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Ma MC, Lavi ES, Altwerger G, Lin ZP, Ratner ES. Predictive modeling of gene mutations for the survival outcomes of epithelial ovarian cancer patients. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305273. [PMID: 38976671 PMCID: PMC11230535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has a low overall survival rate, largely due to frequent recurrence and acquiring resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. EOC with homologous recombination (HR) deficiency has increased sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy because platinum-induced DNA damage cannot be repaired. Mutations in genes involved in the HR pathway are thought to be strongly correlated with favorable response to treatment. Patients with these mutations have better prognosis and an improved survival rate. On the other hand, mutations in non-HR genes in EOC are associated with increased chemoresistance and poorer prognosis. For this reason, accurate predictions in response to treatment and overall survival remain challenging. Thus, analyses of 360 EOC cases on NCI's The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program were conducted to identify novel gene mutation signatures that were strongly correlated with overall survival. We found that a considerable portion of EOC cases exhibited multiple and overlapping mutations in a panel of 31 genes. Using logistical regression modeling on mutational profiles and patient survival data from TCGA, we determined whether specific sets of deleterious gene mutations in EOC patients had impacts on patient survival. Our results showed that six genes that were strongly correlated with an increased survival time are BRCA1, NBN, BRIP1, RAD50, PTEN, and PMS2. In addition, our analysis shows that six genes that were strongly correlated with a decreased survival time are FANCE, FOXM1, KRAS, FANCD2, TTN, and CSMD3. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of 360 patients stratified by these positive and negative gene mutation signatures corroborated that our regression model outperformed the conventional HR genes-based classification and prediction of survival outcomes. Collectively, our findings suggest that EOC exhibits unique mutation signatures beyond HR gene mutations. Our approach can identify a novel panel of gene mutations that helps improve the prediction of treatment outcomes and overall survival for EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirielle C Ma
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ethan S Lavi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gary Altwerger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Z Ping Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Elena S Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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2
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Lavi ES, Lin ZP, Ratner ES. Gene expression of non-homologous end-joining pathways in the prognosis of ovarian cancer. iScience 2023; 26:107934. [PMID: 37810216 PMCID: PMC10558711 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy in women, with a 46% five-year overall survival rate. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) genes on clinical outcomes of ovarian cancer patients. To determine if these genes act as prognostic biomarkers of mortality and disease progression, the expression profiles of 48 NHEJ-associated genes were analyzed using an array of statistical and machine learning techniques: logistic regression models, decision trees, naive-Bayes, two sample t-tests, support vector machines, hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis, and neural networks. In this process, the correlation of genes with patient survival and disease progression and recurrence was noted. Also, multiple features from the gene set were found to have significant predictive capabilities. APTX, BRCA1, PAXX, LIG1, and TP53 were identified as most important out of all the candidate genes for predicting clinical outcomes of ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S. Lavi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Z. Ping Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Elena S. Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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3
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Roberts CM, Rojas-Alexandre M, Hanna RE, Lin ZP, Ratner ES. Transforming Growth Factor Beta and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Alter Homologous Recombination Repair Gene Expression and Sensitize BRCA Wild-Type Ovarian Cancer Cells to Olaparib. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3919. [PMID: 37568736 PMCID: PMC10417836 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, largely due to metastasis and drug resistant recurrences. Fifteen percent of ovarian tumors carry mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2, rendering them vulnerable to treatment with PARP inhibitors such as olaparib. Recent studies have shown that TGFβ can induce "BRCAness" in BRCA wild-type cancer cells. Given that TGFβ is a known driver of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the connection between EMT and metastatic spread in EOC and other cancers, we asked if TGFβ and EMT alter the susceptibility of EOC to PARP inhibition. Epithelial EOC cells were transiently treated with soluble TGFβ, and their clonogenic potential, expression, and function of EMT and DNA repair genes, and response to PARP inhibitors compared with untreated controls. A second epithelial cell line was compared to its mesenchymal derivative for EMT and DNA repair gene expression and drug responses. We found that TGFβ and EMT resulted in the downregulation of genes responsible for homologous recombination (HR) and sensitized cells to olaparib. HR efficiency was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, mesenchymal cells displayed sensitivity to olaparib, cisplatin, and the DNA-PK inhibitor Nu-7441. Therefore, the treatment of disseminated, mesenchymal tumors may represent an opportunity to expand the clinical utility of PARP inhibitors and similar agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai M. Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, 555 31st St., Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Mehida Rojas-Alexandre
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 15 York St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ruth E. Hanna
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 15 York St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Z. Ping Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 15 York St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Elena S. Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 15 York St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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4
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Lin ZP, Al Zouabi NN, Xu ML, Bowen NE, Wu TL, Lavi ES, Huang PH, Zhu YL, Kim B, Ratner ES. In silico screening identifies a novel small molecule inhibitor that counteracts PARP inhibitor resistance in ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8042. [PMID: 33850183 PMCID: PMC8044145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are promising targeted therapy for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) with BRCA mutations or defective homologous recombination (HR) repair. However, reversion of BRCA mutation and restoration of HR repair in EOC lead to PARP inhibitor resistance and reduced clinical efficacy of PARP inhibitors. We have previously shown that triapine, a small molecule inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), impaired HR repair and sensitized HR repair-proficient EOC to PARP inhibitors. In this study, we performed in silico screening of small molecule libraries to identify novel compounds that bind to the triapine-binding pocket on the R2 subunit of RNR and inhibit RNR in EOC cells. Following experimental validation of selected top-ranking in silico hits for inhibition of dNTP and DNA synthesis, we identified, DB4, a putative RNR pocket-binding inhibitor markedly abrogated HR repair and sensitized BRCA-wild-type EOC cells to the PARP inhibitor olaparib. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the combination of DB4 and olaparib deterred the progression of BRCA-wild type EOC xenografts and significantly prolonged the survival time of tumor-bearing mice. Herein we report the discovery of a putative small molecule inhibitor of RNR and HR repair for combination with PARP inhibitors to treat PARP inhibitor-resistant and HR repair-proficient EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ping Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Nour N Al Zouabi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mark L Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Nicole E Bowen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Terence L Wu
- Yale West Campus Analytical Core, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Ethan S Lavi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Pamela H Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Yong-Lian Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Elena S Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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A single nucleotide variant of human PARP1 determines response to PARP inhibitors. NPJ Precis Oncol 2020; 4:10. [PMID: 32352035 PMCID: PMC7184601 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-020-0113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of novel cancer drugs and innovative treatments brings great hope for cancer patients, but also an urgent need to match drugs to suitable patients, since certain drugs that benefit one patient may actually harm others. The newly developed poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPis) are a group of pharmacological enzyme inhibitors used clinically for multiple indications. Several forms of cancer tend to be PARP dependent, making PARP an attractive target for cancer therapy. Specifically, PARPis are commonly used in BRCA-associated breast cancers patients, since unrepaired single-strand breaks are converted into double-strand breaks and BRCA-associated tumors cannot repair them by homologous recombination so that PARPi leads to tumor cell death, by a mechanism called “Synthetic Lethality”. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to PARPi, and it is not currently possible to predict who will or will not respond. Here, we present a specific genomic marker, which reflects a single-nucleotide polymorphism of human PARP1 and correlates in vitro with response to PARPi, throughout all indications. In addition, we report that this SNP is associated with re-shaping mRNA, and mRNA levels, and influences the final protein structure to expose new binding sites while hiding others. The status of the SNP is therefore critical to patients’ care, as it relates responses to PARPi to the PARP1-SNP carried.
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Hjortkjær M, Malik Aagaard Jørgensen M, Waldstrøm M, Ørnskov D, Søgaard-Andersen E, Jakobsen A, Dahl-Steffensen K. The clinical importance of BRCAness in a population-based cohort of Danish epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2020; 29:166-173. [PMID: 30640700 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2018-000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Germline mutations in BRCA1/2 genes predict improved survival and sensitivity to treatment with poly(adenosine-diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. The prognostic importance of other genetic alterations leading to homologous recombination deficiency, collectively BRCAness phenotype, is unresolved. The aim was to analyze the distribution of homologous recombination deficiency in epithelial ovarian carcinoma caused by mutations in a panel of homologous recombination genes (including BRCA1/2) or epigenetic alterations. A further aim was to investigate the prognostic importance of homologous recombination deficiency, the BRCAness phenotype. METHODS We assessed 380 patient specimens from a Danish population-based epithelial ovarian carcinoma cohort for germline and somatic mutations in 18 different homologous recombination genes, including BRCA1 and BRCA2, using next generation sequencing. Epigenetic alteration due to BRCA1 hypermethylation was assessed by pyrosequencing and BRCA1 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Seventeen percent of patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma carried a germline (9.8%) and/or somatic (6.3%) mutation in 12 (BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, ATM, RAD51D, EMSY, PALB2, BRIP1, ERCC1, RAD50, ATR, RAD51C) of 18 sequenced homologous recombination genes. The homologous recombination mutation rate was similar among the different histologic subtypes, however the type of mutation (BRCA1/2 and other homologous recombination mutations) differed, p=4×10-4. BRCA1 hypermethylation was present in 7.4% of patient specimens for a total BRCAness phenotype of 23.9%. The BRCAness phenotype was associated with improved overall survival in the high-grade serous carcinoma subgroup with a median overall survival of 4.4 years (95% CI 3.0 to 5.3) versus 2.2 years (95% CI 1.9 to 2.4) in BRCAness wildtype, p=0.0002. Multivariate analysis confirmed an independent prognostic value of the BRCAness phenotype among the high-grade serous carcinoma subgroup, hazard ratio 0.65 (95% CI 0.47 to 0.92), p=0.014. CONCLUSIONS The BRCAness phenotype is present in almost one-fourth of epithelial ovarian carcinoma and holds important prognostic information. The implications of our findings in relation to poly(adenosine-diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitor treatment call for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Hjortkjær
- Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark .,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Marianne Waldstrøm
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | | | - Erik Søgaard-Andersen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Jakobsen
- Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Karina Dahl-Steffensen
- Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Chandra A, Pius C, Nabeel M, Nair M, Vishwanatha JK, Ahmad S, Basha R. Ovarian cancer: Current status and strategies for improving therapeutic outcomes. Cancer Med 2019; 8:7018-7031. [PMID: 31560828 PMCID: PMC6853829 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the gynecologic tumors, ovarian cancer (OC) is known to be the deadliest. Advanced‐stages of OC are linked with high morbidity and low survival rates despite the immense amount of research in the field. Shortage of promising screening tools for early‐stage detection is one of the major challenges linked with the poor survival rate for patients with OC. In OC, therapeutic management is used with multidisciplinary approaches that includes debulking surgery, chemotherapy, and (rarely) radiotherapy. Recently, there is an increasing interest in using immunomodulation for treating OC. Relapse rates are high in this malignancy and averages around every 2‐years. Further treatments after the relapse are more intense, increasing the toxicity, resistance to chemotherapy drugs, and financial burden to patients with poor quality‐of‐life. A procedure that has been studied to help reduce the morbidity rate involves pre‐sensitizing cancer cells with standard therapy in order to produce optimal results with minimum dosage. Utilizing such an approach, platinum‐based agents are effective due to their increased response to platinum‐based chemotherapy in relapsed cases. These chemo‐drugs also help address the issue of drug resistance. After conducting an extensive search with available literature and the resources for clinical trials, information is precisely documented on current research, biomarkers, options for treatment and clinical trials. Several schemes for enhancing the therapeutic responses for OC are discussed systematically in this review with an attempt in summarizing the recent developments in this exciting field of translational/clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Chandra
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Cima Pius
- Miami Medical School, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Madiha Nabeel
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Maya Nair
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jamboor K Vishwanatha
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | - Riyaz Basha
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Lin ZP, Zhu YL, Lo YC, Moscarelli J, Xiong A, Korayem Y, Huang PH, Giri S, LoRusso P, Ratner ES. Combination of triapine, olaparib, and cediranib suppresses progression of BRCA-wild type and PARP inhibitor-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207399. [PMID: 30444904 PMCID: PMC6239325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP inhibitors target BRCA mutations and defective homologous recombination repair (HRR) for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, the treatment of HRR-proficient EOC with PARP inhibitors remains challenging. The objective of this study was to determine whether the combination of triapine (ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor), cediranib (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor), and the PARP inhibitor olaparib synergized against BRCA wild-type and HRR-proficient EOC in xenograft mouse models. In addition, the mechanisms by which cediranib augmented the efficacy of triapine and olaparib were investigated. BRCA-wild type and PARP inhibitor-resistant EOC cell lines were implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) into nude mice or injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into SCID-Beige mice. Mice were then treated i.p. with olaparib, cediranib, triapine, various double and triple combinations. The volume of s.c tumor in nude mice and the abdominal circumference of SCID-Beige mice were measured to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment to delay tumor growth and prolong the survival time of mice. In both xenograft mouse models, the combination of triapine, olaparib and cediranib resulted in marked suppression of BRCA-wild type EOC growth and significant prolongation of the survival time of mice, with efficacy greater than any double combinations and single drugs. Furthermore, we identified that cediranib abrogated pro-survival and anti-apoptotic AKT signaling, thereby enhancing the efficacy of triapine and olaparib against BRCA-wild type EOC cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate a proof-of-principle approach and the combination regiment holds promise in treating BRCA-wild type and PARP inhibitor-resistant EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Ping Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ESR); (ZPL)
| | - Yong-Lian Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ying-Chun Lo
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jake Moscarelli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amy Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yasmin Korayem
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Pamela H. Huang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Smith Giri
- Section of Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Patricia LoRusso
- Section of Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Elena S. Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ESR); (ZPL)
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Lin ZP, Zhu YL, Ratner ES. Targeting Cyclin-Dependent Kinases for Treatment of Gynecologic Cancers. Front Oncol 2018; 8:303. [PMID: 30135856 PMCID: PMC6092490 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian, uterine/endometrial, and cervical cancers are major gynecologic malignancies estimated to cause nearly 30,000 deaths in 2018 in US. Defective cell cycle regulation is the hallmark of cancers underpinning the development and progression of the disease. Normal cell cycle is driven by the coordinated and sequential rise and fall of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) activity. The transition of cell cycle phases is governed by the respective checkpoints that prevent the entry into the next phase until cellular or genetic defects are repaired. Checkpoint activation is achieved by p53- and ATM/ATR-mediated inactivation of CDKs in response to DNA damage. Therefore, an aberrant increase in CDK activity and/or defects in checkpoint activation lead to unrestricted cell cycle phase transition and uncontrolled proliferation that give rise to cancers and perpetuate malignant progression. Given that CDK activity is also required for homologous recombination (HR) repair, pharmacological inhibition of CDKs can be exploited as a synthetic lethal approach to augment the therapeutic efficacy of PARP inhibitors and other DNA damaging modalities for the treatment of gynecologic cancers. Here, we overview the basic of cell cycle and discuss the mechanistic studies that establish the intimate link between CDKs and HR repair. In addition, we present the perspective of preclinical and clinical development in small molecule inhibitors of CDKs and CDK-associated protein targets, as well as their potential use in combination with hormonal therapy, PARP inhibitors, chemotherapy, and radiation to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ping Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yong-Lian Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Elena S Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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10
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Hoskins PJ, Gotlieb WH. Missed therapeutic and prevention opportunities in women with BRCA-mutated epithelial ovarian cancer and their families due to low referral rates for genetic counseling and BRCA testing: A review of the literature. CA Cancer J Clin 2017; 67:493-506. [PMID: 28881380 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Answer questions and earn CME/CNE Fifteen percent of women with epithelial ovarian cancer have inherited mutations in the BRCA breast cancer susceptibility genes. Knowledge of her BRCA status has value both for the woman and for her family. A therapeutic benefit exists for the woman with cancer, because a new family of oral drugs, the poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, has recently been approved, and these drugs have the greatest efficacy in women who carry the mutation. For her family, there is the potential to prevent ovarian cancer in those carrying the mutation by using risk-reducing surgery. Such surgery significantly reduces the chance of developing this, for the most part, incurable cancer. Despite these potential benefits, referral rates for genetic counseling and subsequent BRCA testing are low, ranging from 10% to 30%, indicating that these therapeutic and prevention opportunities are being missed. The authors have reviewed the relevant available literature. Topics discussed are BRCA and its relation to ovarian cancer, the rates of referral for genetic counseling/BRCA testing, reasons for these low rates, potential strategies to improve on those rates, lack of effectiveness of current screening strategies, the pros and cons of risk-reducing surgery, other prevention options, and the role and value of PARP inhibitors. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:493-506. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Hoskins
- Medical Oncologist and Past President, Society of Gynecologic Oncology Canada, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver Center, BC, Canada
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Gynecologic Oncologist and President, Society of Gynecologic Oncology Canada, McGill University, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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Hjortkjær M, Kanstrup H, Jakobsen A, Steffensen KD. Veliparib and topotecan for patients with platinum-resistant or partially platinum-sensitive relapse of epithelial ovarian cancer with BRCA negative or unknown BRCA status. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2017; 14:7-12. [PMID: 30104007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Hjortkjær
- Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Kabbeltoft 25, DK-7100 Vejle, Denmark; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Reberbansgade, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19-3, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Viborg Hospital, Heibergs Allé 4, 8800 Viborg, Denmark.
| | - Hanne Kanstrup
- Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Kabbeltoft 25, DK-7100 Vejle, Denmark
| | - Anders Jakobsen
- Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Kabbeltoft 25, DK-7100 Vejle, Denmark; Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19-3, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Karina Dahl Steffensen
- Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Kabbeltoft 25, DK-7100 Vejle, Denmark; Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19-3, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
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13
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Li L, Karanika S, Yang G, Wang J, Park S, Broom BM, Manyam GC, Wu W, Luo Y, Basourakos S, Song JH, Gallick GE, Karantanos T, Korentzelos D, Azad AK, Kim J, Corn PG, Aparicio AM, Logothetis CJ, Troncoso P, Heffernan T, Toniatti C, Lee HS, Lee JS, Zuo X, Chang W, Yin J, Thompson TC. Androgen receptor inhibitor-induced "BRCAness" and PARP inhibition are synthetically lethal for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaam7479. [PMID: 28536297 PMCID: PMC5855082 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam7479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancers with loss-of-function mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are deficient in the DNA damage repair pathway called homologous recombination (HR), rendering these cancers exquisitely vulnerable to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. This functional state and therapeutic sensitivity is referred to as "BRCAness" and is most commonly associated with some breast cancer types. Pharmaceutical induction of BRCAness could expand the use of PARP inhibitors to other tumor types. For example, BRCA mutations are present in only ~20% of prostate cancer patients. We found that castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells showed increased expression of a set of HR-associated genes, including BRCA1, RAD54L, and RMI2 Although androgen-targeted therapy is typically not effective in CRPC patients, the androgen receptor inhibitor enzalutamide suppressed the expression of those HR genes in CRPC cells, thus creating HR deficiency and BRCAness. A "lead-in" treatment strategy, in which enzalutamide was followed by the PARP inhibitor olaparib, promoted DNA damage-induced cell death and inhibited clonal proliferation of prostate cancer cells in culture and suppressed the growth of prostate cancer xenografts in mice. Thus, antiandrogen and PARP inhibitor combination therapy may be effective for CRPC patients and suggests that pharmaceutically inducing BRCAness may expand the clinical use of PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Li
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Styliani Karanika
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Jiangxiang Wang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Bradley M Broom
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Ganiraju C Manyam
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Spyridon Basourakos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Jian H Song
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Gary E Gallick
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Theodoros Karantanos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Dimitrios Korentzelos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Jeri Kim
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Paul G Corn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Ana M Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Patricia Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Timothy Heffernan
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Carlo Toniatti
- ORBIT (Oncology Research for Biologics and Immunotherapy Translation), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Hyun-Sung Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Xuemei Zuo
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Wenjun Chang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Timothy C Thompson
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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14
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Berger NA, Besson VC, Boulares AH, Bürkle A, Chiarugi A, Clark RS, Curtin NJ, Cuzzocrea S, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Haskó G, Liaudet L, Moroni F, Pacher P, Radermacher P, Salzman AL, Snyder SH, Soriano FG, Strosznajder RP, Sümegi B, Swanson RA, Szabo C. Opportunities for the repurposing of PARP inhibitors for the therapy of non-oncological diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:192-222. [PMID: 28213892 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent clinical availability of the PARP inhibitor olaparib (Lynparza) opens the door for potential therapeutic repurposing for non-oncological indications. Considering (a) the preclinical efficacy data with PARP inhibitors in non-oncological diseases and (b) the risk-benefit ratio of treating patients with a compound that inhibits an enzyme that has physiological roles in the regulation of DNA repair, we have selected indications, where (a) the severity of the disease is high, (b) the available therapeutic options are limited, and (c) the duration of PARP inhibitor administration could be short, to provide first-line options for therapeutic repurposing. These indications are as follows: acute ischaemic stroke; traumatic brain injury; septic shock; acute pancreatitis; and severe asthma and severe acute lung injury. In addition, chronic, devastating diseases, where alternative therapeutic options cannot halt disease development (e.g. Parkinson's disease, progressive multiple sclerosis or severe fibrotic diseases), should also be considered. We present a preclinical and clinical action plan for the repurposing of PARP inhibitors. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Inventing New Therapies Without Reinventing the Wheel: The Power of Drug Repurposing. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Berger
- Center for Science, Health and Society, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Valerie C Besson
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A Hamid Boulares
- The Stanley Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Alberto Chiarugi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Headache Center - University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Robert S Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering and Department of Neurology and Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering and Department of Neurology and Department of Physiology and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Lucas Liaudet
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Burn Center, University Hospital Medical Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Moroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Solomon H Snyder
- Department of Neurology and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francisco Garcia Soriano
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert P Strosznajder
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Balázs Sümegi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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15
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Interrogation of Functional Cell-Surface Markers Identifies CD151 Dependency in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2343-2358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Weidle UH, Birzele F, Kollmorgen G, Rueger R. Mechanisms and Targets Involved in Dissemination of Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2017; 13:407-423. [PMID: 27807064 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma is associated with the highest death rate of all gynecological tumors. On one hand, its aggressiveness is based on the rapid dissemination of ovarian cancer cells to the peritoneum, the omentum, and organs located in the peritoneal cavity, and on the other hand, on the rapid development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we focus on the metastatic process of ovarian cancer, which involves dissemination of, homing to and growth of tumor cells in distant organs, and describe promising molecular targets for possible therapeutic intervention. We provide an outline of the interaction of ovarian cancer cells with the microenvironment such as mesothelial cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and other stromal components in the context of approaches for therapeutic interference with dissemination. The targets described in this review are discussed with respect to their validity as drivers of metastasis and to the availability of suitable efficient agents for their blockage, such as small molecules, monoclonal antibodies or antibody conjugates as emerging tools to manage this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Rüdiger Rueger
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
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17
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Gong Z, Lu R, Xie S, Jiang M, Liu K, Xiao R, Shen J, Wang Y, Guo L. Overexpression of pro-gastrin releasing peptide promotes the cell proliferation and progression in small cell lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:312-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Wen X, Lu R, Xie S, Zheng H, Wang H, Wang Y, Sun J, Gao X, Guo L. APE1 overexpression promotes the progression of ovarian cancer and serves as a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Biomark 2016; 17:313-322. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Renquan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Suhong Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongling Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanchun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Whicker ME, Lin ZP, Hanna R, Sartorelli AC, Ratner ES. MK-2206 sensitizes BRCA-deficient epithelial ovarian adenocarcinoma to cisplatin and olaparib. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:550. [PMID: 27465688 PMCID: PMC4964088 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platinum resistance is a major obstacle in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Activation of the AKT pathway promotes platinum resistance while inhibition of AKT sensitizes chemoresistant cells. Patients with BRCA mutant EOC, and thus a defect in the homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway, demonstrate greater clinical response to platinum and olaparib therapy than patients with BRCA wild-type EOC. MK-2206, an allosteric inhibitor of AKT phosphorylation, sensitizes a variety of cell types to various anticancer agents and is currently undergoing phase II trials as monotherapy for platinum-resistant ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancer. This study examines the differential effects of AKT inhibition with cisplatin and olaparib therapy in BRCA1/2-deficient versus wild-type EOC. METHODS PEO1, a chemosensitive BRCA2-mutant serous ovarian adenocarcinoma, and PEO4, a reverted BRCA2-proficient line from the same patient after the development of chemotherapeutic resistance, were primarily used for the study. In PEO1, MK-2206 demonstrated moderate to strong synergism with cisplatin and olaparib at all doses, while demonstrating antagonism at all doses in PEO4. RESULTS Baseline phospho-AKT activity in untreated cells was upregulated in both BRCA1- and 2-deficient cell lines. MK-2206 prevented cisplatin- and olaparib-induced AKT activation in the BRCA2-deficient PEO1 cells. We propose that BRCA-deficient EOC cells upregulate baseline AKT activity to enhance survival in the absence of HR. Higher AKT activity is also required to withstand cytotoxic agent-induced DNA damage, leading to strong synergism between MK-2206 and cisplatin or olaparib therapy in BRCA-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS MK-2206 shows promise as a chemosensitization agent in BRCA-deficient EOC and merits clinical investigation in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Whicker
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Z Ping Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ruth Hanna
- Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alan C Sartorelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elena S Ratner
- Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
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20
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Ratner ES, Zhu YL, Penketh PG, Berenblum J, Whicker ME, Huang PH, Lee Y, Ishiguro K, Zhu R, Sartorelli AC, Lin ZP. Triapine potentiates platinum-based combination therapy by disruption of homologous recombination repair. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:777-86. [PMID: 26964031 PMCID: PMC4984868 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Platinum resistance may be attributable to inherent or acquired proficiency in homologous recombination repair (HRR) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the small molecule inhibitor triapine to disrupt HRR and sensitise BRCA wild-type EOC cells to platinum-based combination therapy in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The sensitivity of BRCA wild-type cancer cells to olaparib, cisplatin, carboplatin, doxorubicin, or etoposide in combination with triapine was evaluated by clonogenic survival assays. The effects of triapine on HRR activity in cells were measured with a DR-GFP reporter assay. The ability of triapine to enhance the effects of the carboplatin-doxil combination on EOC tumour growth delay was determined using a xenograft tumour mouse model. Results: Platinum resistance is associated with wild-type BRCA status. Triapine inhibits HRR activity and enhances the sensitivity of BRCA wild-type cancer cells to cisplatin, olaparib, and doxorubicin. However, sequential combination of triapine and cisplatin is necessary to achieve synergism. Moreover, triapine potentiates platinum-based combination therapy against BRCA wild-type EOC cells and produces significant delay of EOC tumour growth. Conclusions: Triapine promises to augment the clinical efficacy of platinum-based combination regimens for treatment of platinum-resistant EOC with wild-type BRCA and proficient HRR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Yong-Lian Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Philip G Penketh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Julie Berenblum
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Margaret E Whicker
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | | | - Yashang Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kimiko Ishiguro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alan C Sartorelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Z Ping Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
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21
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Lheureux S, Bowering V, Karakasis K, Oza AM. Safety evaluation of olaparib for treating ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 14:1305-16. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.1045875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Ip LRH, Poulogiannis G, Viciano FC, Sasaki J, Kofuji S, Spanswick VJ, Hochhauser D, Hartley JA, Sasaki T, Gewinner CA. Loss of INPP4B causes a DNA repair defect through loss of BRCA1, ATM and ATR and can be targeted with PARP inhibitor treatment. Oncotarget 2015; 6:10548-62. [PMID: 25868852 PMCID: PMC4496374 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for ovarian cancer patients remain limited and overall survival is less than 50% despite recent clinical advances. The lipid phosphatase inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B) has been described as a tumor suppressor in the PI3K/Akt pathway with loss of expression found most pronounced in breast, ovarian cancer and melanoma. Using microarray technology we identified a DNA repair defect in INPP4B-deficient cells, which we further characterized by comet assays and quantification of γH2AX, RAD51 and 53BP1 foci formation. INPP4B loss resulted in significantly increased sensitivity towards PARP inhibition, comparable to loss of BRCA1 in two- and three-dimensional in vitro models, as well as in in vivo xenograft models. Mechanistically, we discovered that INPP4B forms a protein complex with the key players of DNA repair, ATR and BRCA1, in GST pulldown and 293T overexpression assays, and INPP4B loss affects BRCA1, ATM and ATR protein stability resulting in the observed DNA repair defect. Given that INPP4B loss has been found in 40% of ovarian cancer patients, this study provides the rationale for establishing INPP4B as a biomarker of PARP inhibitor response, and consequently offers novel therapeutic options for a significant subset of patients. Loss of the tumor suppressor inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B) results in a DNA repair defect due to concomitant loss of BRCA1, ATR and ATM and can be therapeutically targeted with PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R H Ip
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - George Poulogiannis
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Signalling and Cancer Metabolism, London, UK
| | - Felipe Cia Viciano
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Diseases, London, UK
| | - Junko Sasaki
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kofuji
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Victoria J Spanswick
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interaction Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Hochhauser
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interaction Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - John A Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interaction Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Christina A Gewinner
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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23
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La Ferla M, Mercatanti A, Rocchi G, Lodovichi S, Cervelli T, Pignata L, Caligo MA, Galli A. Expression of human poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Effect on survival, homologous recombination and identification of genes involved in intracellular localization. Mutat Res 2015; 774:14-24. [PMID: 25779917 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) actively participates in a series of functions within the cell that include: mitosis, intracellular signaling, cell cycle regulation, transcription and DNA damage repair. Therefore, inhibition of PARP1 has a great potential for use in cancer therapy. As resistance to PARP inhibitors is starting to be observed in patients, thus the function of PARP-1 needs to be studied in depth in order to find new therapeutic targets. To gain more information on the PARP-1 activity, we expressed PARP-1 in yeast and investigated its effect on cell growth and UV induced homologous recombination. To identify candidate genes affecting PARP-1 activity and cellular localization, we also developed a yeast genome wide genetic screen. We found that PARP-1 strongly inhibited yeast growth, but when yeast was exposed to the PARP-1 inhibitor 6(5-H) phenantridinone (PHE), it recovered from the growth suppression. Moreover, we showed that PARP-1 produced PAR products in yeast and we demonstrated that PARP-1 reduced UV-induced homologous recombination. By genome wide screening, we identified 99 mutants that suppressed PARP-1 growth inhibition. Orthologues of human genes were found for 41 of these yeast genes. We determined whether the PARP-1 protein level was altered in strains which are deleted for the transcription regulator GAL3, the histone H1 gene HHO1, the HUL4 gene, the deubiquitination enzyme gene OTU1, the nuclear pore protein POM152 and the SNT1 that encodes for the Set3C subunit of the histone deacetylase complex. In these strains the PARP-1 level was roughly the same as in the wild type. PARP-1 localized in the nucleus more in the snt1Δ than in the wild type strain; after UV radiation, PARP-1 localized in the nucleus more in hho1 and pom152 deletion strains than in the wild type indicating that these functions may have a role on regulating PARP-1 level and activity in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco La Ferla
- Yeast Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), via Moruzzi 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Mercatanti
- Yeast Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), via Moruzzi 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Rocchi
- Yeast Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), via Moruzzi 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Samuele Lodovichi
- Yeast Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), via Moruzzi 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cervelli
- Yeast Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), via Moruzzi 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Pignata
- Yeast Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), via Moruzzi 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Adelaide Caligo
- Section of Genetic Oncology, University Hospital and University of Pisa, via Roma 57, 56125 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alvaro Galli
- Yeast Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), via Moruzzi 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
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Abdel-Fatah TMA, Arora A, Moseley P, Coveney C, Perry C, Johnson K, Kent C, Ball G, Chan S, Madhusudan S. ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs expressions correlate to adverse clinical outcomes in epithelial ovarian cancers. BBA CLINICAL 2014; 2:10-7. [PMID: 26674120 PMCID: PMC4633921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and rad3 related (ATR) and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic sub-unit (DNA-PKcs) play critical roles in DNA damage response (DDR) by linking DNA damage sensing to DDR effectors that regulate cell cycle progression and DNA repair. Our objective was to evaluate if ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs expressions could predict response to therapy and clinical outcome in epithelial ovarian cancers. METHODS We investigated ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs expressions in ovarian epithelial cancers [protein expression (n = 194 patients), mRNA expression (n = 156 patients)] and correlated to clinicopathological outcomes as well as expression of X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1), cell division cycle-45 (CDC45), cyclin-dependent kinase 1(CDK1) and Ki-67 in tumours. RESULTS High ATM protein expression was associated with serous cystadenocarcinomas (p = 0.021) and platinum resistance (p = 0.017). High DNA-PKcs protein expression was associated with serous cystadenocarcinomas (p = 0.006) and advanced stage tumours (p = 0.018). High ATM protein (p = 0.001), high ATM mRNA (p = 0.018), high DNA-PKcs protein (p = 0.002), high DNA-PKcs mRNA (p = 0.044) and high ATR protein (p = 0.001) expressions are correlated with poor ovarian cancer specific survival (OCSS). In multivariate Cox model, high DNA-PKcs (p = 0.006) and high ATR (p = 0.043) protein expressions remain independently associated with poor OCSS. CONCLUSIONS ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs expressions may have prognostic and predictive significances in epithelial ovarian cancer. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The data presented here provides evidence that ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs involved in DDR are not only promising biomarkers but are also rational targets for personalized therapy in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arvind Arora
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Paul Moseley
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Clare Coveney
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Christina Perry
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK ; Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Kerstie Johnson
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Christopher Kent
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Graham Ball
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Stephen Chan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK ; Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
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25
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Al Bakir M, Gabra H. The molecular genetics of hereditary and sporadic ovarian cancer: implications for the future. Br Med Bull 2014; 112:57-69. [PMID: 25473022 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldu034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a heterogeneous condition with poor survival outcomes. The genetics of hereditary and sporadic ovarian cancers will be covered and its implications to management and future research are discussed. SOURCES OF DATA Key recent published literature. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of EOC. Most EOCs develop sporadically and are divided into low-grade/genetically stable type I tumours and high-grade/genetically unstable type II tumours. The commonest hereditary syndromes are hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC-BRCA mutations) and Lynch syndrome (DNA mismatch repair mutations). AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The different histological types of EOC may not solely originate from the ovary but from the fallopian tube and endometriosis deposits; there is increasing evidence to support this. GROWING POINTS Our understanding of the genetics and frequencies of mutations in ovarian cancer is expanding. The proportion of heritable EOC is larger than previously estimated and not all patients have a clear family history for this. Mutations in genes involving the downstream BRCA signalling pathway have recently been implicated in HBOC. TP53 mutations are the single most commonly identified mutations in aggressive sporadic high-grade serous carcinomas, affecting essentially 100% of such tumours. Furthermore, there is increasing recognition that the different histological sub-types need to be treated as separate entities. AREAS FOR TIMELY RESEARCH Given how heterogeneous 'ovarian' cancer is, trials into new drugs should report responses for the different histo-/geno-types rather than simply using staging. Although the effect of new drugs such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors are being investigated in ovarian cancer, there is still a need to develop targeted therapies-especially to tackle mutations in PI3 K pathway, RAS pathway and TP53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maise Al Bakir
- Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hani Gabra
- Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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26
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Pu H, Horbinski C, Hensley PJ, Matuszak EA, Atkinson T, Kyprianou N. PARP-1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in prostate tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2592-601. [PMID: 25173886 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is involved in key cellular processes such as DNA replication and repair, gene transcription, cell proliferation and apoptosis. The role of PARP-1 in prostate cancer development and progression is not fully understood. The present study investigated the function of PARP-1 in prostate growth and tumorigenesis in vivo. Functional inactivation of PARP-1 by gene-targeted deletion led to a significant reduction in the prostate gland size in young PARP-1-/- mice (6 weeks) compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. To determine the effect of PARP-1 functional loss on prostate cancer onset, PARP-1-/- mice were crossed with the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice. Pathological assessment of prostate tumors revealed that TRAMP+/-, PARP-1-/- mice exhibited higher grade prostate tumors compared with TRAMP+/- PARP-1+/+ (16-28 weeks) that was associated with a significantly increased proliferative index and decreased apoptosis among the epithelial cells in TRAMP+/- PARP-1-/- prostate tumors. Furthermore tumors harboring PARP-1 loss, exhibited a downregulation of nuclear androgen receptor. Impairing PARP-1 led to increased levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Smads that correlated with induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as established by loss of E-cadherin and β-catenin and upregulation of N-cadherin and ZEB-1. Our findings suggest that impaired PARP-1 function promotes prostate tumorigenesis in vivo via TGF-β-induced EMT. Defining the EMT control by PARP-1 during prostate cancer progression is of translational significance for optimizing PARP-1 therapeutic targeting and predicting response in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily A Matuszak
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40535, USA
| | | | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Departments of Urology, Pathology, Biochemistry, The Markey Cancer Center and Department of Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40535, USA
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27
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Marchand JR, Carotti A, Passeri D, Filipponi P, Liscio P, Camaioni E, Pellicciari R, Gioiello A, Macchiarulo A. Investigating the allosteric reverse signalling of PARP inhibitors with microsecond molecular dynamic simulations and fluorescence anisotropy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1765-72. [PMID: 25062913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family members is a strategy pursued for the development of novel therapeutic agents in a range of diseases, including stroke, cardiac ischemia, cancer, inflammation and diabetes. Even though some PARP-1 inhibitors have advanced to clinical setting for cancer therapy, a great deal of attention is being devoted to understand the polypharmacology of current PARP inhibitors. Besides blocking the catalytic activity, recent works have shown that some PARP inhibitors exhibit a poisoning activity, by trapping the enzyme at damaged sites of DNA and forming cytotoxic complexes. In this study we have used microsecond molecular dynamics to study the allosteric reverse signalling that is at the basis of such an effect. We show that Olaparib, but not Veliparib and HYDAMTIQ, is able to induce a specific conformational drift of the WGR domain of PARP-1, which stabilizes PARP-1/DNA complex through the locking of several salt bridge interactions. Fluorescence anisotropy assays support such a mechanism, providing the first experimental evidence that HYDAMTIQ, a potent PARP inhibitor with neuroprotective properties, is less potent than Olaparib to trap PARP-1/DNA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Rémy Marchand
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Passeri
- TES Pharma S.r.l. via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis 06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Filipponi
- TES Pharma S.r.l. via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis 06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paride Liscio
- TES Pharma S.r.l. via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis 06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; TES Pharma S.r.l. via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis 06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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28
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Szabova L, Bupp S, Kamal M, Householder DB, Hernandez L, Schlomer JJ, Baran ML, Yi M, Stephens RM, Annunziata CM, Martin PL, Van Dyke TA, Ohler ZW, Difilippantonio S. Pathway-specific engineered mouse allograft models functionally recapitulate human serous epithelial ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95649. [PMID: 24748377 PMCID: PMC3991711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mortality rate from ovarian cancers can be attributed to late-stage diagnosis and lack of effective treatment. Despite enormous effort to develop better targeted therapies, platinum-based chemotherapy still remains the standard of care for ovarian cancer patients, and resistance occurs at a high rate. One of the rate limiting factors for translation of new drug discoveries into clinical treatments has been the lack of suitable preclinical cancer models with high predictive value. We previously generated genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models based on perturbation of Tp53 and Rb with or without Brca1 or Brca2 that develop serous epithelial ovarian cancer (SEOC) closely resembling the human disease on histologic and molecular levels. Here, we describe an adaptation of these GEM models to orthotopic allografts that uniformly develop tumors with short latency and are ideally suited for routine preclinical studies. Ovarian tumors deficient in Brca1 respond to treatment with cisplatin and olaparib, a PARP inhibitor, whereas Brca1-wild type tumors are non-responsive to treatment, recapitulating the relative sensitivities observed in patients. These mouse models provide the opportunity for evaluation of effective therapeutics, including prediction of differential responses in Brca1-wild type and Brca1-deficient tumors and development of relevant biomarkers.
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MESH Headings
- Allografts
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- BRCA1 Protein/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cluster Analysis
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/drug therapy
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/mortality
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Mice
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/mortality
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/mortality
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Szabova
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sujata Bupp
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Muhaymin Kamal
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deborah B. Householder
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lidia Hernandez
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome J. Schlomer
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maureen L. Baran
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ming Yi
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Stephens
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Annunziata
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip L. Martin
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Terry A. Van Dyke
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zoe Weaver Ohler
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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30
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Londero AP, Orsaria M, Tell G, Marzinotto S, Capodicasa V, Poletto M, Vascotto C, Sacco C, Mariuzzi L. Expression and prognostic significance of APE1/Ref-1 and NPM1 proteins in high-grade ovarian serous cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 141:404-14. [PMID: 24515769 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpidkdlsge26cx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To correlate the expression profile of human apurinic endonuclease/redox factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) with that of nucleolar/nucleoplasmic protein nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) in association with the aggressiveness and progression of high-grade ovarian serous cancer. METHODS Retrospective study analyzing a tissue microarray of 73 women affected by high-grade ovarian serous cancer. Protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on primary tumor masses and synchronous peritoneal metastases if present. RESULTS APE1/Ref-1 and NPM1 showed a significant correlation in ovarian serous cancer. Patients with a poorer outcome showed a significant overexpression of nuclear NPM1 protein. A Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression model revealed NPM1 expression to be independently significant for overall survival in high-grade ovarian serous cancers after correcting for stage, age, cytoreduction completeness, and platinum resistance. CONCLUSIONS APE1/Ref-1 interacts with NPM1 to control the DNA damage repair system, and it is likely that this interaction plays a defining role in high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma. A high NPM1 immunohistochemical expression was independently correlated with a shorter survival period and thus appears to be an important prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrogio P. Londero
- Deparment of Experimental Clinical and Medical Science, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Maria Orsaria
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefania Marzinotto
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Valentina Capodicasa
- Deparment of Experimental Clinical and Medical Science, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mattia Poletto
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Vascotto
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sacco
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Laura Mariuzzi
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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31
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Joshi PM, Sutor SL, Huntoon CJ, Karnitz LM. Ovarian cancer-associated mutations disable catalytic activity of CDK12, a kinase that promotes homologous recombination repair and resistance to cisplatin and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9247-53. [PMID: 24554720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.551143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressors BRCA1 and BRCA2, which encode proteins that are key participants in homologous recombination (HR) repair, occur in ∼20% of high grade serous ovarian cancers. Although only 20% of these tumors have mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, nearly 50% of these tumors have defects in HR. Notably, however, the underlying genetic defects that give rise to HR defects in the absence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations have not been fully elucidated. Here we show that the recurrent somatic CDK12 mutations identified in ovarian cancers impair the catalytic activity of this kinase, which is involved in the transcription of a subset of genes, including BRCA1 and other DNA repair genes. Furthermore, we show that disabling CDK12 function in ovarian cancer cells reduces BRCA1 levels, disrupts HR repair, and sensitizes these cells to the cross-linking agents melphalan and cisplatin and to the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor veliparib (ABT-888). Taken together, these findings suggest that many CDK12 mutations are an unrecognized cause of HR defects in ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorval M Joshi
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
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32
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Lin ZP, Ratner ES, Whicker ME, Lee Y, Sartorelli AC. Triapine disrupts CtIP-mediated homologous recombination repair and sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to PARP and topoisomerase inhibitors. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:381-393. [PMID: 24413181 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED PARP inhibitors exploit synthetic lethality to target epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) with hereditary BRCA mutations and defects in homologous recombination repair (HRR). However, such an approach is limited to a small subset of EOC patients and compromised by restored HRR due to secondary mutations in BRCA genes. Here, it was demonstrated that triapine, a small-molecule inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, enhances the sensitivity of BRCA wild-type EOC cells to the PARP inhibitor olaparib and the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide. Triapine abolishes olaparib-induced BRCA1 and Rad51 foci, and disrupts the BRCA1 interaction with the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex in BRCA1 wild-type EOC cells. It has been shown that phosphorylation of CtIP (RBBP8) is required for the interaction with BRCA1 and with MRN to promote DNA double-strand break (DSB) resection during S and G(2) phases of the cell cycle. Mechanistic studies within reveal that triapine inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity and blocks olaparib-induced CtIP phosphorylation through Chk1 activation. Furthermore, triapine abrogates etoposide-induced CtIP phosphorylation and DSB resection as evidenced by marked attenuation of RPA32 phosphorylation. Concurrently, triapine obliterates etoposide-induced BRCA1 foci and sensitizes BRCA1 wild-type EOC cells to etoposide. Using a GFP-based HRR assay, it was determined that triapine suppresses HRR activity induced by an I-SceI-generated DSB. These results suggest that triapine augments the sensitivity of BRCA wild-type EOC cells to drug-induced DSBs by disrupting CtIP-mediated HRR. IMPLICATIONS These findings provide a strong rationale for combining triapine with PARP or topoisomerase inhibitors to target HRR-proficient EOC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ping Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale Cancer Center,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elena S Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Yale Cancer Center,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Margaret E Whicker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Yale Cancer Center,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yashang Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale Cancer Center,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alan C Sartorelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale Cancer Center,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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33
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Karki R, Seagle BLL, Nieves-Neira W, Shahabi S. Taxanes in combination with biologic agents for ovarian and breast cancers. Anticancer Drugs 2013; 25:536-54. [PMID: 24300916 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Taxane-based cytotoxic therapy is commonly prescribed for breast and ovarian cancers. Although these cancers are often sensitive to such therapy, clinical benefit and overall survival are limited owing to the development of chemoresistance and recurrence. Biologic agents that specifically target proteins of growth factor signaling pathways, which are hyperactivated in cancers, offer attractive targets for cancer therapeutics and may work synergistically with standard taxane-based chemotherapy to improve patient outcomes. We review clinical trials of biologic agents--angiogenic, tyrosine kinase, and antibody inhibitors--in combination with taxane-based therapy for ovarian and breast cancers. Many clinical trials have shown promising results. However, some biologic agents still need larger trials to assess safety and efficacy. As research into the heterogeneity and complexity of ovarian and breast cancers improves our understanding of the molecular pathways involved, there is no question that targeted therapies with biologic agents will expand the future array of available cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Karki
- aReproductive Tumor Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut bDivision of Gynecologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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34
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(18)F-FDG Is a Surrogate Marker of Therapy Response and Tumor Recovery after Drug Withdrawal during Treatment with a Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor in a Preclinical Model of Cisplatin-Resistant Ovarian Cancer. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:586-95. [PMID: 24151539 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a potential means of overcoming chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. We investigated the capability of (18)F-fluororodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography (SA-PET) to predict the effects of a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (BEZ-235) in a cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer model. METHODS In a first experiment, nude rats bearing subcutaneous SKOV3 tumors received BEZ-235 for 3 days given alone or after paclitaxel and were compared to controls (either untreated or that were given the excipients of paclitaxel and BEZ-235). SA-PET was performed at baseline, on day 3, and day 7. In a second experiment aiming at further exploring the kinetics of (18)F-FDG tumor uptake during the first 48 hours following drug cessation, untreated controls were compared to rats receiving BEZ-235, which were imaged at baseline, on day 3, on day 4, and on day 5. SA-PET results were compared to cell proliferation assessment (Ki-67), PI3K/mTOR downstream target expression studies (pAKT and phospho-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1), and apoptosis evaluation (cleaved caspase-3). RESULTS In the first experiment, BEZ-235, compared to untreated controls, induced a marked decrease in (18)F-FDG uptake on day 3, which was correlated to a significant decrease in cell proliferation and to a significant PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibition. No tumor necrosis or apoptosis occurred. Four days following treatment cessation, tumor recovery (in terms of PI3K/mTOR inhibition and cell proliferation) occurred and was identified by (18)F-FDG SA-PET. Paclitaxel plus BEZ-235 showed results similar to BEZ-235 alone. In the second experiment, PI3K/mTOR pathways exhibited partial recovery as early as 24 hours following treatment cessation, but both (18)F-FDG SA-PET and cell proliferation remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS (18)F-FDG SA-PET is a surrogate marker of target inhibition during treatment with BEZ-235 and predicts tumor recovery 4 days after drug withdrawal, but not during the first 48 hours following drug cessation, when a lag between PI3K/mTOR pathway recovery and metabolic recovery is observed. (18)F-FDG SA-PET could be used for therapy monitoring of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, but our results also raise questions regarding the potential impact of the delay between PET imaging and the last drug intake on the accuracy of FDG imaging.
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Leamon CP, Lovejoy CD, Nguyen B. Patient selection and targeted treatment in the management of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2013; 6:113-25. [PMID: 24109193 PMCID: PMC3792616 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s24943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest mortality rate of any gynecologic cancer, and patients generally have a poor prognosis due to high chemotherapy resistance and late stage disease diagnosis. Platinum-resistant OC can be treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy such as paclitaxel, topotecan, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, and gemcitabine, but many patients eventually relapse upon treatment. Fortunately, there are currently a number of targeted therapies in development for these patients who have shown promising results in recent clinical trials. These treatments often target the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway (eg, bevacizumab and aflibercept), DNA repair mechanisms (eg, iniparib and olaparib), or they are directed against folate related pathways (eg, pemetrexed, farletuzumab, and vintafolide). As many targeted therapies are only effective in a subset of patients, there is an increasing need for the identification of response predictive biomarkers. Selecting the right patients through biomarker screening will help tailor therapy to patients and decrease superfluous treatment to those who are biomarker negative; this approach should lead to improved clinical results and decreased toxicities. In this review the current targeted therapies used for treating platinum-resistant OC are discussed. Furthermore, use of prognostic and response predictive biomarkers to define OC patient populations that may benefit from specific targeted therapies is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Binh Nguyen
- Clinical Affairs, Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Antolin AA, Carotti A, Nuti R, Hakkaya A, Camaioni E, Mestres J, Pellicciari R, Macchiarulo A. Exploring the effect of PARP-1 flexibility in docking studies. J Mol Graph Model 2013; 45:192-201. [PMID: 24056306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is an enzyme belonging to the ADP-ribosyltransferase family. A large body of works has validated PARP-1 as an attractive drug target for different therapeutic areas, including cancers and ischemia. Accordingly, sampling the conformational space of the enzyme is pivotal to understand its functions and improve structure-based drug discovery approaches. In the first part of this study we apply replica exchange molecular dynamic (REMD) simulations to sample the conformational space of the catalytic domain of PARP-1 in the ligand-bound and unbound forms. In the second part, we assess how and to what extend the emerging enzyme flexibility affects the performance of docking experiments of a library of PARP-1 inhibitors. This study pinpoints a putative key role of conformational shifts of Leu324, Tyr325 and Lys242 in opening an additional binding site pocket that affects the binding of ligands to the catalytic cleft of PARP-1. Furthermore, it highlights the improvement of the enrichment factor of active ligands obtained in docking experiments when using conformations generated with REMD simulations of ligand-bound PARP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Antolin
- Chemogenomics Laboratory, Research Program in Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM Hospital del Mar Research Institute and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Meaney-Delman D, Bellcross CA. Hereditary breast/ovarian cancer syndrome: a primer for obstetricians/gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2013; 40:475-512. [PMID: 24021253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the diagnosis and clinical management of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) is essential for obstetricians/gynecologists. This article provides practical information regarding collecting a family history, cancer risk assessment and genetic testing, BRCA-associated cancer prognosis and treatment, screening recommendations, and prevention strategies. Through appropriate cancer risk assessment, women with BRCA1/2 mutations can be identified, and screening and prevention strategies can be used before a diagnosis of cancer occurs. Women's health providers with a strong working knowledge of HBOC are able to improve the quality of care for women and families impacted by BRCA1/2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Meaney-Delman
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr Drive, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Brueseke TJ, Tewari KS. Toll-like receptor 8: augmentation of innate immunity in platinum resistant ovarian carcinoma. Clin Pharmacol 2013; 5:13-9. [PMID: 23723721 PMCID: PMC3666910 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s40401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most deadly gynecologic cancer, with 15,000 anticipated deaths within the United States alone in 2012, and new treatment strategies are needed. Ovarian cancer tumors are known to host an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This suppression may be reversible via activation of the innate immune response. Toll-like receptor 8 activates innate immunity while simultaneously inhibiting the effects of regulatory T cells within the ovarian cancer tumors. VTX-2337 is a novel small molecule ligand of Toll-like receptor 8 and is currently the subject of a Phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG)-3003 for patients with recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. We look forward to the results of this trial as support for the paradigm of process therapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Brueseke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
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Toss A, De Matteis E, Rossi E, Casa LD, Iannone A, Federico M, Cortesi L. Ovarian cancer: can proteomics give new insights for therapy and diagnosis? Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8271-90. [PMID: 23591842 PMCID: PMC3645742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14048271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the ovarian proteomic profile represents a new frontier in ovarian cancer research, since this approach is able to enlighten the wide variety of post-translational events (such as glycosylation and phosphorylation). Due to the possibility of analyzing thousands of proteins, which could be simultaneously altered, comparative proteomics represent a promising model of possible biomarker discovery for ovarian cancer detection and monitoring. Moreover, defining signaling pathways in ovarian cancer cells through proteomic analysis offers the opportunity to design novel drugs and to optimize the use of molecularly targeted agents against crucial and biologically active pathways. Proteomic techniques provide more information about different histological types of ovarian cancer, cell growth and progression, genes related to tumor microenvironment and specific molecular targets predictive of response to chemotherapy than sequencing or microarrays. Estimates of specificity with proteomics are less consistent, but suggest a new role for combinations of biomarkers in early ovarian cancer diagnosis, such as the OVA1 test. Finally, the definition of the proteomic profiles in ovarian cancer would be accurate and effective in identifying which pathways are differentially altered, defining the most effective therapeutic regimen and eventually improving health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Toss
- Department of Oncology & Haematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy; E-Mails: (A.T.); (E.D.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Elisabetta De Matteis
- Department of Oncology & Haematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy; E-Mails: (A.T.); (E.D.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Elena Rossi
- ProteoWork Lab, the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy; E-Mails: (E.R.); (L.D.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Lara Della Casa
- ProteoWork Lab, the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy; E-Mails: (E.R.); (L.D.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Anna Iannone
- ProteoWork Lab, the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy; E-Mails: (E.R.); (L.D.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Massimo Federico
- Department of Oncology & Haematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy; E-Mails: (A.T.); (E.D.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Laura Cortesi
- Department of Oncology & Haematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy; E-Mails: (A.T.); (E.D.M.); (M.F.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-059-4224-334; Fax: +39-059-4224-152
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Montoni A, Robu M, Pouliot E, Shah GM. Resistance to PARP-Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:18. [PMID: 23450678 PMCID: PMC3583007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of proteins have shown promising results in preclinical studies and clinical trials as a monotherapy or in combination therapy for some cancers. Thus, usage of PARP-inhibitors (PARPi) in cancer therapy is bound to increase with time, but resistance of cancer cells to PARPi is also beginning to be observed. Here we review different known and potential mechanisms by which: (i) PARPi kill cancer cells; and (ii) cancer cells develop resistance to PARPi. Understanding the lethality caused by PARPi and the countermeasures deployed by cancers cells to survive PARPi will help us rationalize the use of this new class of drugs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Montoni
- Laboratory for Skin Cancer Research, (CHU-Q) Hospital Research Centre of Laval University, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
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Lovato A, Panasci L, Witcher M. Is there an epigenetic component underlying the resistance of triple-negative breast cancers to parp inhibitors? Front Pharmacol 2013; 3:202. [PMID: 23293602 PMCID: PMC3530734 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Parp) is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing post-translational modifications through the addition of poly(ADP-ribose) chains (known as PARylation). Modification by PARylation modulates numerous cellular processes including transcription, chromatin remodeling, apoptosis, and DNA damage repair. In particular, the role of Parp activation in response to DNA damage has been intensely studied. Tumors bearing mutations of the breast cancer susceptibility genes, Brca1/2, are prone to DNA breakages whose restoration into functional double-strand DNA is Parp dependent. This concept has been exploited therapeutically in Brca mutated breast and ovarian tumors, where acute sensitivity to Parp inhibitors is observed. Based on in vitro and clinical studies it remains unclear to what extent Parp inhibitors can be utilized beyond treating Brca mutated tumors. This review will focus on the often overlooked roles of PARylation in chromatin remodeling, epigenetics, and transcription to explain why some cancers may be unresponsive to Parp inhibition. We predict that understanding the impact of PARylation on gene expression will lead to alternative approaches to manipulate the Parp pathway for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lovato
- The Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, The Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre of the Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal QC, Canada
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