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Suresh MV, Francis S, Aktay S, Kralovich G, Raghavendran K. Therapeutic potential of curcumin in ARDS and COVID-19. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:267-276. [PMID: 36480131 PMCID: PMC9877870 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a safe, non-toxic, readily available and naturally occurring compound, an active constituent of Curcuma longa (turmeric). Curcumin could potentially treat diseases, but faces poor physicochemical and pharmacological characteristics. To overcome these limitations, we developed a stable, water-soluble formulation of curcumin called cyclodextrin-complexed curcumin (CDC). We have previously shown that direct delivery of CDC to the lung following lipopolysaccharides exposure reduces acute lung injury (ALI) and effectively reduces lung injury, inflammation and mortality in mice following Klebsiella pneumoniae. Recently, we found that administration of CDC led to a significant reduction in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 expression in gene and protein levels following pneumonia, indicating its potential in treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this review, we consider the clinical features of ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and the role of curcumin in modulating the pathogenesis of bacterial/viral-induced ARDS and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sairah Francis
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sinan Aktay
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Georgia Kralovich
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Czyzewski AM, Jenssen H, Fjell CD, Waldbrook M, Chongsiriwatana NP, Yuen E, Hancock REW, Barron AE. In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Characterization of Peptoids as Antimicrobial Agents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0135961. [PMID: 26849681 PMCID: PMC4744035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics is a global threat that has spurred the development of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their mimetics as novel anti-infective agents. While the bioavailability of AMPs is often reduced due to protease activity, the non-natural structure of AMP mimetics renders them robust to proteolytic degradation, thus offering a distinct advantage for their clinical application. We explore the therapeutic potential of N-substituted glycines, or peptoids, as AMP mimics using a multi-faceted approach that includes in silico, in vitro, and in vivo techniques. We report a new QSAR model that we developed based on 27 diverse peptoid sequences, which accurately correlates antimicrobial peptoid structure with antimicrobial activity. We have identified a number of peptoids that have potent, broad-spectrum in vitro activity against multi-drug resistant bacterial strains. Lastly, using a murine model of invasive S. aureus infection, we demonstrate that one of the best candidate peptoids at 4 mg/kg significantly reduces with a two-log order the bacterial counts compared with saline-treated controls. Taken together, our results demonstrate the promising therapeutic potential of peptoids as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Czyzewski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States of America
| | - Håvard Jenssen
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, #232–2259 Lower Mall Research Station, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Dept. of Science, Systems & Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christopher D. Fjell
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, #232–2259 Lower Mall Research Station, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Matt Waldbrook
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, #232–2259 Lower Mall Research Station, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nathaniel P. Chongsiriwatana
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States of America
| | - Eddie Yuen
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, #232–2259 Lower Mall Research Station, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, #232–2259 Lower Mall Research Station, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- * E-mail: (AEB); (REWH)
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AEB); (REWH)
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Qin WT, Wang X, Shen WC, Sun BW. A novel role of kukoamine B: Inhibition of the inflammatory response in the livers of lipopolysaccharide-induced septic mice via its unique property of combining with lipopolysaccharide. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:725-732. [PMID: 25667619 PMCID: PMC4316986 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kukoamine B (KB), derived from the traditional Chinese herb cortex Lycii, exerts anti-inflammatory effects due to its potent affinity with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG DNA; however, little is known regarding whether the in vivo administration of KB can effectively inhibit inflammation in septic mice. The present study thus aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of KB on the inflammatory response in the livers of LPS-induced septic mice. KB treatment in the LPS-induced septic mice significantly decreased the plasma level of LPS. In addition, KB protected against liver injury, as confirmed by improved histology and decreased aminotransferase levels in the serum. Further experiments revealed that KB attenuated liver myeloperoxidase activity and reduced the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. These effects were accompanied by decreases in the levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β in the liver tissue. In parallel, the activity of nuclear factor-κ-gene binding (NF-κB) in the livers of LPS-induced septic mice was markedly inhibited with KB treatment. In combination, these results demonstrate that KB inhibits inflammation in septic mice by reducing the concentrations of plasma LPS, decreasing leukocyte sequestration and interfering with NF-κB activation, and, therefore, suppressing the pro-adhesive phenotype of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Qin
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Chang Shen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Wei Sun
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
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Microencapsulated Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 favorably modulates gut microbiota and reduces circulating endotoxins in F344 rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:602832. [PMID: 24967382 PMCID: PMC4055066 DOI: 10.1155/2014/602832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a bacterial bioreactor whose composition is an asset for human health. However, circulating gut microbiota derived endotoxins cause metabolic endotoxemia, promoting metabolic and liver diseases. This study investigates the potential of orally delivered microencapsulated Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 15697 to modulate the gut microbiota and reduce endotoxemia in F344 rats. The rats were gavaged daily with saline or microencapsulated B. infantis ATCC 15697. Following 38 days of supplementation, the treated rats showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in fecal Bifidobacteria (4.34 ± 0.46 versus 2.45 ± 0.25% of total) and B. infantis (0.28 ± 0.21 versus 0.52 ± 0.12 % of total) and a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in fecal Enterobacteriaceae (0.80 ± 0.45 versus 2.83 ± 0.63% of total) compared to the saline control. In addition, supplementation with the probiotic formulation reduced fecal (10.52 ± 0.18 versus 11.29 ± 0.16 EU/mg; P = 0.01) and serum (0.33 ± 0.015 versus 0.30 ± 0.015 EU/mL; P = 0.25) endotoxins. Thus, microencapsulated B. infantis ATCC 15697 modulates the gut microbiota and reduces colonic and serum endotoxins. Future preclinical studies should investigate the potential of the novel probiotic formulation in metabolic and liver diseases.
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Avasarala S, Zhang F, Liu G, Wang R, London SD, London L. Curcumin modulates the inflammatory response and inhibits subsequent fibrosis in a mouse model of viral-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57285. [PMID: 23437361 PMCID: PMC3577717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by diffuse alveolar damage usually secondary to an intense host inflammatory response of the lung to a pulmonary or extrapulmonary infectious or non-infectious insult often leading to the development of intra-alveolar and interstitial fibrosis. Curcumin, the principal curcumoid of the popular Indian spice turmeric, has been demonstrated as an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in a broad spectrum of diseases. Using our well-established model of reovirus 1/L-induced acute viral pneumonia, which displays many of the characteristics of the human ALI/ARDS, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of curcumin. Female CBA/J mice were treated with curcumin (50 mg/kg) 5 days prior to intranasal inoculation with 10(7)pfu reovirus 1/L and daily, thereafter. Mice were evaluated for key features associated with ALI/ARDS. Administration of curcumin significantly modulated inflammation and fibrosis, as revealed by histological and biochemical analysis. The expression of IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, and MCP-1, key chemokines/cytokines implicated in the development of ALI/ARDS, from both the inflammatory infiltrate and whole lung tissue were modulated by curcumin potentially through a reduction in the phosphorylated form of NFκB p65. While the expression of TGFß1 was not modulated by curcumin, TGFß Receptor II, which is required for TGFß signaling, was significantly reduced. In addition, curcumin also significantly inhibited the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and Tenascin-C, key markers of myofibroblast activation. This data strongly supports a role for curcumin in modulating the pathogenesis of viral-induced ALI/ARDS in a pre-clinical model potentially manifested through the alteration of inflammation and myofibroblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedevi Avasarala
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Guangliang Liu
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven D. London
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Lucille London
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Preclinical investigations reveal the broad-spectrum neutralizing activity of peptide Pep19-2.5 on bacterial pathogenicity factors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1480-7. [PMID: 23318793 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02066-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are known to cause severe health-threatening conditions, including sepsis. All attempts to get this disease under control failed in the past, and especially in times of increasing antibiotic resistance, this leads to one of the most urgent medical challenges of our times. We designed a peptide to bind with high affinity to endotoxins, one of the most potent pathogenicity factors involved in triggering sepsis. The peptide Pep19-2.5 reveals high endotoxin neutralization efficiency in vitro, and here, we demonstrate its antiseptic/anti-inflammatory effects in vivo in the mouse models of endotoxemia, bacteremia, and cecal ligation and puncture, as well as in an ex vivo model of human tissue. Furthermore, we show that Pep19-2.5 can bind and neutralize not only endotoxins but also other bacterial pathogenicity factors, such as those from the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. This broad neutralization efficiency and the additive action of the peptide with common antibiotics makes it an exceptionally appropriate drug candidate against bacterial sepsis and also offers multiple other medication opportunities.
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Christiansen D, Brekke OL, Stenvik J, Lambris JD, Espevik T, Mollnes TE. Differential effect of inhibiting MD-2 and CD14 on LPS- versus whole E. coli bacteria-induced cytokine responses in human blood. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 946:237-51. [PMID: 21948372 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0106-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a major world-wide medical problem with high morbidity and mortality. Gram-negative bacteria are among the most important pathogens of sepsis and their LPS content is regarded to be important for the systemic inflammatory reaction. The CD14/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2)/TLR4 complex plays a major role in the immune response to LPS . The aim of this study was to compare the effects of inhibiting MD-2 and CD14 on ultra-pure LPS - versus whole E. coli bacteria-induced responses. METHODS Fresh human whole blood was incubated with upLPS or whole E. coli bacteria in the presence of MD-2 or CD14 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, or their respective controls, and/or the specific complement-inhibitor compstatin. Cytokines were measured by a multiplex (n = 27) assay. NFκB activity was examined in cells transfected with CD14, MD-2 and/or Toll-like receptors. RESULTS LPS-induced cytokine response was efficiently and equally abolished by MD-2 and CD14 neutralization. In contrast, the response induced by whole E. coli bacteria was only modestly reduced by MD-2 neutralization, whereas CD14 neutralization was more efficient. Combination with compstatin enhanced the effect of MD-2 neutralization slightly. When compstatin was combined with CD14 neutralization, however, the response was virtually abolished for all cytokines, including IL-17, which was only inhibited by this combination. The MD-2-independent effect observed for CD14 could not be explained by TLR2 signaling. CONCLUSION Inhibition of CD14 is more efficient than inhibition of MD-2 on whole E. coli-induced cytokine response, suggesting CD14 to be a better target for intervention in Gram-negative sepsis, in particular when combined with complement inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Christiansen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway.
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Liu X, Zheng X, Wang N, Cao H, Lu Y, Long Y, Zhao K, Zhou H, Zheng J. Kukoamine B, a novel dual inhibitor of LPS and CpG DNA, is a potential candidate for sepsis treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1274-90. [PMID: 21108626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG DNA) are important pathogenic molecules for the induction of sepsis, and thus are drug targets for sepsis treatment. The present drugs for treating sepsis act only against either LPS or CpG DNA. Hence, they are not particularly efficient at combating sepsis as the latter two molecules usually cooperate during sepsis. In this study, a natural alkaloid compound kukoamine B (KB) is presented as a potent dual inhibitor for both LPS and CpG DNA. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The affinities of KB for LPS and CpG DNA were assessed using biosensor technology. Direct interaction of KB with LPS and CpG DNA were evaluated using neutralization assays. Selective inhibitory activities of KB on pro-inflammatory signal transduction and cytokine expression induced by LPS and CpG DNA were analysed by cellular assays. Protective effects of KB in a sepsis model in mice were elucidated by determining survival and circulatory LPS and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations. KEY RESULTS KB had high affinities for LPS and CpG DNA. It neutralized LPS and CpG DNA and prevented them from interacting with mouse macrophages. KB selectively inhibited LPS- and CpG DNA-induced signal transduction and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators without interfering with signal pathways or cell viability in macrophages. KB protected mice challenged with heat-killed Escherichia coli, and reduced the circulatory levels of LPS and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This is the first report of a novel dual inhibitor of LPS and CpG DNA. KB is worthy of further investigation as a potential candidate to treat sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Medical Research Center, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Ala-Kokko TI, Laurila J, Koskenkari J. A new endotoxin adsorber in septic shock: observational case series. Blood Purif 2011; 32:303-9. [PMID: 21893976 DOI: 10.1159/000330323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Effects of a new endotoxin adsorber on the length of noradrenaline (NA) treatment, LPS (lipopolysaccharide) levels and SOFA (sequential organ failure assessment) scores in septic shock were evaluated. METHODS Two-hour hemoperfusion with LPS adsorber was initiated in patients with septic shock and endotoxemia. Controls were matched for age, focus and severity of illness. RESULTS Adsorption treatment (n = 9) exhibited a significant decrease in EAA (endotoxin activity assay) activity (0.55 [0.44-0.68] vs. 0.25 [0.13-0.41], p = 0.019) and NA infusion rate (0.217 μg/kg/min [0.119-0.0508] vs. 0 μg/kg/min [0-0.09], p = 0.026) from pretreatment to 24 h post-treatment. The median decrease in SOFA scores from pretreatment to 24 h was 3.0 points (1.5-4.5), p = 0.002. Duration of NA infusion was significantly shorter compared to controls (39 h [31-48] vs. 54 h [43-151], p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS LPS adsorber treatment was associated with a decrease in NA dose, decrease in SOFA scores and LPS concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Ala-Kokko
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland. tak @ cc.oulu.fi
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Taverniti V, Guglielmetti S. The immunomodulatory properties of probiotic microorganisms beyond their viability (ghost probiotics: proposal of paraprobiotic concept). GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 6:261-74. [PMID: 21499799 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The probiotic approach represents a potentially effective and mild alternative strategy for the prevention and treatment of either inflammatory or allergic diseases. Several studies have shown that different bacterial strains can exert their probiotic abilities by influencing the host's immune system, thereby modulating immune responses. However, the emerging concern regarding safety problems arising from the extensive use of live microbial cells is enhancing the interest in non-viable microorganisms or microbial cell extracts, as they could eliminate shelf-life problems and reduce the risks of microbial translocation and infection. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the scientific literature concerning studies in which dead microbial cells or crude microbial cell fractions have been used as health-promoting agents. Particular attention will be given to the modulation of host immune responses. Possible mechanisms determining the effect on the immune system will also be discussed. Finally, in the light of the FAO/WHO definition of probiotics, indicating that the word 'probiotic' should be restricted to products that contain live microorganisms, and considering the scientific evidence indicating that inactivated microbes can positively affect human health, we propose the new term 'paraprobiotic' to indicate the use of inactivated microbial cells or cell fractions to confer a health benefit to the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Taverniti
- Department of Food Science and Microbiology (DiSTAM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Scheiermann P, Hoegl S, Hofstetter C, Pfeilschifter J, Zwissler B, Mühl H, Boost KA, Scheller B. Comparing hemodynamics, blood gas analyses and proinflammatory cytokines in endotoxemic and severely septic rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:719-23. [PMID: 21296198 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is often used in short-term models of inflammation. Since endotoxemia and sepsis are different entities we have recently established a short-term sepsis model in rats induced by cecal ligation and incision (CLI). This retrospective study was conducted in order to identify similarities and differences between both experimental approaches. 32 anesthetized/ventilated male rats from the following four groups were analysed (each n=8): CTRL-group (0.9% NaCl i.v.); LPS-group (5mg/kg i.v.); SHAM-group (laparotomy); CLI-group (1.5 cm blade incision). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and blood gas parameters (arterial base excess (BE) and pH) were continuously recorded. Total observation time was 300 min. Plasma samples were obtained afterwards. LPS and CLI induced significant arterial hypotension and metabolic acidosis compared to CTRL- or SHAM-group, respectively. Yet, between the LPS- and CLI-groups, there were no differences in MAP, BE and pH. LPS significantly induced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the plasma. In contrast, CLI showed a clear tendency towards increased IL-1β and IL-6 plasma levels and did not affect TNF-α. Our results indicate that the CLI sepsis model is suitable for short-term investigations on hemodynamic alterations and blood gas analyses during sepsis. 300 min after the proinflammatory insult, plasma concentrations of IL-1β and IL-6 in the plasma remain considerably lower after CLI compared to endotoxemia. Low TNF-α concentrations 300 min after sepsis induction could be interpreted as considerable immunosuppression during CLI sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Scheiermann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Hospital of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Jian Liu, Abate W, Jinsheng Xu, Corry D, Kaul B, Jackson SK. Three-dimensional spheroid cultures of A549 and HepG2 cells exhibit different lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor expression and LPS-induced cytokine response compared with monolayer cultures. Innate Immun 2010; 17:245-55. [PMID: 20418262 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910365733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent modulator of pathogen-induced host inflammatory responses. Lipopolysaccharide signaling to host cells is correlated with the expression of well-characterized LPS receptors. We have developed three-dimensional (3-D) cell cultures (spheroids) that are more representative of in vivo conditions than traditional monolayer cultures and may provide novel in vitro models to study the inflammatory response. In this work, we have compared F-actin organization, LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine response and LPS receptor expression between spheroid and monolayer cultures from A549 lung epithelial cells and HepG2 hepatocytes. Significant junctional F-actin was seen at the cell—cell contact points throughout the spheroids, while monolayer cells showed stress fibers of actin and more prominent F-actin localized at the cell base. A time course of cytokine release in response to LPS showed that A549 spheroids secreted persistently higher levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 compared with monolayer cultures. Unlike monolayer cultures, HepG2 spheroids responded to LPS by releasing a significant level of IL-8. We identified a significant increase in the expression of CD14 and MD2 in these spheroids compared with monolayers, which may explain the enhanced cytokine response to LPS. Thus, we suggest that 3-D spheroid cell cultures are more typical of in vivo cell responses to LPS during the development of inflammation and would be a better in vitro model in inflammation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, University of the West of England, Bristol UK
| | - Wondwossen Abate
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, University of the West of England, Bristol UK
| | - Jinsheng Xu
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, University of the West of England, Bristol UK
| | - David Corry
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, University of the West of England, Bristol UK
| | - Baksho Kaul
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, University of the West of England, Bristol UK
| | - Simon K. Jackson
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, University of the West of England, Bristol UK
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Wang HD, Lu DX, Qi RB. Therapeutic strategies targeting the LPS signaling and cytokines. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2009; 16:291-6. [PMID: 19321321 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been recognized as a major player in the pathogenesis of sepsis and neutralization of LPS or inhibition of its signal transduction mechanism is promising new treatment strategy in preclinical experiments. However, these therapeutic approaches have been shown unsuccessful in clinical trials. LPS activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and induces pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, the altered innate and adaptive immune responses eventually lead to the immunosuppressive state. The future therapeutic efforts in sepsis should focus on the immunosuppressive state. In this article, we will outline the current data on therapeutic strategies targeting LPS, TLR4 and single cytokine in sepsis and discuss the experimental and clinical evaluation of the immunomodulatory action of glycine and berberine. While we have demonstrated berberine in combination with yohimbine can modulate host immune responses in endotoxemia, it seems worthwhile to conduct clinical trials on the safe and efficacy of this new immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Dong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Lin SL, Chang WJ, Lin YS, Ou KL, Lin CT, Lin CP, Huang HM. Static magnetic field attenuates mortality rate of mice by increasing the production of IL-1 receptor antagonist. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:633-40. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000902993908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The identification of human Toll-like receptors has drastically changed our understanding of host-pathogen interactions. This review presents recent data on myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2), a membrane-bound and soluble receptor for Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide, and its central role in the recognition of Gram-negative bacteria, phagocytosis, and Toll-like receptor 4 signalling. RECENT FINDINGS Phagocytosis is a complex mechanism involving a variety of receptors and opsonins. The heterogeneity of phagocytic mechanisms allows the optimization of bacteria recognition, phagocytosis, and killing. Notably, Toll-like receptors were known to play a role in phagocytosis, both by modulating opsonins and phagocytosis receptors' expression and activity, and by contributing to bacterial recognition and presentation to host cells. Recent data provide additional insight into the function of Toll-like receptors and associated proteins. In addition to bacterial recognition and activation of inflammatory cascades, MD-2 has been recently shown to be an opsonin for Gram-negative bacteria and an acute-phase protein. These newly described characteristics directly link Gram-negative bacteria recognition, transduction of Toll-like receptor 4 inflammatory signalling, phagocytosis and bacterial clearance. SUMMARY Recent progress in the understanding of Gram-negative bacteria recognition by host cells as well as physiologic functionality of MD-2 suggests that MD-2 is a critical compound in host response to pathogens and plays a central role in physiologic adaptation to various insults.
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Chapman S, Iredell JR. Gram-negative sepsis in the intensive care unit: avoiding therapeutic failure. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008; 21:604-9. [PMID: 18978528 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e328319ea67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to examine some of the latest concepts in the management of sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care environment, with a focus on Gram-negative infections. RECENT FINDINGS Recent developments in adjunctive therapies for sepsis and septic shock are discussed including protocol-driven therapies, the importance of timely appropriate antimicrobials and the growing threat and implications of rising Gram-negative antimicrobial resistance. SUMMARY The balance between the most effective and the most responsible prescribing is difficult to strike, but recognition of the impact of antibiotic failure makes it even more important to consider how we husband the microflora of the ICU. New therapeutic options are somewhat limited but goal-directed protocol-driven approaches linked with sound knowledge of the microflora and our impact upon it as an ecosystem is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Chapman
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney West Area Health Service, Australia bUniversity of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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