aimed to identify the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) gene variations and to investigate the associations between these variations and central precocious puberty (CPP). Korean girls with CPP (n = 194) and their healthy controls (n = 99) were included in this study. The entire coding region and the exon-intron boundaries (exon 1 through 5) of the KISS1R gene were directly sequenced. Seven polymorphisms were identified in the KISS1R gene. A missense change c.1091T>A, and an intron variant c.738+64G>T showed significantly higher allele frequencies in CPP patients than in controls (c.1091T>A: 30.7% vs. 22.2%, P = 0.031; c.738+64G>T: 45.6% vs. 35.9%, P = 0.023). The missense variant (c.1091T>A) was a nonsynonymous polymorphism that induces amino acid substitution of p.Leu364His. The haplotype CAGTGTC was detected more frequently in the CPP group (P = 0.042). The sequence variants of the KISS1R gene can be inducible factors in the development of CPP. The association between sequence variants and CPP should be validated by further evidence obtained from larger samples of children with CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Joung Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jun Rhie
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Kyoung Nam
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Hyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Sussarellu R, Suquet M, Thomas Y, Lambert C, Fabioux C, Pernet MEJ, Le Goïc N, Quillien V, Mingant C, Epelboin Y, Corporeau C, Guyomarch J, Robbens J, Paul-Pont I, Soudant P, Huvet A. Oyster reproduction is affected by exposure to polystyrene microplastics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2430-5. [PMID: 26831072 PMCID: PMC4780615 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519019113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 916] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastics are persistent synthetic polymers that accumulate as waste in the marine environment. Microplastic (MP) particles are derived from the breakdown of larger debris or can enter the environment as microscopic fragments. Because filter-feeder organisms ingest MP while feeding, they are likely to be impacted by MP pollution. To assess the impact of polystyrene microspheres (micro-PS) on the physiology of the Pacific oyster, adult oysters were experimentally exposed to virgin micro-PS (2 and 6 µm in diameter; 0.023 mg·L(-1)) for 2 mo during a reproductive cycle. Effects were investigated on ecophysiological parameters; cellular, transcriptomic, and proteomic responses; fecundity; and offspring development. Oysters preferentially ingested the 6-µm micro-PS over the 2-µm-diameter particles. Consumption of microalgae and absorption efficiency were significantly higher in exposed oysters, suggesting compensatory and physical effects on both digestive parameters. After 2 mo, exposed oysters had significant decreases in oocyte number (-38%), diameter (-5%), and sperm velocity (-23%). The D-larval yield and larval development of offspring derived from exposed parents decreased by 41% and 18%, respectively, compared with control offspring. Dynamic energy budget modeling, supported by transcriptomic profiles, suggested a significant shift of energy allocation from reproduction to structural growth, and elevated maintenance costs in exposed oysters, which is thought to be caused by interference with energy uptake. Molecular signatures of endocrine disruption were also revealed, but no endocrine disruptors were found in the biological samples. This study provides evidence that micro-PS cause feeding modifications and reproductive disruption in oysters, with significant impacts on offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Sussarellu
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Marc Suquet
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Yoann Thomas
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Marie Eve Julie Pernet
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Virgile Quillien
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christian Mingant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Yanouk Epelboin
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Charlotte Corporeau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Julien Guyomarch
- Centre de Documentation de Recherche d'Expérimentations, 29218 Brest, France
| | - Johan Robbens
- Instituut poor Landbouw en Visserijonderzoek, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Ika Paul-Pont
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France;
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Luridiana S, Mura MC, Daga C, Cosso G, Bodano S, Farci F, Zidda F, Carcangiu V. Influences of melatonin treatment, melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A) and kisspeptin (KiSS-1) gene polymorphisms on first conception in Sarda ewe lambs. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:750-6. [DOI: 10.1071/rd14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate if the melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A) and kisspeptin (KiSS-1) genes influence the reproductive response to melatonin treatment, 510 Sarda ewe lambs were divided into groups C (control) and M; Group M received one melatonin implant (18 mg). After 35 days rams were introduced for 40 days and subsequent lambing dates and number of newborns were recorded. The MTNR1A gene Exon II and KiSS-1 gene Exon I were amplified and genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; C606T and G612A) in MTNR1A and one (G1035A) in KiSS-1 were found. The most frequent genotypes were G/G (63%) and C/C (53%) for MTNR1A and G/G (92%) for KiSS-1. Treated animals showed a higher lambing rate (P < 0.05) and an advanced lambing date (P < 0.05) compared with controls. The three SNPs did not influence the onset of reproductive activity. The majority of the G/G animals of Group M lambed before 190 days after ram introduction (P < 0.05), while in Group C a higher number of G/G animals lambed after this date. Data revealed the positive effect of melatonin treatment on the time of first conception in ewe lambs and highlighted that the G/G genotype of the MTNR1A gene is able to influence the reproductive response to melatonin treatment.
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Xie C, Zhao Y, Gao L, Chen J, Cai D, Zhang Y. Elevated phthalates' exposure in children with constitutional delay of growth and puberty. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 407:67-73. [PMID: 25770461 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates have been proven to be antiandrogenic, which may interfere with the timing of puberty. Children with Constitutional Delay of Growth and Puberty (CDGP) typically display short stature and pubertal delay. This study investigated whether phthalate's exposure was associated with CDGP, and evaluated the potential mediator role of testosterone. METHODS In this case-control study, a total of 167 boys, including 57 boys with CDGP (cases) and 110 controls were enrolled. We measured six major phthalate metabolites in urine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The serum testosterone level was determined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Children in the CDGP group were determined to have significantly elevated urinary phthalates concentration compared with control subjects (total phthalates median: case, 107.00 ng/ml; control, 62.22 ng/ml, p = 0.001). After adjustment for BMI and other confounding factors: mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and total phthalate concentrations were significantly negatively associated with serum testosterone level (MBP: β = -45.7, p = 0.017; MEP: β = -31.6, p = 0.022; total phthalates: β = -24.6, p = 0.011); MBP, MEP, mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and total phthalates were significantly associated with CDGP (odds ratio: MBP: 8.30, p = 0.002; MEP: 5.43, p = 0.002; MEHP: 3.83, p = 0.017; total phthalates: 9.09, p = 0.001). Serum testosterone level acted as a mediator of the association between phthalates' exposure and CDGP (p = 0.002) (proportion mediated: 34.4%). CONCLUSIONS In this case-control study, elevated phthalates' level was detected in children with CDGP in Shanghai, China and phthalate level was associated with CDGP, which appeared to be mediated by circulating testosterone level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Xie
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianlian Gao
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Depei Cai
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Fisher MM, Eugster EA. What is in our environment that effects puberty? Reprod Toxicol 2013; 44:7-14. [PMID: 23602892 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that the onset of puberty is occurring at increasingly younger ages. Many etiologies have been hypothesized to be involved, but environmental exposures are among the most worrisome. Multiple organizations have endorsed the need to study and provide clinical awareness regarding the effect of a child's environment on pubertal timing. This review article summarizes the current understanding of the major environmental influences on pubertal timing, focusing on factors for which the most scientific evidence exists. The research reviewed addresses intrinsic factors unique to each individual, naturally occurring endocrine disruptors and chemical endocrine disruptors. In each category, evidence was found for and against the involvement of specific environmental factors on pubertal timing. Ultimately, an individual's environment is likely comprised of many aspects that collectively contribute to the timing of puberty. The need for research aimed at elucidating the effects of numerous specific yet disparate forms of exposures is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M Fisher
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5960, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| | - Erica A Eugster
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5960, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
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15
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Clarkson J. Effects of estradiol on kisspeptin neurons during puberty. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:120-31. [PMID: 23500175 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons from a state of relative quiescence is critical for initiating puberty in mammals. Kisspeptin and its G-protein coupled receptor Gpr54 are essential for puberty, with disruption to either resulting in failed puberty in humans and mice. Robust data from several species indicate that Kiss1 mRNA and/or kisspeptin peptide expression within the hypothalamus increases during pubertal development. Kisspeptin fiber innervation of GnRH neurons and kisspeptin release within the hypothalamus also increase during pubertal development, indicating that there is increased kisspeptinergic drive to GnRH neurons during pubertal development. It is becoming increasingly apparent that gonadal steroids play important roles in the regulation of kisspeptin expression during pubertal development, and in particular, estradiol signaling through estrogen receptor alpha appears to be necessary for these changes to occur. This review focuses on the role that estradiol plays in the regulation of kisspeptin expression during pubertal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Clarkson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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16
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Elias CF, Purohit D. Leptin signaling and circuits in puberty and fertility. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:841-62. [PMID: 22851226 PMCID: PMC3568469 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone involved in a myriad of physiological process, including the control of energy balance and several neuroendocrine axes. Leptin-deficient mice and humans are obese, diabetic, and display a series of neuroendocrine and autonomic abnormalities. These individuals are infertile due to a lack of appropriate pubertal development and inadequate synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins and gonadal steroids. Leptin receptors are expressed in many organs and tissues, including those related to the control of reproductive physiology (e.g., the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads). In the last decade, it has become clear that leptin receptors located in the brain are major players in most leptin actions, including reproduction. Moreover, the recent development of molecular techniques for brain mapping and the use of genetically modified mouse models have generated crucial new findings for understanding leptin physiology and the metabolic influences on reproductive health. In the present review, we will highlight the new advances in the field, discuss the apparent contradictions, and underline the relevance of this complex physiological system to human health. We will focus our review on the hypothalamic circuitry and potential signaling pathways relevant to leptin’s effects in reproductive control, which have been identified with the use of cutting-edge technologies of molecular mapping and conditional knockouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol F Elias
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Y6-220B, Dallas, TX, 75390-9077, USA.
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Rhie YJ, Lee KH, Eun SH, Choi BM, Chae HW, Kwon AR, Lee WJ, Kim JH, Kim HS. Serum kisspeptin levels in Korean girls with central precocious puberty. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:927-31. [PMID: 21738347 PMCID: PMC3124724 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.7.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Central precocious puberty (CPP) is caused by premature activation of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. Kisspeptin and G-protein coupled receptor-54 system is the essential gatekeeper of the reproductive system, playing a key role in the activation of the gonadotropic axis at puberty. We aimed to determine whether serum kisspeptin may function as a marker for CPP by investigating serum kisspeptin levels in Korean girls with CPP and their prepubertal controls. Serum kisspeptin levels of Korean girls with CPP (n = 30) and age-matched healthy prepubertal controls (n = 30) were measured with a competitive enzyme immunoassay. Serum kisspeptin levels were significantly higher in CPP group than in control group (4.61 ± 1.78 vs 2.15 ± 1.52 pM/L, P < 0.001). Serum kisspeptin was positively correlated with peak luteinizing hormone (LH), peak/basal LH ratio and peak LH/follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio during GnRH stimulation test. CPP is supposed to be triggered by premature increase of kisspeptin. Serum kisspeptin may be used as a marker of CPP. Further studies on KISS1 gene polymorphisms leading to higher risk of premature increase of kisspeptin and upstream regulator of kisspeptin are also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Rhie
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Hyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Hee Eun
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Min Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah Reum Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Jung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Endocrinology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Carnevali O, Gioacchini G, Maradonna F, Olivotto I, Migliarini B. Melatonin induces follicle maturation in Danio rerio. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19978. [PMID: 21647435 PMCID: PMC3102064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms modulate their reproductive activity responding to day length by the nocturnal release of melatonin by the pineal gland. This hormone is also responsible for synchronizing reproduction with specific external environment stimuli in order to optimize reproductive success.The aim of this study was to establish the effect of melatonin on zebrafish reproduction.Adult females were daily exposed, via water, to two different doses (100 nM and 1 µM) of melatonin. Melatonin led to an increase of the Gonado Somatic Index (GSI) associated with the increase of eggs production, and the raise of gene and protein levels of vitellogenin (VTG) and estradiol receptor α (ERα) in the liver. The ability of melatonin to increase fecundity was consistent with a significant increase of gene transcription of kiss 1, kiss 2, gnrh3, in the brain, and lh in the pituitary, while in the ovary (in class IIIB follicles), with a significant decrease of two genes codifying for intra-ovarian regulators of premature oocyte maturation, the tgfβ1 and the bmp15. The reduction in the expression of these two genes was concomitant with the increase of lhr and a modulation of mprα and mprβ gene transcription, whose proteins are involved in oocyte maturation. Melatonin also exerted a direct action on follicles as shown by the increase of the oocytes undergoing to germinal vesicle break down (GVBD) and modulated mpr α and β gene expression in the in vitro exposure.These data highlight the effects of melatonin in promoting zebrafish reproduction exerting its effects either in the brain-pituitary and in the gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Mare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Kirby HR, Maguire JJ, Colledge WH, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXVII. Kisspeptin receptor nomenclature, distribution, and function. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:565-78. [PMID: 21079036 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins are members of the Arg-Phe amide family of peptides, which have been identified as endogenous ligands for a G-protein-coupled receptor encoded by a gene originally called GPR54 (also known as AXOR12 or hOT7T175). After this pairing, the gene has been renamed KISS1R. The International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification recommends that the official name for the receptor is the kisspeptin receptor to follow the convention of naming the receptor protein after the endogenous ligand. The endogenous ligand was initially called metastin, after its role as a metastasis suppressor, and is now referred to as kisspeptin-54 (KP-54), a C-terminally amidated 54-amino acid peptide cleaved from the 145-amino acid gene product. Shorter C-terminal cleavage fragments [KP-14, KP-13 and KP-10 (the smallest active fragment)] are also biologically active. Both receptor and peptide are widely expressed in human, rat, and mouse; the receptor sequence shares more than 80% homology in these species. Activation of the kisspeptin receptor by kisspeptin is via coupling to G(q/11) and the phospholipase C pathway, causing Ca(2+) mobilization. Mutations in the KISS1R gene result in hypogonadotropic hypogonadotropism, and targeted disruption of Kiss1r in mice reproduces this phenotype, which led to the discovery of the remarkable ability of the kisspeptin receptor to act as a molecular switch for puberty. In addition to regulating the reproductive axis, the kisspeptin receptor is also implicated in cancer, placentation, diabetes, and the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Kirby
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Donato J, Cravo RM, Frazão R, Elias CF. Hypothalamic sites of leptin action linking metabolism and reproduction. Neuroendocrinology 2011; 93:9-18. [PMID: 21099209 PMCID: PMC3066240 DOI: 10.1159/000322472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A critical amount of energy reserve is necessary for puberty initiation, for normal sexual maturation and maintenance of cyclicity and fertility in females of most species. Therefore, the existence of circulating metabolic cues which directly modulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis is predictable. The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is one of these cues having been studied extensively in the context of regulating the reproductive physiology. Humans and mice lacking leptin (ob/ob) or leptin receptor (LepR, db/db) are infertile. Leptin administration to leptin-deficient subjects and ob/ob mice induces puberty and restores fertility. LepR is expressed in brain, pituitary gland and gonads, but studies using genetically engineered mouse models determined that the brain plays a major role. Recently, it has been made clear that leptin acts indirectly on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-secreting cells via actions on interneurons. However, the exact site(s) of leptin action has been difficult to determine. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the field focused on the identification of potential site(s) or specific neuronal populations involved in leptin's effects in the neuroendocrine reproductive axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
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Roa J, García-Galiano D, Castellano JM, Gaytan F, Pinilla L, Tena-Sempere M. Metabolic control of puberty onset: new players, new mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 324:87-94. [PMID: 20026241 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Puberty, as the end-point of a complex series of maturational events affecting the components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, is gated by the state of body energy reserves and sensitive to different metabolic cues; conditions of severe metabolic stress and energy unbalance (from anorexia to morbid obesity) being commonly linked to perturbation of the onset of puberty. In the last two decades, the neuroendocrine mechanisms responsible for the tight coupling between energy homeostasis and puberty onset have begun to be deciphered. These seemingly involve a plethora of metabolic hormones and neuropeptides, which impinge and integrate (mostly) at the hypothalamic centers governing reproduction. Yet, characterization of the mechanisms of action of such regulators (and even their nature and physiological relevance) still remains incomplete. In this review, we will summarize some recent developments in our knowledge of the effects and mechanisms of action of two key metabolic hormones, leptin and ghrelin, in the control of puberty onset. In addition, the roles of the hypothalamic Kiss1 system in the metabolic gating of puberty will be reviewed, with special attention to its regulation by leptin and the recent identification of the putative roles of Crtc1 and mTOR signaling as molecular conduits for the metabolic control of Kiss1 expression. Elucidation of these novel players and regulatory mechanisms will help for a better understanding of the determinants of the timing of puberty, and its eventual alterations in adverse metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Roa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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22
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The kiss-1-kisspeptin-gpr54 complex: a critical modulator of GnRH neurons during pubertal activation. J Appl Biomed 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-009-0001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Analysis on DNA sequence of KiSS-1 gene and its association with litter size in goats. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:3921-9. [PMID: 20306231 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Three pairs of primers were designed to clone the goat KiSS-1 and scan polymorphisms and four pairs to detect polymorphisms in sexual precocious and sexual late-maturing goat breeds. A 4118 bp DNA fragment was obtained, which contains an ORF of 408 bp and encodes 135 amino acids, having a high homology with other mammals. The protein was predicted containing a signal peptide of 17 amino acids. There are two mutations (G3433A [A86T] and C3688A) in exon 3, three mutations (G296C, G454T and T505A) in intron 1 and a 18 bp deletion (-)/insertion (+) (1960-1977) in intron 2 and no mutations in exon 2. The genotype distribution didn't show obvious difference between sexual precocious and sexual late-maturing goat breeds and no consistency within the sexual late-maturing breeds. For the 296 locus, the Jining Grey goats with genotype CC had 0.80 (P < 0.01) or 0.77 (P < 0.01) kids more than those with genotype GG or GC, respectively. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in litter size between GG and GC. For the 1960-1977 locus, the Jining Grey goat does with genotype -/- had 0.77 (P < 0.01) or 0.73 (P < 0.01) kids more than those with +/+ or +/-, respectively. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in litter size between +/+ and +/- genotypes. For the other four loci, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in litter size between different genotypes in Jining Grey goats. The present study preliminarily indicated an association between allele C of the 296 locus and allele (-) of the 1960-1977 locus in KiSS-1 and high litter size in Jining Grey goats.
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Kinsey-Jones JS, Li XF, Knox AMI, Lin YS, Milligan SR, Lightman SL, O'Byrne KT. Corticotrophin-releasing factor alters the timing of puberty in the female rat. J Neuroendocrinol 2010; 22:102-9. [PMID: 20002962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is a developmental process that is dependent upon activation of the hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator. It is well established that the stress neuropeptide, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), has a profound inhibitory action on GnRH pulse generator frequency. Although stress is known to affect the timing of puberty, the role of CRF is unknown. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that CRF plays a critical role in the timing of puberty. On postnatal day (pnd) 28, female rat pups were chronically implanted with i.c.v. cannulae and received 14 days of administration of either CRF, CRF receptor antagonist (astressin-B) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid via an osmotic mini-pump. A separate group of rats served as nonsurgical controls. As a marker of puberty, rats were monitored for vaginal opening and first vaginal oestrus. Levels of CRF, CRF receptor types 1 and 2 (CRF-R1, CRF-R2) mRNA expression in micropunches of the medial preoptic area (mPOA), hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and arcuate nucleus (ARC) were determined across pubertal development; brain tissue was collected from a naive group of rats on pnd 14, 32, on the day of vaginal opening, and pnd 77 (Adult). Administration of CRF resulted in a delay in the onset of puberty, whereas astressin-B advanced pubertal onset. Additionally, CRF and CRF-R1 mRNA expression was reduced in the mPOA, but not ARC, at puberty. In the PVN, expression of CRF, but not CRF-R1 mRNA, was reduced at the time of puberty. These data support the hypothesis that CRF signalling may play an important role in modulating the timing of puberty in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kinsey-Jones
- Division of Reproduction & Endocrinology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
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Bentsen AH, Ansel L, Simonneaux V, Tena-Sempere M, Juul A, Mikkelsen JD. Maturation of kisspeptinergic neurons coincides with puberty onset in male rats. Peptides 2010; 31:275-83. [PMID: 19944729 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptins, derived from the Kiss1 gene play a central role in activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis via stimulation of GnRH neurons. Both Kiss1 and Kiss1R (receptor) mRNA levels are found to be low in pre-pubertal rats, but whether an increase in kisspeptin and/or its receptor is the primary component in the initiation of puberty and where in the hypothalamus regulation of the kisspeptin/Kiss1R system occurs is unresolved. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we analyzed the level of Kiss1 mRNA and kisspeptin-immunoreactivity in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and the arcuate nucleus of male rats along pubertal development. Neurons expressing Kiss1 mRNA were first detected at PND15, but increased significantly around puberty, and declined again in the adult rat. While virtually no immunoreactive cell bodies were detectable in the AVPV at any age, numerous kisspeptin-positive neurons in the arcuate nucleus were detected in the adult rat. Increasing doses of kisspeptin-54 given peripherally to male rats at PND15, 30, 45, and 60 evoked roughly similar effects, as revealed by the induction of c-Fos in the pituitary and secretion of LH and testosterone. These results show that both Kiss1 mRNA and the peptide increase in arcuate nucleus along pubertal maturation. Since kisspeptin signaling is potentially functional, even for peripheral activation, and well before the kisspeptin neuronal system is fully matured, our data support that the regulation of kisspeptin synthesis and release are key events in puberty onset in the male rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnete H Bentsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
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Wilson DA, Hofman PL, Miles HL, Sato TA, Billett NE, Robinson EM, Cutfield WS. Enhanced insulin sensitivity in prepubertal children with constitutional delay of growth and development. J Pediatr 2010; 156:308-12. [PMID: 19892366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that prepubertal children with presumed constitutional delay of growth and development (CDGD) have enhanced insulin sensitivity and, therefore, insulin sensitivity is associated with later onset of puberty. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-one prepubertal children with presumed CDGD and 23 prepubertal control children, underwent a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test to evaluate insulin sensitivity and other markers of insulin, glucose, and growth regulation. RESULTS Children in the CDGD group were shorter and leaner than control subjects. Children with presumed CDGD were 40% more insulin sensitive (17.0 x 10(-4) min(-1)/[mU/L] versus 12.1 x 10(-4) min(-1)/[mU/L]; P = .0006) and had reduced acute insulin response, thus maintaining euglycemia (216 mU/L versus 330 mU/L; P = .02) compared with control subjects. In addition, the CDGD group had lower serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 levels (3333 ng/mL versus 3775 ng/mL; P = .0004) and a trend toward lower serum insulin-like growth factor-II levels (794 ng/mL versus 911 ng/mL; P = .06). CONCLUSION Prepubertal children with presumed CDGD have enhanced insulin sensitivity, supporting the hypothesis that insulin sensitivity is associated with timing of puberty. It may signify long-term biological advantages with lower risk of metabolic syndrome and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyanne A Wilson
- Liggins Institute and National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Abstract
Kisspeptin (a product of the Kiss1 gene) and its receptor (GPR54 or Kiss1r) have emerged as key players in the regulation of reproduction. Mutations in humans or genetically targeted deletions in mice of either Kiss1 or Kiss1r cause profound hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Neurons that express Kiss1/kisspeptin are found in discrete nuclei in the hypothalamus, as well as other brain regions in many vertebrates, and their distribution, regulation, and function varies widely across species. Kisspeptin neurons directly innervate and stimulate GnRH neurons, which are the final common pathway through which the brain regulates reproduction. Kisspeptin neurons are sexually differentiated with respect to cell number and transcriptional activity in certain brain nuclei, and some kisspeptin neurons express other cotransmitters, including dynorphin and neurokinin B (whose physiological significance is unknown). Kisspeptin neurons express the estrogen receptor and the androgen receptor, and these cells are direct targets for the action of gonadal steroids in both male and female animals. Kisspeptin signaling in the brain has been implicated in mediating the negative feedback action of sex steroids on gonadotropin secretion, generating the preovulatory GnRH/LH surge, triggering and guiding the tempo of sexual maturation at puberty, controlling seasonal reproduction, and restraining reproductive activity during lactation. Kisspeptin signaling may also serve diverse functions outside of the classical realm of reproductive neuroendocrinology, including the regulation of metastasis in certain cancers, vascular dynamics, placental physiology, and perhaps even higher-order brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Oakley
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Building Room BB604, Seattle, Washington 98195-6460, USA.
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Meza-Herrera CA, Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Kridli RT, Mellado M, Arechiga-Flores CF, Salinas H, Luginbuhl JM. Neuroendocrine, Metabolic and Genomic Cues Signalling the Onset of Puberty in Females. Reprod Domest Anim 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tena-Sempere M. [Neuroendocrinology of reproduction: the kisspeptin age]. ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION : ORGANO DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION 2009; 56:103-105. [PMID: 19627721 DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(09)70838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Abstract
In mammals and humans, reproductive capacity is attained at puberty as the end-point of a complex series of developmental and neuroendocrine events that lead to true sexual maturity. As for humans, sexual precocity looks like a pathologic status. While for some animals, sexual precocity may be a valuable quantitative character. For some species, the character of sexual precocity was developed in the evolutionary process and stably transmitted to future generations. Sexual precocity is a complex character determined by polygenes. This review introduced the association between KiSS-1, GPR54, LHR, FSHR, CYP, ER, TGFa, IGF-, GNAS1, HSD3B2, SHBG, VDR genes and sexual precocity in mammals.
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Human diseases associated with GPR54 mutations. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009. [PMID: 20374724 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)88002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) was first described as an orphan receptor in the rat brain one decade ago. At that time, all we knew about this receptor was that it had a high homology with other G protein-coupled receptors, like galanin receptors. Later, its endogenous ligand, kisspeptin, was identified and the kisspeptin-GPR54 system became one of the most important excitatory neuroendocrine regulators of puberty initiation. Several loss-of-function mutations in GPR54 gene were described to be associated with sporadic and familial normosmic isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism phenotype in humans. Consistent with this fact, knockout mice for gpr54(-/-) recapitulated the human phenotype of the lack of reproductive maturation. On the other hand, a unique activating mutation (R386P) was recently described in this receptor in a girl with central precocious puberty. This missense mutation located at carboxy-terminal tail of the GPR54 leads to prolonged activation of intracellular signaling pathways in response to kisspeptin, suggesting an uncommon model of G protein-coupled receptor activation. This chapter will describe the kisspeptin-GPR54 complex physiology and its current role in human diseases.
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Barb CR, Hausman GJ, Lents CA. Energy metabolism and leptin: effects on neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction in the gilt and sow. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43 Suppl 2:324-30. [PMID: 18638142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that reproductive function is metabolically gated. However, the mechanisms whereby energy stores and metabolic cues influence appetite, energy homeostasis and fertility are yet to be completely understood. Adipose tissue is no longer considered as only a depot to store excess energy. Recent findings have identified numerous genes, several neurotrophic factors, interleukins, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5, ciliary neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide Y (NPY) as being expressed by adipose tissue during pubertal development. These studies demonstrated for the first time the expression of several major adipokines or cytokines in pig adipose tissue which may influence local and central metabolism and growth. Leptin appears to be the primary metabolic signal and is part of the adipose tissue-hypothalamic regulatory loop in the control of appetite, energy homeostasis and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Leptin's actions on appetite regulation are mediated by inhibition of hypothalamic NPY and stimulation of proopiomelanocortin. Its effects on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/LH secretion are mediated by NPY and kisspeptin. Thus, leptin appears to be an important link between metabolic status, the neuroendocrine axis and subsequent fertility in the gilt and sow.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Barb
- USDA/ARS, Richard B. Russell Agriculture Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30604, USA.
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Roa J, Vigo E, García-Galiano D, Castellano JM, Navarro VM, Pineda R, Diéguez C, Aguilar E, Pinilla L, Tena-Sempere M. Desensitization of gonadotropin responses to kisspeptin in the female rat: analyses of LH and FSH secretion at different developmental and metabolic states. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294:E1088-96. [PMID: 18413669 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90240.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptins have emerged as potent elicitors of gonadotropin secretion and, therefore, putative targets for pharmacological intervention. In this context, desensitization of gonadotropin responses to continuous administration of kisspeptins has begun to be characterized, but information so far available is mostly restricted to LH responses in males, whereas the similar phenomenon in females, of obvious therapeutic interest, remains virtually unexplored. We report herein LH and FSH responses to continuous intracerebral administration of kisspeptin in female rats at different developmental and metabolic states. Infusion of kisspeptin-10 to adult female rats induced a transient elevation in serum LH concentrations, followed by a precipitous drop and normalization of LH levels thereafter. Elevation of LH after kisspeptin infusion was prolonged in underfed animals; a phenomenon mimicked by leptin administration. Conversely, FSH levels were persistently heightened along continuous kisspeptin infusion, but duration of this response was shortened by undernutrition. In pubertal females, LH and FSH levels remained elevated at the end of a 7-day infusion of kisspeptin; responses whose magnitude was augmented by subnutrition but not mimicked by leptin. In all settings, terminal gonadotropin-releasing hormone responses were fully preserved, suggesting that eventual desensitization must occur upstream from the pituitary. In summary, our current data document the pharmacological consequences of continuous administration of kisspeptin to female rats, with remarkable differences being detected between LH and FSH responses, in different developmental and metabolic states. These observations of potential pharmacological interest might help also to delineate the physiological roles of kisspeptins in the dynamic regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the female.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Navarro VM, Tena-Sempere M. The KiSS-1/GPR54 system: putative target for endocrine disruption of reproduction at hypothalamic–pituitary unit? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 31:224-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Dhooge W, van Larebeke N, Leijs M. Endocrine disruptors and abnormalities of pubertal development. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 102:168-75. [PMID: 18226071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Onset and development of puberty is regulated by the neuroendocrine system. Population-based studies worldwide have observed secular trends towards earlier puberty development. These changes are apparently caused by environmental factors such as improved socio-economic status, improved health care and nutrition. However, they may also partly result from endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the environment. Epidemiological studies have investigated the relationship between pubertal development and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated biphenyls, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane, phthalate esters, furans and the pesticide endosulfan). Associations with both perinatal and postnatal exposure have been reported. Studies in experimental animals support some of these findings and point to differential endocrine regulatory mechanisms linked to pubertal development acting in the perinatal and the pre-pubertal period. Pubertal development is naturally associated with growth and body composition. There is increasing evidence for a link between prenatal development and pubertal onset. In girls born small for gestational age (SGA), pubertal onset and age at menarche often are advanced, especially if there has been an extensive catch-up growth during the first months of life. In utero growth retardation may have multiple causes including exposure to xenobiotic substances as was suggested for some endocrine-disrupting chemicals. An abnormal perinatal environment of children born SGA may alter the endocrine status and the sensitivity of the receptors for endocrine and metabolic signalling that may have effects on maturation of brain and gonads. However, the causal pathways and the molecular mechanisms that may link the pubertal growth pattern of children born SGA, pubertal development and endocrine-disrupting chemicals need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greet Schoeters
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Environmental Toxicology Unit, Mol, Belgium.
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Roa J, Aguilar E, Dieguez C, Pinilla L, Tena-Sempere M. New frontiers in kisspeptin/GPR54 physiology as fundamental gatekeepers of reproductive function. Front Neuroendocrinol 2008; 29:48-69. [PMID: 17870152 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Identification, in late 2003, of inactivating mutations of the G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 as causative factor for absence of puberty and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in humans and mice was a major breakthrough in modern Neuroendocrinology, and drew considerable interest on the characterization of the roles of this receptor and its ligands (kisspeptins, encoded by the KiSS-1 gene) in the physiological control of essential facets of reproduction. After 3 years of intense research activity, kisspeptins are universally recognized as essential activators of the gonadotropic axis, with key roles in puberty onset and the control of gonadotropin secretion. While these fundamental functions are now well settled, novel aspects of kisspeptin/GPR54 physiology have emerged, including their involvement in the neuroendocrine control of ovulation and the metabolic gating of reproductive function. In addition, the 'comparative endocrinology' of this system has begun to be explored recently. These facets of kisspeptin/GPR54 function, as fundamental gatekeepers of reproduction, will be comprehensively reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Roa
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Luque RM, Kineman RD, Tena-Sempere M. Regulation of hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1 and GPR54 genes by metabolic factors: analyses using mouse models and a cell line. Endocrinology 2007; 148:4601-11. [PMID: 17595226 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that reproductive function is metabolically gated. However, the mechanisms whereby energy stores and metabolic cues influence fertility are yet to be completely deciphered. Recently, the hypothalamic KiSS-1/GPR54 system has emerged as a fundamental regulator of the gonadotropic axis, which conveys the modulatory actions of sex steroids to GnRH neurons. Evidence is also mounting that KiSS-1 neurons may also represent the link between systemic metabolic signals and central control of reproduction. To further explore this possibility, we examined the impact of changes in energy status and key metabolic regulators on the hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1 and GPR54 genes, using different mouse models and the hypothalamic cell line N6. Time-course analysis of the effects of short-term fasting revealed a rapid (12- and 24-h) decline in KiSS-1 and GPR54 mRNA levels, which preceded that of GnRH (48 h). In contrast, diet-induced obesity or obesity associated with leptin deficiency (ob/ob vs. wild-type mice) failed to induce overt changes in hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1 and GPR54 genes. However, leptin infusion of ob/ob mice evoked a significant increase in KiSS-1 and GPR54 mRNA levels compared with pair-fed controls. Moreover, leptin, but not insulin or IGF-I, stimulated KiSS-1 mRNA expression in the mouse hypothalamic cell line N6. In addition, neuropeptide Y (NPY) null mice showed decreased KiSS-1 mRNA levels at the hypothalamus, whereas exposure to NPY increased expression of KiSS-1 in hypothalamic N6 cells. In sum, our present data further characterize the functional relevance and putative key mediators (such as leptin and NPY) of the metabolic regulation of the hypothalamic KiSS-1 system in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul M Luque
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Avenida Menendez Pidal, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
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Bonjour JP, Chevalley T. Pubertal timing, peak bone mass and fragility fracture risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1138/20060247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Nebesio
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology/Diabetology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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