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Rau CS, Kuo SCH, Tsai CH, Chou SE, Su WT, Hsu SY, Hsieh CH. Elevation of White Blood Cell Subtypes in Adult Trauma Patients with Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3451. [PMID: 37998587 PMCID: PMC10670758 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood immune cell subset alterations following trauma can indicate a patient's immune-inflammatory status. This research explored the influence of stress-induced hyperglycemia (SIH) on platelet counts and white blood cell (WBC) subtypes, including the derived indices of the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), in trauma patients. METHODS We studied 15,480 adult trauma patients admitted from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2022. They were categorized into four groups: nondiabetic normoglycemia (NDN, n = 11,602), diabetic normoglycemia (DN, n = 1750), SIH (n = 716), and diabetic hyperglycemia (DH, n = 1412). A propensity score-matched cohort was formed after adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities, allowing for comparing the WBC subtypes and platelet counts. RESULTS Patients with SIH exhibited significantly increased counts of monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in contrast to NDN patients. However, no significant rise in platelet counts was noted in the SIH group. There were no observed increases in these cell counts in either the DN or DH groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that trauma patients with SIH showed significantly higher counts of monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes when compared to NDN patients, whereas the DN and DH groups remained unaffected. This underscores the profound association between SIH and elevated levels of specific WBC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shyuan Rau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung City 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Spencer Chia-Hao Kuo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung City 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Hua Tsai
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung City 83301, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (S.-E.C.); (W.-T.S.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Sheng-En Chou
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung City 83301, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (S.-E.C.); (W.-T.S.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Wei-Ti Su
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung City 83301, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (S.-E.C.); (W.-T.S.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Shiun-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung City 83301, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (S.-E.C.); (W.-T.S.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Ching-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung City 83301, Taiwan;
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HYPERGLYCEMIA IN NON-DIABETIC ADULT TRAUMA PATIENTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH WORSE OUTCOMES THAN DIABETIC PATIENTS: AN ANALYSIS OF 95,764 PATIENTS. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2022; 93:316-322. [PMID: 35234715 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The adverse impact of acute hyperglycemia is well documented but its specific effects on non-diabetic trauma patients are unclear. The purpose of this study was to analyze the differential impact of hyperglycemia on outcomes between diabetic and non-diabetic trauma inpatients. METHODS Adults admitted 2018-19 to 46 Level I/II trauma centers with >2 blood glucose tests (BGT) were analyzed. Diabetes status was determined from ICD-10, trauma registry and/or HbA1c >6.5. Patients with and without >1 hyperglycemic result >180 mg/dL were compared. Logistic regression examined the effects of hyperglycemia and diabetes on outcomes, adjusting for age, gender, ISS & BMI. RESULTS There were 95,764 patients: male 54%, mean age 61, mean ISS 10, diabetic 21%. Patients with hyperglycemia had higher mortality and worse outcomes compared to those without hyperglycemia. Non-diabetic hyperglycemic patients had the highest odds of mortality (Diabetic: aOR: 3.11, 95% CI: 2.8-3.5, Non-diabetics aOR: 7.5, 95% CI: 6.8-8.4). Hyperglycemic non-diabetics experienced worse outcomes on every measure when compared to non-hyperglycemic non-diabetics, with higher rates of sepsis (1.1 vs 0.1%, P < .001), more SSIs (1.0 vs 0.1%, P < .001), longer mean hospital LOS (11.4 vs. 5.0, P < .001), longer mean ICU LOS (8.5 vs. 4.0, P < .001), higher rates of ICU use (68.6% vs. 35.1), and more ventilator use (42.4% vs. 7.3%). CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia is associated with increased odds of mortality in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Hyperglycemia during hospitalization in non-diabetics was associated with the worst outcomes and represents a potential opportunity for intervention in this high-risk group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II (therapeutic/care management).
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Saygılı ES, Karakılıç E. The Relationship Between the Admission Blood Glucose Level and 90-Day Mortality in Non-Diabetic Patients with Coronavirus Disease-2019. ISTANBUL MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.4274/imj.galenos.2021.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Absence of Stress Hyperglycemia Indicates the Most Severe Form of Blunt Liver Trauma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091667. [PMID: 34574008 PMCID: PMC8470453 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Stress hyperglycemia is common in trauma patients. Increasing injury severity and hemorrhage trigger hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance. Consequently, we expect glucose levels to rise with injury severity in liver, kidney and spleen injuries. In contrast, we hypothesized that in the most severe form of blunt liver injury, stress hyperglycemia may be absent despite critical injury and hemorrhage. Methods: All patients with documented liver, kidney or spleen injuries, treated at a university hospital between 2000 and 2020 were charted. Demographic, laboratory, radiological, surgical and other data were analyzed. Results: A total of 772 patients were included. In liver (n = 456), spleen (n = 375) and kidney (n = 152) trauma, an increase in injury severity past moderate to severe (according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, AAST III-IV) was associated with a concomitant rise in blood glucose levels independent of the affected organ. While stress-induced hyperglycemia was even more pronounced in the most severe forms (AAST V) of spleen (median 10.7 mmol/L, p < 0.0001) and kidney injuries (median 10.6 mmol/L, p = 0.004), it was absent in AAST V liver injuries, where median blood glucose level even fell (5.6 mmol/L, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Absence of stress hyperglycemia on hospital admission could be a sign of most severe liver injury (AAST V). Blood glucose should be considered an additional diagnostic criterion for grading liver injury.
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Bernhard M, Kramer A, Döll S, Weidhase L, Hartwig T, Petros S, Gries A. Admission Blood Glucose in the Emergency Department is Associated with Increased In-Hospital Mortality in Nontraumatic Critically Ill Patients. J Emerg Med 2021; 61:355-364. [PMID: 34148776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal admission blood glucose was reported as a useful predictor of outcome in critically ill patients. OBJECTIVES To identify patients at higher risk, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between admission blood glucose levels and patient mortality during the management of nontraumatic critically ill patients in the emergency department (ED). METHODS In this prospective, single-center observational study in a German university ED, all adult patients admitted to the resuscitation room of the ED were included between September 1, 2014 and August 31, 2015. Directly after resuscitation room admission, blood samples for admission blood glucose were taken, and adult patients were divided into groups according to predefined cut-offs between the admission blood glucose. Study endpoint was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS During the study period, 532 patients were admitted to the resuscitation room. The data of 523 patients (98.3%) were available for analysis. The overall in-hospital mortality was 34.2%. In comparison with an in-hospital mortality of 25.2% at an admission blood glucose of 101-136 mg/dL (n = 107), admission blood glucose of ≤ 100 mg/dL (n = 25, odds ratio [OR] 6.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.44-16.23, p < 0.001), 272-361 mg/dL (n = 63, OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.31-4.90, p = 0.007), and ≥ 362 mg/dL (n = 44, OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.42-6.18, p = 0.004) were associated with a higher mortality. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal admission blood glucose is associated with a high in-hospital mortality. Admission blood glucose is an inexpensive and rapidly available laboratory parameter that may predict mortality and help to identify critically ill patients at risk in a general nontraumatic critically ill ED patient cohort. The breakpoint for in-hospital mortality may be an admission blood glucose ≤ 100 and ≥ 272 mg/dL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bernhard
- Emergency Department, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andre Kramer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Döll
- Emergency Department, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Lorenz Weidhase
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartwig
- Emergency Department, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sirak Petros
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - André Gries
- Emergency Department, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Richards JE, Mazzeffi MA, Massey MS, Rock P, Galvagno SM, Scalea TM. The Bitter and the Sweet: Relationship of Lactate, Glucose, and Mortality After Severe Blunt Trauma. Anesth Analg 2020; 133:455-461. [PMID: 33475264 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia is associated with mortality after trauma; however, few studies have simultaneously investigated the association of depth of shock and acute hyperglycemia. We evaluated lactate, as a surrogate measure for depth of shock, and glucose levels on mortality following severe blunt trauma. We hypothesize that measurements of both lactate and glucose are associated with mortality when considered simultaneously. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study at a single academic trauma center. Inclusion criteria are age 18-89 years, blunt trauma, injury severity score (ISS) ≥15, and transferred from the scene of injury. All serum blood glucose and lactate values were analyzed within the first 24 hours of admission. Multiple metrics of glucose and lactate were calculated: first glucose (Glucadm) and lactate (Lacadm) at hospital admission, mean 24-hour after hospital admission glucose (Gluc24-hMean) and lactate (Lac24-hMean), maximum 24-hour after hospital admission glucose (Gluc24-hMax) and lactate (Lac24-hMax), and time-weighted 24-hour after hospital admission glucose (Gluc24-hTW) and lactate (Lac24-hTW). Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Multivariable logistic regression modeling assessed the odds ratio (OR) of mortality, after adjusting for confounding variables. RESULTS A total of 1439 trauma patients were included. When metrics of both glucose and lactate were analyzed, after adjusting for age, ISS, and admission shock index, only lactate remained significantly associated with mortality: Lacadm (OR, 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.44); Lac24-hMean (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.52-2.28); Lac24-hMax (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.23-1.56); and Lac24-hTW (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.53-2.26). CONCLUSIONS Lactate is associated with mortality in severely injured blunt trauma patients, after adjusting for injury severity, age, and shock index. However, we did not find evidence for an association of glucose with mortality after adjusting for lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E Richards
- From the Department of Anesthesiology.,Division of Trauma Anesthesiology.,Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Peter Rock
- From the Department of Anesthesiology.,Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel M Galvagno
- From the Department of Anesthesiology.,Division of Trauma Anesthesiology.,Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas M Scalea
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Richards JE, Medvecz AJ, O'Hara NN, Guillamondegui OD, O'Toole RV, Obremskey WT, Galvagno SM, Scalea TM. Musculoskeletal Trauma in Critically Injured Patients: Factors Leading to Delayed Operative Fixation and Multiple Organ Failure. Anesth Analg 2020; 131:1781-1788. [PMID: 33186164 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal injuries are common following trauma and variables that are associated with late femur fracture fixation are important to perioperative management. Furthermore, the association of late fracture fixation and multiple organ failure (MOF) is not well defined. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort investigation from 2 academic trauma centers. INCLUSION CRITERIA age 18-89 years, injury severity score (ISS) >15, femoral shaft fracture requiring operative fixation, and admission to the intensive care unit >2 days. Admission physiology variables and abbreviated injury scale (AIS) scores were obtained. Lactate was collected as a marker of shock and was described as admission lactate (LacAdm) and as 24-hour time-weighted lactate (LacTW24h), which reflects an area under the curve and is considered a marker for the overall depth of shock. The primary aim was to evaluate clinical variables associated with late femur fracture fixation (defined as ≥24 hours after admission). A multivariable logistic regression model tested variables associated with late fixation and is reported by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The secondary aim evaluated the association between late fixation and MOF, defined by the Denver MOF score. The summation of scores (on a scale from 0 to 3) from the cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, and renal systems was calculated and MOF was confirmed if the total daily sum of the worst scores from each organ system was >3. We assessed the association between late fixation and MOF using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for confounding variables by inverse probability weighting (a propensity score method). A P value <.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS One hundred sixty of 279 (57.3%) patients received early fixation and 119 of 279 (42.7%) received late fixation. LacTW24h (OR = 1.66 per 1 mmol/L increase, 95% CI, 1.24-2.21; P < .001) and ISS (OR = 1.07 per 1-point increase, 95% CI, 1.03-1.10; P < .001) were associated with higher odds of late fixation. Late fixation was associated with a 3-fold increase in the odds of MOF (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.21, 95% CI, 1.48-7.00; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of multisystem trauma patients with femur fractures, greater injury severity and depth of shock, as measured by LacTW24h, were associated with late operative fixation. Late fixation was also associated with MOF. Strategies to reduce the burden of MOF in this population require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E Richards
- From the Division of Trauma Anesthesiology, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew J Medvecz
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nathan N O'Hara
- Division of Orthopedic Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Oscar D Guillamondegui
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert V O'Toole
- Division of Orthopedic Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William T Obremskey
- Division of Orthopedic Trauma, Vanderbilt Orthopedic Institute, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Samuel M Galvagno
- From the Division of Trauma Anesthesiology, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas M Scalea
- Division of Trauma Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Edwards JD, Flood DMN, Bayouth LA, Archie W, Irish W, Toschlog EA, Newell MA. Assessing Risk for Mortality in Trauma: The Value of Admission Hemoglobin A1c. Am Surg 2020; 86:1094-1097. [PMID: 32853083 DOI: 10.1177/0003134820943562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent efforts have been made to identify admission characteristics of trauma patients that are associated with increased risk of mortality. Contemporary literature has established an increased risk of mortality with admission hyperglycemia. However, the effects of longstanding hyperglycemia, as surrogated by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), has not been studied. METHODS A prospective trauma database was retrospectively reviewed identifying patients with collected HbA1c at admission. Three cohorts were defined by HbA1c: normal (N), <5.7; prediabetic (PD) 5.7-6.5; and diabetic (D) >6.5. Regression models were used to evaluate the risk of increased hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), ventilator days, and mortality. Relative risk (RR) and 95% CI are provided as measures of significance. RESULTS A total of 2978 patients were included in the analysis (N: n = 1895, PD: n = 744, and D: n = 339). The D cohort was more likely to be older, female, obese, suffered blunt trauma, and triaged at the highest activation acuity level (P < .0001). Mean injury severity score (ISS) was similar between groups. The D group was more likely to have longer ICU-LOS (RR 1.5; 95% CI 1.10-2.07) and ventilator days (RR 1.52; 95% CI 1.03-2.26) than the N group. Relative to the N group, the risk of mortality was 50% higher in the PD (RR 1.49; 95% CI 1.17-1.90) and in the D cohorts (RR 1.50; 95% CI 1.03-2.18). DISCUSSION Trauma patients with an elevated admission HbA1c have a significantly higher risk of mortality regardless of their history of diabetes. These data add to the body of literature that documents the untoward effect of hyperglycemia on the trauma patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Edwards
- 146193627 Department of Surgery, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Dylan M N Flood
- 146193627 Department of Surgery, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Lilly A Bayouth
- 146193627 Department of Surgery, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - William Archie
- 146193627 Department of Surgery, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - William Irish
- 146193627 Department of Surgery, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Eric A Toschlog
- 146193627 Department of Surgery, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Mark A Newell
- 146193627 Department of Surgery, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Maximal Glycemic Difference, the Possible Strongest Glycemic Variability Parameter to Predict Mortality in ICU Patients. Crit Care Res Pract 2020; 2020:5071509. [PMID: 32908696 PMCID: PMC7463358 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5071509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This retrospective study aimed to determine the correlation of blood glucose and glycemic variability with mortality and to identify the strongest glycemic variability parameter for predicting mortality in critically ill patients. Methods A total of 528 patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit were included in this study. Blood glucose levels during the first 24 hours of admission were recorded and calculated to determine the glycemic variability. Significant glycemic variability parameters, including the standard deviation, coefficient of variation, maximal blood glucose difference, and J-index, were subsequently compared between intensive care unit survivors and nonsurvivors. A binary logistic regression was performed to identify independent factors associated with mortality. To determine the strongest glycemic variability parameter to predict mortality, the area under the receiver operating characteristic of each glycemic variability parameter was determined, and a pairwise comparison was performed. Results Among the 528 patients, 17.8% (96/528) were nonsurvivors. Both survivor and nonsurvivor groups were clinically comparable. However, nonsurvivors had significantly higher median APACHE-II scores (23 [21, 27] vs. 18 [14, 22]; p < 0.01) and a higher mechanical ventilator support rate (97.4% vs. 74.9%; p < 0.01). The mean blood glucose level and significant glycemic variability parameters were higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors. The maximal blood glucose difference yielded a similar power to the coefficient of variation (p = 0.21) but was significantly stronger than the standard deviation (p = 0.005) and J-index (p = 0.006). Conclusions Glycemic variability was independently associated with intensive care unit mortality. Higher glycemic variability was identified in the nonsurvivor group regardless of preexisting diabetes mellitus. The maximal blood glucose difference and coefficient of variation of the blood glucose were the two strongest parameters for predicting intensive care unit mortality in this study.
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Rodriguez-Buitrago A, Basem A, Okwumabua E, Enata N, Evans A, Pennings J, Karacay B, Rice MJ, Obremskey W. Hyperglycemia as a risk factor for postoperative early wound infection after bicondylar tibial plateau fractures: Determining a predictive model based on four methods. Injury 2019; 50:2097-2102. [PMID: 31371170 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identify a glucose threshold that would put patients with isolated bicondylar tibial plateau fractures at risk of early wound infection (i.e. < 90 days). DESIGN Retrospective review of medical records. SETTING Academic American College of Surgeons (ACS) Level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS Adult patients between 2010 and 2015 with an operatively treated isolated bicondylar tibial plateau fracture and at least three glucose measurements during their hospitalization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT To predict infection using four different methods: maximum preoperative blood glucose (PBG), maximum blood glucose (MGB), Hyperglycemic Index (HGI), and Time-Weighted Average Glucose (TWAG). RESULTS 126/381 patients met our inclusion criteria. Fifteen (12%) patients had an open fracture and 30/126 (23%) developed an infection. Median glucose for each predictive method studied was 114 (IQR 101.2-137.8) mg/dL for PBG, 144 (IQR 119-169.8) mg/dL for MBG, 0.8 (IQR 0.20-1.60) mmol/L for HGI, and 120.4 (IQR 106.0-135.6) mg/dL for TWAG. As expected, infected patients had higher PBG, MGB, and TWAG. HGI was similar in both groups. None of these differences prove to be statistically significant (p > .05). Logistic regression models for all the methods showed that having an open fracture was the strongest predictor of infection. CONCLUSION It is well known that stress-induced hyperglycemia increases the risk of infection, we present and compare four models that have been used in other medical fields. In our study, none of the methods presented identified a glucose threshold that would increase the risk of infection in patients with bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Retrospective review, Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Rodriguez-Buitrago
- Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Vanderbilt Medical Center, 1215st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37212, United States; Universidad del Rosario, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Attum Basem
- Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Vanderbilt Medical Center, 1215st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37212, United States.
| | - Ebubechi Okwumabua
- Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr DB Todd Jr Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37208, United States.
| | - Nichelle Enata
- Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr DB Todd Jr Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37208, United States.
| | - Adam Evans
- Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr DB Todd Jr Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37208, United States.
| | - Jacquelyn Pennings
- Department of Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt Medical Center, 1215 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37212, United States.
| | - Bernes Karacay
- Department of Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt Medical Center, 1215 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37212, United States.
| | - Mark John Rice
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, 1215 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37212, United States.
| | - William Obremskey
- Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Vanderbilt Medical Center, 1215st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37212, United States.
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Acute hyperglycemia exacerbates trauma-induced endothelial and glycocalyx injury: An in vitro model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2019; 85:960-967. [PMID: 29851906 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early hyperglycemia is associated with higher mortality in trauma and predicts multiple organ failure. Endothelial cell (EC) injury and glycocalyx (GC) degradation occur following traumatic shock and are key factors in the development of trauma-induced coagulopathy and result in impaired microvascular perfusion and accompanying organ failure. Acute hyperglycemia has been shown to result in the loss of the GC layer, EC inflammation, and activation of coagulation in vivo. We postulated that acute hyperglycemia would exacerbate trauma-induced EC injury and GC shedding and integrity. This was studied using a microfluidic device in a biomimetic in vitro model. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers established in the microfluidic channels of a microfluidic device well plate were perfused at constant shear overnight. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers were then exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation and epinephrine followed by the addition of varying concentrations of glucose. RESULTS Glycocalyx shedding and loss of dimension, as well as EC injury/activation, were noted after exposure to the biomimetic conditions of trauma/shock in our study. Similar but less dramatic findings were noted after acute hyperglycemia. Exposure to hyperglycemia exacerbated the adverse effects on the GC and EC following hypoxia/reoxygenation plus epinephrine exposure and may be related to enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSIONS Microfluidic device study may allow the preclinical assessment and development of therapeutic strategies of the vascular barrier under stress conditions.
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Precision and accuracy of a point-of-care glucometer in horses and the effects of sample type. Vet J 2019; 252:105359. [PMID: 31554585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care glucometry is used commonly in clinical and research settings; however, accuracy and precision of this method are concerns. The objectives of this study were to determine the accuracy of glucometry in adult horses and the precision of duplicate measurements. Blood samples were collected from 62 horses into one plain syringe, one EDTA tube and three fluoride oxalate (FO) tubes. Immediately after collection, glucose concentrations in whole blood were determined, in duplicate, by glucometry from the syringe (plain whole blood [WB] group), EDTA tube (EDTA group) and one FO tube (FO group). One FO sample was used to measure plasma glucose concentration by a laboratory chemistry analyser (LAB group) ≤1 h after collection. The third FO tube was used to measure plasma glucose concentration by glucometry after 3 h storage (FO3hr group). Adequate precision was present for all groups (coefficient of variation: 0.7-3.5%) except WB (5.5-9.4%). Between groups, correlations were significant (P < 0.05; except for WB-EDTA), varied with group comparison, and tended to be lowest for comparisons involving WB. Mean bias was lowest for WB-LAB and greatest for FO-LAB and FO3hr-LAB; however, the limits of agreement were ≥4.65 mmol/L for WB-LAB and ≤2.75 mmol/L for most other comparisons. For the glucometer used, performance was influenced by sample type: WB was unsuitable, while FO or EDTA samples resulted in adequate precision and accuracy, provided under-estimation of glucose concentrations is accounted for by using method-specific reference ranges. Glucometer performance and optimal sample type(s) should be determined prior to use in horses.
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Xiang L, Thompson MS, Clemmer JS, Mittwede PN, Khan T, Hester RL. Early treatment with GLP-1 after severe trauma preserves renal function in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R621-R627. [PMID: 30811247 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00312.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Early posttrauma hyperglycemia (EPTH) is correlated with later adverse outcomes, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Controlling EPTH in the prehospital setting is difficult because of the variability in the ideal insulin dosage and the potential risk of hypoglycemia, especially in those with confounding medical comorbidities of obesity and insulin resistance. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) controls glucose levels in a glucose-dependent manner and is a current target in antidiabetic therapy. We have shown that after orthopedic trauma, obese Zucker rats exhibit EPTH and a later development of AKI (within 24 h). We hypothesized that GLP-1 treatment after trauma decreases EPTH and protects renal function in obese Zucker rats. Obese Zucker rats (~12 wk old) were fasted for 4 h before trauma. Soft tissue injury, fibula fracture, and homogenized bone component injection were then performed in both hind limbs to induce severe extremity trauma. Plasma glucose levels were measured before and 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min after trauma. GLP-1 (3 μg·kg-1·h-1, 1.5 ml/kg total) or saline was continuously infused from 30 min to 5 h after trauma. Afterwards, rats were placed in metabolic cages overnight for urine collection. The following day, plasma interleukin (IL)-6 levels, renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal oxygen delivery (Do2) and consumption (V̇o2) were measured. EPTH was evident within 15 min after trauma but was significantly ameliorated during the 5 h of GLP-1 infusion. One day after trauma, plasma IL-6 was markedly increased in the trauma group and decreased in GLP-1-treated animals. RBF, GFR, and Do2 all significantly decreased with trauma, but renal V̇o2 was unchanged. GLP-1 treatment normalized RBF, GFR, and Do2 without affecting V̇o2. These results suggest that GLP-1 decreases EPTH and protects against a later development of AKI. Early treatment with GLP-1 (or its analogs) to rapidly, effectively, and safely control EPTH may be beneficial in the prehospital care of obese patients after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusha Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi.,United States Army Institute of Surgical Research , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Michael S Thompson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - John S Clemmer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Peter N Mittwede
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tazim Khan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Robert L Hester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
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Kreutziger J, Schmid S, Umlauf N, Ulmer H, Nijsten MW, Werner D, Schlechtriemen T, Lederer W. Association between Blood Glucose and cardiac Rhythms during pre-hospital care of Trauma Patients - a retrospective Analysis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2018; 26:58. [PMID: 30005711 PMCID: PMC6045823 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-018-0516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deranged glucose metabolism is frequently observed in trauma patients after moderate to severe traumatic injury, but little data is available about pre-hospital blood glucose and its association with various cardiac rhythms and cardiac arrest following trauma. Methods We retrospectively investigated adult trauma patients treated by a nationwide helicopter emergency medical service (34 bases) between 2005 and 2013. All patients with recorded initial cardiac rhythms and blood glucose levels were enrolled. Blood glucose concentrations were categorised; descriptive and regression analyses were performed. Results In total, 18,879 patients were included, of whom 185 (1.0%) patients died on scene. Patients with tachycardia (≥100/min, 7.0 ± 2.4 mmol/L p < 0.0001), pulseless ventricular tachycardia (9.8 ± 1.8, mmol/L, p = 0.008) and those with ventricular fibrillation (9.0 ± 3.2 mmol/L, p < 0.0001) had significantly higher blood glucose concentrations than did patients with normal sinus rhythm between 61 and 99/min (6.7 ± 2.1 mmol/L). In patients with low (≤2.8 mmol/L, 7/79; 8.9%, p < 0.0001) and high (> 10.0 mmol/L, 70/1271; 5.5%, p < 0.0001) blood glucose concentrations cardiac arrest was more common than in normoglycaemic patients (166/9433, 1.8%). ROSC was more frequently achieved in hyperglycaemic (> 10 mmol/L; 47/69; 68.1%) than in hypoglycaemic (≤4.2 mmol/L; 13/31; 41.9%) trauma patients (p = 0.01). Conclusions In adult trauma patients, pre-hospital higher blood glucose levels were related to tachycardic and shockable rhythms. Cardiac arrest was more frequently observed in hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic pre-hospital trauma patients. The rate of ROSC rose significantly with rising blood glucose concentration. Blood glucose measurements in addition to common vital parameters (GCS, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing frequency) may help identify patients at risk for cardiopulmonary arrest and dysrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janett Kreutziger
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Stefan Schmid
- Department of General and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Umlauf
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Statistics, University of Innsbruck, Universitätsstrasse 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hanno Ulmer
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41/1, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maarten W Nijsten
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, Groningen, GZ, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Werner
- German Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (ADAC Luftrettung gGmbH), Hansastrasse 19, 80686, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Schlechtriemen
- Emergency Medical Services of the Saarland, Saarpfalz-Park 9, 66450, Bexbach, Germany.,Formerly: Quality Management of the German Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (ADAC Luftrettung gGmbH), Hansastrasse 19, 80686, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lederer
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Blood glucose concentrations in prehospital trauma patients with traumatic shock. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2018; 35:33-42. [DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Krinsley JS, Chase JG, Gunst J, Martensson J, Schultz MJ, Taccone FS, Wernerman J, Bohe J, De Block C, Desaive T, Kalfon P, Preiser JC. Continuous glucose monitoring in the ICU: clinical considerations and consensus. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2017; 21:197. [PMID: 28756769 PMCID: PMC5535285 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-017-1784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucose management in intensive care unit (ICU) patients has been a matter of debate for almost two decades. Compared to intermittent monitoring systems, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can offer benefit in the prevention of severe hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia by enabling insulin infusions to be adjusted more rapidly and potentially more accurately because trends in glucose concentrations can be more readily identified. Increasingly, it is apparent that a single glucose target/range may not be optimal for all patients at all times and, as with many other aspects of critical care patient management, a personalized approach to glucose control may be more appropriate. Here we consider some of the evidence supporting different glucose targets in various groups of patients, focusing on those with and without diabetes and neurological ICU patients. We also discuss some of the reasons why, despite evidence of benefit, CGM devices are still not widely employed in the ICU and propose areas of research needed to help move CGM from the research arena to routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Krinsley
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Stamford Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Stamford, CT, 06902, USA
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jan Gunst
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Martensson
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, 3084, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesia (L E I C A), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fabio S Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Wernerman
- Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge & Karolinska Institutet, K32 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julien Bohe
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe De Block
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Thomas Desaive
- GIGA-In Silico Medicine, Université de Liège, B4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Kalfon
- Service de Réanimation polyvalente, Hôpital Louis Pasteur, CH de Chartres, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Jean-Charles Preiser
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
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Preinjury Fed State Alters the Physiologic Response in a Porcine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock and Polytrauma. Shock 2016; 44 Suppl 1:103-13. [PMID: 25565641 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hemorrhagic shock and injury lead to dramatic changes in metabolic demands and continue to be a leading cause of death. We hypothesized that altering the preinjury metabolic state with a carbohydrate load prior to injury would affect subsequent metabolic responses to injury and lead to improved survival. METHODS Sixty-four pigs were randomized to fasted (F) or carbohydrate prefeeding (CPF) groups and fasted 12 h prior to experiment. The CPF pigs received an oral carbohydrate load 1 h prior to anesthesia. All pigs underwent a standardized injury/hemorrhagic shock protocol. Physiologic parameters and laboratory values were obtained at set time points. RESULTS Carbohydrate prefeeding did not convey a survival benefit; instead, CPF animals had greater mortality rates (47% vs. 28%; P = 0.153; log-rank [Mantel-Cox]). Carbohydrate prefeeding animals also had higher rates of acute lung injury (odds ratio, 4.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-16.3) and altered oxygen utilization. Prior to shock and throughout resuscitation, CPF animals had significantly higher serum glucose levels than did the F animals. CONCLUSIONS Carbohydrate prefeeding did not provide a survival benefit to swine subjected to hemorrhagic shock and polytrauma. Carbohydrate prefeeding led to significantly different metabolic profile than in fasted animals, and prefeeding led to a greater incidence of lung injury, increased multiorgan dysfunction, and altered oxygen utilization.
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Prabhudesai S, Kanjani A, Bhagat I, Ravikumar KG, Ramachandran B. Accuracy of a real-time continuous glucose monitoring system in children with septic shock: A pilot study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2016; 19:642-7. [PMID: 26730114 PMCID: PMC4687172 DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.169331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: The aim of this prospective, observational study was to determine the accuracy of a real-time continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) in children with septic shock. Subjects and Methods: Children aged 30 days to 18 years admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit with septic shock were included. A real-time CGMS sensor was used to obtain interstitial glucose readings. CGMS readings were compared statistically with simultaneous laboratory blood glucose (BG). Results: Nineteen children were included, and 235 pairs of BG-CGMS readings were obtained. BG and CGMS had a correlation coefficient of 0.61 (P < 0.001) and a median relative absolute difference of 17.29%. On Clarke's error grid analysis, 222 (94.5%) readings were in the clinically acceptable zones (A and B). When BG was < 70, 70–180, and > 180 mg/dL, 44%, 100%, and 76.9% readings were in zones A and B, respectively (P < 0.001). The accuracy of CGMS was not affected by the presence of edema, acidosis, vasopressors, steroids, or renal replacement therapy. On receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, a CGMS reading <97 mg/dL predicted hypoglycemia (sensitivity 85.2%, specificity 75%, area under the curve [AUC] =0.85). A reading > 141 mg/dL predicted hyperglycemia (sensitivity 84.6%, specificity 89.6%, AUC = 0.87). Conclusion: CGMS provides a fairly, accurate estimate of BG in children with septic shock. It is unaffected by a variety of clinical variables. The accuracy over extremes of blood sugar may be a concern. We recommend larger studies to evaluate its use for the early detection of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isha Bhagat
- PD Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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20
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Stress-induced hyperglycemia is associated with higher mortality in severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015. [PMID: 26218699 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between stress-induced hyperglycemia (SIH) and increased mortality has been demonstrated following trauma. Experimental animal model data regarding the association between hyperglycemia and outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) are inconsistent, suggesting that hyperglycemia may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of SIH versus diabetic hyperglycemia (DH) on severe TBI. METHODS Admission glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glucose levels, and comorbidity data were collected during a 4-year period from September 2009 to December 2013 for patients with severe TBI (i.e., admission Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score of 3-8 and head Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] score ≥ 3). Diabetes mellitus was determined by patient history or admission HbA1c of 6.5% or greater. SIH was determined by the absence of diabetes mellitus and admission glucose of 200 mg/dL or greater. A Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, injury mechanism, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between SIH and the outcomes of interest. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 626 patients were included in the study group, having severe TBI defined by both GCS score of 3 to 8 and head AIS score being 3 or greater and also had available HbA1c and admission glucose levels. A total of 184 patients were admitted with hyperglycemia; 152 patients (82.6%) were diagnosed with SIH, and 32 patients (17.4%) were diagnosed with DH. When comparing patients with severe TBI adjusted for age, sex, injury mechanism, ISS, Revised Trauma Score (RTS), and lactic acid greater than 2.5 mmol/L, patients with SIH had a 50% increased mortality (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.13-1.95) compared with the nondiabetic normoglycemia patients. DH patients did not have a significant increase in mortality (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.56-1.58). CONCLUSION SIH is associated with higher mortality after severe TBI. This association was not observed among patients with DH, which suggests that hyperglycemia related to diabetes is of less importance compared with SIH in terms of mortality in the acute trauma and TBI patient. Further research is warranted to identify mechanisms causing SIH and subsequent worse outcomes after TBI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic/epidemiologic study, leve III.
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21
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Admission blood glucose predicted haemorrhagic shock in multiple trauma patients. Injury 2015; 46:15-20. [PMID: 25441172 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Admission blood glucose is known to be a predictor for outcome in several disease patterns, especially in critically ill trauma patients. The underlying mechanisms for the association of hyperglycaemia and poor outcome are still not proven. It was hypothesised that hyperglycaemia upon hospital admission is associated with haemorrhagic shock and in-hospital mortality. METHODS Data was extracted from an observational trauma database of the level 1 trauma centre at Innsbruck Medical University hospital. Trauma patients (≥18 years) with multiple injuries and an Injury Severity Score ≥17 were included and analysed. RESULTS In total, 279 patients were analysed, of which 42 patients (15.1%) died. With increasing blood glucose upon hospital admission, the rate of patients with haemorrhagic shock rose significantly [from 4.4% (glucose 4.1-5.5mmol/L) to 87.5% (glucose >15mmol/L), p<0.0001]. Mortality was also associated with initial blood glucose [≤5.50mmol/L 8.3%; 5.51-7.50mmol/L 10.9%, 7.51-10mmol/L 12.4%; 10.01-15mmol/L 32.0%; ≥15.01mmol/L 12.5%, p=0.008]. Admission blood glucose was a better indicator for haemorrhagic shock (cut-off 9.4mmol/L, sensitivity 67.1%, specificity 83.9%) than haemoglobin, base excess, bicarbonate, pH, lactate, or vital parameters. Regarding haemorrhagic shock, admission blood glucose is more valuable during initial patient assessment than the second best predictive parameter, which was admission haemoglobin (cut-off value 6.5mmol/L (10.4g/dL): sensitivity 61.3%, specificity 83.9%). CONCLUSIONS In multiple trauma, non-diabetic patients, admission blood glucose predicted the incidence of haemorrhagic shock. Admission blood glucose is an inexpensive, rapidly and easily available laboratory value that might help to identify patients at risk for haemorrhagic shock during initial evaluation upon hospital admission.
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Clemmer JS, Xiang L, Lu S, Mittwede PN, Hester RL. β2-adrenergic regulation of stress hyperglycemia following hemorrhage in the obese Zucker rat. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/12/e12215. [PMID: 25472607 PMCID: PMC4332203 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress hyperglycemia following trauma has been shown to potentiate morbidity and mortality. Glucose control in obese patients can be challenging due to insulin resistance. Thus, understanding the mechanisms for glucose generation following hemorrhage may provide important insights into alternative options for glycemic control in obesity. Obesity is characterized by elevated glycogen and increased hepatic β2‐adrenergic activity, which play major roles in glucose production after hemorrhage. We hypothesized that, in obesity, hepatic glycogenolysis is enhanced during stress hyperglycemia due to increased hepatic β2‐adrenoceptor activation. Hemorrhage was performed in conscious lean Zucker (LZ) and obese Zucker rats (OZ) by withdrawing 35% total blood volume over 10 min. Liver glycogen content and plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon were measured before and 1 h after hemorrhage. The hyperglycemic response was greater in OZ as compared to LZ, but glycogen content was similarly reduced in both groups. Subsequently, OZ had a greater fall in insulin compared to LZ. Glucagon levels were significantly increased 1 h after hemorrhage in LZ but not in OZ. To test the direct adrenergic effects on the liver after hemorrhage, we treated animals before hemorrhage with a selective β2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, ICI‐118,551 (ICI; 2 mg/kg/h, i.v.). After hemorrhage, ICI significantly reduced hyperglycemia in both LZ and OZ, independent of hormonal changes, but there was a significantly decreased hepatic glycogenolysis in OZ. These results suggest that the hemorrhage‐induced hepatic glycogenolysis is likely glucagon‐dependent in LZ, whereas the β2‐adrenoceptor plays a greater role in OZ. This figure demonstrates that hemorrhage does not result in an increase in glucagon levels in the obese Zucker rat, but does increase in the lean Zucker rat. These results suggest that the hemorrhage‐induced hepatic glycogenolysis is likely glucagon‐dependent in LZ and not in obese Zucker.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Clemmer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Lusha Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Silu Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Peter N Mittwede
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Robert L Hester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Langlois J, Bouyer B, Larroque B, Dauzac C, Guigui P. Glycemic instability of non-diabetic patients after spine surgery: a prospective cohort study. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2014; 23:2455-61. [PMID: 25103953 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-014-3489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blood glucose (BG) dysregulation is a well-known condition for patients sustaining medical adverse events, such as sepsis or myocardial infarction. However, it has never been described following spine surgery. Our purpose was to assess postoperative glycemic dysregulation of non-diabetic patients undergoing spine surgery and determine if this is related to any complications within a 3-month postoperative period. METHODS All the non-diabetic patients undergoing spine surgery in our center were prospectively included over a 6-month period. BG capillary measures were collected from the preoperative fasting period to the end of postoperative Day 3, six times a day. Patients were followed for 3 months after surgery. RESULTS Data collected from 75 patients were eventually analyzed. A significant increase of BG level was observed from the preoperative to the second postoperative hour (P < 0.0001), remaining significantly elevated until Day 3 (P < 0.0001). Significant correlations were found between perioperative factors (age, smoking, revision status, instrumentation, operation time, blood loss and transfusion) and glycemic parameters. Day 2 mean BG level was found significantly higher for patients surgically revised than those not revised (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Non-diabetic patients experience a statistically significant increase in BG levels in the first 3 days following a spine surgery. This increase in BG might be correlated with postsurgical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Langlois
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique, Hôpital Beaujon, 100 boulevard Général Leclerc, 92100, Clichy, France,
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Xiang L, Lu S, Mittwede PN, Clemmer JS, Husband GW, Hester RL. β(2)-Adrenoreceptor blockade improves early posttrauma hyperglycemia and pulmonary injury in obese rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H621-7. [PMID: 24929860 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00208.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Early hyperglycemia after trauma increases morbidity and mortality. Insulin is widely used to control posttrauma glucose, but this treatment increases the risk of hypoglycemia. We tested a novel method for early posttrauma hyperglycemia control by suppressing hepatic glycogenolysis via β2-adrenoreceptor blockade [ICI-118551 (ICI)]. We have shown that, after severe trauma, obese Zucker (OZ) rats, similar to obese patients, exhibit increased acute lung injury compared with lean Zucker (LZ) rats. We hypothesized that OZ rats exhibit a greater increase in early posttrauma glucose compared with LZ rats, with the increased posttrauma hyperglycemia suppressed by ICI treatment. Orthopedic trauma was applied to both hindlimbs in LZ and OZ rats. Fasting plasma glucose was then monitored for 6 h with or without ICI (0.2 mg·kg(-1)·h(-1) iv.) treatment. One day after trauma, plasma IL-6 levels, lung neutrophil numbers, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and wet-to-dry weight ratios were measured. Trauma induced rapid hepatic glycogenolysis, as evidenced by decreased liver glycogen levels, and this was inhibited by ICI treatment. Compared with LZ rats, OZ rats exhibited higher posttrauma glucose, IL-6, lung neutrophil infiltration, and MPO activity. Lung wet-to-dry weight ratios were increased in OZ rats but not in LZ rats. ICI treatment reduced the early hyperglycemia, lung neutrophil retention, MPO activity, and wet-to-dry weight ratio in OZ rats to levels comparable with those seen in LZ rats, with no effect on blood pressure or heart rate. These results demonstrate that β2-adrenoreceptor blockade effectively reduces the early posttrauma hyperglycemia, which is associated with decreased lung injury in OZ rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusha Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Silu Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Peter N Mittwede
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - John S Clemmer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Graham W Husband
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Robert L Hester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Stress hyperglycemia and surgical site infection in stable nondiabetic adults with orthopedic injuries. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 76:1070-5. [PMID: 24662873 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia in nondiabetic patients outside the intensive care unit is not well defined. We evaluated the relationship of hyperglycemia and surgical site infection (SSI) in stable nondiabetic patients with orthopedic injuries. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational cohort study at a single academic Level 1 trauma center over 9 months (Level II evidence for therapeutic/care management). We included patients 18 years or older with operative orthopedic injuries and excluded patients with diabetes, corticosteroid use, multisystem injuries, or critical illness. Demographics, medical comorbidities (American Society of Anesthesiologists class), body mass index, open fractures, and number of operations were recorded. Fingerstick glucose values were obtained twice daily. Hyperglycemia was defined as a fasting glucose value greater than or equal to 125 mg/dL or a random value greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL on more than one occasion before the diagnosis of SSI. Glycosylated hemoglobin level was obtained from hyperglycemic patients; those with glycosylated hemoglobin level of 6.0 or greater were considered occult diabetic patients and were excluded. SSI was defined by a positive intraoperative culture at reoperation within 30 days of the index case. RESULTS We enrolled 171 patients. Of these 171, 40 (23.4%) were hyperglycemic; 7 of them were excluded for occult diabetes. Of the 164 remaining patients, 33 were hyperglycemic (20.1%), 50 had open fractures (6 Type I, 22 Type II, 22 Type III), and 12 (7.3%) had SSI. Hyperglycemic patients were more likely to develop SSI (7 of 33 [21.2%] vs. 5 of 131 [3.8%], p = 0.003). Open fractures were associated with SSI (7 of 50 [14%] vs. 5 of 114 [4.4%], p = 0.047) but not hyperglycemia (10 of 50 [20.0%] vs. 23 of 114 [20.2%], p = 0.98). There was no significant difference between infected and noninfected patients in terms of age, sex, race, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, obesity (body mass index > 29), tobacco use, or number of operations. CONCLUSION Stress hyperglycemia was associated with SSI in this prospective observational cohort of stable nondiabetic patients with orthopedic injuries. Further prospective randomized studies are necessary to identify optimal treatment of hyperglycemia in the noncritically ill trauma population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic study, level III.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-trauma resuscitation has evolved based on civilian and wartime experiences over the last decade. Similarly, data from large multicenter randomized trials have changed the management of critically ill trauma patients in the intensive care unit. METHODS This is a review of the literature focusing on areas relevant to the management of trauma patients in the intensive care unit. RESULTS The following topics are included: (1) ventilator management, (2) trauma sepsis, (3) use of vasopressors in hemorrhage, (4) glucose control, (5) nutrition, and (6) hemodynamic monitoring. CONCLUSION This review demonstrated the most recent data of trauma-related critical care. Further studies will be needed to settle growing controversies in the management of critically injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsushima
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Khan
- Defense Medical Services, Doncaster, UK
| | - H L Frankel
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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WAESCHLE RM, BRÄUER A, HILGERS R, HERRMANN P, NEUMANN P, QUINTEL M, MOERER O. Hypoglycaemia and predisposing factors among clinical subgroups treated with intensive insulin therapy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014; 58:223-34. [PMID: 24372028 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, conflicting intensive insulin therapy (IIT) results have been observed, whereby IIT-related mortality seems to be lower in specific clinical subgroups. The aim of this study was to assess differences in glycaemic control, the risk of critical hypoglycaemia (≤ 2.2 mmol/l), the associated predisposing factors, and the in-hospital mortality in different clinical subgroups treated with IIT. METHODS Prospective, observational study in a university-affiliated intensive care unit (ICU) conducted from 2004 to 2005. All patients (n = 1667) belonging to one of the six most common surgical intervention groups (cardiac, neuro, abdominal, vascular, orthopaedic, and spinal surgeries) and medical patients were included. IIT was performed with a target blood glucose level of 4.4-7.8 mmol/l. Different indices were analysed to evaluate glucose control and glycaemic variability. RESULTS The rate of critical hypoglycaemia was significantly different within the different clinical subgroups and varied from 0.8% to 4.5%. Similar results were obtained for hyperglycaemia. Multivariable analyses for the predisposing factors of critical hypoglycaemia showed a heterogeneous distribution pattern among the different clinical subgroups. Similar results were obtained for the risk factors of in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION The risk of critical hypoglycaemia and the associated predisposing factors depended on the clinical subgroup involved. Critical hypoglycaemia is a potential threat for our patients, and the high risk of critical hypoglycaemia in some clinical subgroups appeared to reverse the benefits of IIT. As a result, it is crucial that the different subgroups involved in a study are defined to further interpret the potential benefits of IIT and the risk of critical hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. WAESCHLE
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - A. BRÄUER
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - R. HILGERS
- Department of Medical Statistics; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - P. HERRMANN
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - P. NEUMANN
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - M. QUINTEL
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - O. MOERER
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
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Chen Y, Yang X, Meng K, Zeng Z, Ma B, Liu X, Qi B, Cui S, Cao P, Yang Y. Stress-induced hyperglycemia after hip fracture and the increased risk of acute myocardial infarction in nondiabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:3328-32. [PMID: 23846813 PMCID: PMC3781495 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) following stress hyperglycemia after hip fracture. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS From February 2007 to February 2012, we carried out a prospective observational analysis of 1,257 consecutive patients with no history of diabetes who suffered hip fractures. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin tests as well as electrocardiography, ultrasonic cardiography, and chest X-ray examinations were performed after admission. All selected hip fracture patients were divided into stress hyperglycemia and non-hyperglycemia groups according to their FBG, and the incidence of AMI was monitored. RESULTS Among the patients enrolled, the frequency of stress hyperglycemia was 47.89% (602/1,257) and that of AMI was 9.31% (117/1,257), and the occurrence of AMI in the stress hyperglycemia group was higher than in the non-hyperglycemia group (12.46 vs. 6.41%, P<0.05). In the stress hyperglycemia patients, FBG reached maximum levels at 2-3 days after hip fractures and then decreased gradually. The AMI incidence (62.67% [47/75]) of the stress hyperglycemia group was highest in the initial 3 days after hip fracture, significantly coinciding with the FBG peak time (P<0.05). In all patients with AMI, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction occurred more often than ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (62.39% [73/117] vs. 37.61% [44/117]). CONCLUSIONS Stress-induced hyperglycemia after hip fracture increased the risk of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Corresponding authors: Xincun Yang,
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Nielsen ST, Krogh-Madsen R, Møller K. Glucose metabolism in critically ill patients: are incretins an important player? J Intensive Care Med 2013; 30:201-8. [PMID: 24065782 DOI: 10.1177/0885066613503291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Critical illness afflicts millions of people worldwide and is associated with a high risk of organ failure and death or an adverse outcome with persistent physical or cognitive deficits. Spontaneous hyperglycemia is common in critically ill patients and is associated with an adverse outcome compared to normoglycemia. Insulin is used for treating hyperglycemia in the critically ill patients but may be complicated by hypoglycemia, which is difficult to detect in these patients and which may lead to serious neurological sequelae and death. The incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 1, stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon release both in healthy individuals and in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Compared to insulin, GLP-1 appears to be associated with a lower risk of severe hypoglycemia, probably because the magnitude of its insulinotropic action is dependent on blood glucose (BG). This is taken advantage of in the treatment of patients with T2DM, for whom GLP-1 analogs have been introduced during the recent years. Infusion of GLP-1 also lowers the BG level in critically ill patients without causing severe hypoglycemia. The T2DM and critical illness share similar characteristics and are, among other things, both characterized by different grades of systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. The GLP-1 might be a potential new treatment target in critically ill patients with stress-induced hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Tellerup Nielsen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Krogh-Madsen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Møller
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Neurointensive Care Unit, Department of Neuroanaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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McKinzie BP, To L, Leon SM, Eriksson EA. Evaluation of glucose variability when converting from insulin infusion to basal-bolus regimen in a surgical-trauma intensive care unit. J Crit Care 2013; 28:804-9. [PMID: 23876704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify predictive factors resulting in glucose values greater than 200 mg/dL in patients with trauma transitioned from an insulin infusion to a basal-bolus subcutaneous insulin regimen. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-nine patients with trauma on goal enteral nutrition in the intensive care unit receiving an insulin infusion for at least 48 hours and transitioned to a basal-bolus regimen were retrospectively identified. RESULTS Ten patients had hyperglycemic events after transition. Hyperglycemia was significantly associated with increased age (42 [17] years vs 56 [13] years, P=.02), admission glucose (128 [39] mg/dL vs 214 [91] mg/dL, P=.015), and insulin drip rate 48 hours before transition (87 [38] units/d vs 127 [49] units/d, P=.012). There was no difference between groups with respect to injury severity, demographics, or physiologic parameters. Multiple regression analysis revealed that increased age (odds ratio [OR], 1.215 [1.000-1.477]; P=.05), increased admission blood glucose (OR, 1.053 [1.006-1.101]; P=.025), and higher insulin infusion rates 48 hours before transition (OR, 1.061 [1.009-1.116]; P=.020) predisposed patients to severe hyperglycemic episodes. CONCLUSIONS Older patients with trauma and patients with higher blood glucose on admission are more likely to experience severe hyperglycemia when transitioned to basal-bolus glucose control. Higher insulin infusion rates at 48 hours before transition are also associated with severe hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P McKinzie
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Medical University of South Carolina, PO Box 250584, Charleston, SC 29425.
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Stress-induced hyperglycemia as a risk factor for surgical-site infection in nondiabetic orthopedic trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit. J Orthop Trauma 2013; 27:16-21. [PMID: 22588532 PMCID: PMC3507335 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0b013e31825d60e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between stress-induced hyperglycemia and infectious complications in nondiabetic orthopedic trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN : This study was a retrospective review. SETTING The study was conducted at an academic level-1 trauma center. PATIENTS One hundred and eighty-seven consecutive trauma patients with isolated orthopedic injuries were studied. INTERVENTION : Blood glucose values during initial hospitalization were evaluated. The admission blood glucose (BG) and hyperglycemic index (HGI) were determined for each patient. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Perioperative infectious complications: pneumonia, urinary tract infection (UTI), surgical-site infection (SSI), sepsis were the outcome measures. RESULTS An average of 21.5 BG values was obtained for each patient. The mean ICU and hospital length of stay was 4.0 ± 4.9 and 10.0 ± 8.1 days, respectively. Infections were recorded in 43 of 187 patients (23.0%) and SSIs specifically documented in 16 patients (8.6%). Open fractures were not associated with SSI (8/83, 9.6% vs. 8/104, 7.7%). There was no difference in admission BG or HGI and infection. However, there was a significant difference in HGI when considering SSI alone (2.1 ± 1.7 vs. 1.2 ± 1.1). Patients with an SSI received a greater amount of blood transfusions (14.9 ± 12.1 vs. 4.9 ± 7.6). No patient was diagnosed with a separate infection (ie, pneumonia, UTI, bacteremia) before SSI. There was no significant difference in injury severity score among patients with an SSI (11.1 ± 4.0 vs. 9.6 ± 3.0). Multivariable regression testing with HGI as a continuous variable demonstrated a significant relationship (odds ratio: 1.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-2.5) with SSI after adjusting for blood transfusions (odds ratio: 1.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.1-1.2). CONCLUSIONS : Stress-induced hyperglycemia demonstrated a significant independent association with SSIs in nondiabetic orthopedic trauma patients who were admitted to the ICU. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Aron A, Wang J, Collier B, Ahmed N, Brateanu A. Subcutaneous versus intravenous insulin therapy for glucose control in non-diabetic trauma patients. A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2012; 38:24-30. [PMID: 23088748 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Hyperglycaemia in trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Our pilot study is a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing the impact of two glucose control regimens on outcomes in non-diabetic trauma patients admitted with hyperglycaemia to the ICU. METHODS Trauma patients with blood glucose levels (BGLs) ≥7·8 mm within the first 48 h of the hospital admission were randomized to receive intermittent SQ or continuous IV insulin to maintain BGLs between 4·4 and 6·1 mm. We excluded diabetics on the basis of history, or a glycosylated haemoglobin ≥6% on admission. We compared the effect of SQ vs. IV insulin therapy on the ICU length of stay (ILOS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 58 patients were included in the study. The SQ and IV groups were comparable in terms of age, gender, injury severity, revised trauma, Glasgow coma scores and type of trauma (blunt vs. penetrating). There was no significant difference between the two treatment groups in the ILOS (3 vs. 2 days, P = 0·084), hospital length of stay (8 vs. 6, P = 0·09), ventilator support days (6 vs. 3, P = 0·98), requirement for blood transfusion (P = 0·66), rates of infections (P = 0·70), acute kidney injury (P = 0·99) and mortality (P = 0·61). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION There was no difference between SQ and IV insulin therapy in the ILOS in non-diabetic trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Leavenworth, KS, USA.
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Finfer S, Liu B, Chittock DR, Norton R, Myburgh JA, McArthur C, Mitchell I, Foster D, Dhingra V, Henderson WR, Ronco JJ, Bellomo R, Cook D, McDonald E, Dodek P, Hébert PC, Heyland DK, Robinson BG. Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2012; 367:1108-18. [PMID: 22992074 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1204942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether hypoglycemia leads to death in critically ill patients is unclear. METHODS We examined the associations between moderate and severe hypoglycemia (blood glucose, 41 to 70 mg per deciliter [2.3 to 3.9 mmol per liter] and ≤40 mg per deciliter [2.2 mmol per liter], respectively) and death among 6026 critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Patients were randomly assigned to intensive or conventional glucose control. We used Cox regression analysis with adjustment for treatment assignment and for baseline and postrandomization covariates. RESULTS Follow-up data were available for 6026 patients: 2714 (45.0%) had moderate hypoglycemia, 2237 of whom (82.4%) were in the intensive-control group (i.e., 74.2% of the 3013 patients in the group), and 223 patients (3.7%) had severe hypoglycemia, 208 of whom (93.3%) were in the intensive-control group (i.e., 6.9% of the patients in this group). Of the 3089 patients who did not have hypoglycemia, 726 (23.5%) died, as compared with 774 of the 2714 with moderate hypoglycemia (28.5%) and 79 of the 223 with severe hypoglycemia (35.4%). The adjusted hazard ratios for death among patients with moderate or severe hypoglycemia, as compared with those without hypoglycemia, were 1.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 1.62; P<0.001) and 2.10 (95% CI, 1.59 to 2.77; P<0.001), respectively. The association with death was increased among patients who had moderate hypoglycemia on more than 1 day (>1 day vs. 1 day, P=0.01), those who died from distributive (vasodilated) shock (P<0.001), and those who had severe hypoglycemia in the absence of insulin treatment (hazard ratio, 3.84; 95% CI, 2.37 to 6.23; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In critically ill patients, intensive glucose control leads to moderate and severe hypoglycemia, both of which are associated with an increased risk of death. The association exhibits a dose-response relationship and is strongest for death from distributive shock. However, these data cannot prove a causal relationship. (Funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and others; NICE-SUGAR ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00220987.).
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Richards JE, Kauffmann RM, Zuckerman SL, Obremskey WT, May AK. Relationship of hyperglycemia and surgical-site infection in orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012; 94:1181-6. [PMID: 22760385 PMCID: PMC3382341 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.k.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of perioperative hyperglycemia in orthopaedic surgery is not well defined. We hypothesized that hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for thirty-day surgical-site infection in orthopaedic trauma patients without a history of diabetes at hospital admission. METHODS Patients eighteen years of age or older with isolated orthopaedic injuries requiring acute operative intervention were studied. Patients with diabetes, injuries to other body systems, a history of corticosteroid use, or admission to the intensive care unit were excluded. Blood glucose values were obtained, and hyperglycemia was defined in two ways. First, patients with two or more blood glucose levels of ≥200 mg/dL were identified. Second, the hyperglycemic index, a validated measure of overall glucose control during hospitalization, was calculated for each patient. A hyperglycemic index of ≥1.76 (equivalent to ≥140 mg/dL) was considered to indicate hyperglycemia. The primary outcome was thirty-day surgical-site infection. Multivariable logistic regression models evaluating the effect of the markers of hyperglycemia, after controlling for open fractures, were constructed. RESULTS Seven hundred and ninety patients were identified. There were 268 open fractures (33.9%). Twenty-one thirty-day surgical-site infections (2.7%) were recorded. Age, race, comorbidities, injury severity, and blood transfusion were not associated with the primary outcome. Of the 790 patients, 294 (37.2%) had more than one glucose value of ≥200 mg/dL. This factor was associated with thirty-day surgical-site infection, with thirteen (4.4%) of the 294 patients with that indication of hyperglycemia having a surgical-site infection versus eight (1.6%) of the 496 patients without more than one glucose value of ≥200 mg/dL (p = 0.02). One hundred and thirty-four (17.0%) of the 790 patients had a hyperglycemic index of ≥1.76, and this was also associated was thirty-day surgical-site infection (ten [7.5%] of 134 versus eleven [1.7%] of 656; p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression models demonstrated that two or more blood glucose levels of ≥200 mg/dL was a risk factor for thirty-day surgical-site infection (odds ratio [OR]: 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1 to 6.7) after adjustment for open fractures (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.3 to 7.8). A second model demonstrated that a hyperglycemic index of ≥1.76 was an independent risk factor for surgical-site infection (OR: 4.9, 95% CI: 2.0 to 11.8) after controlling for open fractures (OR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.4 to 8.3). CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia was an independent risk factor for thirty-day surgical-site infection in orthopaedic trauma patients without a history of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Richards
- Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Vanderbilt Orthopaedic Institute, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Medical Center East-South Tower, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Rondi M. Kauffmann
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 21st Avenue South, 404 MAB, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Scott L. Zuckerman
- Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Vanderbilt Orthopaedic Institute, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Medical Center East-South Tower, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - William T. Obremskey
- Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Vanderbilt Orthopaedic Institute, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Medical Center East-South Tower, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Addison K. May
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 21st Avenue South, 404 MAB, Nashville, TN 37212
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Finding the sweet spot: identification of optimal glucose levels in critically injured patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 71:1108-14. [PMID: 22071916 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318232e35b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting data exist regarding optimal glycemic control in critically ill trauma patients. We therefore compared glucose parameters and outcomes among three different glycemic control regimens in a single trauma intensive care unit (ICU), hypothesizing that a moderate regimen would yield optimal avoidance of hyper- and hypoglycemia with equivalent outcomes when compared with a more aggressive approach. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 1,422 trauma patients with at least 3-day ICU stay and five glucose measurements from May 2001 to January 2010, spanning three nonoverlapping, sequential glucose control protocols: "relaxed," "aggressive," and "moderate." For each, we extracted mean blood glucose, hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic event frequency, and glucose variability and investigated their association with outcomes. RESULTS Mortality was associated with elevated mean glucose (135.6 mg/dL vs. 126.2 mg/dL), more frequent hypoglycemic (2.67 ± 7 vs. 1.28 ± 5) and hyperglycemic (30.6 ± 28 vs. 16.0 ± 22 per 100 patient-ICU days) events, and higher glucose variability (37.1 ± 20 vs. 29.4 ± 20; all p < 0.001). Regression identified hyperglycemic episodes (p < 0.05) as an independent predictor of mortality. The "moderate" regimen had rare hyperglycemia, low glucose variability, and intermediate mean blood glucose range and frequency of hypoglycemia. Multiorgan failure and mortality did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemic events (glucose >180 mg/dL) most strongly predicted mortality. Of glucose control protocols analyzed, the "moderate" protocol had fewest hyperglycemic events. As outcomes were otherwise equivalent between "moderate" and "aggressive" protocols, we conclude that hyperglycemia can be safely avoided using a moderate glycemic control protocol without inducing hypoglycemia.
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Eriksson EA, Christianson DA, Vanderkolk WE, Bonnell BW, Hoogeboom JE, Ott MM. Tight blood glucose control in trauma patients: Who really benefits? J Emerg Trauma Shock 2011; 4:359-64. [PMID: 21887026 PMCID: PMC3162705 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2700.83864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of intensive insulin control (IIT) on outcomes for traumatically injured patients as a function of injury severity score (ISS) and age. Patients and Methods: A retrospective review of 2028 adult trauma patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) in a Level I trauma center was performed. Data were collected from a 48-month period before (Pre-IIT) (goal blood glucose 80–200 mg/dL) and after (Post-IIT) (goal blood glucose level 80–110 mg/dL), an IIT protocol was initiated. Patients were stratified by age and ISS. The primary endpoint was mortality. Results: There were 784 Pre-IIT and 1244 Post-IIT patients admitted. There was no significant difference between Pre-IIT vs. Post-IIT for the mechanism of injury or ISS. Values for the Pre-IIT group were significantly higher for mortality (21.5% vs. 14.7%, P<0.001) and hospital, but not ICU length of stay were decreased. A significant improvement in mortality was demonstrated between Pre-IIT vs. Post-IIT stratified within the age groups of 41–50, 51–60, and 61 but not the groups 18–30 and 31–40. Mean glucose levels (mg/dL) decreased significantly after the institution of IIT (144.7±1.4 vs. 130.9±0.9; P<0.001). In addition, the occurrence per patient of blood glucose levels <40 mg/dL increased (0.77% vs. 2.86%; P=0.001) and blood glucose levels greater than 200 mg/dL was similar (39.1% vs. 38.8%; P=0.892) in the Pre-IIT and Post-IIT groups, respectively. Glycemic variability, reflected by the standard deviation of each patient's mean glucose level during ICU stay, as well as mean glucose level were lower in survivors than in nonsurvivors. Finally, multivariable logistic regression analysis identified both mean glucose level and glycemic variability as independent contributors to the risk of mortality. Conclusions: The implementation of IIT has been associated with a decrease in both hospital length of stay as well as mortality. Average glucose value and glucose variability are independent predictors of survival. Trauma patients with moderate, severe, and very severe injuries benefit most from IIT. These observational data suggest that patients over 40 years of age benefited a great deal more than their younger counterparts from IIT. This study supports the need for a randomized controlled trial to investigate the role of IIT in traumatically injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert A Eriksson
- Departments of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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The role of hyperglycemia in acute illness: Supporting evidence and its limitations. Nutrition 2011; 27:276-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Corneille MG, Villa C, Wolf S, Michalek JE, Jung I, Wade CE, Myers JG, Dent DL, Mueller D, Stewart RM. Time and degree of glycemic derangement are associated with increased mortality in trauma patients in the setting of tight glycemic control. Am J Surg 2011; 200:832-7; discussion 837-8. [PMID: 21146029 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tight glucose control (TGC) may reduce mortality in critically ill trauma patients. We hypothesize that euglycemia is beneficial, and a measure considering time and degree of hyperglycemia is most associated with mortality. METHODS We performed a review of intensive care unit trauma patients admitted for more than 3 days between January 2005 and December 2007 on a TGC protocol with a goal of 80 to 110 mg/dL. Hyperglycemic, hypoglycemic, and euglycemic time ranges, and area of interpolated curves above and below 80 to 110 mg/dL were assessed. Associations with mortality were based on logistic regression models adjusted for age, injury severity score, and admission Glasgow Coma Scale score. RESULTS A total of 546 patients were identified, and 68 (13%) died. Time spent as hyperglycemic (P = .29) and hyperglycemic area under the curve (P = .58) were not associated with mortality; hyperglycemic area/time (P = .01) was associated with mortality. Regarding hypoglycemia, area over the curve (P = .009) and time spent as hypoglycemic (P = .002) were associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS TGC prevents prolonged, high degrees of hyperglycemia; avoiding hypoglycemia likely provides mortality benefit for trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Corneille
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Zhai L, Ballinger SW, Messina JL. Role of reactive oxygen species in injury-induced insulin resistance. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:492-502. [PMID: 21239612 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute insulin resistance is common after injury, infection, and critical illness. To investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in critical illness diabetes, we measured hepatic ROS, which rapidly increased in mouse liver. Overexpression of superoxide dismutase 2, which decreased mitochondrial ROS levels, protected mice from the development of acute hepatic insulin resistance. Insulin-induced intracellular signaling was dramatically decreased, and cellular stress signaling was rapidly increased after injury, resulting in the hyperglycemia of critical illness diabetes. Insulin-induced intracellular signaling, activation of stress (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) signaling, and glucose metabolism were all normalized by superoxide dismutase 2 overexpression or by pretreatment with antioxidants. Thus, ROS play an important role in the development of acute hepatic insulin resistance and activation of stress signaling after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Zhai
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA
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The metrics of glycaemic control in critical care. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37:435-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-2103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Does stress-induced hyperglycemia increase the risk of perioperative infectious complications in orthopaedic trauma patients? J Orthop Trauma 2010; 24:752-6. [PMID: 21076247 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0b013e3181d7aba5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if hyperglycemia in postoperative orthopaedic trauma patients with no known history of diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased rate of infectious complications. DESIGN Retrospective review. SETTING University Level I trauma center. PATIENTS One hundred ten consecutive orthopaedic trauma patients, MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Perioperative pneumonia, urinary tract infection, sepsis, or wound infection. METHODS Patients were divided into two subgroups based on mean serum glucose greater than 220 mg/dL (hyperglycemic index [HGI] 3.0 or greater). The incidence of infections was calculated for the following factors: age, medical comorbidities, Injury Severity Score, body mass index, HGI, sex, transfusions, tobacco use, and presence of open fracture. Means were compared using two-sample t tests (with or without adjustment for unequal variances as necessary), and percentages were compared using either chi square or Fisher exact tests. If the data were not normally distributed or measured on the ordinal scale, then the Wilcoxon rank sum test was used. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed with the presence or absence of an infection as the dependent variable. A two-tailed P value < 0.05 was considered significant. SAS, Version 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC), was used for all analyses. RESULTS Forty-six infections occurred in 28 patients, including 11 wound infections, 17 pneumonia, 11 urinary tract infections, and seven sepsis or bacteremia. The overall infection rate for the study cohort was 28 of 110 (25%). No significant associations were identified among age, comorbidities, transfusions, tobacco use, open fracture, sex, body mass index, Injury Severity Score, and the presence of any infection. Ninety nine patients had an HGI less than 3.0 and 21 (21%) of these had a perioperative infection. Eleven patients had an HGI 3.0 or greater and seven (64%) of these had a perioperative infection. This difference was significant (P = 0.0056). CONCLUSIONS Mean perioperative glucose levels greater than 220 mg/dL (HGI greater than 3.0) were associated with a seven times higher risk of infection in orthopaedic trauma patients with no known history of diabetes mellitus. Further prospective studies are needed to study the effects of stress-induced hyperglycemia and to determine whether this physiological response is protective or detrimental to the postoperative trauma patient.
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Hyperglycemia management in the urgent surgical patient. JAAPA 2010; 23:27-8, 30. [PMID: 20845651 DOI: 10.1097/01720610-201009000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Brattström O, Granath F, Rossi P, Oldner A. Early predictors of morbidity and mortality in trauma patients treated in the intensive care unit. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54:1007-17. [PMID: 20626360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the incidence and severity of post-injury morbidity and mortality in intensive care unit (ICU)-treated trauma patients. We also identified risk factors in the early phase after injury that predicted the later development of complications. METHODS A prospective observational cohort study design was used. One hundred and sixty-four adult patients admitted to the ICU for more than 24 h were included during a 21-month period. The incidence and severity of morbidity such as multiple organ failure (MOF), acute lung injury (ALI), severe sepsis and 30-day post-injury mortality were calculated and risk factors were analyzed with uni- and multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The median age was 40 years, the injury severity score was 24, the new injury severity score was 29, the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score was 15, sequential organ failure assessment maximum was 7 and ICU length of stay was 3.1 days. The incidences of post-injury MOF were 40.2%, ALI 25.6%, severe sepsis 31.1% and 30-day mortality 10.4%. The independent risk factors differed to some extent between the outcome parameters. Age, severity of injury, significant head injury and massive transfusion were independent risk factors for several outcome parameters. Positive blood alcohol was only a predictor of MOF, whereas prolonged rescue time only predicted death. Unexpectedly, injury severity was not an independent risk factor for mortality. CONCLUSIONS Although the incidence of morbidity was considerable, mortality was relatively low. Early post-injury risk factors that predicted later development of complications differed between morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Brattström
- Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Dynamic characteristics of blood glucose time series during the course of critical illness: effects of intensive insulin therapy and relative association with mortality. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1021-9. [PMID: 20124887 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181cf710e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of intensive insulin therapy on blood glucose amplitude variation and pattern irregularity in critically ill patients. To assess the association of these blood glucose signal characteristics with hospital mortality, independent of blood glucose level. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of the databases of two previously published randomized controlled trials. SETTING University hospital, 56-bed adult surgical intensive care unit and 17-bed medical intensive care unit. PATIENTS One thousand five-hundred forty-eight surgical intensive care unit patients, admitted between February 2000 and January 2001, and 1200 medical intensive care unit patients, admitted between March 2002 and May 2005. INTERVENTIONS In the two randomized controlled trials, patients were randomized to receive either intensive insulin therapy (targeting normoglycemia, between 4.4 and 6.1 mmol/L) or conventional insulin therapy (infusing insulin when blood glucose levels were >12 mmol/L and stopping at 10 mmol/L). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Intensive insulin therapy significantly lowered mean blood glucose (5.8 vs. 8.4 mmol/L), hyperglycemic index (0.8 vs. 3.2 mmol/L), and glycemic penalty index (26 vs. 53), but it increased the mean daily difference between minimum and maximum blood glucose (mean daily delta blood glucose; 4.0 vs. 3.3 mmol/L). There was no significant effect on the standard deviation of the blood glucose measurements or on jack-knifed approximate entropy. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, corrected for baseline risk factors, blood glucose levels outside the normoglycemic range, higher mean daily delta blood glucose, higher standard deviation blood glucose, and higher jack-knifed approximate entropy were independently associated with hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS The Leuven intensive insulin therapy strategy increased mean daily delta blood glucose while not affecting standard deviation blood glucose and jack-knifed approximate entropy. Increased blood glucose amplitude variation and pattern irregularity were associated with mortality, irrespective of blood glucose level. The reduced mortality observed with intensive insulin therapy in the Leuven trials cannot be attributed to an effect on blood glucose amplitude variation or entropy. Reducing amplitude variation and entropy of the blood glucose signal, irrespective of blood glucose concentration, may produce clinical benefits.
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Falciglia M, Freyberg RW, Almenoff PL, D'Alessio DA, Render ML. Hyperglycemia-related mortality in critically ill patients varies with admission diagnosis. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:3001-9. [PMID: 19661802 PMCID: PMC2905804 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181b083f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hyperglycemia during critical illness is common and is associated with increased mortality. Intensive insulin therapy has improved outcomes in some, but not all, intervention trials. It is unclear whether the benefits of treatment differ among specific patient populations. The purpose of the study was to determine the association between hyperglycemia and risk- adjusted mortality in critically ill patients and in separate groups stratified by admission diagnosis. A secondary purpose was to determine whether mortality risk from hyperglycemia varies with intensive care unit type, length of stay, or diagnosed diabetes. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING One hundred seventy-three U.S. medical, surgical, and cardiac intensive care units. PATIENTS Two hundred fifty-nine thousand and forty admissions from October 2002 to September 2005; unadjusted mortality rate, 11.2%. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A two-level logistic regression model determined the relationship between glycemia and mortality. Age, diagnosis, comorbidities, and laboratory variables were used to calculate a predicted mortality rate, which was then analyzed with mean glucose to determine the association of hyperglycemia with hospital mortality. Hyperglycemia was associated with increased mortality independent of illness severity. Compared with normoglycemic individuals (70-110 mg/dL), adjusted odds of mortality (odds ratio, [95% confidence interval]) for mean glucose 111-145, 146-199, 200-300, and >300 mg/dL was 1.31 (1.26-1.36), 1.82 (1.74-1.90), 2.13 (2.03-2.25), and 2.85 (2.58-3.14), respectively. Furthermore, the adjusted odds of mortality related to hyperglycemia varied with admission diagnosis, demonstrating a clear association in some patients (acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, unstable angina, pulmonary embolism) and little or no association in others. Hyperglycemia was associated with increased mortality independent of intensive care unit type, length of stay, and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS The association between hyperglycemia and mortality implicates hyperglycemia as a potentially harmful and correctable abnormality in critically ill patients. The finding that hyperglycemia-related risk varied with admission diagnosis suggests differences in the interaction between specific medical conditions and injury from hyperglycemia. The design and interpretation of future trials should consider the primary disease states of patients and the balance of medical conditions in the intensive care unit studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Falciglia
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Inpatient Evaluation Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Divisions of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Ron W. Freyberg
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Inpatient Evaluation Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Peter L. Almenoff
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Inpatient Evaluation Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - David A. D'Alessio
- Divisions of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Marta L. Render
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Inpatient Evaluation Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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Niemann CU, Walia A, Waldman J, Davio M, Roberts JP, Hirose R, Feiner J. Acute kidney injury during liver transplantation as determined by neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Liver Transpl 2009; 15:1852-60. [PMID: 19938135 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) has significant prognostic implications for long-term outcomes in patients undergoing liver transplantation. In several retrospective studies, perioperative variables have been associated with AKI. These variables have been mainly associated with changes in creatinine concentrations over several days or months post-transplantation. To better define AKI, new markers have become available that help to identify patients at risk for renal injury within hours of a triggering insult. We prospectively enrolled liver transplant patients at our institutions to evaluate neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a marker of early renal injury, as a surrogate for AKI in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Blood was prospectively collected at predetermined time points from 59 patients at 2 institutions. The electronic anesthesia records and the hospital computer data system were reviewed for perioperative variables. Data collection included patient demographics, intraoperative variables such as fluid management, transfusion requirements, hemodynamics, and urine output. Subsequently, patients were grouped according to the presence of risk for developing AKI as defined by the RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage kidney disease) criteria. The difference between the NGAL concentration 2 hours after reperfusion and the baseline NGAL concentration was predictive of AKI in all patients, including patients with preexisting renal dysfunction. In patients with creatinine concentrations less than 1.5 mg/dL, a single NGAL determination 2 hours after reperfusion of the liver was associated with the development of AKI. Total occlusion of the inferior vena cava was associated with AKI. In conclusion, NGAL concentrations obtained during surgery were highly associated with postoperative AKI in patients undergoing liver transplantation. These findings will allow the design of larger interventional studies. Our findings regarding the impact of surgical techniques and glucose require validation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus U Niemann
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0648, USA.
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Hoekstra M, Vogelzang M, Verbitskiy E, Nijsten MWN. Health technology assessment review: Computerized glucose regulation in the intensive care unit--how to create artificial control. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2009; 13:223. [PMID: 19849827 PMCID: PMC2784347 DOI: 10.1186/cc8023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current care guidelines recommend glucose control (GC) in critically ill patients. To achieve GC, many ICUs have implemented a (nurse-based) protocol on paper. However, such protocols are often complex, time-consuming, and can cause iatrogenic hypoglycemia. Computerized glucose regulation protocols may improve patient safety, efficiency, and nurse compliance. Such computerized clinical decision support systems (Cuss) use more complex logic to provide an insulin infusion rate based on previous blood glucose levels and other parameters. A computerized CDSS for glucose control has the potential to reduce overall workload, reduce the chance of human cognitive failure, and improve glucose control. Several computer-assisted glucose regulation programs have been published recently. In order of increasing complexity, the three main types of algorithms used are computerized flowcharts, Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), and Model Predictive Control (MPC). PID is essentially a closed-loop feedback system, whereas MPC models the behavior of glucose and insulin in ICU patients. Although the best approach has not yet been determined, it should be noted that PID controllers are generally thought to be more robust than MPC systems. The computerized Cuss that are most likely to emerge are those that are fully a part of the routine workflow, use patient-specific characteristics and apply variable sampling intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoekstra
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Kanji S, Jones E, Goddard R, Meggison HE, Neilipovitz D. Efficiency and safety of a standardized protocol for intravenous insulin therapy in ICU patients with neurovascular or head injury. Neurocrit Care 2009; 12:43-9. [PMID: 19777385 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-009-9275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the safety and efficiency of a protocol for glycemic control in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with neurovascular or head injury. METHODS Two cohorts of 50 consecutive patients admitted to the ICU with an admission diagnosis of neurovascular or head injury before and after protocol implementation were evaluated. All patients in the interventional cohort received insulin using a standardized intravenous insulin infusion protocol targeting blood glucose levels of 7-9 mmol/l. Efficiency (time to reach and time within target range), safety (hypoglycemia), and nursing compliance (protocol violations) were evaluated. RESULTS The median time to reach the target blood glucose range was shorter in the interventional cohort than the conventional cohort (5.0 h [0.5-20.5 h] vs. 12.9 h [1.3-90.3 h]; P < 0.001). More time was spent within target range in the interventional cohort than in the conventional cohort (36.4 +/- 16.3% vs. 27.1 +/- 19.0%; P < 0.001). The median prevalence of mild (<4.9 mmol/l) hypoglycemia (0 [0-1.11]% vs. 0.58 [0-2.79]%; P < 0.001) and moderate (<3.9) hypoglycemia (0[0-0.55]% vs. 0 [1-1.25]%; p < 0.001) was significantly lower in the interventional cohort. CONCLUSIONS The intravenous insulin infusion protocol improved the safety and efficiency of glycemic control for ICU patients with neurovascular or head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salmaan Kanji
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
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Lazzeri C, Tarquini R, Giunta F, Gensini GF. Glucose dysmetabolism and prognosis in critical illness. Intern Emerg Med 2009; 4:147-56. [PMID: 19030949 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-008-0206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute hyperglycemia frequently present in stress conditions, has long been generally accepted as normal, and not thought to be a cause for concern since a moderate hyperglycemia in critically ill adult patients has been thought to be beneficial during the "fight or flight" response to ensure a supply of glucose as a source of energy to organs that do not require insulin for glucose uptake (i.e., the brain and the immune system). However, an increasing body of evidence associates the upon-admission degree and duration of hyperglycemia during critical illness with an adverse outcome. Hyperglycemia should be regarded as a part of the systemic and complex metabolic derangements observed in critical illness in response to stress and inflammation, which can lead, independent of initial disease, to multiorgan dysfunction and death. A tight glycemic control should be constantly pursued and achieved by insulin infusion bearing in mind that the therapeutic target is fighting the systemic inflammatory response and not merely the glucose plasma levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lazzeri
- Intensive Cardiac Care Unit, Heart and Vessel Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, Florence, Italy.
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Morbid obesity is not a risk factor for mortality in critically ill trauma patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:226-31. [PMID: 19131831 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31815eb776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age, Injury severity score (ISS), hyperglycemia (HGL) at admission, and morbid obesity are known risk factors of poor outcome in trauma patients. Our aim was to which risk factors had the highest risk of death in the critically ill trauma patient. METHODS A Trauma Registry of the American College of Surgeons database retrospective study was performed at our Level I trauma center from January 2000 to October 2004. Inclusion criteria were age >15 years and >or=3 days hospital stay. Data collected included age, gender, and ISS. Groups were divided into nonobese and morbidly obese (MO) (body mass index, BMI >or=40 kg/m2) and into HGL (mean >or=150 mg/dL on initial hospital day) and non-HGL. Primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Differences in mortality and demographic variables between groups were compared using Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon's rank sum tests. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship of HGL, morbid obesity, age, and injury severity to risk of death. Relationships were assessed using odds ratios (OR) and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS A total of 1,334 patients met study criteria and 70.5% were male. Demographic means were age 40.3, ISS 25.7, length of stay 13.4, and BMI 27.5. The most common mechanism of injury was motor vehicle collision 55.1%. Overall mortality was 4.7%. Mortality was higher in HGL versus non-HGL (8.7% vs. 3.5%; p < 0.001). Mortality was higher in MO versus nonobese, but not significantly (7.8 vs. 4.6%; not significant [NS] p = 0.222). Univariate logistic regression relationships of death to age OR: 1.031, p < 0.001, AUC +/- SE: 0.639 +/- 0.042; ISS OR: 1.044, p < 0.001, AUC +/- SE: 0.649 +/- 0.039; HGL OR: 2.765, p < 0.001; MO: OR: NS, p = NS, AUC +/- SE: NS. Relationships were similar in a combined multivariate model. CONCLUSION HGL >150 mg/dL on the day of admission is associated with twofold increase in mortality, and an outcome measure should be followed. Morbid obesity (BMI >or=40) is not an independent risk factor for mortality in the critically ill trauma patient.
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