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Luo Z, Huang X, Xu X, Wei K, Zheng Y, Gong K, Li W. Decreased LDHB expression in breast tumor cells causes NK cell activation and promotes tumor progression. Cancer Biol Med 2024; 21:j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0382. [PMID: 38525901 PMCID: PMC11208901 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abnormal metabolism is the underlying reason for breast cancer progression. Decreased lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) has been detected in breast cancer but the function of LDHB remains unknown. METHODS Western blot was used to analyze LDHB expression in breast cancer cells. The impact of LDHB on tumor cell migration and invasion was determined using Transwell assays, wound healing assays, and a mouse lung metastasis model. Subcutaneous tumor formation, a natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity assay, and flow cytometry evaluated NK cell activation. Immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time PCR detected NK cell activation markers. Kaplan-Meier analysis evaluated the effect of immune cell infiltration on prognosis. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis determined NK cell activation scores. A support vector machine predicted the role of LDHB in NK cell activation. RESULTS In this study we showed that LDHB inhibits the breast cancer cell metastasis and orchestrates metabolic reprogramming within tumor cells. Our results revealed that LDHB-mediated lactic acid clearance in breast cancer cells triggers NK cell activation within the tumor microenvironment. Our findings, which were confirmed in a murine model, demonstrated that LDHB in tumor cells promotes NK cell activation and ultimately results in the eradication of malignant cells. Clinically, our study further validated that LDHB affects immune cell infiltration and function. Specifically, its expression has been linked to enhanced NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and improved patient survival. Furthermore, we identified LDHB expression in tumors as an important predictor of NK cell activation, with strong predictive ability in some cancers. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that LDHB is a promising target for activating the tumor immune microenvironment in breast cancer, where LDHB-associated lactic acid clearance leads to increased NK cell activity. This study highlights the critical role of LDHB in regulating immune responses and its potential as a therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kefeng Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Central Laboratory, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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2
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Ibrahim YS, Amin AH, Jawhar ZH, Alghamdi MA, Al-Awsi GRL, Shbeer AM, Al-Ghamdi HS, Gabr GA, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Almulla AF. "To be or not to Be": Regulatory T cells in melanoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110093. [PMID: 37023699 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
In spite of progresses in the therapy of different malignancies, melanoma still remains as one of lethal types of skin tumor. Melanoma is almost easily treatable by surgery alone with higher overall survival rates when it is diagnosed at early stages. However, survival rates are decreased remarkably upon survival if the tumor is progressed to advanced metastatic stages. Immunotherapeutics have been prosperous in the development of anti-tumor responses in patients with melanoma through promotion of the tumor-specific effector T cells in vivo; nonetheless, suitable clinical outcomes have not been satisfactory. One of the underlying causes of the unfavorable clinical outcomes might stem from adverse effects of regulatory T (Treg) cell, which is a prominent mechanism of tumor cells to escape from tumor-specific immune responses. Evidence shows that a poor prognosis and low survival rate in patients with melanoma can be attributed to a higher Treg cell number and function in these subjects. As a result, to promote melanoma-specific anti-tumor responses, depletion of Treg cells appears to be a promising approach; even though the clinical efficacy of different approaches to attain appropriate Treg cell depletion has been inconsistent. Here in this review, the main purpose is to assess the role of Treg cells in the initiation and perpetuation of melanoma and to discuss effective strategies for Treg cell modulation with the aim of melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif Saleh Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-maarif University College, Ramadi, Al-Anbar, Iraq
| | - Ali H Amin
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Zanko Hassan Jawhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Clinical Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mohammad A Alghamdi
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah M Shbeer
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan S Al-Ghamdi
- Internal Medicine Department, Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Albaha City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A Gabr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Catholic University of Cuenca, Azogues Campus, Ecuador; University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National University of Education, Azogues, Ecuador; CES University, Colombia
| | - Abbas F Almulla
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
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Pharmacological Properties of 4′, 5, 7-Trihydroxyflavone (Apigenin) and Its Impact on Cell Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134304. [PMID: 35807549 PMCID: PMC9267958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant bioactive compounds, particularly apigenin, have therapeutic potential and functional activities that aid in the prevention of infectious diseases in many mammalian bodies and promote tumor growth inhibition. Apigenin is a flavonoid with low toxicities and numerous bioactive properties due to which it has been considered as a traditional medicine for decades. Apigenin shows synergistic effects in combined treatment with sorafenib in the HepG2 human cell line (HCC) in less time and statistically reduces the viability of tumor cells, migration, gene expression and apoptosis. The combination of anti-cancerous drugs with apigenin has shown health promoting potential against various cancers. It can prevent cell mobility, maintain the cell cycle and stimulate the immune system. Apigenin also suppresses mTOR activity and raises the UVB-induced phagocytosis and reduces the cancerous cell proliferation and growth. It also has a high safety threshold, and active (anti-cancer) doses can be gained by consuming a vegetable and apigenin rich diet. Apigenin also boosted autophagosome formation, decreased cell proliferation and activated autophagy by preventing the activity of the PI3K pathway, specifically in HepG2 cells. This paper provides an updated overview of apigenin’s beneficial anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer effects, making it a step in the right direction for therapeutics. This study also critically analyzed the effect of apigenin on cancer cell signaling pathways including the PI3K/AKT/MTOR, JAK/STAT, NF-κB and ERK/MAPK pathways.
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Human Papillomavirus-Directed Therapeutics for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer. Cancer J 2022; 28:407-415. [PMID: 36165730 PMCID: PMC9718370 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Despite the availability of prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, there is a growing incidence of HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HPV-HNSCC) worldwide. The viral etiology of HPV-HNSCC provides an opportunity to develop personalized immune-based therapies, which target the unique viral- or tumor-specific proteins. Novel HPV-targeted immunotherapeutic approaches in clinical development are reviewed. Early results from these trials highlight new opportunities and potential challenges ahead. Immunotherapies for HPV-associated HNSCCs will require a tailored combinatorial approach based on preexisting mechanisms of host immune resistance. As the field continues to identify the relevant HPV types 16 and 18 immunogenic epitopes that are presented by diverse HLA class I alleles, improved HPV-targeted biologics and clinical monitoring tools can be developed and applied to a broader cancer patient population.
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Baicalin mediated regulation of key signaling pathways in cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105387. [PMID: 33352232 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Baicalin has been widely investigated against different types of malignancies both at the cellular and molecular levels over the past few years. Due to its remarkable anti-proliferative potential in numerous cancer cell lines, it has created immense interest as a potential chemotherapeutic modality compared to other flavonoids. Thus, this review focuses on the recent accomplishments of baicalin and its limitations in cancer prevention and treatment. Further, combination studies and nanoformulations using baicalin to treat cancer along with the metabolism, bioavailability, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics have been discussed. The present review explains biological source, and anti-proliferative potential of baicalin against cancers including breast, colon, hepatic, leukemia, lung, and skin, as well as the relevant mechanism of action to modulate diverse signaling pathways including apoptosis, cell cycle, invasion, and migration, angiogenesis, and autophagy. The anticancer mechanism of baicalin in orthotropic and xenograft mice models have been deliberated. The combination studies of baicalin in novel therapies as chemotherapeutic adjuvants have also been summarized. The low bioavailability, fast metabolism, and poor solubility, and other significant factors that limit the clinical use of baicalin have been examined as a challenge. The improvement in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of baicalin with newer approaches and the gaps are highlighted, which could establish baicalin as an effective and safe compound for cancer treatment as well as help to translate its potential from bench to bedside.
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Gualdi G, Panarese F, Meogrossi G, Marchioni M, De Tursi M, Di Marino P, Angelucci D, Amatetti M, Proietto G, Di Nicola M, Amerio P. Speed rate (SR) as a new dynamic index of melanoma behavior. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:709-718. [PMID: 32406598 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Melanomas are skin tumors that show a variety of biological behavior. Some develop very fast and some other grow extremely slow, with metastasis appearing, eventually, many years after the diagnosis. The number of mitoses in primary melanoma has been related to a more aggressive tumor and may have a potential as predictive factor for cutaneous melanoma survival. However, tumor mitotic rate is a static measure and in multivariate analysis on tumor survival, it has scored less than other tumor characteristics. We tried to evolve tumor mitotic rate from a static parameter to a time-dependent one. Similar to the already described growth rate (GR), we propose the speed rate (SR). SR is defined as the ratio of tumor mitotic rate to time to melanoma development. A prospective series of 345 patients with melanoma was investigated for the role of SR as predictive factor for sentinel lymph node (SLN) positivity and tumor progression. We calculated the best threshold for SR and GR to predict the risk of recurrence. Melanoma clinical and histological characteristics as well as GR were correlated in a multivariated analysis with SR. SR values >0.2 mitoses/month were associated with negative prognostic factors such as ulceration (82.8%), SLN positivity (80%), progression (82.8%), and death (85.7%). The association of GR > 0.3 mm/months and SR > 0.2 mitoses/month had a significant predictive value in terms of SLN positivity, progression, and recurrence-free survival. We propose SR as a new "dynamic" predictor of histological SLN positivity and melanoma recurrence risk. We think that he association with this new feature with GR may be helpful in improving the accuracy of predicted clinical outcome of patient especially with thin melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Gualdi
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University G D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Panarese
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University G D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanna Meogrossi
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University G D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Marchioni
- Biostatistic, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele De Tursi
- Oncologi Clinic, Department of Medical, Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies University G D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pietro Di Marino
- Oncologi Clinic, Department of Medical, Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies University G D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico Angelucci
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University G D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo Amatetti
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University G D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianluca Proietto
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University G D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Biostatistic, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Amerio
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University G D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Zhang Y, Cui N, Zheng G. Ubiquitination of P53 by E3 ligase MKRN2 promotes melanoma cell proliferation. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:1975-1984. [PMID: 32194692 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and lethal type of skin cancer. The aim of the present study was to illustrate the molecular mechanism of makorin ring finger protein 2 (MKRN2) control of melanoma cell proliferation. The expression level of MKRN2 was detected in human malignant melanoma cell lines by immunoblotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Short hairpin RNAs for MKRN2 were designed and transfected into melanoma cells, and the proliferation of these cells was detected by MTT and colony formation assays. The interaction of MKRN2 with P53 was detected by co-immunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pulldown assays. The ubiquitination of P53 by MKRN2 was detected by in vitro ubiquitination assays. A P53-knockout cell line was generated using the CRISPR-Cas9 method. MKRN2 exhibited higher expression levels in melanoma cells, and downregulation of MKRN2 inhibited melanoma cell growth in a P53-dependent manner. MKRN2 regulated melanoma cell proliferation by interacting and ubiquitylating P53, which suggests that MKRN2 may be a potential therapeutic target for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated to Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Ningning Cui
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Suining People's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221200, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated to Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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Feng J, Wang M, Li M, Yang J, Jia J, Liu L, Zhou J, Zhang C, Wang X. Serum miR-221-3p as a new potential biomarker for depressed mood in perioperative patients. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146296. [PMID: 31211948 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) modulate various genes associated with brain disorders and circulating miRNAs may therefore serve as biomarkers for these neurological diseases. We previously found that the miRNA miR-221-3p was highly expressed in cerebrospinal fluid and the serum of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Here, we examined whether miR-221-3p could be used as a biomarker for depressed mood in perioperative patients. We first examined the relative expression of serum miR-221-3p by real-time quantitative PCR in perioperative patients with different degrees of depressive mood assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) diagnostic form. We found that miR-221-3p expression in the mild depressive mood group (PHQ-9 scores 5-9) was 2.21 fold that of the normal group (PHQ-9 scores 0-4) and the moderate&severe depressive mood group (PHQ-9 scores ≥ 10) showed miR-221-3p expression levels 3.66 fold that of the normal group. Then the absolute quantification of serum miR-221-3p was obtained using an miRNA standard curve. We found that the amount of serum miR-221-3p was positively correlated with depressed mood; when serum miR-221-3p > 1.7 × 107 copies/μg RNA, all indicated PHQ-9 scores were higher than 6. Subsequently, we found that miR-221-3p could indirectly increase the expression of IFN-α (Interferon alpha) in astrocytes by targeting IRF2 (Interferon Regulatory Factor 2) and that miR-221-3p participated in the anti-neuroinflammatory signaling cascades induced by ketamine and paroxetine via the IRF2/IFN-α pathway. Our results indicate that elevated serum miR-221-3p can be used as a biomarker for depressed mood in perioperative patients and that IFN-α-induced NF-κB activation in astrocytes mediated by miR-221-3p targeting of IRF2 may be one of the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Feng
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Maozhou Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Chaoyang Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mao Li
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jimei Yang
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China.
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Li Z, Tang X, Duan S. Interference from LncRNA SPRY4-IT1 restrains the proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells through inactivating MAPK pathway by up-regulating miR-22-3p. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:477-487. [PMID: 31933852 PMCID: PMC6945084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a common malignancy with a low survival rate worldwide. Long non-coding RNA Sprouty4-Intron 1 (SPRY4-IT1) is correlated with various cancers, including melanoma. Herein, the underlying molecular mechanisms of SPRY4-IT1 in melanoma were characterized. We found that SPRY4-IT1 level was upregulated in melanoma cells lines compared to the normal skin cells, while miR-22-3p was downregulated. According to of bioinformatics analysis, SPRY4-IT1 was a hypothetic target of miR-22-3p, and knockdown SPRY4-IT1 by sh-RNA (sh-SPRY4-IT1) markedly elevated the miR-22-3p level. Also, the target relationship was further confirmed by dual luciferase reporter assay. In addition, low-expression of SPRY4-IT1 impeded cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, western blot assay indicated that the enhanced miR-22-3p further decelerated the phosphorylation of p38MAPK, MAPKAPK and Hsp27, which indicates that miR-22-3p could inactivate the p38MAPK/MAPKAPK/Hsp27 signaling pathway. Overall, our results show that sh-SPRY4-IT1 inhibits cell proliferation and motility through inactivating MAPK signaling by up-regulating miR-22-3p. Therefore, designing targeted drugs against SPRY4-IT1 provides a new direction for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s HospitalChengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuefeng Tang
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital of AMUChongqing, China
| | - Song Duan
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central HospitalChongqing, China
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Garg B, Giri B, Modi S, Sethi V, Castro I, Umland O, Ban Y, Lavania S, Dawra R, Banerjee S, Vickers S, Merchant NB, Chen SX, Gilboa E, Ramakrishnan S, Saluja A, Dudeja V. NFκB in Pancreatic Stellate Cells Reduces Infiltration of Tumors by Cytotoxic T Cells and Killing of Cancer Cells, via Up-regulation of CXCL12. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:880-891.e8. [PMID: 29909021 PMCID: PMC6679683 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Immunotherapies are ineffective against pancreatic cancer. We investigated whether the activity of nuclear factor (NF)κB in pancreatic stromal cells contributes to an environment that suppresses antitumor immune response. METHODS Pancreata of C57BL/6 or Rag1-/- mice were given pancreatic injections of a combination of KrasG12D/+; Trp53 R172H/+; Pdx-1cre (KPC) pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) extracted from C57BL/6 (control) or mice with disruption of the gene encoding the NFκB p50 subunit (Nfkb1 or p50-/- mice). Tumor growth was measured as an endpoint. Other mice were given injections of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) lung cancer cells or B16-F10 melanoma cells with control or p50-/- fibroblasts. Cytotoxic T cells were depleted from C57BL/6 mice by administration of antibodies against CD8 (anti-CD8), and growth of tumors from KPC cells, with or without control or p50-/- PSCs, was measured. Some mice were given an inhibitor of CXCL12 (AMD3100) and tumor growth was measured. T-cell migration toward cancer cells was measured using the Boyden chamber assay. RESULTS C57BL/6 mice coinjected with KPC cells (or LLC or B16-F10 cells) and p50-/- PSCs developed smaller tumors than mice given injections of the cancer cells along with control PSCs. Tumors that formed when KPC cells were injected along with p50-/- PSCs had increased infiltration by activated cytotoxic T cells along with decreased levels of CXCL12, compared with tumors grown from KPC cells injected along with control PSCs. KPC cells, when coinjected with control or p50-/- PSCs, developed the same-size tumors when CD8+ T cells were depleted from C57BL/6 mice or in Rag1-/- mice. The CXCL12 inhibitor slowed tumor growth and increased tumor infiltration by cytotoxic T cells. In vitro expression of p50 by PSCs reduced T-cell migration toward and killing of cancer cells. When cultured with cancer cells, control PSCs expressed 10-fold higher levels of CXCL12 than p50-/- PSCs. The CXCL12 inhibitor increased migration of T cells toward KPC cells in culture. CONCLUSIONS In studies of mice and cell lines, we found that NFκB activity in PSCs promotes tumor growth by increasing expression of CXCL12, which prevents cytotoxic T cells from infiltrating the tumor and killing cancer cells. Strategies to block CXCL12 in pancreatic tumor cells might increase antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Garg
- Department of Surgery, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Bhuwan Giri
- Department of Surgery, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Shrey Modi
- Department of Surgery, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Vrishketan Sethi
- Department of Surgery, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Iris Castro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Oliver Umland
- Diabetes Research Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Shweta Lavania
- Department of Surgery, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Rajinder Dawra
- Department of Surgery, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Sulagna Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Selwyn Vickers
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nipun B. Merchant
- Department of Surgery, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Steven Xi Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Eli Gilboa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Sundaram Ramakrishnan
- Department of Surgery, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ashok Saluja
- Department of Surgery, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
| | - Vikas Dudeja
- Department of Surgery, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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Janssens JP, Schuster K, Voss A. Preventive, predictive, and personalized medicine for effective and affordable cancer care. EPMA J 2018; 9:113-123. [PMID: 29896312 PMCID: PMC5972138 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-018-0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Preventive, predictive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) has created a wealth of new opportunities but added also new complexities and challenges. The European Cancer Prevention Organization already embraced unanimously molecular biology for primary and secondary prevention. The rapidly exploding genomic language and complexity of methods face oncologists with exponentially growing knowledge they need to assess and apply. Tissue specimen quality becomes one major concern. Some new innovative medicines cost beyond any reasonable threshold of financial support from patients, health care providers, and governments and risk sustainability for the health care system. In this review, we evaluate the path for genomic guidance to become the standard for diagnostics in cancer care and formulate potential solutions to simplify its implementation. Basically, introduction of molecular biology to guide therapeutic decisions can be facilitated through supporting the oncologist, the pathologist, the molecular laboratory, and the interventionist. Oncologists need to know the exact indication, utility, and limitations of each genomic service. Minimal requirements on the label must be addressed by the service provider. The interventionist is there to bring the most optimal tissue sample to pathology where the tissue is expanded to a variety of appropriate liquid-based samples. The large body of results then should be translated into meaningful clinical guidance for the individual patient. Surveillance, with the appropriate application of health economic indicators, can make this system long lasting. For governments and health care providers, optimal cancer care must result in a cost-effective, resource-sustainable, and patient-focused outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Ph. Janssens
- The European Cancer Prevention Organization, Klein Hilststraat 5, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Klaus Schuster
- Caris Life Sciences, St. Jakobsstrasse 199, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Voss
- Caris Life Sciences, St. Jakobsstrasse 199, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Chen X, Kunda PE, Lin J, Zhou M, Huang J, Zhang H, Liu T. SYK-targeted dendritic cell-mediated cytotoxic T lymphocytes enhance the effect of immunotherapy on retinoblastoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:675-684. [PMID: 29372378 PMCID: PMC5843685 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary intraocular tumor in children. Chemotherapy is currently the main method of RB treatment. Unfortunately, RB often becomes chemoresistant and turns lethal. Here, we used in vitro cell immunotherapy to explore whether adoptive immunotherapy could be used as a potential treatment for RB. We focused on spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), which is significantly upregulated in RB cells and serves as a marker for RB cells. METHODS Using lentiviruses, we genetically modified dendritic cells (DCs) to express and present the SYK peptide antigen to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vitro. We used SYK-negative cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF-10A, and hTERT-RPE1) and SYK-positive cell lines (MCF-7 and RB-Y79) to evaluate the specificity and cytotoxicity of DC presented CTLs using FACS, live-cell imaging, and RNA interference. RESULTS The cytotoxicity of CTLs induced by SYK-overexpressing DCs (SYK-DC-CTLs) was enhanced more than three times in SYK-positive cell lines compared with SYK-negative cell lines. DCs primed with SYK could drive CTL cytotoxicity against SYK-positive cell lines but not against SYK-negative cell lines. Moreover, SYK-silenced RB-Y79 cells successfully evaded the cytotoxic attack from SYK-DC-CTLs. However, SYK-DC-CTLs could target SYK overexpressed hTERT-RPE1 cells, suggesting that SYK is a specific antigen for RB. Furthermore, SYK-DC-CTL exhibited specific cytotoxicity against carboplatin-resistant RB-Y79 cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that SYK could be a potential immunotherapy target mediated by DCs. We propose SYK as a candidate target for treatment of chemoresistant RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Patricia Elena Kunda
- Centro Investigación Medicina Traslacional "Severo Amuchástegui" (CIMETSA), Instituto Universitario Ciencias Biomédicas Córdoba (IUCBC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jianwei Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, No. 47 Youyi Road, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinghan Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, No. 47 Youyi Road, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Huqin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, No. 47 Youyi Road, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Cai L, Li H, Chen C, Cheng X, Wang Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Hao L. Role of inhibitor of growth 4 in the suppression of human melanoma cells through the Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis pathway. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1055-1061. [PMID: 29207034 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, is notoriously resistant to all current available therapies. Inhibitor of growth 4 (ING4), a novel member of the ING family of proteins, has previously been shown to play a critical role in the development of multiple tumors by regulating apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle progress, migration and invasion. However, the functional role of ING4 in human melanoma remains unclear. To fully understand its potential role in human melanoma, in the present study, lentivirus (LV)‑ING4 and LV‑ING4‑short hairpin RNA were constructed and transfected into human melanoma A375 cells. First, the effect of overexpressing or downregulating ING4 on the apoptosis of the transfected melanoma cells and cluster of differentiation (CD)3+ T cells was investigated. In the present study, we found that the late apoptotic cells, and not the early apoptotic cells, were more in LV-ING4 group compared with LV-control, and both the early and late apoptosis of CD3+ T cells was significantly observed in A375 cells transfected with LV-ING4 compared with LV-control. Importantly, it was determined whether the overexpression of ING4 significantly induce apoptotic cell death via Fas/FasL (Fas death receptor/FasL) pathway activation and downregulation of poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase, caspase‑3 and caspase‑8 in the melanoma cells and CD3+ T cells. These results demonstrated that overexpression of ING4 can induce the apoptosis of melanoma cells and CD3+ T cells through signaling pathways such as the Fas/FasL pathway, and that ING4 gene therapy for melanoma treatment is a novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Cai
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China
| | - Cui Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China
| | - Xue Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China
| | - Yongchen Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Hao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China
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14
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Hathaway-Schrader JD, Doonan BP, Hossain A, Radwan FFY, Zhang L, Haque A. Autophagy-dependent crosstalk between GILT and PAX-3 influences radiation sensitivity of human melanoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2212-2221. [PMID: 28857256 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma represents an ever-increasing problem in the western world as incidence rates continue to climb. Though manageable during early stages, late stage metastatic disease is highly resistant to current intervention. We have previously shown that gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol-reductase (GILT) enhances HLA class II antigen processing and immune detection of human melanoma cells. Here we report that GILT expression inhibits a potential target, paired box-3 (PAX-3) protein, in late stage human metastatic melanoma. We also show that GILT transfection or induction by IFN-γ, decreases PAX-3 protein expression while upregulating the expression of Daxx, which is also a repressor of PAX-3. Confocal microscopic analysis demonstrated that GILT co-localizes with PAX-3 protein, but not with Daxx within melanoma cells. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting studies suggest that GILT expression negatively regulates PAX-3 through the autophagy pathway, potentially resulting in increased susceptibility to conventional treatment in the form of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. While high-dose radiation is a common treatment for melanoma patients, our data suggest that GILT expression significantly increased the susceptibility of melanoma cells to low-dose radiation therapy via upregulation of tumor suppressor protein p53. Overall, these data suggest that GILT has multiple roles in inducing human melanoma cells as better targets for radiation and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Bently P Doonan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Azim Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Faisal F Y Radwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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15
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Yan X, Qi M, Li P, Zhan Y, Shao H. Apigenin in cancer therapy: anti-cancer effects and mechanisms of action. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:50. [PMID: 29034071 PMCID: PMC5629766 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apigenin is a common dietary flavonoid that is abundantly present in many fruits, vegetables and Chinese medicinal herbs and serves multiple physiological functions, such as strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral activities and blood pressure reduction. Therefore, apigenin has been used as a traditional medicine for centuries. Recently, apigenin has been widely investigated for its anti-cancer activities and low toxicity. Apigenin was reported to suppress various human cancers in vitro and in vivo by multiple biological effects, such as triggering cell apoptosis and autophagy, inducing cell cycle arrest, suppressing cell migration and invasion, and stimulating an immune response. In this review, we focus on the most recent advances in the anti-cancer effects of apigenin and their underlying mechanisms, and we summarize the signaling pathways modulated by apigenin, including the PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, JAK/STAT, NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. We also discuss combinatorial strategies to enhance the anti-cancer effect of apigenin on various cancers and its use as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent to overcome cancer drug resistance or to alleviate other adverse effects of chemotherapy. The functions of apigenin against cancer stem cells are also summarized and discussed. These data demonstrate that apigenin is a promising reagent for cancer therapy. Apigenin appears to have the potential to be developed either as a dietary supplement or as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Miao Qi
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Yihong Zhan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Huanjie Shao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119 China
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16
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Vasquez M, Tenesaca S, Berraondo P. New trends in antitumor vaccines in melanoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:384. [PMID: 29114542 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.09.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor therapeutic vaccines aim at priming an effector immune response able to recognize and kill tumor cells. Antitumor vaccines are composed of at least two main components: the tumor antigens and the adjuvant. Metastatic advanced melanoma has been a model disease to test novel advances in vaccine design due to the intrinsic immunogenicity of this tumor and the accessibility to melanoma lesions to monitor the immune response. In spite of a large number of clinical trials, clinical benefit remains elusive. The clinical success of monoclonal antibodies targeting immune check-points has renewed interest in novel vaccine strategies such as personalized neoantigen-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Vasquez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Shirley Tenesaca
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
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17
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Shields BD, Mahmoud F, Taylor EM, Byrum SD, Sengupta D, Koss B, Baldini G, Ransom S, Cline K, Mackintosh SG, Edmondson RD, Shalin S, Tackett AJ. Indicators of responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:807. [PMID: 28400597 PMCID: PMC5429745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01000-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the immune system can produce anti-tumor responses in various cancer types, including melanoma. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), in single agent and combination regimens, have produced durable and long-lasting clinical responses in a subset of metastatic melanoma patients. These monoclonal antibodies, developed against CTLA-4 and PD-1, block immune-inhibitory receptors on activated T-cells, amplifying the immune response. However, even when using anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 in combination, approximately half of patients exhibit innate resistance and suffer from disease progression. Currently, it is impossible to predict therapeutic response. Here, we report the first proteomic and histone epigenetic analysis of patient metastatic melanoma tumors taken prior to checkpoint blockade, which revealed biological signatures that can stratify patients as responders or non-responders. Furthermore, our findings provide evidence of mesenchymal transition, a known mechanism of immune-escape, in non-responding melanoma tumors. We identified elevated histone H3 lysine (27) trimethylation (H3K27me3), decreased E-cadherin, and other protein features indicating a more mesenchymal phenotype in non-responding tumors. Our results have implications for checkpoint inhibitor therapy as patient specific responsiveness can be predicted through readily assayable proteins and histone epigenetic marks, and pathways activated in non-responders have been identified for therapeutic development to enhance responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Shields
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Fade Mahmoud
- Departments of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Erin M Taylor
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Stephanie D Byrum
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Deepanwita Sengupta
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Brian Koss
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Giulia Baldini
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Seth Ransom
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Kyle Cline
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Samuel G Mackintosh
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Ricky D Edmondson
- Departments of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Sara Shalin
- Departments of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA.
- Departments of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA.
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18
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Hu Z, Xia J, Fan W, Wargo J, Yang YG. Human melanoma immunotherapy using tumor antigen-specific T cells generated in humanized mice. Oncotarget 2016; 7:6448-59. [PMID: 26824989 PMCID: PMC4872726 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A major factor hindering the exploration of adoptive immunotherapy in preclinical settings is the limited availability of tumor-reactive human T cells. Here we developed a humanized mouse model that permits large-scale production of human T cells expressing the engineered melanoma antigen MART-1-specific TCR. Humanized mice, made by transplantation of human fetal thymic tissue and CD34+ cells virally-transduced with HLA class I-restricted melanoma antigen (MART-1)-specific TCR gene, showed efficient development of MART-1-TCR+ human T cells with predominantly CD8+ cells. Importantly, MART-1-TCR+CD8+ T cells developing in these mice were capable of mounting antigen-specific responses in vivo, as evidenced by their proliferation, phenotypic conversion and IFN-γ production following MART-1 peptide immunization. Moreover, these MART-1-TCR+CD8+ T cells mediated efficient killing of melanoma cells in an HLA/antigen-dependent manner. Adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded MART-1-TCR+CD8+ T cells induced potent antitumor responses that were further enhanced by IL-15 treatment in melanoma-bearing recipients. Finally, a short incubation of MART-1-specific T cells with rapamycin acted synergistically with IL-15, leading to significantly improved tumor-free survival in recipients with metastatic melanoma. These data demonstrate the practicality of using humanized mice to produce potentially unlimited source of tumor-specific human T cells for experimental and preclinical exploration of cancer immunotherapy. This study also suggests that pretreatment of tumor-reactive T cells with rapamycin in combination with IL-15 administration may be a novel strategy to improve the efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hu
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinxing Xia
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Fan
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jennifer Wargo
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Kovacs D, Kovacs P, Eszlari N, Gonda X, Juhasz G. Psychological side effects of immune therapies: symptoms and pathomechanism. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 29:97-103. [PMID: 27456240 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies revolutionised the treatment of several disorders but show specific side-effect profiles which frequently involve psychological symptoms. Long term interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) therapy can cause wide-ranging psychiatric side-effects from fatigue, insomnia, anxiety to full-blown depression. This treatment-emergent depression shares several symptoms with major depressive disorder (MDD) with a predominance of somatic/neurovegetative symptoms, and can be treated with antidepressants. However, this experience directed research to inflammatory mechanisms in MDD. MDD has been confirmed as a heterogeneous disorder with a subgroup of patients suffering from low-grade chronic inflammation and frequently resistant to traditional antidepressant treatment. Thus future research should develop strategies to identify those MDD patients who could benefit from drugs acting through inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kovacs
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Kovacs
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nora Eszlari
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xenia Gonda
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kútvölgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Kútvölgyi u.4, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University Manchester, Manchester, UK; MTA-SE-NAP B Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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20
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Qiu C, Li P, Bi J, Wu Q, Lu L, Qian G, Jia R, Jia R. Differential expression of TYRP1 in adult human retinal pigment epithelium and uveal melanoma cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2379-2383. [PMID: 27073483 PMCID: PMC4812559 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most frequently occurring primary intraocular malignancy in adults. Tyrosinase (TYR) is a copper-containing enzyme and a type I membrane protein that is involved in the generation of melanin, the main pigment in vertebrates. TYR-related protein 1 (TYRP1) is regarded to have a crucial role in the immunotherapy of melanoma. As biomarkers, the TYR-related proteins, TYRP1 and TYRP2, exhibit specific expression in melanocytes, while also contributing to melanin synthesis within melanosomes. In the present study, the differential expression of TYRP1 was investigated at the mRNA, protein and morphological levels in four human UM cell lines (SP6.5, OM431, OCM1 and OCM290) and the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell line, using polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. It was found that SP6.5 cells expressed the highest level of TYRP1, in comparison to SP6.5 OCM1 and OM431 cells, which produced less TYRP1, and OCM290 cells, which produced almost no TYRP1. No TYRP1 protein expression was identified in the RPE cell line. These findings indicate the potential use of TYRP1 in the development of therapy for UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Qiu
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China; Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China; Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Linna Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Guanxiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Rong Jia
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
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21
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Behm B, Di Fazio P, Michl P, Neureiter D, Kemmerling R, Hahn EG, Strobel D, Gress T, Schuppan D, Wissniowski TT. Additive antitumour response to the rabbit VX2 hepatoma by combined radio frequency ablation and toll like receptor 9 stimulation. Gut 2016; 65:134-43. [PMID: 25524262 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), a palliative therapeutic option for solid hepatic tumours, stimulates localised and systemic antitumour cytotoxic T cells. We studied how far addition of CpG B oligonucleotides, toll like receptor (TLR) 9 agonists, would increase the antitumoural T cell response of RFA in the highly aggressive VX2 hepatoma. METHODS Rabbits were randomised to receive RFA, CpG B, their combination or no therapy. The antitumour efficacy of RFA alone or in combination with CpG B was further tested by rechallenging a separate group with intravenously injected VX2 tumour cells after 120 days. Animals were assessed for survival, tumour size and spread, and tumour and immune related histological markers after 120 days. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested for tumour-specific T cell activation and cytotoxicity. Immune modulatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-2/IL-8/IL-10/IL-12 and interferon γ, and vascular endothelial growth factor were measured in serum. RESULTS Mean survival of untreated animals was 36 days, as compared with 97, 78 and 114 days for RFA, CpG and combination therapy, respectively. Compared with untreated controls, antitumour T cell stimulation/cytotoxicity increased 26/16-fold, 32/17-fold and 50/38-fold 2 weeks after RFA, CpG and combination treatments, respectively. The combination inhibited tumour spread to lungs and peritoneum significantly and prohibited new tumour growth in animals receiving a secondary systemic tumour cell injection. RFA alone induced a Th1 cytokine pattern, while IL-8 and IL-10 were only upregulated in CpG treated animals and controls. CONCLUSIONS The combination of TLR9 stimulation with RFA resulted in a potentiated antitumour T cell response and cytotoxicity in the VX2 tumour model. Only this combination prevented subsequent tumour spread and resulted in a significantly improved survival, justifying the need for further exploration of the combination of ablative therapies and TLR9 agonists in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Behm
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Michl
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ralf Kemmerling
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eckhart Georg Hahn
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Deike Strobel
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gress
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thaddaeus Till Wissniowski
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Metastatic melanoma treatment: Combining old and new therapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 98:242-53. [PMID: 26616525 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive form of cancer characterised by poor prognosis and a complex etiology. Until 2010, the treatment options for metastatic melanoma were very limited. Largely ineffective dacarbazine, temozolamide or fotemustine were the only agents in use for 35 years. In recent years, the development of molecularly targeted inhibitors in parallel with the development of checkpoint inhibition immunotherapies has rapidly improved the outcomes for metastatic melanoma patients. Despite these new therapies showing initial promise; resistance and poor duration of response have limited their effectiveness as monotherapies. Here we provide an overview of the history of melanoma treatment, as well as the current treatments in development. We also discuss the future of melanoma treatment as we go beyond monotherapies to a combinatorial approach. Combining older therapies with the new molecular and immunotherapies will be the most promising way forward for treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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Regulatory T cells in the immunotherapy of melanoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:77-85. [PMID: 26515336 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with melanoma are supposed to develop spontaneous immune responses against specific tumor antigens. However, several mechanisms contribute to the failure of tumor antigen-specific T cell responses, inducing immune escape. Importantly, immunosuppression mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs) in tumor lesions is a dominant mechanism of tumor immune evasion. Based on this information, several therapies targeting Tregs such as cyclophosphamide, IL-2-based therapies, and antibodies against the surface molecular of Tregs have been developed. However, only some of these strategies showed clinical efficacy in patients with melanoma in spite of their success in shifting immune systems to antitumor responses in animal models. In the future, strategies specifically depleting local Tregs, inhibiting Treg migration to the tumor lesion, and Treg depletion in combination with other chemotherapies or immune modulation will hopefully bring benefits to melanoma patients.
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Mauldin IS, Wang E, Deacon DH, Olson WC, Bao Y, Slingluff CL. TLR2/6 agonists and interferon-gamma induce human melanoma cells to produce CXCL10. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1386-96. [PMID: 25765738 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Clinical approaches to treat advanced melanoma include immune therapies, whose benefits depend on tumor-reactive T-cell infiltration of metastases. However, most tumors lack significant immune infiltration prior to therapy. Selected chemokines promote T-cell migration into tumors; thus, agents that induce these chemokines in the tumor microenvironment (TME) may improve responses to systemic immune therapy. CXCL10 has been implicated as a critical chemokine supporting T-cell infiltration into the TME. Here, we show that toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can induce chemokine production directly from melanoma cells when combined with IFNγ treatment. We find that TLR2 and TLR6 are widely expressed on human melanoma cells, and that TLR2/6 agonists (MALP-2 or FSL-1) synergize with interferon-gamma (IFNγ) to induce production of CXCL10 from melanoma cells. Furthermore, melanoma cells and immune cells from surgical specimens also respond to TLR2/6 agonists and IFNγ by upregulating CXCL10 production, compared to treatment with either agent alone. Collectively, these data identify a novel mechanism for inducing CXCL10 production directly from melanoma cells, with TLR2/6 agonists +IFNγ and raise the possibility that intratumoral administration of these agents may improve immune signatures in melanoma and have value in combination with other immune therapies, by supporting T-cell migration into melanoma metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana S Mauldin
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Ena Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Donna H Deacon
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Walter C Olson
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Yongde Bao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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Zhang Y, Song Y, Gao Q. Increased survival time of a patient with metastatic malignant melanoma following immunotherapy: A case report and literature review. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:883-886. [PMID: 26622588 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic malignant melanoma is treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A number of previous studies have indicated that cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK cells) are a heterogeneous cell population that express cluster of differentiation (CD)3 and CD56, in addition to the natural killer cell NKG2D activating receptor. CIK cells possess major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted cytotoxicity towards cancer, but not towards normal targets. The present study investigated whether the addition of CIK cells resulted in an improved therapeutic response in a patient with metastatic malignant melanoma. In the current case, a patient with metastatic malignant melanoma received CIK therapy, which resulted in a relatively long survival time of 28 months. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous studies reporting such positive effects in a patient who received CIK cell immunotherapy. Based on the findings of the present study, CIK cell therapy may be an option that results in a good prognosis in certain patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Immunotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Yongping Song
- Department of Immunotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Quanli Gao
- Department of Immunotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
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Moogk D, da Silva IP, Ma MW, Friedman EB, de Miera EVS, Darvishian F, Scanlon P, Perez-Garcia A, Pavlick AC, Bhardwaj N, Christos PJ, Osman I, Krogsgaard M. Melanoma expression of matrix metalloproteinase-23 is associated with blunted tumor immunity and poor responses to immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2014; 12:342. [PMID: 25491880 PMCID: PMC4272770 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase-23 (MMP-23) can block the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3, whose function is important for sustained Ca(2+) signaling during T cell activation. MMP-23 may also alter T cell activity and phenotype through cleavage of proteins affecting cytokine and chemokine signaling. We therefore tested the hypothesis that MMP-23 can negatively regulate the anti-tumor T cell response in human melanoma. METHODS We characterized MMP-23 expression in primary melanoma patients who received adjuvant immunotherapy. We examined the association of MMP-23 with the anti-tumor immune response - as assessed by the prevalence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Further, we examined the association between MMP-23 expression and response to immunotherapy. Considering also an in trans mechanism, we examined the association of melanoma MMP-23 and melanoma Kv1.3 expression. RESULTS Our data revealed an inverse association between primary melanoma MMP-23 expression and the anti-tumor T cell response, as demonstrated by decreased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) (P = 0.05), in particular brisk TILs (P = 0.04), and a trend towards an increased proportion of immunosuppressive Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (P = 0.07). High melanoma MMP-23 expression is also associated with recurrence in patients treated with immune biologics (P = 0.037) but not in those treated with vaccines (P = 0.64). Further, high melanoma MMP-23 expression is associated with shorter periods of progression-free survival for patients receiving immune biologics (P = 0.025). On the other hand, there is no relationship between melanoma MMP-23 and melanoma Kv1.3 expression (P = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS Our data support a role for MMP-23 as a potential immunosuppressive target in melanoma, as well as a possible biomarker for informing melanoma immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane Moogk
- Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ines Pires da Silva
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Programme for Advanced Medical Education, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Michelle W Ma
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Erica B Friedman
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Eleazar Vega-Saenz de Miera
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Farbod Darvishian
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Patrick Scanlon
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Arianne Perez-Garcia
- Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Anna C Pavlick
- Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone, New York, NY, USA. .,Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone, New York, NY, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Paul J Christos
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Iman Osman
- Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone, New York, NY, USA. .,Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Michelle Krogsgaard
- Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Rich AM, Hussaini HM, Parachuru VPB, Seymour GJ. Toll-like receptors and cancer, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2014; 5:464. [PMID: 25309546 PMCID: PMC4174116 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent that the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the progression of cancer. The microenvironment may promote tumor cell survival and proliferation or, alternatively may induce tumor cell apoptosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins, expressed on immune cells and epithelial cells, that recognize exogenous and endogenous macromolecules. Once activated, they initiate signaling pathways leading to the release of cytokines and chemokines, which recruit immune cells inducing further cytokine production, the production of angiogenic mediators and growth factors, all of which may influence tumor progression. This paper examines the actions of TLRs in carcinogenesis with particular emphasis on their role in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mary Rich
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Haizal Mohd Hussaini
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, National University of Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Venkata P B Parachuru
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Gregory J Seymour
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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29
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Tucci M, Stucci S, Passarelli A, Giudice G, Dammacco F, Silvestris F. The immune escape in melanoma: role of the impaired dendritic cell function. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1395-404. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.955851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Co-expression of tumor antigen and interleukin-2 from an adenoviral vector augments the efficiency of therapeutic tumor vaccination. Mol Ther 2014; 22:2107-2117. [PMID: 25023330 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that for the majority of antigens, adenoviral vaccines expressing the target antigen fused to the MHC associated invariant chain (Ii) induce an accelerated, augmented, and prolonged transgene-specific CD8(+) T-cell response. Here we describe a new adenoviral vaccine vector approach where the target antigen fused to Ii is expressed from the adenoviral E1 region and IL-2 is expressed from the E3 region. Immunization of mice with this new vector construct resulted in an augmented primary effector CD8(+) T-cell response. Furthermore, in a melanoma model we observed significantly prolonged tumor control in vaccinated wild type (WT) mice. The improved tumor control required antigen-specific cells, since no tumor control was observed, unless the melanoma cells expressed the vaccine targeted antigen. We also tested our new vaccine in immunodeficient (CD80/86 deficient) mice. Following vaccination with the IL-2 expressing construct, these mice were able to raise a delayed but substantial CD8(+) T-cell response, and to control melanoma growth nearly as efficaciously as similarly vaccinated WT mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that current vaccine vectors can be improved and even tailored to meet specific demands: in the context of therapeutic vaccination, the capacity to promote an augmented effector T-cell response.
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31
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Sanlorenzo M, Vujic I, Posch C, Dajee A, Yen A, Kim S, Ashworth M, Rosenblum MD, Algazi A, Osella-Abate S, Quaglino P, Daud A, Ortiz-Urda S. Melanoma immunotherapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:665-74. [PMID: 24651672 PMCID: PMC4049781 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of melanoma, and is intended to modulate the host immunity against the tumor. Immunotherapy can be used in an adjuvant setting, after complete surgical excision in patients with a high risk of disease relapse and as a treatment in advanced (unresectable or metastatic) stages. Development of novel therapeutic approaches and the optimization of existing therapies hold a great promise in the field of melanoma therapy research. Different clinical trials are ongoing, and immunotherapy is showing the ability to confirm durable clinical benefits in selected groups of melanoma patients. The aim of this review is to summarize different types of immunotherapy agents, as well as to discuss different strategies, complementary regimens, and possible biomarkers of response to the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sanlorenzo
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
- Department of Medical Sciences; Section of Dermatology; University of Turin; Turin, Italy
| | - Igor Vujic
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
- The Rudolfstiftung Hospital; Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Posch
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
- The Rudolfstiftung Hospital; Vienna, Austria
| | - Akshay Dajee
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Adam Yen
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Sarasa Kim
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | | | - Alain Algazi
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Simona Osella-Abate
- Department of Medical Sciences; Section of Dermatology; University of Turin; Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Department of Medical Sciences; Section of Dermatology; University of Turin; Turin, Italy
| | - Adil Daud
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
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Tomei S, Wang E, Delogu LG, Marincola FM, Bedognetti D. Non-BRAF-targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and combination therapy for melanoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:663-86. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.890586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Bertolotto C. Melanoma: from melanocyte to genetic alterations and clinical options. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:635203. [PMID: 24416617 PMCID: PMC3874946 DOI: 10.1155/2013/635203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma remained for decades without any effective treatment and was thus considered as a paradigm of cancer resistance. Recent progress with understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma initiation and progression revealed that melanomas are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous tumors. This recent progress has allowed for the development of treatment able to improve for the first time the overall disease-free survival of metastatic melanoma patients. However, clinical responses are still either too transient or limited to restricted patient subsets. The complete cure of metastatic melanoma therefore remains a challenge in the clinic. This review aims to present the recent knowledge and discoveries of the molecular mechanisms involved in melanoma pathogenesis and their exploitation into clinic that have recently facilitated bench to bedside advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine Bertolotto
- INSERM, U1065 (Équipe 1), C3M, 06204 Nice, France
- University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, 06204 Nice, France
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Hossain A, Radwan FFY, Doonan BP, God JM, Zhang L, Bell PD, Haque A. A possible cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis in generating an immune response in melanoma. Apoptosis 2013; 17:1066-78. [PMID: 22847295 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, responsible for the majority of skin cancer related deaths. Thus, the search for natural molecules which can effectively destroy tumors while promoting immune activation is essential for designing novel therapies against metastatic melanoma. Here, we report for the first time that a natural triterpenoid, Ganoderic acid DM (GA-DM), induces an orchestrated autophagic and apoptotic cell death, as well as enhanced immunological responses via increased HLA class II presentation in melanoma cells. Annexin V staining and flow cytometry showed that GA-DM treatment induced apoptosis of melanoma cells, which was supported by a detection of increased Bax proteins, co-localization and elevation of Apaf-1 and cytochrome c, and a subsequent cleavage of caspases 9 and 3. Furthermore, GA-DM treatment initiated a possible cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis as evidenced by increased levels of Beclin-1 and LC3 proteins, and their timely interplay with apoptotic and/or anti-apoptotic molecules in melanoma cells. Despite GA-DM's moderate cytotoxicity, viable cells expressed high levels of HLA class II proteins with improved antigen presentation and CD4+ T cell recognition. The antitumor efficacy of GA-DM was also investigated in vivo in murine B16 melanoma model, where GA-DM treatment slowed tumor formation with a significant reduction in tumor volume. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the potential of GA-DM as a natural chemo-immunotherapeutic capable of inducing a possible cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis, as well as improved immune recognition for sustained melanoma tumor clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azim Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB-201, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Hunyadi J, András C, Szabó I, Szántó J, Szluha K, Sipka S, Kovács P, Kiss A, Szegedi G, Altorjay I, Sápy P, Antal-Szalmás P, Tóth L, Fazekas G, Rajnavölgyi É. Autologous dendritic cell based adoptive immunotherapy of patients with colorectal cancer-A phase I-II study. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 20:357-65. [PMID: 24163303 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell-based active immunotherapies of cancer patients are aimed to provoke the proliferation and differentiation of tumor-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes towards protective effector cells. Isolation and in vitro differentiation of circulating blood monocytes has been established a reasonable platform for adoptively transferred DC-based immunotherapies. In the present study the safety and tolerability of vaccination by autologous tumor cell lysates (oncolysate)- or carcinoembriogenic antigen (CEA)-loaded DCs in patients with colorectal cancer was investigated in a phase I-II trial. The study included 12 patients with histologically confirmed colorectal cancer (Dukes B2-C stages). Six of the patients received oncolysate-pulsed, whereas the other six received recombinant CEA-loaded autologous DCs. The potential of the tumor antigen-loaded DCs to provoke the patient's immune system was studied both in vivo and in vitro. The clinical outcome of the therapy evaluated after 7 years revealed that none of the six patients treated with oncolysate-loaded DCs showed relapse of colorectal cancer, whereas three out of the six patients treated with CEA-loaded DCs died because of tumor relapse. Immunization with both the oncolysate- and the CEA-loaded autologous DCs induced measurable immune responses, which could be detected in vivo by cutaneous reactions and in vitro by lymphocyte proliferation assay. Our results show that vaccination by autologous DCs loaded with autologous oncolysates containing various tumor antigens represents a well tolerated therapeutic modality in patients with colorectal cancer without any detectable adverse effects. Demonstration of the efficacy of such therapy needs further studies with increased number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Hunyadi
- Clinical Centre for Cell Therapy, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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Morrow MP, Yan J, Sardesai NY. Human papillomavirus therapeutic vaccines: targeting viral antigens as immunotherapy for precancerous disease and cancer. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:271-83. [PMID: 23496667 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infections with oncogenic HPV types have the potential to lead to the induction of several types of cancer, notably cervical, vulvar, anal, and head and neck cancer. While prophylactic vaccines are currently available and show high efficacy against the establishment of HPV infection, low rates of initiation and lower rates of completion of the vaccination regimen, as well as the lack of an opportunity to be vaccinated prior to infection, has lead to the development of a patient population for whom no immune-based therapy for infection is available. In the current review the authors examine clinical approaches to HPV-targeted immune therapies, the bulk of which target the regulatory proteins E6 and E7 that are constitutively expressed in HPV-associated cancer cells. Early studies demonstrate a correlation between induction of T-cell responses and clearance of HPV-associated precancerous lesions. The clinical data corroborates these findings and highlight the importance of Th1 skewing. Improvements in our understanding of tumor immunology and development of more potent Th1-directed vaccine platforms make it feasible to foresee a HPV therapeutic vaccine in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Morrow
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1787 Sentry Parkway West, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA
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Zeljic K, Supic G, Jovic N, Kozomara R, Brankovic‐Magic M, Obrenovic M, Magic Z. Association of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and CD14 genes polymorphisms with oral cancer risk and survival. Oral Dis 2013; 20:416-24. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Zeljic
- Institute for Medical Research Military Medical Academy BelgradeSerbia
- Faculty of Biology University of Belgrade BelgradeSerbia
| | - G Supic
- Institute for Medical Research Military Medical Academy BelgradeSerbia
- Faculty of Medicine Military Medical Academy University of Defence BelgradeSerbia
| | - N Jovic
- Faculty of Medicine Military Medical Academy University of Defence BelgradeSerbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery Military Medical Academy BelgradeSerbia
| | - R Kozomara
- Faculty of Medicine Military Medical Academy University of Defence BelgradeSerbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery Military Medical Academy BelgradeSerbia
| | | | - M Obrenovic
- Faculty of Medicine University of East Sarajevo Foca Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Z Magic
- Institute for Medical Research Military Medical Academy BelgradeSerbia
- Faculty of Medicine Military Medical Academy University of Defence BelgradeSerbia
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Bruno TC, French JD, Jordan KR, Ramirez O, Sippel TR, Borges VF, Haugen BR, McCarter MD, Waziri A, Slansky JE. Influence of human immune cells on cancer: studies at the University of Colorado. Immunol Res 2013; 55:22-33. [PMID: 22941561 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There will be over half a million cancer-related deaths in the United States in 2012, with lung cancer being the leader followed by prostate in men and breast in women. There is estimated to be more than one and a half million new cases of cancer in 2012, making the development of effective therapies a high priority. As tumor immunologists, we are interested in the development of immunotherapies because the immune response offers exquisite specificity and the potential to target tumor cells without harming normal cells. In this review, we highlight the current advances in the field of immunotherapy and the current work being completed by laboratories at University of Colorado School of Medicine in multiple malignancies, including breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, thyroid cancer, and glioblastoma. This work focuses on augmenting the anti-tumor response of CD8 T cells in the blood, lymph nodes, and tumors of patients, determining biomarkers for patients who are more likely to respond to immunotherapy, and identifying additional anti-tumor and immunosuppressive cells that influence the overall response to tumors. These collaborative efforts will identify mechanisms to improve immune function, which may elucidate therapeutic targets for clinical trials to improve patient health and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullia C Bruno
- National Jewish Health, Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Ridolfi L, Petrini M, Granato AM, Gentilcore G, Simeone E, Ascierto PA, Pancisi E, Ancarani V, Fiammenghi L, Guidoboni M, de Rosa F, Valmorri L, Scarpi E, Nicoletti SVL, Baravelli S, Riccobon A, Ridolfi R. Low-dose temozolomide before dendritic-cell vaccination reduces (specifically) CD4+CD25++Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in advanced melanoma patients. J Transl Med 2013; 11:135. [PMID: 23725550 PMCID: PMC3698134 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cancer immunotherapy, dendritic cells (DCs) play a fundamental role in the dialog between innate and adaptive immune response, but several immunosuppressive mechanisms remain to be overcome. For example, a high number of CD4+CD25++Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Foxp3+Tregs) have been observed in the peripheral blood and tumor microenvironment of cancer patients. On the basis of this, we conducted a study on DC-based vaccination in advanced melanoma, adding low-dose temozolomide to obtain lymphodepletion. METHODS Twenty-one patients were entered onto our vaccination protocol using autologous DCs pulsed with autologous tumor lysate and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Patients received low-dose temozolomide before vaccination and 5 days of low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) after vaccination. Circulating Foxp3+Tregs were evaluated before and after temozolomide, and after IL-2. RESULTS Among the 17 evaluable patients we observed 1 partial response (PR), 6 stable disease (SD) and 10 progressive disease (PD). The disease control rate (PR+SD = DCR) was 41% and median overall survival was 10 months. Temozolomide reduced circulating Foxp3+Treg cells in all patients. A statistically significant reduction of 60% was observed in Foxp3+Tregs after the first cycle, whereas the absolute lymphocyte count decreased by only 14%. Conversely, IL-2 increased Foxp3+Treg cell count by 75.4%. Of note the effect of this cytokine, albeit not statistically significant, on the DCR subgroup led to a further 33.8% reduction in Foxp3+Treg cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the combined immunological therapy, at least as far as the DCR subgroup is concerned, effectively reduced the number of Foxp3+Treg cells, which exerted a blunting effect on the growth-stimulating effect of IL-2. However, this regimen, with its current modality, would not seem to be capable of improving clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ridolfi
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Petrini
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Granato
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giusy Gentilcore
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapies Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ester Simeone
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapies Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Ascierto
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapies Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Pancisi
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Valentina Ancarani
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Laura Fiammenghi
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Massimo Guidoboni
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Francesco de Rosa
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Linda Valmorri
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRST IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Emanuela Scarpi
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRST IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | | | | | - Angela Riccobon
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Ruggero Ridolfi
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
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Tarhini A. Immune-mediated adverse events associated with ipilimumab ctla-4 blockade therapy: the underlying mechanisms and clinical management. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:857519. [PMID: 24278787 PMCID: PMC3820355 DOI: 10.1155/2013/857519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunomodulation with the anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody ipilimumab has been shown to extend overall survival (OS) in previously treated and treatment-naive patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma. Blockade of CTLA-4 signaling with ipilimumab prolongs T-cell activation and restores T-cell proliferation, thus amplifying T-cell-mediated immunity and the patient's capacity to mount an effective antitumor immune response. While this immunostimulation has unprecedented OS benefits in the melanoma setting, it can also result in immune-mediated effects on various organ systems, leading to immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Ipilimumab-associated irAEs are common and typically low grade and manageable, but can also be serious and life threatening. The skin and gastrointestinal tract are most frequently affected, while hepatic, endocrine, and neurologic events are less common. With proper management, most irAEs resolve within a relatively short time, with a predictable resolution pattern. Prompt and appropriate management of these irAEs is essential and treatment guidelines have been developed to assist oncologists and their teams. Implementation of these irAE management algorithms will help ensure that patients are able to benefit from ipilimumab therapy with adequate control of toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Tarhini
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, UPMC Cancer Pavilion, 5150 Centre Avenue, Room 555, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Bockorny B, Dasanu CA. Intrinsic immune alterations in renal cell carcinoma and emerging immunotherapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:911-25. [PMID: 23586712 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.778970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals affected by kidney cancer present a variety of immune abnormalities including cellular immune dysfunction, cytokine alterations and antigen presentation defects. On the other hand, spontaneous remissions are seen in up to 4% of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients and they are thought to occur via immune mechanisms. AREAS COVERED The authors comprehensively review the immune abnormalities in RCC patient and describe the kidney cancer immunotherapy candidates that are most advanced in their clinical development. Most relevant publications were identified through searching the PubMed database; the obtained information was thoroughly analyzed and synthesized. EXPERT OPINION As cure in advanced RCC cannot be accomplished with the current therapy standards such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, new treatment strategies are being sought. Enhancing the immune system represents an appealing avenue for kidney cancer therapy. Disappointingly, high-dose interleukin-2 and interferon-α cause severe toxicity and produce a questionable clinical benefit. The authors postulate that the 'durable responses' seen with these agents in only a handful of RCC patients represent spontaneous remissions. Promising immune strategies in RCC such as anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein antibodies, anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD1)/PD1 ligand and tumor vaccines may expand the existing options for kidney cancer in future years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bockorny
- University of Connecticut, Department of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1235, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is a well-characterized, innate immune cellular defense mechanism used to detect and respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLR signaling is highly conserved and has evolved to have both extracellular and endosomal receptors that recognize PAMPs from a wide range of microbial pathogens. Recent literature has emerged to show that activation of TLRs not only leads to the upregulation of cellular defense mechanisms, but also results in upregulation of DNA repair genes and increased functional DNA repair. Endosomal TLR agonists result in increased survival and repair after both ionizing and UV radiation, suggesting that the repair pathways for single- and double-strand breaks are affected. This review brings together these and other experimental findings to examine how DNA repair pathways may be linked to TLR signaling. Also discussed are the varied outcomes and related physiological implications that increased DNA repair after injury might have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Harberts
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore
| | - Anthony Gaspari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
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Lenci RE, Bevier M, Brandt A, Bermejo JL, Sucker A, Moll I, Planelles D, Requena C, Nagore E, Hemminki K, Schadendorf D, Kumar R. Influence of genetic variants in type I interferon genes on melanoma survival and therapy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50692. [PMID: 23209811 PMCID: PMC3507747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an immunogenic tumor; however, the efficacy of immune-therapy shows large inter-individual variation with possible influence of background genetic variation. In this study we report the influence of genetic polymorphisms in the type I interferon gene cluster on chromosome 9p22 on melanoma survival. We genotyped 625 melanoma patients recruited in an oncology center in Germany for 44 polymorphisms located on chromosome 9p22 that were informative for 299 polymorphisms and spanned 15 type I interferon genes. Our results showed associations between time to metastasis/survival and two linked (r2 = 0.76) polymorphisms, rs10964859 (C>G) and rs10964862 (C>A). The rs10964859 polymorphism was located at 3′UTR and rs10964862 was 9.40 Kb towards 5′UTR of IFNW1 gene. The carriers of the variant alleles of the rs10964859 and rs10964862 polymorphisms were associated with a reduced disease-free survival. The validation of data in an independent group of 710 patients from Spain showed that the direction of the effect was similar. Stratification based on therapy showed that the adverse effect on metastasis development was statistically significant in the patients from Spain who did not receive any treatment and were homozygous for variant allele of rs10964862 (HR = 2.52, 95% CI 1.07–5.90; P = 0.03). Patients homozygous for rs10964859 (HR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.17–3.44; P = 0.01) and rs10964862 (HR 1.84, 95%CI 1.03–3.27, P = 0.04) were associated to increased risk of death following metastasis. GTCGACAA haplotype, found in 8.8% of the patients, was associated with an increased risk of death (HR 1.94, 95%CI 1.16–3.26, P = 0.01). In conclusion, our results identified genetic variants in interferon genes that influence melanoma progression and survival with modulation of effect due to treatment status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Elizabeth Lenci
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Bevier
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Brandt
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justo Lorenzo Bermejo
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antje Sucker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Iris Moll
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dolores Planelles
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ke H, Augustine CK, Gandham VD, Jin JY, Tyler DS, Akiyama SK, Hall RP, Zhang JY. CYLD inhibits melanoma growth and progression through suppression of the JNK/AP-1 and β1-integrin signaling pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:221-9. [PMID: 22832488 PMCID: PMC3485435 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms mediating CYLD tumor suppressor function appear to be manifold. Here, we demonstrated that, in contrast to the increased levels of pJNK, CYLD was decreased in a majority of melanoma cell lines and tissues examined. Exogenous expression of CYLD but not its catalytically deficient mutant markedly inhibited melanoma cell proliferation and migration in vitro and subcutaneous tumor growth in vivo. In addition, the melanoma cells expressing exogenous CYLD were unable to form pulmonary tumor nodules following tail-vein injection. At the molecular level, CYLD decreased β1-integrin and inhibited pJNK induction by TNFα or cell-attachment to collagen IV. Moreover, CYLD induced an array of other molecular changes associated with modulation of the ‘malignant’ phenotype, including a decreased expression of cyclin D1, N-cadherin and nuclear Bcl3, and an increased expression of p53 and E-cadherin. Most interestingly, co-expression of the constitutively active MKK7 or c-Jun mutants with CYLD prevented the above molecular changes, and fully restored melanoma growth and metastatic potential in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that JNK/AP-1 signaling pathway underlies the melanoma growth and metastasis that is associated with CYLD loss-of-function. Thus, restoration of CYLD and inhibition of JNK and β1-integrin function represent potential therapeutic strategies for treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengning Ke
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Abstract
Melanoma has traditionally been considered an immunogenic tumor. A number of approaches have been studied for enhancement of antitumor immunity. The first cytokine approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, interleukin-2, has resulted in prolonged responses in a small subset of patients, providing hope that immunotherapy might be useful for this disease. Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody to CTLA-4, was recently approved and a number of other promising investigational approaches are currently being pursued. This manuscript discusses more recent advances in the treatment of melanoma employing a variety of immune-enhancing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Zito
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06451, USA
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46
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Lagisetty KH, Morgan RA. Cancer therapy with genetically-modified T cells for the treatment of melanoma. J Gene Med 2012; 14:400-4. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran H. Lagisetty
- National Institutes of Health; National Cancer Institute, Surgery Branch; Bethesda; MD; USA
| | - Richard A. Morgan
- National Institutes of Health; National Cancer Institute, Surgery Branch; Bethesda; MD; USA
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47
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Tietze JK, Sckisel GD, Hsiao HH, Murphy WJ. Antigen-specific versus antigen-nonspecific immunotherapeutic approaches for human melanoma: the need for integration for optimal efficacy? Int Rev Immunol 2012; 30:238-93. [PMID: 22053969 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2011.598977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to its immunogenecity and evidence of immune responses resulting in tumor regression, metastatic melanoma has been the target for numerous immunotherapeutic approaches. Unfortunately, based on the clinical outcomes, even the successful induction of tumor-specific responses does not correlate with efficacy. Immunotherapies can be divided into antigen-specific approaches, which seek to induce T cells specific to one or several known tumor associated antigens (TAA), or with antigen-nonspecific approaches, which generally activate T cells to become nonspecifically lytic effectors. Here the authors critically review the different immunotherapeutic approaches in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Tietze
- Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Chouaib S, Messai Y, Couve S, Escudier B, Hasmim M, Noman MZ. Hypoxia promotes tumor growth in linking angiogenesis to immune escape. Front Immunol 2012; 3:21. [PMID: 22566905 PMCID: PMC3341970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the impressive progress over the past decade, in the field of tumor immunology, such as the identification of tumor antigens and antigenic peptides, there are still many obstacles in eliciting an effective immune response to eradicate cancer. It has become increasingly clear that tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in the control of immune protection. Tumors have evolved to utilize hypoxic stress to their own advantage by activating key biochemical and cellular pathways that are important in progression, survival, and metastasis. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) play a determinant role in promoting tumor cell growth and survival. Hypoxia contributes to immune suppression by activating HIF-1 and VEGF pathways. Accumulating evidence suggests a link between hypoxia and tumor tolerance to immune surveillance through the recruitment of regulatory cells (regulatory T cells and myeloid derived suppressor cells). In this regard, hypoxia (HIF-1α and VEGF) is emerging as an attractive target for cancer therapy. How the microenvironmental hypoxia poses both obstacles and opportunities for new therapeutic immune interventions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Chouaib
- INSERM U753, Institut Gustave Roussy Villejuif, France
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Jacobs JFM, Nierkens S, Figdor CG, de Vries IJM, Adema GJ. Regulatory T cells in melanoma: the final hurdle towards effective immunotherapy? Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:e32-42. [PMID: 22225723 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(11)70155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy studies in patients with melanoma have reported success in the expansion of tumour-specific effector T cells in vivo, but even in the presence of substantial numbers of functional T cells circulating in the blood, favourable clinical outcomes are scarce. This failure to induce robust clinical responses might be related to tumour-induced immune evasion, rendering the host tolerant to melanoma antigens. Immunosuppression in the tumour microenvironment mediated by regulatory T cells (Treg) is a dominant mechanism of tumour immune escape and is a major hurdle for tumour immunotherapy. Accumulation of Treg in melanoma is frequently recorded and the ratio of CD8-positive T cells versus Treg in the tumour microenvironment is predictive for survival of patients with melanoma. Hence, depletion of Treg seems to be a promising strategy for the enhancement of melanoma-specific immunity. Indeed, murine studies have shown that Treg depletion greatly increases the efficacy of immunotherapy. But despite the success of some strategies in depletion of Treg in patients, overall clinical efficacy has been disappointing. The lack of Treg specificity of the Treg depleting strategies applied so far imply that well-designed studies into dosage, timing, and administration regimens with more specific agents are urgently needed. Depletion of functional Treg from the tumour microenvironment as part of multifaceted immunotherapeutic treatments is a major challenge to induce clinically relevant immune responses against melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannes F M Jacobs
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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50
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Current status of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus: clinical features, pathology, management and prognosis. J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:21-8. [PMID: 22048255 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-011-0490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus (PMME) is a rare disease with an extremely poor prognosis. Up to 2011, approximately 300 cases had been reported worldwide. The average age of onset is 60.5 years old, with a prevalence of males (2:1). A typical finding of PMME is a lobular or polyploid, well-circumscribed and pigmented tumor, partly covered with normal mucosa. PMME represents various colors depending on its melanin quantity and commonly coexists with intramural metastases, melanocytosis or melanoma in situ. The tumor is located from the middle to lower thoracic esophagus. The accuracy of diagnosis from biopsy is approximately 80%, because many cases are misdiagnosed as a poorly differentiated carcinoma because of the absence of melanin granules. A definite diagnosis was made by immunohistochemical examination with positive results of S100 protein, HMB45 and neuron-specific enolase. PMME has a highly metastatic potential, and the incidence of distant metastasis at the initial diagnosis is around 40-80%. A metastatic tumor from cutaneous malignant melanoma is another pigmented esophageal tumor to be considered when making the differential diagnosis for PMME. Junctional activity with melanotic cells in the adjacent epithelium and the presence of in situ melanoma and/or a satellite tumor without a previous history of cutaneous melanoma are definitive. Most of the reported patients were treated with radical esophagectomy, which is believed to be an effective approach for localized PMME. Five-year survival rates have been achieved in 37% recently, while adjuvant therapy has not been proven to increase overall survival but plays a palliative role.
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