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Omotehara T, Nakata H, Nagahori K, Kuramasu M, Ichimura K, Itoh M. A Single Administration of Progesterone during the Neonatal Period Shows No Structural Changes in Male Reproductive Tracts in Mice. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2023; 56:127-136. [PMID: 38318101 PMCID: PMC10838630 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.23-00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The concentration of female-dominant steroid hormones, such as progesterone and estrogen, drops after birth in neonates. We have reported that neonatal estrogen treatment results in inflammation in the epididymis after puberty in male mice. Our recent study discovered that progesterone receptor was specifically expressed in efferent ducts just before birth in male mice. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the impact of neonatal progesterone administration on the efferent ducts after puberty. Progesterone was subcutaneously administered to neonatal mice on their birthday in three groups: high-dose (200 mg/kg), low-dose (8 mg/kg), and control (cottonseed oil). Their testis and epididymis were collected at 12 weeks old. Semi-serial paraffin sections of these tissues were prepared and evaluated through PAS-hematoxylin staining. Efferent ducts were reconstructed into a three-dimensional structure, and their length and volume were analyzed. Spermatogenesis in the testis and epithelium of the tracts appeared normal, even in individuals administered with progesterone. There were no significant differences in the length and volume of the efferent ducts among the three groups. This study suggests that progesterone treatment in neonatal mice does not cause any structural changes in the male reproductive tracts at puberty, unlike the neonatal estrogen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Omotehara
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakata
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kenta Nagahori
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Basic Medical Science, Department of Anatomy, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kuramasu
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ichimura
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Itoh
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Montes P, Ortíz-Islas E, Rodríguez-Pérez CE, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Silva-Adaya D, Pichardo-Rojas P, Campos-Peña V. Neuroprotective-Neurorestorative Effects Induced by Progesterone on Global Cerebral Ischemia: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2697. [PMID: 38140038 PMCID: PMC10747486 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) is a neuroactive hormone having pleiotropic effects, supporting its pharmacological potential to treat global (cardiac-arrest-related) cerebral ischemia, a condition associated with an elevated risk of dementia. This review examines the current biochemical, morphological, and functional evidence showing the neuroprotective/neurorestorative effects of P4 against global cerebral ischemia (GCI). Experimental findings show that P4 may counteract pathophysiological mechanisms and/or regulate endogenous mechanisms of plasticity induced by GCI. According to this, P4 treatment consistently improves the performance of cognitive functions, such as learning and memory, impaired by GCI. This functional recovery is related to the significant morphological preservation of brain structures vulnerable to ischemia when the hormone is administered before and/or after a moderate ischemic episode; and with long-term adaptive plastic restoration processes of altered brain morphology when treatment is given after an episode of severe ischemia. The insights presented here may be a guide for future basic research, including the study of P4 administration schemes that focus on promoting its post-ischemia neurorestorative effect. Furthermore, considering that functional recovery is a desired endpoint of pharmacological strategies in the clinic, they could support the study of P4 treatment for decreasing dementia in patients who have suffered an episode of GCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Montes
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunoendocrinología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Emma Ortíz-Islas
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (E.O.-I.); (C.E.R.-P.)
| | - Citlali Ekaterina Rodríguez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (E.O.-I.); (C.E.R.-P.)
| | - Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Daniela Silva-Adaya
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Pavel Pichardo-Rojas
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Victoria Campos-Peña
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
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3
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Dzirkale Z, Pilipenko V, Pijet B, Klimaviciusa L, Upite J, Protokowicz K, Kaczmarek L, Jansone B. Long-term behavioural alterations in mice following transient cerebral ischemia. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114589. [PMID: 37481076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Acute and chronic post-stroke changes have variable effects on the functional outcomes of the disease. Therefore, it is imperative to identify what daily activities are altered after stroke and to what extent, keeping in mind that ischemic stroke patients often have long-term post-stroke complications. Translational studies in stroke have also been challenging due to inconsistent study design of animal experiments. The objective of this study was to clarify whether and to what extent mouse behaviour was altered during a 6 months period after cerebral stroke. Experimental stroke was induced in mice by intraluminal filament insertion into the middle cerebral artery (fMCAo). Neurological deficits, recovery rate, motor performance, and circadian activity were evaluated following ischemia. We observed severe neurological deficits, motor impairments, and delay in the recovery rate of mice during the first 14 days after fMCAo. Aberrant circadian activity and distorted space map were seen in fMCAo mice starting one month after ischemia, similarly to altered new and familiar cage activity and sucrose preference using the IntelliCage, and was still evident 60- and 180- days following stroke in the voluntary running wheel using the PhenoMaster system. A preference towards ipsilateral side turns was observed in fMCAo mice both acutely and chronically after the stroke induction. Overall, our study shows the importance of determining time-dependent differences in the long-term post-stroke recovery (over 180 days after fMCAo) using multiple behavioural assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Dzirkale
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Street, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Vladimirs Pilipenko
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Street, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Barbara Pijet
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY - Centre of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Linda Klimaviciusa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Street, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jolanta Upite
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Street, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Karolina Protokowicz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY - Centre of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY - Centre of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Baiba Jansone
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Street, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia.
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4
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Zhu H, Zhang Y, Zhu Y. MiR-342-5p protects neurons from cerebral ischemia induced-apoptosis through regulation of Akt/NF-κB pathways by targeting CCAR2. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:106901. [PMID: 36434857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ischemic stroke causes high morbidity, mortality and health burden in the world. MiR-342-5p was associated with Alzheimer's disease and cardio-protection. Herein, we aimed to reveal effects of miR-342-5p on cerebral ischemia injury as well as novel targets for stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS AgomiR-342-5p was intracerebroventricularly injected into the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse models to evaluate functions of miR-342-5p on cerebral ischemia. RT-qPCR and western blot assays were used to evaluate genes expression. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) was used as an in vitro model for ischemia. Viability and apoptosis ratio of neurons was evaluated by CCK-8, LDH release detection, and flow cytometry. The potential targets of miR-342-5p were predicted by Targetscan, and their interaction was confirmed by luciferase assay. RESULTS The intervention of miR-342-5p effectively attenuated ischemic injury in MCAO mice. MiR-342-5p overexpression could protect neurons against OGD-induced injury, as revealed by increased cell viability and BCL2 expression, and decreased LDH release, apoptosis ratio, and BAX expression in OGD-induced neurons. Mechanically, miR-342-5p could directly bound with CCAR2 to inhibit its expression. Overexpressing CARR2 aggravated the OGD-induced injury of neurons, which was partly restrained by overexpressing miR-342-5p reversed. Furthermore, miR-342-5p/CARR2 axis regulates Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro as well as in vivo cerebral ischemia models. CONCLUSIONS MiR-342-5p inhibited neuron apoptosis by regulating Akt/NF-kB signaling pathway via CCAR2 suppression. Our findings revealed the neuroprotection of miR-342-5p in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Hebi Coal Industry Group Co., Ltd., No. 84, Hongqi Street, Hebi, Henan 458000, China.
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Hebi Coal Industry Group Co., Ltd., No. 84, Hongqi Street, Hebi, Henan 458000, China.
| | - Yanling Zhu
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Hebi Coal Industry Group Co., Ltd., No. 84, Hongqi Street, Hebi, Henan 458000, China.
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5
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Kehmeier MN, Bedell BR, Cullen AE, Khurana A, D'Amico HJ, Henson GD, Walker AE. In vivo arterial stiffness, but not isolated artery endothelial function, varies with the mouse estrous cycle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H1057-H1067. [PMID: 36240435 PMCID: PMC9678414 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00369.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing appreciation for sex as a biological variable and the inclusion of female mice in research, it is important to understand the influence of the estrous cycle on physiological function. Sex hormones are known to modulate vascular function, but the effects of the mouse estrous cycle phase on arterial stiffness, endothelial function, and arterial estrogen receptor expression remain unknown. In 23 female C57BL/6 mice (6 mo of age), we determined the estrous cycle stage via vaginal cytology and plasma hormone concentrations. Aortic stiffness, assessed by pulse wave velocity, was lower during the estrus phase compared with diestrus. In ex vivo assessment of isolated pressurized mesenteric and posterior cerebral arteries, the responses to acetylcholine, insulin, and sodium nitroprusside, as well as nitric oxide-mediated dilation, were not different between estrous cycle phases. In the aorta, expression of phosphorylated estrogen receptor-α was higher for mice in estrus compared with mice in proestrus. In the cerebral arteries, gene expression for estrogen receptor-β (Esr2) was lowest for mice in estrus compared with diestrus and proestrus. These results demonstrate that the estrus phase is associated with lower in vivo large artery stiffness in mice. In contrast, ex vivo resistance artery endothelial function is not different between estrous cycle phases. Estrogen receptor expression is modulated by the estrus cycle in an artery-dependent manner. These results suggest that the estrous cycle phase should be considered when measuring in vivo arterial stiffness in young female mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To design rigorous vascular research studies using young female rodents, the influence of the estrous cycle on vascular function must be known. We found that in vivo aortic stiffness was lower during estrus compared with the diestrus phase in female mice. In contrast, ex vivo mesenteric and cerebral artery endothelial function did not differ between estrous cycle stages. These results suggest that the estrous cycle stage should be accounted for when measuring in vivo arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley R Bedell
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Abigail E Cullen
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Aleena Khurana
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Holly J D'Amico
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Grant D Henson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Ashley E Walker
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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Wang J, Ware K, Bedolla A, Allgire E, Turcato FC, Weed M, Sah R, Luo Y. Disruption of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Accelerates Age-Related Neurogenesis Decline and Abolishes Stroke-Induced Neurogenesis and Leads to Increased Anxiety Behavior in Stroke Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:830-844. [PMID: 35146631 PMCID: PMC10114538 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-00994-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling has a critical role in mediating developmental neurogenesis and has been implicated in adult subventricular (SVZ) neurogenesis. However, the precise role of Smoothened (SMO) receptor-mediated SHH signaling in adult neurogenesis during aging especially in hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) neurogenesis remains undefined. Additionally, our previous study showed that stimulation of SHH signaling post-stroke leads to increased neurogenesis and improved behavioral functions after stroke. However, it is not clear whether SHH signaling in neural stem cells (NSCs) is required for stroke-induced neurogenesis and functional recovery post-stroke. In this study, using conditional knockout (cKO) of SHH signaling receptor Smo gene in NSCs, we show a decreased neurogenesis at both SVZ and SGZ in young-adult mice and an accelerated depletion of neurogenic cells in the process of aging suggesting that SHH signaling is critical in maintaining neurogenesis during aging. Behavior studies revealed that compromised neurogenesis in Smo cKO mice leads to increased anxiety/depression-like behaviors without affecting general locomotor function or spatial and fear-related learning. Importantly, we also show that NSCs with a cKO of SHH signaling abolishes stroke-induced neurogenesis in Smo cKO mice. Compared to control mice, Smo cKO mice also show delayed motor function recovery and increased anxiety level after stroke. Our data highlights the essential role of Smo function in regulating adult neurogenesis and emotional behaviors during both aging and CNS injury such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Kierra Ware
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Emily Allgire
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Flavia Correa Turcato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Maxwell Weed
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Renu Sah
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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7
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Kawadkar M, Mandloi AS, Singh N, Mukharjee R, Dhote VV. Combination therapy for cerebral ischemia: do progesterone and noscapine provide better neuroprotection than either alone in the treatment? NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:167-185. [PMID: 34988596 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke presents multifaceted pathological outcomes with overlapping mechanisms of cerebral injury. High mortality and disability with stroke warrant a novel multi-targeted therapeutic approach. The neuroprotection with progesterone (PG) and noscapine (NOS) on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury was demonstrated individually, but the outcome of combination treatment to alleviate cerebral damage is still unexplored. Randomly divided groups of rats (n = 6) were Sham-operated, I-R, PG (8 mg/kg), NOS (10 mg/kg), and PG + NOS (8 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg). The rats were exposed to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, except Sham-operated, to investigate the therapeutic outcome of PG and NOS alone and in combination on I-R injury. Besides the alterations in cognitive and motor abilities, we estimated infarct area, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and histology after treatment. Pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Tmax, half-life, and AUC0-t were estimated in biological samples to substantiate the therapeutic outcomes of the combination treatment. We report PG and NOS prevent loss of motor ability and improve spatial memory after cerebral I-R injury. Combination treatment significantly reduced inflammation and restricted infarction; it attenuated oxidative stress and BBB damage and improved grip strength. Histopathological analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in leukocyte infiltration with the most profound effect in the combination group. Simultaneous analysis of PG and NOS in plasma revealed enhanced peak drug concentration, improved AUC, and prolonged half-life; the drug levels in the brain have increased significantly for both. We conclude that PG and NOS have beneficial effects against brain damage and the co-administration further reinforced neuroprotection in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Kawadkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Vidya Vihar, Neelbud, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India
| | - Avinash S Mandloi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Vidya Vihar, Neelbud, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Vidya Vihar, Neelbud, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India
| | - Rajesh Mukharjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Vidya Vihar, Neelbud, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India
| | - Vipin V Dhote
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Vidya Vihar, Neelbud, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India.
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8
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Yawoot N, Sengking J, Wicha P, Govitrapong P, Tocharus C, Tocharus J. Melatonin attenuates reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury mediated by GSK-3β and RIP1K. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1818-1832. [PMID: 34825376 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Even though astrocytes have been widely reported to support several brain functions, studies have emerged that they exert deleterious effects on the brain after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of melatonin on the processes of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, as well as axonal regeneration after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham-operated, I/R, I/R treated with melatonin, and I/R treated with edaravone. All drugs were administered via intraperitoneal injection at the onset of reperfusion and were continued until the rats were sacrificed on Day 7 or 14 after the surgery. Melatonin presented long-term benefits on cerebral damage after I/R injury, as demonstrated by a decreased infarct volume, histopathological changes, and reduced neuronal cell death. We also found that melatonin attenuated reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation and, consequently, enhanced axonal regeneration and promoted neurobehavioral recovery. Furthermore, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein 1 kinase (RIP1K), which had previously been revealed as proteins involved in astrocyte responses, were significantly reduced after melatonin administration. Taken together, melatonin effectively counteracted the deleterious effects due to astrocyte responses and improved axonal regeneration to promote functional recovery during the chronic phase of cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting GSK-3β and RIP1K activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttapong Yawoot
- Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jirakhamon Sengking
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Piyawadee Wicha
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Functional Food Research Center for Well-being, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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9
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Fréchou M, Zhu X, Kumar N, Sitruk-Ware R, Schumacher M, Mattern C, Guennoun R. Sex differences in the cerebroprotection by Nestorone intranasal delivery following stroke in mice. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108760. [PMID: 34437904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that intranasal delivery of progesterone offers a good bioavailability and neuroprotective efficacy after experimental stroke. We have also demonstrated that progesterone receptors (PR) are essential for cerebroprotection by endogenous progesterone and by progesterone treatment. The identification of PR as a potential drug target for stroke therapy opens new therapeutic indications for selective synthetic progestins. Nestorone® (16-methylene-17α-acetoxy-19-nor-pregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione, also known as segesterone acetate) is a 19-norprogesterone derivative that more potently targets PR than progesterone. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cerebroprotective efficiency of intranasal administration of Nestorone after middle cerebral occlusion (MCAO) in mice. We show here that intranasal administration is a very efficient route to achieve a preferential delivery of Nestorone to the brain and confers a slow elimination and a sustained bioavailability. Furthermore, intranasal administration of Nestorone (at 0.08 mg/kg) improved the functional outcomes and decreased the ischemic lesion in male but not in female mice at 48 h post MCAO. Use of PRNesCre mice, selectively lacking expression of PR in neural cells, and their control PRloxP/loxP littermates showed that the cerebroprotective effects of Nestorone in male mice depended on neural PR as they were not observed in PRNesCre mice. Our findings show that intranasal delivery of Nestorone may be an efficient strategy to promote recovery after stroke in males and confirm the key role of PR in cerebroprotection. Furthermore, they point to sex differences in the response to Nestorone treatment and emphasize the necessity to include males and females in experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Fréchou
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80 Rue Du Général Leclerc, 94276, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80 Rue Du Général Leclerc, 94276, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Narender Kumar
- Population Council, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.
| | | | - Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80 Rue Du Général Leclerc, 94276, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Claudia Mattern
- M et P Pharma AG, Schynweg 7, P.O.Box 11, 6376, Emmetten, Switzerland.
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80 Rue Du Général Leclerc, 94276, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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10
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Bottenfield KR, Bowley BGE, Pessina MA, Medalla M, Rosene DL, Moore TL. Sex differences in recovery of motor function in a rhesus monkey model of cortical injury. Biol Sex Differ 2021; 12:54. [PMID: 34627376 PMCID: PMC8502310 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-021-00398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke disproportionately affects men and women, with women over 65 years experiencing increased severity of impairment and higher mortality rates than men. Human studies have explored risk factors that contribute to these differences, but additional research is needed to investigate how sex differences affect functional recovery and hence the severity of impairment. In the present study, we used our rhesus monkey model of cortical injury and fine motor impairment to compare sex differences in the rate and degree of motor recovery following this injury. METHODS Aged male and female rhesus monkeys were trained on a task of fine motor function of the hand before undergoing surgery to produce a cortical lesion limited to the hand area representation of the primary motor cortex. Post-operative testing began two weeks after the surgery and continued for 12 weeks. All trials were video recorded and latency to retrieve a reward was quantitatively measured to assess the trajectory of post-operative response latency and grasp pattern compared to pre-operative levels. RESULTS Postmortem analysis showed no differences in lesion volume between male and female monkeys. However, female monkeys returned to their pre-operative latency and grasp patterns significantly faster than males. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the need for additional studies to further investigate the role of estrogens and other sex hormones that may differentially affect recovery outcomes in the primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Bottenfield
- Dept. of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Bethany G E Bowley
- Dept. of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Monica A Pessina
- Dept. of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Dept. of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Dept. of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Tara L Moore
- Dept. of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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11
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Sitruk-Ware R, Bonsack B, Brinton R, Schumacher M, Kumar N, Lee JY, Castelli V, Corey S, Coats A, Sadanandan N, Gonzales-Portillo B, Heyck M, Shear A, Blaise C, Zhang H, Sheyner M, García-Sánchez J, Navarro L, El-Etr M, De Nicola AF, Borlongan CV. Progress in progestin-based therapies for neurological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 122:38-65. [PMID: 33359391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hormone therapy, primarily progesterone and progestins, for central nervous system (CNS) disorders represents an emerging field of regenerative medicine. Following a failed clinical trial of progesterone for traumatic brain injury treatment, attention has shifted to the progestin Nestorone for its ability to potently and selectively transactivate progesterone receptors at relatively low doses, resulting in robust neurogenetic, remyelinating, and anti-inflammatory effects. That CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal cord injury (SCI), and stroke, develop via demyelinating, cell death, and/or inflammatory pathological pathways advances Nestorone as an auspicious candidate for these disorders. Here, we assess the scientific and clinical progress over decades of research into progesterone, progestins, and Nestorone as neuroprotective agents in MS, ALS, SCI, and stroke. We also offer recommendations for optimizing timing, dosage, and route of the drug regimen, and identifying candidate patient populations, in advancing Nestorone to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke Bonsack
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jea-Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sydney Corey
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alexandreya Coats
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nadia Sadanandan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Bella Gonzales-Portillo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matt Heyck
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alex Shear
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cozene Blaise
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Henry Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael Sheyner
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Julián García-Sánchez
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lisset Navarro
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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12
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Sato K, Tobo A, Mogi C, Tobo M, Yamane N, Tosaka M, Tomura H, Im DS, Okajima F. The protective role of proton-sensing TDAG8 in the brain injury in a mouse ischemia reperfusion model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17193. [PMID: 33057165 PMCID: PMC7566628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular acidification in the brain has been observed in ischemia; however, the physiological and pathophysiological implications of the pH reduction remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the roles of proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors, including T-cell death-associated gene 8 (TDAG8), ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1), and G protein-coupled receptor 4 (GPR4) in a mouse ischemia reperfusion model. Cerebral infarction and dysfunctional behavior with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and subsequent reperfusion were exacerbated by the deficiency of TDAG8, whereas no significant effect was observed with the deficiency of OGR1 or GPR4. We confirmed that the pH of the predicted infarction region was 6.5. TDAG8 mRNA was observed in Iba1-positive microglia in the mouse brain. The tMCAO increased the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere and evoked morphological changes in microglia in an evolving cerebral injury. These tMCAO-induced actions were significantly enhanced by the TDAG8 deficiency. Administration of minocycline, which is known to inhibit microglial activation, improved the cerebral infarction and dysfunctional behavior induced by tMCAO in the TDAG8-deficient mouse. Thus, acidic pH/TDAG8 protects against cerebral infarction caused by tMCAO, at least due to the mechanism involving the inhibition of microglial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan.
| | - Ayaka Tobo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mogi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tobo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yamane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tosaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tomura
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Fumikazu Okajima
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, Aomori, 030-0943, Japan
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13
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Vahidinia Z, Karimian M, Joghataei MT. Neurosteroids and their receptors in ischemic stroke: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Rodents are the most widely used experimental animals in stroke research due to their similar vascular anatomy, high reproductive rates, and availability of transgenic models. However, the difficulties in assessing higher brain functions, such as cognition and memory, in rodents decrease the translational potential of these studies. In this review, we summarize commonly used motor/sensorimotor and cognition tests in rodent models of stroke. Specifically, we first briefly introduce the objective and procedure of each behavioral test. Next, we summarize the application of each test in both ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Last, the advantages and disadvantages of these tests in assessing stroke outcome are discussed. This review summarizes commonly used behavioral tests in stroke studies and compares their applications in different stroke types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, USA
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15
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Kokras N, Dioli C, Paravatou R, Sotiropoulos MG, Delis F, Antoniou K, Calogeropoulou T, Charalampopoulos I, Gravanis A, Dalla C. Psychoactive properties of BNN27, a novel neurosteroid derivate, in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2435-2449. [PMID: 32506234 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Νeurosteroids, like dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), play an important role in neurodegeneration and neural protection, but they are metabolized in androgens, estrogens, or other active metabolites. A newly developed synthetic DHEA analog, BNN27 ((20R)-3β,21-dihydroxy-17R,20-epoxy-5-pregnene), exerts neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions without estrogenic or androgenic effects. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate potential anxiolytic or antidepressant properties of BNN27. METHODS Male and female adult Wistar rats were treated with BNN27 (10, 30, or 90 mg/kg, i.p.) and subjected to behavioral tests measuring locomotion, exploration, and "depressive-like" behavior (open field, light/dark box, hole-board, and forced swim tests). The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were collected for glutamate and GABA measurements, and trunk blood was collected for gonadal hormone analysis. RESULTS Acute high-dose BNN27 reduced locomotion and exploratory behavior in both sexes. Intermediate acute doses (30 mg/kg) of BNN27 reduced exploration and testosterone levels only in males, and enhanced progesterone levels in both sexes. Notably, with the present design, BNN27 had neither anxiolytic nor antidepressant effects and did not affect estrogen levels. Interestingly, acute administration of a low BNN27 dose (10 mg/kg) increased glutamate turnover, GABA, and glutamine levels in the hippocampus. The same dose also enhanced glutamate levels in the prefrontal cortex of males only. Sex differences were apparent in the basal levels of behavioral, hormonal, and neurochemical parameters, as expected. CONCLUSIONS BNN27 affects locomotion, progesterone, and testosterone levels, as well as the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in a sex-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kokras
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.,First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Dioli
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Rafaella Paravatou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Marinos G Sotiropoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.,Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Hale ΒΤΜ 9002AA, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Foteini Delis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katerina Antoniou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Theodora Calogeropoulou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christina Dalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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16
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Trotman-Lucas M, Wong R, Allan SM, Gibson CL. Improved reperfusion following alternative surgical approach for experimental stroke in mice. F1000Res 2020; 9:188. [PMID: 32477496 PMCID: PMC7217225 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22594.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 03/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Following ischemic stroke, recanalisation and restoration of blood flow to the affected area of the brain is critical and directly correlates with patient recovery. In vivo models of ischemic stroke show high variability in outcomes, which may be due to variability in reperfusion. We previously reported that a surgical refinement in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of stroke, via repair of the common carotid artery (CCA), removes the reliance on the Circle of Willis for reperfusion and reduced infarct variability. Here we further assess this refined surgical approach on reperfusion characteristics following transient MCAO in mice. Methods: Mice underwent 60 min of MCAO, followed by either CCA repair or ligation at reperfusion. All mice underwent laser speckle contrast imaging at baseline, 24 h and 48 h post-MCAO. Results: CCA ligation reduced cerebral perfusion in the ipsilateral hemisphere compared to baseline (102.3 ± 4.57%) at 24 h (85.13 ± 16.09%; P < 0.01) and 48 h (75.04 ± 12.954%; P < 0.001) post-MCAO. Repair of the CCA returned perfusion to baseline (94.152 ± 2.44%) levels and perfusion was significantly improved compared to CCA ligation at both 24 h (102.83 ± 8.41%; P < 0.05) and 48 h (102.13 ± 9.34%; P < 0.001) post-MCAO. Conclusions: Our findings show CCA repair, an alternative surgical approach for MCAO, results in improved ischemic hemisphere perfusion during the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond Wong
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart M. Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Claire L. Gibson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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17
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Trotman-Lucas M, Wong R, Allan SM, Gibson CL. Improved reperfusion following alternative surgical approach for experimental stroke in mice. F1000Res 2020; 9:188. [PMID: 32477496 PMCID: PMC7217225 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22594.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 03/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Following ischemic stroke, recanalisation and restoration of blood flow to the affected area of the brain is critical and directly correlates with patient recovery. In vivo models of ischemic stroke show high variability in outcomes, which may be due to variability in reperfusion. We previously reported that a surgical refinement in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of stroke, via repair of the common carotid artery (CCA), removes the reliance on the Circle of Willis for reperfusion and reduced infarct variability. Here we further assess this refined surgical approach on reperfusion characteristics following transient MCAO in mice. Methods: Mice underwent 60 min of MCAO, followed by either CCA repair or ligation at reperfusion. All mice underwent laser speckle contrast imaging at baseline, 24 h and 48 h post-MCAO. Results: CCA ligation reduced cerebral perfusion in the ipsilateral hemisphere compared to baseline (102.3 ± 4.57%) at 24 h (85.13 ± 16.09%; P < 0.01) and 48 h (75.04 ± 12.954%; P < 0.001) post-MCAO. Repair of the CCA returned perfusion to baseline (94.152 ± 2.44%) levels and perfusion was significantly improved compared to CCA ligation at both 24 h (102.83 ± 8.41%; P < 0.05) and 48 h (102.13 ± 9.34%; P < 0.001) post-MCAO. Conclusions: Our findings show CCA repair, an alternative surgical approach for MCAO, results in improved ischemic hemisphere perfusion during the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond Wong
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart M. Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Claire L. Gibson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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18
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Trotman-Lucas M, Wong R, Allan SM, Gibson CL. Improved reperfusion following alternative surgical approach for experimental stroke in mice. F1000Res 2020; 9:188. [PMID: 32477496 PMCID: PMC7217225 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22594.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Following ischemic stroke, recanalisation and restoration of blood flow to the affected area of the brain is critical and directly correlates with patient recovery. In vivo models of ischemic stroke show high variability in outcomes, which may be due to variability in reperfusion. We previously reported that a surgical refinement in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of stroke, via repair of the common carotid artery (CCA), removes the reliance on the Circle of Willis for reperfusion and reduced infarct variability. Here we further assess this refined surgical approach on reperfusion characteristics following transient MCAO in mice. Methods: Mice underwent 60 min of MCAO, followed by either CCA repair or ligation at reperfusion. All mice underwent laser speckle contrast imaging at baseline, 24 h and 48 h post-MCAO. Results: CCA ligation reduced cerebral perfusion in the ipsilateral hemisphere compared to baseline (102.3 ± 4.57%) at 24 h (85.13 ± 16.09%; P < 0.01) and 48 h (75.04 ± 12.954%; P < 0.001) post-MCAO. Repair of the CCA returned perfusion to baseline (94.152 ± 2.44%) levels and perfusion was significantly improved compared to CCA ligation at both 24 h (102.83 ± 8.41%; P < 0.05) and 48 h (102.13 ± 9.34%; P < 0.001) post-MCAO. Conclusions: Our findings show CCA repair, an alternative surgical approach for MCAO, results in improved ischemic hemisphere perfusion during the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond Wong
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart M. Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Claire L. Gibson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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19
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Fréchou M, Zhu X, Liere P, Pianos A, Schumacher M, Mattern C, Guennoun R. Dose-dependent and long-term cerebroprotective effects of intranasal delivery of progesterone after ischemic stroke in male mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108038. [PMID: 32151648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal administration is emerging as a very promising route to deliver therapeutics to the brain. We have recently shown that the intranasal delivery of progesterone at 8 mg/kg is neuroprotective after stroke in male mice. To explore the translational potential of intranasal progesterone treatment, we performed a dose-response study and analyzed outcomes at 48 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The effects on functional outcomes at long-term were examined by using the optimal dose. In the first experiment, male C57BL/6JRj mice were treated with progesterone at 8, 16 or 24 mg/kg, or with placebo at 1, 6 and 24 h post-MCAO. Our results show that the dose of 8 mg/kg was optimal in counteracting the early histopathological impairments as well as in improving functional recovery. Steroid profiling in plasma showed that the dose of 8 mg/kg is the one that leads to sustained high levels of progesterone and its neuroactive metabolites. In the second experiment, the dose of 8 mg/kg was used and analyzes were performed at 2, 7 and 21 days post-MCAO. Progesterone increased survival, glycemia and body weight. Furthermore, progesterone decreased neurological deficits and improved performances of mice on the rotarod and pole as early as 2 days and up to 21 days post-MCAO. These findings show that intranasal administration of progesterone has a significant translational potential as a cerebroprotective treatment after stroke that can be effective to reduce mortality, to limit tissue and cell damage at the acute phase; and to confer a long-term functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Fréchou
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Philippe Liere
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Antoine Pianos
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Claudia Mattern
- M et P Pharma AG, Schynweg 7, P.O.Box 138, 6376, Emmetten, Switzerland.
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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20
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Progesterone Protects Prefrontal Cortex in Rat Model of Permanent Bilateral Common Carotid Occlusion via Progesterone Receptors and Akt/Erk/eNOS. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:829-843. [PMID: 31865501 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustained activation of pro-apoptotic signaling due to a sudden and prolonged disturbance of cerebral blood circulation governs the neurodegenerative processes in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats whose common carotid arteries are permanently occluded. The adequate neuroprotective therapy should minimize the activation of toxicity pathways and increase the activity of endogenous protective mechanisms. Several neuroprotectants have been proposed, including progesterone (P4). However, the underlying mechanism of its action in PFC following permanent bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries is not completely investigated. We, thus herein, tested the impact of post-ischemic P4 treatment (1.7 mg/kg for seven consecutive days) on previously reported aberrant neuronal morphology and amount of DNA fragmentation, as well as the expression of progesterone receptors along with the key elements of Akt/Erk/eNOS signal transduction pathway (Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome C, caspase 3, PARP, and the level of nitric oxide). The obtained results indicate that potential amelioration of histological changes in PFC might be associated with the absence of activation of Bax/caspase 3 signaling cascade and the decline of DNA fragmentation. The study also provides the evidence that P4 treatment in repeated regiment of administration might be effective in neuronal protection against ischemic insult due to re-establishment of the compromised action of Akt/Erk/eNOS-mediated signaling pathway and the upregulation of progesterone receptors.
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21
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Zhao Y, Wei ZZ, Lee JH, Gu X, Sun J, Dix TA, Wei L, Yu SP. Pharmacological hypothermia induced neurovascular protection after severe stroke of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Exp Neurol 2019; 325:113133. [PMID: 31770520 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia is a potential protective strategy after stroke. The present study evaluated the neurovascular protective potential of pharmacological hypothermia induced by the neurotensin receptor 1 agonist HPI-201 after severe ischemic stroke. Adult C57BL/6 mice were subjected to filament insertion-induced occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (60 min MCAO). HPI-201 was i.p. injected 120 min after the onset of MCAO to initiate and maintain the body temperature at 32-33°C for 6 hrs. The infarct volume, cell death, integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and neurovascular unit (NVU), inflammation, and functional outcomes were evaluated. The hypothermic treatment significantly suppressed the infarct volume and neuronal cell death, accompanied with reduced caspase-3 activation and BAX expression while Bcl-2 increased in the peri-infarct region. The cellular integrity of the BBB and NVU was significantly improved and brain edema was attenuated in HPI-201-treated mice compared to stroke controls. The hypothermic treatment decreased the expression of inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), MMP-9, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), the M1 microglia markers IL-12 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while increased the M2 marker arginase-1 (Arg-1). Stroke mice received the hypothermic treatment showed lower neurological severity score (NSS), performed significantly better in functional tests, the mortality rate in the hypothermic group was noticeably lower compared with stroke controls. Taken together, HPI-201 induced pharmacological hypothermia is protective for different neurovascular cells after a severely injured brain, mediated by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Jin Hwan Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jinmei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Thomas A Dix
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Shan P Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
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22
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Tuazon JP, Sitruk-Ware R, Borlongan CV. Reprint of: Beyond contraception and hormone replacement therapy: Advancing Nestorone to a neuroprotective drug in the clinic. Brain Res 2019; 1719:285-287. [PMID: 31213288 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurological diseases such as ischemic stroke can be debilitating and have limited treatments available. The progestin Nestorone® (segesterone acetate) has been evaluated for use in birth control and hormone replacement therapy due to its potency and high affinity for the progesterone receptor. Interestingly, Nestorone also exerts neuroprotection in animals afflicted with various central nervous system diseases, including stroke, which implicates its potential for treating these maladies in clinical settings. In fact, a recent Brain Research paper by Tanaka and colleagues demonstrates Nestorone's ability to reduce infarct sizes and preclude functional impairments in rats subjected to ischemic stroke. This commentary highlights Nestorone's properties as a progestin, its neuroprotective capabilities in animal studies, and how the Tanaka team's findings and previous clinical trials contribute to Nestorone's translation into a therapeutic agent for stroke and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian P Tuazon
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Regine Sitruk-Ware
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Tanaka M, Ogaeri T, Samsonov M, Sokabe M. Nestorone exerts long-term neuroprotective effects against transient focal cerebral ischemia in adult male rats. Brain Res 2019; 1719:288-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Montes P, Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Rojas-Castañeda JC, Monfil T, Cervantes M, Moralí G. Progesterone treatment in rats after severe global cerebral ischemia promotes hippocampal dentate gyrus neurogenesis and functional recovery. Neurol Res 2019; 41:429-436. [PMID: 30762490 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1576356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rats treated with progesterone (P4) after ischemia show an adequate functional performance despite a significant loss of hippocampal pyramidal neurons, suggesting that P4 could favour a permissive microenvironment for cerebral plasticity mechanisms. The possibility of P4 treatment promoting the survival of newly generated hippocampal neurons, in relation to the performance of ischemic rats in a spatial learning task, was assessed in this study. METHODS Adult male rats were subjected to a severe global cerebral ischemia episode (30 min) and treated with P4 or its vehicle at 15 min, 2, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h of reperfusion. From day 4 to 8 post-ischemia 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered to label proliferating cells. Twenty-one days post-ischemia, the rats were exposed to the Morris water maze to assess behavioral parameters of spatial learning and memory. Subsequently, the brain was perfusion-fixed and immunofluorescence procedures were performed to quantify the number of new mature neurons (BrdU+/NeuN+) in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. RESULTS Rats subjected to severe global cerebral ischemia and treated with P4 had a significantly better performance in spatial learning-memory tests, than those treated with vehicle, and a significantly higher number of new mature neurons (BrdU+/NeuN+) in the DG. CONCLUSION These findings show that post-ischemia P4 treatment, following an episode of severe global cerebral ischemia, promotes the survival of newly generated hippocampal neurons in the DG, which may be one of the mechanisms of cerebral plasticity induced by the hormone, that underlie a successful functional performance in learning and memory tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Montes
- a Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología , CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS , México , México
| | | | | | - Tomas Monfil
- a Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología , CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS , México , México
| | - Miguel Cervantes
- c Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas "Dr. Ignacio Chávez" , UMSNH , Morelia , México
| | - Gabriela Moralí
- a Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología , CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS , México , México
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25
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Tuazon JP, Sitruk-Ware R, Borlongan CV. Beyond contraception and hormone replacement therapy: Advancing Nestorone to a neuroprotective drug in the clinic. Brain Res 2019; 1704:161-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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26
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Zhu X, Fréchou M, Schumacher M, Guennoun R. Cerebroprotection by progesterone following ischemic stroke: Multiple effects and role of the neural progesterone receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:90-102. [PMID: 30031789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with progesterone limits brain damage after stroke. However, the cellular bases of the cerebroprotective effects of progesterone are not well documented. The aims of this study were to determine neural cells and functions that are affected by progesterone treatment and the role of neural progesterone receptors (PR) after stroke. Adult male PRNesCre mice, selectively lacking PR in the central nervous system, and their control PRloxP/loxP littermates were subjected to transient ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 30 min. Mice received either progesterone (8 mg/kg) or vehicle at 1-, 6- and 24- hrs post-MCAO and outcomes were analyzed at 48 h post-MCAO. In PRloxP/loxP mice, progesterone exerted multiple effects on different neural cell types, improved motor functional outcomes and reduced total infarct volumes. In the peri-infarct, progesterone increased the density of neurons (NeuN+ cells), of cells of the oligodendroglial lineage (Olig2+ cells) and of oligodendrocyte progenitors (OP, NG2+ cells). Progesterone decreased the density of activated astrocytes (GFAP+ cells) and reactive microglia (Iba1+ cells) coexpressing the mannose receptor type 1 CD206 marker. Progesterone also reduced the expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4), the water channel involved in both edema formation and resorption. The beneficial effects of progesterone were not observed in PRNesCre mice. Our findings show that progesterone treatment exerts beneficial effects on neurons, oligodendroglial cells and neuroinflammatory responses via PR. These findings demonstrate that progesterone is a pleiotropic cerebroprotective agent and that neural PR represent a therapeutic target for stroke cerebroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Magalie Fréchou
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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27
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Robison LS, Gannon OJ, Salinero AE, Zuloaga KL. Contributions of sex to cerebrovascular function and pathology. Brain Res 2018; 1710:43-60. [PMID: 30580011 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences exist in how cerebral blood vessels function under both physiological and pathological conditions, contributing to observed sex differences in risk and outcomes of cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs), such as vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) and stroke. Throughout most of the lifespan, women are protected from CBVDs; however, risk increases following menopause, suggesting sex hormones may play a significant role in this protection. The cerebrovasculature is a target for sex hormones, including estrogens, progestins, and androgens, where they can influence numerous vascular functions and pathologies. While there is a plethora of information on estrogen, the effects of progestins and androgens on the cerebrovasculature are less well-defined. Estrogen decreases cerebral tone and increases cerebral blood flow, while androgens increase tone. Both estrogens and androgens enhance angiogenesis/cerebrovascular remodeling. While both estrogens and androgens attenuate cerebrovascular inflammation, pro-inflammatory effects of androgens under physiological conditions have also been demonstrated. Sex hormones exert additional neuroprotective effects by attenuating oxidative stress and maintaining integrity and function of the blood brain barrier. Most animal studies utilize young, healthy, gonadectomized animals, which do not mimic the clinical conditions of aging individuals likely to get CBVDs. This is also concerning, as sex hormones appear to mediate cerebrovascular function differently based on age and disease state (e.g. metabolic syndrome). Through this review, we hope to inspire others to consider sex as a key biological variable in cerebrovascular research, as greater understanding of sex differences in cerebrovascular function will assist in developing personalized approaches to prevent and treat CBVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Robison
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Olivia J Gannon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Abigail E Salinero
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Kristen L Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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28
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Shi L, Rocha M, Leak RK, Zhao J, Bhatia TN, Mu H, Wei Z, Yu F, Weiner SL, Ma F, Jovin TG, Chen J. A new era for stroke therapy: Integrating neurovascular protection with optimal reperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:2073-2091. [PMID: 30191760 PMCID: PMC6282224 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18798162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in stroke reperfusion therapies have led to remarkable improvement in clinical outcomes, but many patients remain severely disabled, due in part to the lack of effective neuroprotective strategies. In this review, we show that 95% of published preclinical studies on "neuroprotectants" (1990-2018) reported positive outcomes in animal models of ischemic stroke, while none translated to successful Phase III trials. There are many complex reasons for this failure in translational research, including that the majority of clinical trials did not test early delivery of neuroprotectants in combination with successful reperfusion. In contrast to the clinical trials, >80% of recent preclinical studies examined the neuroprotectant in animal models of transient ischemia with complete reperfusion. Furthermore, only a small fraction of preclinical studies included long-term functional assessments, aged animals of both genders, and models with stroke comorbidities. Recent clinical trials demonstrate that 70%-80% of patients treated with endovascular thrombectomy achieve successful reperfusion. These successes revive the opportunity to retest previously failed approaches, including cocktail drugs that target multiple injury phases and different cell types. It is our hope that neurovascular protectants can be retested in future stroke research studies with specific criteria outlined in this review to increase translational successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligen Shi
- 1 Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,2 Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Marcelo Rocha
- 3 Department of Neurology, UPMC Stroke Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- 4 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jingyan Zhao
- 1 Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tarun N Bhatia
- 4 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hongfeng Mu
- 1 Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhishuo Wei
- 1 Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- 1 Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Susan L Weiner
- 4 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Feifei Ma
- 1 Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tudor G Jovin
- 3 Department of Neurology, UPMC Stroke Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- 1 Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,5 Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Guennoun R, Zhu X, Fréchou M, Gaignard P, Slama A, Liere P, Schumacher M. Steroids in Stroke with Special Reference to Progesterone. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:551-568. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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El Amki M, Binder N, Steffen R, Schneider H, Luft AR, Weller M, Imthurn B, Merki-Feld GS, Wegener S. Contraceptive drugs mitigate experimental stroke-induced brain injury. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 115:637-646. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAimsEffective stroke treatments beyond reperfusion remain scant. The natural steroid hormone progesterone has shown protective effects in experimental models of brain injury and cardiovascular disease. However, unfavourable bioavailability limits its clinical use. Desogestrel and drospirenone are new generation progestins with progesterone-like properties, developed as oral contraceptives with excellent bioavailability and safety profile. We investigated the neuroprotective properties of these progestins in vivo using transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and in vitro using an oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in primary neuronal cells.Methods and resultsMCAO was induced in female, female ovariectomized (modelling postmenopausal females) and male mice. Treatment with the progestins resulted in less severe strokes after MCAO and less neuronal death in OGD/R. Desogestrel and drospirenone induced higher expression levels of GABAAR α4 and delta subunits within the brain, suggesting changes in GABAAR configuration favouring tonic inhibition as potential mechanism of action. Treatment with the GABAAR blocker picrotoxin abolished the protection afforded by the progestins in vivo and in vitro.ConclusionFor the first time, here, we delineate a potential role of desogestrel and drospirenone, both clinically approved and safe drugs in mitigating the consequences of stroke. Contraception with desogestrel and drospirenone in progestin-only preparations may be particularly beneficial for women at risk of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Amki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Binder
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Steffen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Schneider
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas R Luft
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Imthurn
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Susanne Wegener
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Abstract
Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is essential for the regulation of reproductive function. Progesterone has been approved for several indications including the treatment of anovulatory menstrual cycles, assisted reproductive technology, contraception during lactation and, when combined with estrogen, for the prevention of endometrial hyperplasia in postmenopausal hormonal therapy. In addition to its role in reproduction, progesterone regulates a number of biologically distinct processes in other tissues, particularly in the nervous system. This physiological hormone is poorly absorbed when administered in a crystalline form and is not active when given orally, unless in micronized form, or from different non-oral delivery systems that allow a more constant delivery rate. A limited number of preclinical studies have been conducted to document the toxicity, carcinogenicity and overall animal safety of progesterone delivered from different formulations, and these rather old studies showed no safety concern. More recently, it has been shown in animal experiments that progesterone, its metabolite allopregnanolone and structurally related progestins have positive effects on neuroregeneration and repair of brain damage, as well as myelin repair. These recent preclinical findings have the potential to accelerate therapeutic translation for multiple unmet neurological needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sitruk-Ware
- a Center for Biomedical Research , Population Council , New York , NY , USA
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32
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Zhu X, Fréchou M, Liere P, Zhang S, Pianos A, Fernandez N, Denier C, Mattern C, Schumacher M, Guennoun R. A Role of Endogenous Progesterone in Stroke Cerebroprotection Revealed by the Neural-Specific Deletion of Its Intracellular Receptors. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10998-11020. [PMID: 28986464 PMCID: PMC6596486 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3874-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with progesterone protects the male and female brain against damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). However, in both sexes, the brain contains significant amounts of endogenous progesterone. It is not known whether endogenously produced progesterone enhances the resistance of the brain to ischemic insult. Here, we used steroid profiling by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for exploring adaptive and sex-specific changes in brain levels of progesterone and its metabolites after MCAO. We show that, in the male mouse brain, progesterone is mainly metabolized via 5α-reduction leading to 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP), also a progesterone receptor (PR) agonist ligand in neural cells, then to 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone (3α,5α-THP). In the female mouse brain, levels of 5α-DHP and 3α,5α-THP are lower and levels of 20α-DHP are higher than in males. After MCAO, levels of progesterone and 5α-DHP are upregulated rapidly to pregnancy-like levels in the male but not in the female brain. To assess whether endogenous progesterone and 5α-DHP contribute to the resistance of neural cells to ischemic damage, we inactivated PR selectively in the CNS. Deletion of PR in the brain reduced its resistance to MCAO, resulting in increased infarct volumes and neurological deficits in both sexes. Importantly, endogenous PR ligands continue to protect the brain of aging mice. These results uncover the unexpected importance of endogenous progesterone and its metabolites in cerebroprotection. They also reveal that the female reproductive hormone progesterone is an endogenous cerebroprotective neurosteroid in both sexes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain responds to injury with protective signaling and has a remarkable capacity to protect itself. We show here that, in response to ischemic stroke, levels of progesterone and its neuroactive metabolite 5α-dihydroprogesterone are upregulated rapidly in the male mouse brain but not in the female brain. An important role of endogenous progesterone in cerebroprotection was demonstrated by the conditional inactivation of its receptor in neural cells. These results show the importance of endogenous progesterone, its metabolites, and neural progesterone receptors in acute cerebroprotection after stroke. This new concept could be exploited therapeutically by taking into account the progesterone status of patients and by supplementing and reinforcing endogenous progesterone signaling for attaining its full cerebroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Magalie Fréchou
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Philippe Liere
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Antoine Pianos
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Neïké Fernandez
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christian Denier
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bicêtre Hospital, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France, and
| | | | - Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,
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Espinosa-Garcia C, Sayeed I, Yousuf S, Atif F, Sergeeva EG, Neigh GN, Stein DG. Stress primes microglial polarization after global ischemia: Therapeutic potential of progesterone. Brain Behav Immun 2017. [PMID: 28648389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that stress is associated with increased risk of stroke and worsened outcome, most preclinical studies have ignored this comorbid factor, especially in the context of testing neuroprotective treatments. Preclinical research suggests that stress primes microglia, resulting in an enhanced reactivity to a subsequent insult and potentially increasing vulnerability to stroke. Ischemia-induced activated microglia can be polarized into a harmful phenotype, M1, which produces pro-inflammatory cytokines, or a protective phenotype, M2, which releases anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors. Selective modulation of microglial polarization by inhibiting M1 or stimulating M2 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating cerebral ischemia. Our laboratory and others have shown progesterone to be neuroprotective against ischemic stroke in rodents, but it is not known whether it will be as effective under a comorbid condition of chronic stress. Here we evaluated the neuroprotective effect of progesterone on the inflammatory response in the hippocampus after exposure to stress followed by global ischemia. We focused on the effects of microglial M1/M2 polarization and pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in stressed ischemic animals. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 8 consecutive days of social defeat stress and then subjected to global ischemia or sham surgery. The rats received intraperitoneal injections of progesterone (8mg/kg) or vehicle at 2h post-ischemia followed by subcutaneous injections at 6h and once every 24h post-injury for 7days. The animals were killed at 7 and 14days post-ischemia, and brains were removed and processed to assess outcome measures using histological, immunohistochemical and molecular biology techniques. Pre-ischemic stress (1) exacerbated neuronal loss and neurodegeneration as well as microglial activation in the selectively vulnerable CA1 hippocampal region, (2) dysregulated microglial polarization, leading to upregulation of both M1 and M2 phenotype markers, (3) increased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and (4) reduced anti-inflammatory cytokine and neurotrophic factor expression in the ischemic hippocampus. Treatment with progesterone significantly attenuated stress-induced microglia priming by modulating polarized microglia and the inflammatory environment in the hippocampus, the area most vulnerable to ischemic injury. Our findings can be taken to suggest that progesterone holds potential as a candidate for clinical testing in ischemic stroke where high stress may be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iqbal Sayeed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Seema Yousuf
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Fahim Atif
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Elena G Sergeeva
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Wiesmann M, Timmer NM, Zinnhardt B, Reinhard D, Eligehausen S, Königs A, Ben Jeddi H, Dederen PJ, Jacobs AH, Kiliaan AJ. Effect of a multinutrient intervention after ischemic stroke in female C57Bl/6 mice. J Neurochem 2017; 144:549-564. [PMID: 28888042 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stroke can affect females very differently from males, and therefore preclinical research on underlying mechanisms and the effects of interventions should not be restricted to male subjects, and treatment strategies for stroke should be tailored to benefit both sexes. Previously, we demonstrated that a multinutrient intervention (Fortasyn) improved impairments after ischemic stroke induction in male C57Bl/6 mice, but the therapeutic potential of this dietary treatment remained to be investigated in females. We now induced a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) in C57Bl/6 female mice and immediately after surgery switched to either Fortasyn or an isocaloric Control diet. The stroke females performed several behavioral and motor tasks before and after tMCAo and were scanned in an 11.7 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner to assess brain perfusion, integrity, and functional connectivity. To assess brain plasticity, inflammation, and vascular integrity, immunohistochemistry was performed after killing of the mice. We found that the multinutrient intervention had diverse effects on the stroke-induced impairments in females. Similar to previous observations in male stroke mice, brain integrity, sensorimotor integration and neurogenesis benefitted from Fortasyn, but impairments in activity and motor skills were not improved in female stroke mice. Overall, Fortasyn effects in the female stroke mice seem more modest in comparison to previously investigated male stroke mice. We suggest that with further optimization of treatment protocols more information on the efficacy of specific interventions in stroked females can be gathered. This in turn will help with the development of (gender-specific) treatment regimens for cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke. This article is part of the Special Issue "Vascular Dementia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wiesmann
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Centre PRIME, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke M Timmer
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Centre PRIME, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastian Zinnhardt
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhard
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sarah Eligehausen
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anja Königs
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Centre PRIME, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hasnae Ben Jeddi
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Centre PRIME, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Dederen
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Centre PRIME, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Geriatrics, Johanniter Hospital, Evangelische Kliniken, Bonn, Germany
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Centre PRIME, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Wali B, Stein DG, Sayeed I. Intralipid Vehicle Does Not Interfere with the Efficacy of Progesterone in Attenuating Edema following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2183-2186. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Wali
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Donald G. Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Iqbal Sayeed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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36
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Trotman-Lucas M, Kelly ME, Janus J, Fern R, Gibson CL. An alternative surgical approach reduces variability following filament induction of experimental stroke in mice. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:931-938. [PMID: 28550100 PMCID: PMC5536906 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models are essential for understanding the pathology of stroke and investigating potential treatments. However, in vivo stroke models are associated, particularly in mice, with high variability in lesion volume. We investigated whether a surgical refinement where reperfusion is not reliant on the Circle of Willis reduced outcome variability. Mice underwent 60 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion avoiding ligation of the external carotid artery. During reperfusion, the common carotid artery was either ligated (standard approach), or it was repaired to allow re-establishment of blood flow through the common carotid artery. All mice underwent MRI scanning for assessment of infarct volume, apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy, along with terminal assessment of infarct volume by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Repairing the common carotid artery following middle cerebral artery occlusion enhanced reperfusion (P<0.01) and reduced the variability seen in both total (histological analysis, P=0.008; T2-weighted MRI, P=0.015) and core (diffusion tensor MRI, P=0.043) lesion volume. Avoiding external carotid artery ligation may improve animal wellbeing, through reduced weight loss, while using an alternative surgical approach that enabled reperfusion through the common carotid artery decreased the variability in lesion volume seen within groups. Summary: An alternative surgical approach following middle cerebral artery occlusion, which allows reperfusion through the common carotid artery, decreases the variability in lesion volume seen within groups and reduces the number of animals required to detect a treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Trotman-Lucas
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Justyna Janus
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Robert Fern
- Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Claire L Gibson
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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Zhang B, Xu X, Chu X, Yu X, Zhao Y. Protective effects of angiopoietin-like 4 on the blood-brain barrier in acute ischemic stroke treated with thrombolysis in mice. Neurosci Lett 2017; 645:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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38
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Arbo BD, Benetti F, Ribeiro MF. Astrocytes as a target for neuroprotection: Modulation by progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:27-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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39
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Pu H, Jiang X, Hu X, Xia J, Hong D, Zhang W, Gao Y, Chen J, Shi Y. Delayed Docosahexaenoic Acid Treatment Combined with Dietary Supplementation of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Promotes Long-Term Neurovascular Restoration After Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:521-534. [PMID: 27566736 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0498-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) has been shown to remarkably ameliorate ischemic brain injury. However, the therapeutic efficacy of n-3 PUFA administration post-stroke, especially its impact on neurovascular remodeling and long-term neurological recovery, has not been fully characterized thus far. In this study, we investigated the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation, as well as in combination with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) injections, on long-term stroke outcomes. Mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) before randomly assigned to four groups to receive the following: (1) low dose of n-3 PUFAs as the vehicle control, (2) intraperitoneal DHA injections, (3) n-3 PUFA dietary supplement, or (4) combined treatment of (2) and (3). Neurological deficits and brain atrophy, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and glial scar formation were assessed up to 28 days after MCAO. Results revealed that groups 2 and 3 showed only marginal reduction in post-stroke tissue loss and attenuation of cognitive deficits. Interestingly, group 4 exhibited significantly reduced tissue atrophy and improved cognitive functions compared to groups 2 and 3 with just a single treatment. Mechanistically, the combined treatment promoted post-stroke neurogenesis and angiogenesis, as well as reduced glial scar formation, all of which significantly correlated with the improved spatial memory in the Morris water maze. These results demonstrate an effective therapeutic regimen to enhance neurovascular restoration and long-term cognitive recovery in the mouse model of MCAO. Combined post-stroke DHA treatment and n-3 PUFA dietary supplementation thus may be a potential clinically translatable therapy for stroke or related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Pu
- Geriatric Research, Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Geriatric Research, Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jinchao Xia
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Dandan Hong
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Geriatric Research, Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Yejie Shi
- Geriatric Research, Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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40
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Wali B, Sayeed I, Guthrie DB, Natchus MG, Turan N, Liotta DC, Stein DG. Evaluating the neurotherapeutic potential of a water-soluble progesterone analog after traumatic brain injury in rats. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:148-158. [PMID: 27267687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The poor aqueous solubility of progesterone (PROG) limits its potential use as a therapeutic agent. We designed and tested EIDD-1723, a novel water-soluble analog of PROG with >100-fold higher solubility than that of native PROG, as candidate for development as a field-ready treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI). The pharmacokinetic effects of EIDD-1723 on morphological and functional outcomes in rats with bilateral cortical impact injury were evaluated. Following TBI, 10-mg/kg doses of EIDD-1723 or PROG were given intramuscularly (i.m.) at 1, 6 and 24 h post-injury, then daily for the next 6 days, with tapering of the last 2 treatments. Rats were tested pre-injury to establish baseline performance on grip strength and sensory neglect, and then retested at 4, 9 and 21 days post-TBI. Spatial learning was evaluated from days 11-17 post-TBI. At 22 days post-injury, rats were perfused and brains extracted and processed for lesion size. For the edema assay the animals were killed and brains removed at 24 h post-injury. EIDD-1723 significantly reduced cerebral edema and improved recovery from motor, sensory and spatial learning deficits as well as, or better than, native PROG. Pharmacokinetic investigation after a single i.m. injection in rats revealed that EIDD-1723 was rapidly converted to the active metabolite EIDD-036, demonstrating first-order elimination kinetics and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Our results suggest that EIDD-1723 represents a substantial advantage over current PROG formulations because it overcomes storage, formulation and delivery limitations of PROG and can thereby reduce the time between injury and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Wali
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Iqbal Sayeed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David B Guthrie
- Emory Institute for Drug Development/Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development/Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nefize Turan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- Emory Institute for Drug Development/Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Weber F, Endesfelder S, Bührer C, Berns M. Effects of progesterone on hyperoxia-induced damage in mouse C8-D1A astrocytes. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00435. [PMID: 27099799 PMCID: PMC4831416 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The birth of most mammals features a dramatic increase in oxygen while placenta-derived hormones such as β-estradiol and progesterone plummet. In experimental newborn animals, transiently elevated oxygen concentrations cause death of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursors. High oxygen has been associated with cerebral palsy in human preterm infants while progesterone is being used to prevent preterm delivery and investigated as a neuroprotective agent. METHODS In this study, we investigated the effects of hyperoxia (80% O2 for 24, 48, and 72 h) on cultured C8-D1A astrocytes in the presence or absence of progesterone at concentrations ranging from 10(-9) to 10(-5) mol/L. RESULTS Hyperoxia measured by methytetrazolium assay (MTT) reduced cell viability, increased release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reduced carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-assessed cell proliferation, and downregulated Cylin D2 expression. Progesterone did not affect any of these hyperoxia-mediated indicators of cell death or malfunctioning. Real-time PCR analysis showed that hyperoxia caused downregulation of the progesterone receptors PR-AB und PR-B. CONCLUSIONS Our experiments showed that there was no protective effect of progesterone on hyperoxia-inducted cell damage on mouse C8-D1A astrocytes. Down regulation of the progesterone receptors might be linked to the lack of protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Weber
- Department of Neonatology Charité University Medical Center Berlin Germany
| | | | - Christoph Bührer
- Department of Neonatology Charité University Medical Center Berlin Germany
| | - Monika Berns
- Department of Neonatology Charité University Medical Center Berlin Germany
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42
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Gibson CL, Bath PM. Feasibility of progesterone treatment for ischaemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:487-91. [PMID: 26661235 PMCID: PMC4776310 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15616782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two multi-centre phase III clinical trials examining the protective potential of progesterone following traumatic brain injury have recently failed to demonstrate any improvement in outcome. Thus, it is timely to consider how this impacts on the translational potential of progesterone treatment for ischaemic stroke. A wealth of experimental evidence supports the neuroprotective properties of progesterone, and associated metabolites, following various types of central nervous system injury. In particular, for ischaemic stroke, studies have also begun to reveal possible mechanisms of such neuroprotection. However, the results in traumatic brain injury now question whether further clinical development of progesterone for ischaemic stroke is relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Gibson
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Philip M Bath
- Stroke, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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43
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Wali B, Ishrat T, Stein DG, Sayeed I. Progesterone improves long-term functional and histological outcomes after permanent stroke in older rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 305:46-56. [PMID: 26921692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown progesterone to be beneficial in animal models of central nervous system injury, but less is known about its longer-term sustained effects on recovery of function following stroke. We evaluated progesterone's effects on a panel of behavioral tests up to 8 weeks after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Male Sprague-Dawley rats 12m.o. were subjected to pMCAO and, beginning 3h post-pMCAO, given intraperitoneal injections of progesterone (8mg/kg) or vehicle, followed by subcutaneous injections at 8h and then every 24h for 7 days, with tapering of the last 2 treatments. The rats were then tested on functional recovery at 3, 6 and 8 weeks post-stroke. We observed that progesterone-treated animals showed attenuation of infarct volume and improved functional outcomes at 8 weeks after stroke on grip strength, sensory neglect, motor coordination and spatial navigation tests. Progesterone treatments significantly improved motor deficits in the affected limb on a number of gait parameters. Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression was increased in the vehicle group and considerably lowered in the progesterone group at 8 weeks post-stroke. With repeated post-stroke testing, sensory neglect and some aspects of spatial learning performance showed spontaneous recovery, but on gait and grip-strength measres progesterone given only in the acute stage of stroke (first 7 days) showed sustained beneficial effects on all other measures of functional recovery up to 8 weeks post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Wali
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Iqbal Sayeed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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44
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Ahnstedt H, McCullough LD, Cipolla MJ. The Importance of Considering Sex Differences in Translational Stroke Research. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:261-73. [PMID: 26830778 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and differences between men and women have been documented in incidence, prevalence, and outcome. Here, we reviewed the literature on sex differences in stroke severity, mortality, functional outcome, and response to therapies after ischemic stroke. Many of the sex differences in stroke severity and mortality are explained by differences in baseline demographics such as older age in women. However, women account for more stroke deaths, consistently suffer from worse stroke outcomes, and are more often institutionalized and permanently disabled than men. These sex differences in functional outcome are equalized after treatment with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and women may benefit more from treatment than men. However, this may depend on race, as African-American women have less of a response to tPA than other groups. Regarding endovascular treatments, the few existing studies that have investigated sex differences in stroke outcome point to equal benefit in both sexes; however, many clinical trials are relatively underpowered to detect sex differences. Further, we considered sex-specific effects in animal models of stroke and present recommendations for the performance of stroke studies in female animals. The male-biased use of research animals is distinguished from the clinical situation where there is a disproportionate and growing female stroke population. Stroke in women is greatly understudied, and including both sexes is especially important in both preclinical and clinical studies that evaluate potential stroke therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Ahnstedt
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Ave., HSRF 416A, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marilyn J Cipolla
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Ave., HSRF 416A, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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45
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Jiang C, Zuo F, Wang Y, Lu H, Yang Q, Wang J. Progesterone Changes VEGF and BDNF Expression and Promotes Neurogenesis After Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2016. [PMID: 26746666 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that progesterone enhances functional recovery after ischemic stroke, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of progesterone on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurogenesis in a rodent stroke model. Rats underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and then received intraperitoneal injections of progesterone (15 mg/kg) or vehicle at 1 h followed by subcutaneous injections at 6, 24, and 48 h. We examined VEGF and BDNF expression by Western blotting and/or immunostaining and microvessel density by lectin immunostaining. Neurogenesis in the subventricular zone was determined by immunostaining of Ki67 and doublecortin, and double BrdU/Nestin immunostaining. We calculated brain water content with the wet-dry weight method on day 3 and assessed neurologic deficits with the modified neurological severity score on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Progesterone-treated rats showed a significant decrease in VEGF expression, but an increase in BDNF expression, compared with that of vehicle-treated pMCAO rats on day 3 post-occlusion. Progesterone did not alter the microvessel density, but it reduced brain water content compared with that in vehicle-treated rats on day 3 post-occlusion. Progesterone treatment increased the numbers of newly generated neurons in the subventricular zone and doublecortin-positive cells in the peri-infarct region on day 7 post-occlusion. In addition, progesterone improved neurologic function on days 7 and 14 post-occlusion. Our data suggest that the enhancement of endogenous BDNF and subsequent neurogenesis could partially underlie the neuroprotective effects of progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Fangfang Zuo
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Qingwu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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46
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Soltani Z, Khaksari M, Shahrokhi N, Mohammadi G, Mofid B, Vaziri A, Amiresmaili S. Effect of estrogen and/or progesterone administration on traumatic brain injury-caused brain edema: the changes of aquaporin-4 and interleukin-6. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 72:33-44. [PMID: 26638215 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the development of brain edema post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been indicated. The present study was designed to investigate the effect(s) of administration of progesterone (P) and/or estrogen (E) on brain water content, AQP4 expression, and IL-6 levels post-TBI. The ovariectomized rats were divided into 11 groups: sham, one vehicle, two vehicles, E1, E2, P1, P2, E1 + P1, E1 + P2, E2 + P1, and E2 + P2. The brain AQP4 expression, IL-6 levels, and water content were evaluated 24 h after TBI induced by Marmarou's method. The low (E1 and P1) and high (E2 and P2) doses of estrogen and progesterone were administered 30 min post-TBI. The results showed that brain water content and AQP4 expression decreased in the E1, E2, P1, and P2-treated groups. The administration of E1 decreased IL-6 levels. Addition of progesterone decreased the inhibitory effect of E1 and E2 on the accumulation of water in the brain. Administration of E1 + P1 and E1 + P2 decreased the inhibitory effect of E1 on the IL-6 levels and AQP4 protein expression. Our findings suggest that estrogen or progesterone by itself has more effective roles in decrease of brain edema than combination of both. Possible mechanism may be mediated by the alteration of AQP4 and IL-6 expression. However, further studies are required to verify the exact mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Soltani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Nader Shahrokhi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamabbas Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School of Afzalipour, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behshad Mofid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Bahonar Hospital of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Vaziri
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School of Afzalipour, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Doll DN, Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Lewis SE, Hu H, Kerr AE, Ren X, Simpkins JW. Lipopolysaccharide exacerbates infarct size and results in worsened post-stroke behavioral outcomes. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11:32. [PMID: 26463864 PMCID: PMC4604642 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-015-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A third of ischemic stroke cases have no traditional underlying causes such as hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, obesity, or age. Moreover, thirty to forty percent of strokes occur during or acutely after an active infection and the incidence of stroke increases during flu season. We and others have shown that the combination of a minor bacterial infection mimic, 100 μg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prior to a minor stroke—30 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)—exacerbates infarct volume in a mouse model. Thus, experimental and epidemiological data strongly suggest that infection and/or inflammation play a role in stroke occurrence and severity. However, to date, long-term outcomes of stroke during an active infection has not been studied. Methods 3–4 month old C57Bl6/J mice were treated with saline or LPS 30 min prior to a 30 min tMCAO or sham surgery. A behavioral battery was administered to assess health status/sickness behavior, neurological deficits, motor, cognitive, and affective behaviors. Results We show for the first time that exposure to a low dose of LPS prior to a mild stroke significantly worsens neurological deficits and sickness scores. Motor, cognitive, and affective behaviors were assessed post-stroke and while stroke significantly affected motor behavior on rotarod, LPS did not increase the motor deficits. We did not observe any effects of stroke or LPS on cognitive and affective behaviors. Conclusions Our observations of the association between infection, stroke, and worse sickness and neurological outcomes identify (1) a clinical need to aggressively treat infections in people with risk factors for stroke and (2) the need to understand the mechanism(s) of the association between infections and stroke. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12993-015-0077-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Doll
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
| | - Elizabeth B Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
| | - Sara E Lewis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
| | - Heng Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
| | - Ashley E Kerr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
| | - Xuefang Ren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
| | - James W Simpkins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
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48
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Fréchou M, Zhang S, Liere P, Delespierre B, Soyed N, Pianos A, Schumacher M, Mattern C, Guennoun R. Intranasal delivery of progesterone after transient ischemic stroke decreases mortality and provides neuroprotection. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:394-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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49
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Trotman M, Vermehren P, Gibson CL, Fern R. The dichotomy of memantine treatment for ischemic stroke: dose-dependent protective and detrimental effects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:230-9. [PMID: 25407270 PMCID: PMC4426739 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is a major contributor to cell death during the acute phase of ischemic stroke but aggressive pharmacological targeting of excitotoxicity has failed clinically. Here we investigated whether pretreatment with low doses of memantine, within the range currently used and well tolerated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, produce a protective effect in stroke. A coculture preparation exposed to modeled ischemia showed cell death associated with rapid glutamate rises and cytotoxic Ca(2+) influx. Cell death was significantly enhanced in the presence of high memantine concentrations. However, low memantine concentrations significantly protected neurons and glia via excitotoxic cascade interruption. Mice were systemically administered a range of memantine doses (0.02, 0.2, 2, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day) starting 24 hours before 60 minutes reversible focal cerebral ischemia and continuing for a 48-hour recovery period. Low dose (0.2 mg/kg/day) memantine treatment significantly reduced lesion volume (by 30% to 50%) and improved behavioral outcomes in stroke lesions that had been separated into either small/striatal or large/striatocortical infarcts. However, higher doses of memantine (20 mg/kg/day) significantly increased injury. These results show that clinically established low doses of memantine should be considered for patients 'at risk' of stroke, while higher doses are contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Trotman
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Philipp Vermehren
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Claire L Gibson
- School of Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Robert Fern
- Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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Guennoun R, Labombarda F, Gonzalez Deniselle MC, Liere P, De Nicola AF, Schumacher M. Progesterone and allopregnanolone in the central nervous system: response to injury and implication for neuroprotection. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 146:48-61. [PMID: 25196185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone is a well-known steroid hormone, synthesized by ovaries and placenta in females, and by adrenal glands in both males and females. Several tissues are targets of progesterone and the nervous system is a major one. Progesterone is also locally synthesized by the nervous system and qualifies, therefore, as a neurosteroid. In addition, the nervous system has the capacity to bio-convert progesterone into its active metabolite allopregnanolone. The enzymes required for progesterone and allopregnanolone synthesis are widely distributed in brain and spinal cord. Increased local biosynthesis of pregnenolone, progesterone and 5α-dihydroprogesterone may be a part of an endogenous neuroprotective mechanism in response to nervous system injuries. Progesterone and allopregnanolone neuroprotective effects have been widely recognized. Multiple receptors or associated proteins may contribute to the progesterone effects: classical nuclear receptors (PR), membrane progesterone receptor component 1 (PGRMC1), membrane progesterone receptors (mPR), and γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors after conversion to allopregnanolone. In this review, we will succinctly describe progesterone and allopregnanolone biosynthetic pathways and enzyme distribution in brain and spinal cord. Then, we will summarize our work on progesterone receptor distribution and cellular expression in brain and spinal cord; neurosteroid stimulation after nervous system injuries (spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and stroke); and on progesterone and allopregnanolone neuroprotective effects in different experimental models including stroke and spinal cord injury. We will discuss in detail the neuroprotective effects of progesterone on the nervous system via PR, and of allopregnanolone via its modulation of GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Guennoun
- UMR 788, Inserm and University Paris-Sud, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - F Labombarda
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - P Liere
- UMR 788, Inserm and University Paris-Sud, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - A F De Nicola
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Schumacher
- UMR 788, Inserm and University Paris-Sud, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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