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Riedemann J, Figaji A, Davidson A, Stannard C, Pillay K, Kilborn T, Parkes J. Sequential improvement in paediatric medulloblastoma outcomes in a low-and-middle-income country setting over three decades. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.4102/sajo.v5i0.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Belcher SM, Burton CC, Cookman CJ, Kirby M, Miranda GL, Saeed FO, Wray KE. Estrogen and soy isoflavonoids decrease sensitivity of medulloblastoma and central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor cells to chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:63. [PMID: 28877739 PMCID: PMC5585986 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies demonstrated that growth and migration of medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant brain tumor in children, are stimulated by 17β-estradiol. The growth stimulating effects of estrogens are mediated through ERβ and insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling to inhibit caspase 3 activity and reduce tumor cell apoptosis. The objective of this study was to determine whether estrogens decreased sensitivity of MB cells to cytotoxic actions of chemotherapeutic drugs. METHODS Using in vitro cell viability and clonogenic survival assays, concentration response analysis was used to determine whether the cytoprotective effects of estradiol protected human D283 Med MB cells from the cytotoxic actions of the MB chemotherapeutic drugs cisplatin, vincristine, or lomustine. Additional experiments were done to determine whether the ER antagonist fulvestrant or the selective ER modulator tamoxifen blocked the cytoprotective actions of estradiol. ER-selective agonists and antagonists were used to define receptor specificity, and the impacts of the soy-derived phytoestrogens genistein, daidzein, and s-equol on chemosensitivity were evaluated. RESULTS In D283 Med cells the presence of 10 nM estradiol increased the IC50 for cisplatin-induced inhibition of viability 2-fold from ~5 μM to >10 μM. In clonogenic survival assays estradiol decreased the chemosensitivity of D283 Med cells exposed to cisplatin, lomustine and vincristine. The ERβ selective agonist DPN and low physiological concentrations of the soy-derived phytoestrogens genistein, daidzein, and s-equol also decreased sensitivity of D283 Med cells to cisplatin. The protective effects of estradiol were blocked by the antiestrogens 4-hydroxytamoxifen, fulvestrant (ICI 182,780) and the ERβ selective antagonist PPHTP. Whereas estradiol also decreased chemosensitivity of PFSK-1 cells, estradiol increased sensitivity of Daoy cell to cisplatin, suggesting that ERβ mediated effects may vary in different MB celltypes. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that E2 and environmental estrogens decrease sensitivity of MB to cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, and that ERβ selective and non-selective inhibition of estrogen receptor activity blocks these cytoprotective actions. These findings support the therapeutic potential of antiestrogen adjuvant therapies for MB, and findings that soy phytoestrogens also decrease sensitivity of MB cells to cytotoxic chemotherapeutics suggest that decreased exposure to environmental estrogens may benefit MB patient responses to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Belcher
- Department of Biological Science and Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Summer Undergraduate Research Program University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Molecular, Cellular and Biochemical Pharmacology PhD Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Caleb C. Burton
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Summer Undergraduate Research Program University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Clifford J. Cookman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Molecular, Cellular and Biochemical Pharmacology PhD Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Michelle Kirby
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Gabriel L. Miranda
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Summer Undergraduate Research Program University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Fatima O. Saeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Molecular, Cellular and Biochemical Pharmacology Masters in Safety Pharmacology Training Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Kathleen E. Wray
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Summer Undergraduate Research Program University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
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Unravelling the Mechanism of TrkA-Induced Cell Death by Macropinocytosis in Medulloblastoma Daoy Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2596-611. [PMID: 27503856 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00255-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a normal cellular process by which cells internalize extracellular fluids and nutrients from their environment and is one strategy that Ras-transformed pancreatic cancer cells use to increase uptake of amino acids to meet the needs of rapid growth. Paradoxically, in non-Ras transformed medulloblastoma brain tumors, we have shown that expression and activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase TrkA overactivates macropinocytosis, resulting in the catastrophic disintegration of the cell membrane and in tumor cell death. The molecular basis of this uncontrolled form of macropinocytosis has not been previously understood. Here, we demonstrate that the overactivation of macropinocytosis is caused by the simultaneous activation of two TrkA-mediated pathways: (i) inhibition of RhoB via phosphorylation at Ser(185) by casein kinase 1, which relieves actin stress fibers, and (ii) FRS2-scaffolded Src and H-Ras activation of RhoA, which stimulate actin reorganization and the formation of lamellipodia. Since catastrophic macropinocytosis results in brain tumor cell death, improved understanding of the mechanisms involved will facilitate future efforts to reprogram tumors, even those resistant to apoptosis, to die.
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Geron L, Borges KS, Andrade AF, Suazo VK, Scrideli CA, Tone LG. Antitumour activity of AMG 900 alone or in combination with histone deacetylase inhibitor SaHa on medulloblastoma cell lines. Neurol Res 2015; 37:703-11. [PMID: 26000978 DOI: 10.1179/1743132815y.0000000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant childhood brain tumour. Aurora kinases are essential for cell division and are primarily active during mitosis. Recently, the combination of aurora kinases inhibitors (iAURK) and histone deacetylase inhibitors (iHDAC) has shown potential antitumour effects and had significant biological effects in preclinical cancer models. In this study, we analysed the effects of the pan-aurora kinases inhibitor AMG 900 alone or in combination with the iHDAC SaHa (Vorinostat) on paediatric MB cell lines (UW402, UW473 and ONS-76). METHODS Cell proliferation was measured by XTT assay, apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and clonogenic capacity was studied. qRT-PCR assays were used to determine the mRNA expression in MB cell lines after treatment. Drug combination analyses were made based on Chou-Talalay method. RESULTS AMG 900 caused the inhibition of cell proliferation, diminution of clonogenic capacity and increased the apoptosis rate in cell lines (P < 0.05). A synergistic effect in the AMG900-SaHa combination was evidenced on the inhibition of cell proliferation in all cell lines, especially in sequential drug treatment. Moreover, the combination of these drugs reached 100% of the inhibition in colony formation (synergistic effect). The treatment with AMG 900 increased the p21 and GDF15 expression, but did not alter the TP53 in one of the cell lines. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that AMG 900 may be a promising drug for the adjuvant treatment of MB, mainly when combined with iHDAC.
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Taschner CA, Staszewski O, Weyerbrock A, Urbach H, Egger K, Prinz M. Freiburg neuropathology case conference: tumor of the cerebellum with mild, gyriform enhancement in a 19-year-old patient. Clin Neuroradiol 2014; 24:301-6. [PMID: 25081236 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-014-0325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Taschner
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,
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Zhou Z, Yu L, Kleinerman ES. EWS-FLI-1 regulates the neuronal repressor gene REST, which controls Ewing sarcoma growth and vascular morphology. Cancer 2014; 120:579-88. [PMID: 24415532 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST), a neuronal repressor gene, regulates neuronal stem cell differentiation. Ewing sarcoma may originate from neural crest cells. In the current study, the authors investigated whether REST plays a role in the growth of this tumor. METHODS REST expression was determined by Western blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 3 human Ewing sarcoma cell lines and 7 patient tumor samples. The role of REST in tumor growth and tumor vascular morphology was determined using a Ewing sarcoma xenograft model. Immunofluorescence staining, Hypoxyprobe, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays were performed to investigate the impact of REST on pericyte marker expression, hypoxia, and apoptosis in vivo. RESULTS High levels of REST were expressed in all 3 human Ewing sarcoma cell lines and in 6 of the 7 patient tumor samples. Overexpression of EWS-FLI-1 in human mesenchymal stem cells and human neural progenitor cells was found to increase REST expression. Inhibition of EWS-FLI-1 using small interfering RNA decreased REST expression in human Ewing sarcoma cells. Inhibition of REST did not affect EWS-FLI-1, but significantly suppressed tumor growth in vivo, reduced the tumor vessel pericyte markers α- smooth muscle actin (SMA) and desmin, increased hypoxia and apoptosis in tumor tissues, and decreased the expression of delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) and Hes1. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of REST suppressed tumor growth, inhibited pericyte marker expression, and increased tumor hypoxia and apoptosis. Because tumor vessel function has been linked to tumor growth and metastases, REST may be a new therapeutic target in patients with Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Ceni C, Unsain N, Zeinieh MP, Barker PA. Neurotrophins in the regulation of cellular survival and death. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2014; 220:193-221. [PMID: 24668474 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45106-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophins play crucial roles regulating survival and apoptosis in the developing and injured nervous system. The four neurotrophins exert profound and crucial survival effects on developing peripheral neurons, and their expression and action is intimately tied to successful innervation of peripheral targets. In the central nervous system, they are dispensable for neuronal survival during development but support neuronal survival after lesion or other forms of injury. Neurotrophins also regulate apoptosis of both peripheral and central neurons, and we now recognize that there are regulatory advantages to having the same molecules regulate life and death decisions. This chapter examines the biological contexts in which these events take place and highlights the specific ligands, receptors, and signaling mechanisms that allow them to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Ceni
- Centre for Neuronal Survival, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2B4
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Genetic grouping of medulloblastomas by representative markers in pathologic diagnosis. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:265-72. [PMID: 23730405 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent analysis of the genetic features of medulloblastoma (MB) suggested classification into distinct subgroups according to gene expression profiles, including the Wingless signaling pathway-activated group (WNT group), the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway-activated group (SHH group), group 3, and group 4. To classify MB according to genetic features in practice, we analyzed 74 MBs using representative markers of each group. Based on immunohistochemistries (IHC), cytogenetic alterations, and a CTNNB1 mutation study, the patients were divided into the following three groups: cases showing nuclear β-catenin and/or CTNNB1 mutation and/or monosomy 6 were included in the WNT group (14/74, 18.9%); cases expressing GAB1 were included in the SHH group (15/74, 20.2%); cases that did not show positivity for markers of the WNT or SHH group were included in the non-WNT/SHH group (45/74, 60.6%). Immunoexpression of NPR3 seemed to lack sensitivity for classifying group 3, showing diffuse positivity in only two cases. KCNA1 was not specific to group 4 because it was expressed in all groups. Cases in the WNT group showed a slightly better survival than those in the SHH or non-WNT/SHH group, although additional cases are required for statistical significance. Isochromosome 17q (P = .002) and the large cell/anaplastic variant (P = .002) were demonstrated to be poor prognostic indicators in multivariate analysis. The representative IHC and cytogenetic data facilitated the division of MBs into the WNT and SHH groups; however, more specific markers should be added for the identification of group 3 and group 4 in practice.
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Albanese C, Rodriguez OC, VanMeter J, Fricke ST, Rood BR, Lee Y, Wang SS, Madhavan S, Gusev Y, Petricoin EF, Wang Y. Preclinical magnetic resonance imaging and systems biology in cancer research: current applications and challenges. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:312-8. [PMID: 23219428 PMCID: PMC3969503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biologically accurate mouse models of human cancer have become important tools for the study of human disease. The anatomical location of various target organs, such as brain, pancreas, and prostate, makes determination of disease status difficult. Imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging, can greatly enhance diagnosis, and longitudinal imaging of tumor progression is an important source of experimental data. Even in models where the tumors arise in areas that permit visual determination of tumorigenesis, longitudinal anatomical and functional imaging can enhance the scope of studies by facilitating the assessment of biological alterations, (such as changes in angiogenesis, metabolism, cellular invasion) as well as tissue perfusion and diffusion. One of the challenges in preclinical imaging is the development of infrastructural platforms required for integrating in vivo imaging and therapeutic response data with ex vivo pathological and molecular data using a more systems-based multiscale modeling approach. Further challenges exist in integrating these data for computational modeling to better understand the pathobiology of cancer and to better affect its cure. We review the current applications of preclinical imaging and discuss the implications of applying functional imaging to visualize cancer progression and treatment. Finally, we provide new data from an ongoing preclinical drug study demonstrating how multiscale modeling can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of cancer biology and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Albanese
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA.
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Silva RD, Marie SKN, Uno M, Matushita H, Wakamatsu A, Rosemberg S, Oba-Shinjo SM. CTNNB1, AXIN1 and APC expression analysis of different medulloblastoma variants. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:167-72. [PMID: 23525311 PMCID: PMC3584274 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(02)oa08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated four components of the Wnt signaling pathway in medulloblastomas. Medulloblastoma is the most common type of malignant pediatric brain tumor, and the Wnt signaling pathway has been shown to be activated in this type of tumor. METHODS Sixty-one medulloblastoma cases were analyzed for β-catenin gene (CTNNB1) mutations, β-catenin protein expression via immunostaining and Wnt signaling pathway-related gene expression. All data were correlated with histological subtypes and patient clinical information. RESULTS CTNNB1 sequencing analysis revealed that 11 out of 61 medulloblastomas harbored missense mutations in residues 32, 33, 34 and 37, which are located in exon 3. These mutations alter the glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation sites, which participate in β-catenin degradation. No significant differences were observed between mutation status and histological medulloblastoma type, patient age and overall or progression-free survival times. Nuclear β-catenin accumulation, which was observed in 27.9% of the cases, was not associated with the histological type, CTNNB1 mutation status or tumor cell dissemination. The relative expression levels of genes that code for proteins involved in the Wnt signaling pathway (CTNNB1, APC, AXIN1 and WNT1) were also analyzed, but no significant correlations were found. In addition, large-cell variant medulloblastomas presented lower relative CTNNB1 expression as compared to the other tumor variants. CONCLUSIONS A small subset of medulloblastomas carry CTNNB1 mutations with consequent nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. The Wnt signaling pathway plays a role in classic, desmoplastic and extensive nodularity medulloblastoma variants but not in large-cell medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli da Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a cancer of the cerebellum and the most common primary pediatric malignancy of the central nervous system. Classified as a primitive neural ectoderm tumor; it is thought to arise from granule cell precursors in the cerebellum. The standard of care consists of surgery, chemotherapy and age-dependent radiation therapy. Despite aggressive multimodality therapy; approximately 30% of MB patients remain incurable. Moreover, for long-term survivors, the treatment related sequelae are often debilitating. Side effects include cerebellar mutism, sterility, neurocognitive deficits, and a substantial risk of developing secondary cancers. In a quest for more effective and targeted therapies, scientists have begun to investigate the biological events that not only initiate but also sustain the malignant phenotype in MB. Of particular interest is, the role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor pathogenesis. This review seeks to highlight several key processes observed in cancer biology, particularly the involvement of the tumor microenvironment, with relevant examples from MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara Byrd
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Markant SL, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Personalized mice: modelling the molecular heterogeneity of medulloblastoma. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:228-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Corno D, Pala M, Cominelli M, Cipelletti B, Leto K, Croci L, Barili V, Brandalise F, Melzi R, Di Gregorio A, Sergi LS, Politi LS, Piemonti L, Bulfone A, Rossi P, Rossi F, Consalez GG, Poliani PL, Galli R. Gene Signatures Associated with Mouse Postnatal Hindbrain Neural Stem Cells and Medulloblastoma Cancer Stem Cells Identify Novel Molecular Mediators and Predict Human Medulloblastoma Molecular Classification. Cancer Discov 2012; 2:554-68. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-11-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ruat M, Angot É, Traiffort É. Sonic Hedgehog, un morphogène en quête de fonction dans le cerveau adulte. Med Sci (Paris) 2011; 27:979-85. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20112711014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Novel amplifications in pediatric medulloblastoma identified by genome-wide copy number profiling. J Neurooncol 2011; 107:37-49. [PMID: 21979893 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a WHO grade IV, invasive embryonal CNS tumor that mainly affects children. The aggressiveness and response to therapy can vary considerably between cases, and despite treatment, ~30% of patients die within 2 years from diagnosis. Furthermore, the majority of survivors suffer long-term side-effects due to severe management modalities. Several distinct morphological features have been associated with differences in biological behavior, but improved molecular-based criteria that better reflect the underlying tumor biology are in great demand. In this study, we profiled a series of 25 MB with a 32K BAC array covering 99% of the current assembly of the human genome for the identification of genetic copy number alterations possibly important in MB. Previously known aberrations as well as several novel focally amplified loci could be identified. As expected, the most frequently observed alteration was the combination of 17p loss and 17q gain, which was detected in both high- and standard-risk patients. We also defined minimal overlapping regions of aberrations, including 16 regions of gain and 18 regions of loss in various chromosomes. A few noteworthy narrow amplified loci were identified on autosomes 1 (38.89-41.97 and 84.89-90.76 Mb), 3 (27.64-28.20 and 35.80-43.50 Mb), and 8 (119.66-139.79 Mb), aberrations that were verified with an alternative platform (Illumina 610Q chips). Gene expression levels were also established for these samples using Affymetrix U133Plus2.0 arrays. Several interesting genes encompassed within the amplified regions and presenting with transcript upregulation were identified. These data contribute to the characterization of this malignant childhood brain tumor and confirm its genetic heterogeneity.
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Identification and characterization of KCASH2 and KCASH3, 2 novel Cullin3 adaptors suppressing histone deacetylase and Hedgehog activity in medulloblastoma. Neoplasia 2011; 13:374-85. [PMID: 21472142 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric malignant brain tumor, arising from aberrant cerebellar precursors' development, a process mainly controlled by Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Histone deacetylase HDAC1 has been recently shown to modulate Hh signaling, deacetylating its effectors Gli1/2 and enhancing their transcriptional activity. Therefore, HDAC may represent a potential therapeutic target for Hh-dependent tumors, but still little information is available on the physiological mechanisms of HDAC regulation. The putative tumor suppressor REN(KCTD11) acts through ubiquitination-dependent degradation of HDAC1, thereby affecting Hh activity and medulloblastoma growth. We identify and characterize here two REN(KCTD11) homologues, defining a new family of proteins named KCASH, as "KCTD containing, Cullin3 adaptor, suppressor of Hedgehog." Indeed, the novel genes (KCASH2(KCTD21) and KCASH3(KCTD6)) share with REN(KCTD11) a number of features, such as a BTB domain required for the formation of a Cullin3 ubiquitin ligase complex and HDAC1 ubiquitination and degradation capability, suppressing the acetylation-dependent Hh/Gli signaling. Expression of KCASH2 and -3 is observed in cerebellum, whereas epigenetic silencing and allelic deletion are observed in human medulloblastoma. Rescuing KCASHs expression reduces the Hedgehog-dependent medulloblastoma growth, suggesting that loss of members of this novel family of native HDAC inhibitors is crucial in sustaining Hh pathway-mediated tumorigenesis. Accordingly, they might represent a promising class of endogenous "agents" through which this pathway may be targeted.
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Craver R, Sandquist D, Nadell J, Velez M. Medulloblastoma variants and survival at a children's hospital. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2011; 30:53-9. [PMID: 21204667 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2010.505627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Our 25 year experience with 35 medulloblastomas included classic (NOS) 22 (63%), anaplastic (ANA) 5(14%), desmoplastic (DES) 4(11%), excessive nodularity (EN) 3(9%), and large cell (LC) 1(3%). Overall 5, 10, and 15 year survivals were .6631, .5851, and .5051. Those under 3 years at diagnosis had an overall 2 year survival of .4379. Two survived 17(NOS) and 19 (EN) years. In the 26 children 3 years or older, late deaths occurred at 8, 8, and 14 years (5, 10, 15 year survivals .7375, .6392, .5114). Because late deaths occur; continued follow-up of these children is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Craver
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA.
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Childhood medulloblastoma: novel approaches to the classification of a heterogeneous disease. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 120:305-16. [PMID: 20652577 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing recognition of pediatric medulloblastoma as a heterogeneous disease, with histopathological and molecular variants that have distinct biological behaviors, will impact how the disease is classified and treated. A combination of clinicopathological evaluation and assays based on molecular subgroups of disease will allow stratification of patients into risk groups and a more tailored approach to therapy. Patients with low-risk disease could be treated with de-escalated adjuvant therapy to maximize cure while reducing long-term adverse effects, and novel therapies could be sought for patients with high-risk disease. My review encompasses a brief overview of the clinical landscape, the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification of medulloblastoma, the status of molecular subgroups, and how potential stratification schemes might impact pathologists and their practice.
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Araujo APB, Ribeiro MEOB, Ricci R, Torquato RJ, Toma L, Porcionatto MA. Glial cells modulate heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) expression by neuronal precursors during early postnatal cerebellar development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 28:611-20. [PMID: 20638466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.07.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellum controls motor coordination, balance, eye movement, and has been implicated in memory and addiction. As in other parts of the CNS, correct embryonic and postnatal development of the cerebellum is crucial for adequate performance in the adult. Cellular and molecular defects during cerebellar development can lead to severe phenotypes, such as ataxias and tumors. Knowing how the correct development occurs can shed light into the mechanisms of disease. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are complex molecules present in every higher eukaryotic cells and changes in their level of expression as well as in their structure lead to drastic functional alterations. This work aimed to investigate changes in heparan sulfate proteoglycans expression during cerebellar development that could unveil control mechanisms. Using real time RT-PCR we evaluated the expression of syndecans, glypicans and modifying enzymes by isolated cerebellar granule cell precursors, and studied the influence of soluble glial factors on the expression of those genes. We evaluated the possible involvement of Runx transcription factors in the response of granule cell precursors to glial factors. Our data show for the first time that cerebellar granule cell precursors express members of the Runx family and that the expression of those genes can also be controlled by glial factors. Our results also show that the expression of all genes studied vary during postnatal development and treatment of precursors with glial factors indicate that the expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycan genes as well as genes encoding heparan sulfate modifying enzymes can be modulated by the microenvironment, reflecting the intricate relations between neuron and glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula B Araujo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
The trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases supports survival and differentiation in the nervous system. Paradoxically it has also been shown that members of the trk family can induce cell death in pediatric tumor cells of neuronal origin. Moreover, TrkA and TrkC serve as good prognostic indicators in neuroblastoma and medulloblatoma, respectively. Although the possible linkage between these observations was intriguing, until recently there was limited insight on the mechanisms involved. Recent findings suggest that TrkA might influence neuronal cell death through stimulation of p75 cleavage. An alternative p75-independent mechanism was suggested by a newly discovered interaction between TrkA and CCM2 (the protein product of the gene cerebral cavernous malformation 2). Coexpression of CCM2 with TrkA induces cell death in medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma cells, and CCM2 expression levels correlate with those of TrkA and with good prognosis in neuroblastoma patients. Thus, mechanistic clues to the enigma of trk-induced cell death have begun to emerge. Detailed elucidation of these mechanisms and their in vivo physiological significance will be of keen interest for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liraz Harel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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21
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Chelliah D, Mensah Sarfo-Poku C, Stea BD, Gardetto J, Zumwalt J. Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity undergoing post-therapeutic maturation to a gangliocytoma: a case report and literature review. Pediatr Neurosurg 2010; 46:381-4. [PMID: 21389751 DOI: 10.1159/000322896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present a report of a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with medulloblastoma at 22 months of age. A gross total resection was performed followed by adjuvant systemic chemotherapy due to his young age; however, the tumor recurred locally in the posterior fossa 7 months later. The recurrent tumor was excised and he received craniospinal radiation with a boost given to the posterior fossa followed by high-dose chemotherapy. He remained disease free for approximately 10 years without major neurologic deficit and only mild cognitive impairment. A routine follow-up MRI of the brain revealed an enhancing mass. The patient underwent surgical debulking and pathological examination revealed no residual immature medulloblastoma cells but instead mature ganglion cells, consistent with a gangliocytoma. The apparent maturation of primitive medulloblastoma cells is a rare phenomenon, which may have ensued from the long-term effects of adjuvant therapies inducing advanced cellular maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chelliah
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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22
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Santagata S, Maire CL, Idbaih A, Geffers L, Correll M, Holton K, Quackenbush J, Ligon KL. CRX is a diagnostic marker of retinal and pineal lineage tumors. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7932. [PMID: 19936203 PMCID: PMC2775954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CRX is a homeobox transcription factor whose expression and function is critical to maintain retinal and pineal lineage cells and their progenitors. To determine the biologic and diagnostic potential of CRX in human tumors of the retina and pineal, we examined its expression in multiple settings. Methodology/Principal Findings Using situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry we show that Crx RNA and protein expression are exquisitely lineage restricted to retinal and pineal cells during normal mouse and human development. Gene expression profiling analysis of a wide range of human cancers and cancer cell lines also supports that CRX RNA is highly lineage restricted in cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of 22 retinoblastomas and 13 pineal parenchymal tumors demonstrated strong expression of CRX in over 95% of these tumors. Importantly, CRX was not detected in the majority of tumors considered in the differential diagnosis of pineal region tumors (n = 78). The notable exception was medulloblastoma, 40% of which exhibited CRX expression in a heterogeneous pattern readily distinguished from that seen in retino-pineal tumors. Conclusions/Significance These findings describe new potential roles for CRX in human cancers and highlight the general utility of lineage restricted transcription factors in cancer biology. They also identify CRX as a sensitive and specific clinical marker and a potential lineage dependent therapeutic target in retinoblastoma and pineoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cecile L. Maire
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lars Geffers
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mick Correll
- Center for Cancer Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kristina Holton
- Center for Cancer Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Quackenbush
- Center for Cancer Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Keith L. Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Harel L, Costa B, Tcherpakov M, Zapatka M, Oberthuer A, Hansford LM, Vojvodic M, Levy Z, Chen ZY, Lee FS, Avigad S, Yaniv I, Shi L, Eils R, Fischer M, Brors B, Kaplan DR, Fainzilber M. CCM2 Mediates Death Signaling by the TrkA Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. Neuron 2009; 63:585-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Schmidt AL, de Farias CB, Abujamra AL, Kapczinski F, Schwartsmann G, Brunetto AL, Roesler R. BDNF and PDE4, but not the GRPR, Regulate Viability of Human Medulloblastoma Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 40:303-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Smith C, Santi M, Rajan B, Rushing EJ, Choi MR, Rood BR, Cornelison R, MacDonald TJ, Vukmanovic S. A novel role of HLA class I in the pathology of medulloblastoma. J Transl Med 2009; 7:59. [PMID: 19594892 PMCID: PMC2714836 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MHC class I expression by cancer cells enables specific antigen recognition by the immune system and protection of the host. However, in some cancer types MHC class I expression is associated with an unfavorable outcome. We explored the basis of MHC class I association with unfavorable prognostic marker expression in the case of medulloblastoma. METHODS We investigated expression of four essential components of MHC class I (heavy chain, beta2m, TAP1 and TAP2) in 10 medulloblastoma mRNA samples, a tissue microarray containing 139 medulloblastoma tissues and 3 medulloblastoma cell lines. Further, in medulloblastoma cell lines we evaluated the effects of HLA class I engagement on activation of ERK1/2 and migration in vitro. RESULTS The majority of specimens displayed undetectable or low levels of the heavy chains. Medulloblastomas expressing high levels of HLA class I displayed significantly higher levels of anaplasia and c-myc expression, markers of poor prognosis. Binding of beta2m or a specific antibody to open forms of HLA class I promoted phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in medulloblastoma cell line with high levels, but not in the cell line with low levels of HLA heavy chain. This treatment also promoted ERK1/2 activation dependent migration of medulloblastoma cells. CONCLUSION MHC class I expression in medulloblastoma is associated with anaplasia and c-myc expression, markers of poor prognosis. Peptide- and/or beta2m-free forms of MHC class I may contribute to a more malignant phenotype of medulloblastoma by modulating activation of signaling molecules such as ERK1/2 that stimulates cell mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Smith
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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