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Kuźbicki Ł, Brożyna AA. The markers auxiliary in differential diagnosis of early melanomas and benign nevi sharing some similar features potentially leading to misdiagnosis - a review of immunohistochemical studies. Cancer Invest 2022; 40:852-867. [PMID: 36214582 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2022.2134415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although most melanocytic skin lesions are correctly diagnosed, numerous studies have shown interobserver disagreement. This review analyzes 20 molecules as immunohistochemical markers for distinguishing dysplastic and/or Spitz nevi from early melanomas (in situ, Clark level I or II and/or Breslow thickness at most 1 mm). The detected presence and/or level of tested molecules was significantly different in early melanomas than in dysplastic and Spitz nevi for six and seven potential markers, respectively. The most promising results were obtained for 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, cyclooxygenase-2 and PReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma whose levels were different in dysplastic and Spitz nevi compared to early melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kuźbicki
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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2
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A Comparative View on Molecular Alterations and Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Canine Oral Melanoma. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110286. [PMID: 34822659 PMCID: PMC8619620 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine oral melanoma (COM) is a highly aggressive tumour associated with poor prognosis due to metastasis and resistance to conventional anti-cancer therapies. As with human mucosal melanoma, the mutational landscape is predominated by copy number aberrations and chromosomal structural variants, but differences in study cohorts and/or tumour heterogeneity can lead to discordant results regarding the nature of specific genes affected. This review discusses somatic molecular alterations in COM that result from single nucleotide variations, copy number changes, chromosomal rearrangements, and/or dysregulation of small non-coding RNAs. A cross-species comparison highlights notable recurrent aberrations, and functionally grouping dysregulated proteins reveals unifying biological pathways that may be critical for oncogenesis and metastasis. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies are considered to target these pathways in canine patients, and the benefits of collaboration between science, medical, and veterinary communities are emphasised.
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3
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Kuźbicki Ł, Brożyna AA. Immunohistochemical detectability of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cells of human melanocytic skin lesions: A methodological review. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 47:363-380. [PMID: 31675116 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is thought to support tumorigenesis through various mechanisms and is analyzed as a potential cancer marker. In 18 studies, COX-2 expression in melanocytic lesions of human skin was examined immunohistochemically. However, results obtained by individual research groups differ in terms of detection frequency and level of this protein, as well as localization of stained cells within tumor. Possible reasons for the discrepancies are analyzed in this review: the application of different antibodies, the use of standard histopathological sections or tissue microarrays and the analyzes of staining results based on different algorithms. COX-2 level is significantly lower in nevi than in melanomas, increases gradually with progression of these malignant cancers and reaches the highest values in metastases. These gradual changes in COX-2 expression appear to be difficult to analyze based only on subjective assessment of staining intensity. The most convergent data were obtained using antibodies for N-terminal fragments of COX-2 protein and analyzing results based on calculation of percentage fraction of positive cells. The extent of stained area in specimen thus appears to be more important than the intensity of staining in terms of evaluation of COX-2 performance as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kuźbicki
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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4
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Ercolano G, De Cicco P, Frecentese F, Saccone I, Corvino A, Giordano F, Magli E, Fiorino F, Severino B, Calderone V, Citi V, Cirino G, Ianaro A. Anti-metastatic Properties of Naproxen-HBTA in a Murine Model of Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:66. [PMID: 30800067 PMCID: PMC6376415 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of H2S-release and of COXs-inhibition have been exploited in the design of novel anti-inflammatory drugs, the H2S-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (H2S-NSAIDs), showing promising potential for chemoprevention in cancers. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a new H2S-releasing derivative of naproxen, named naproxen-4-hydroxybenzodithioate (naproxen-HBTA), in reducing metastatic melanoma features, both in vitro and in vivo. The novel H2S donor has been prepared following a synthetic scheme that provided high yields and purity. In particular, we investigated the effect of naproxen-HBTA in vitro on several metastatic features of human melanoma cells such as proliferation, migration, invasion, and colonies formation and in vivo in a model of cutaneous melanoma. Cell culture studies demonstrated that naproxen-HBTA induced caspase 3-mediated apoptosis and inhibited motility, invasiveness, and focus formation. Finally, daily oral treatment with naproxen-HBTA significantly suppressed melanoma growth and progression in mice. In conclusion, by using this dual approach we propose that the COX-2 and H2S pathways could be regarded as novel therapeutic targets/tools to generate new treatment options based on "combination therapy" for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola De Cicco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Irene Saccone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Corvino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Magli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Severino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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5
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Kitanaka N, Nakano R, Kitanaka T, Namba S, Konno T, Nakayama T, Sugiya H. NF-κB p65 and p105 implicate in interleukin 1β-mediated COX-2 expression in melanoma cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208955. [PMID: 30562372 PMCID: PMC6298655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory and microenvironmental factors produced by cancer cells are thought to directly or indirectly promote cancer cell growth. Prostaglandins, including prostaglandin E2, have key roles as a microenvironment factor in influencing the development of tumors, and are produced by the rate limiting enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). In this study, we used canine melanoma cells treated with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and investigated the transcriptional factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in IL-1β-induced COX-2 expression. IL-1β induced prostaglandin E2 release and COX-2 mRNA expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In the cells treated with the NF-κB inhibitors BAY11-7082 and TPC-1, IL-1β-mediated prostaglandin E2 release and COX-2 mRNA expression were inhibited. IL-1β also provoked phosphorylation of p65/RelA and p105/NF-κB1, which are members of the NF-κB families. The IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of p65 and p105 was attenuated in the presence of both NF-κB inhibitors. In melanoma cells transfected with siRNA of p65 or p105, IL-1β-mediated COX-2 mRNA expression was inhibited. These findings suggest that canonical activation of NF-κB signaling plays a crucial role for inflammatory states in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Kitanaka
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rei Nakano
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taku Kitanaka
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Namba
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Konno
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- Veterinary Radiotherapy, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiya
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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6
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Panza E, De Cicco P, Ercolano G, Armogida C, Scognamiglio G, Anniciello AM, Botti G, Cirino G, Ianaro A. Differential expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in metastatic melanoma affects progression free survival. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57077-57085. [PMID: 27494851 PMCID: PMC5302974 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible correlation between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and disease progression in melanoma is still a matter of debate. Analysis of COX-2 expression in 45 lymph node melanoma metastases demonstrates a significant correlation between the percent of expression and progression free survival (PFS). A positive COX-2 expression ≥10% (COX-2high), as opposite to a positive expression ≤9% (COX-2low), translated into a striking significant reduction of PFS of about 3 years. The reduction in PFS correlated neither with BRAFV600E nor with NRASQ61 expression in the analyzed samples. This concept was reinforced by the finding that tumour development in COX-2-/- mice was almost blunted. Similarly, inhibition of COX-2 protein expression in human melanoma cell lines, by using siRNAs technology as well as selective inhibition of COX-2 activity by celecoxib, reduced cellular proliferation and invasiveness. In conclusion we show that COX-2high is a negative prognostic factor in metastatic melanoma. Our study also clarifies that the uncertainty about the role of COX-2 in metastatic malignant melanoma, found in the current relevant literature, is probably due to the fact that a threshold in COX-2 expression has to be reached in order to impact on cancer malignancy. Our findings suggest that COX-2 expression may become an useful diagnostic tool in defining melanoma malignancy as well as argue for a possible therapeutic use of NSAID as add on therapy in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Panza
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Paola De Cicco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Chiara Armogida
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Giosuè Scognamiglio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Anniciello
- Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
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7
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Conjunctival melanoma: association of cyclooxygenase-2 tumor expression to prognosis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:989-995. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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8
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Kuźbicki Ł, Lange D, Stanek-Widera A, Chwirot BW. Intratumoral expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a negative prognostic marker for patients with cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2016; 26:448-56. [PMID: 27391144 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Because of the well-known heterogeneity of melanomas, prognosis of the disease is often difficult to assess even for lesions classified in similar stages. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of COX-2 as a melanoma prognostic marker and to establish an optimum algorithm for analysis of COX-2 expression levels in lesions of interest. Expression of COX-2 was detected immunohistochemically in standard sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 85 primary melanomas, 36 lymph node metastases, and five skin metastases including 39 cases of paired primary and metastatic lesions obtained from the same patient. Enhanced expression of COX-2 in primary melanomas is an indicator of poorer prognosis. A significant correlation was found between high expression of COX-2 in primary lesions and shorter survival. The enhancement of COX-2 expression is also positively correlated with other prognostic factors such as tumor thickness and infiltration level, ulceration, high mitotic index, more invasive histologic type, vertical growth phase, and lymph node metastasis. On the whole, the results suggest that intratumoral expression of COX-2 is a strong negative prognostic marker for patients with melanoma. Moreover, our work shows that a simple and objective immunohistochemical scoring algorithm involving the determination of only a percentage fraction of positively stained cells is sufficient to obtain the prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kuźbicki
- aDepartment of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń bDepartment of Tumor Pathology, Oncology Center - Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute, Gliwice, Poland
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9
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Hassan L, Pinon A, Limami Y, Seeman J, Fidanzi-Dugas C, Martin F, Badran B, Simon A, Liagre B. Resistance to ursolic acid-induced apoptosis through involvement of melanogenesis and COX-2/PGE2 pathways in human M4Beu melanoma cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 345:60-9. [PMID: 27262506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer with a continuously growing incidence worldwide and is usually resistant to chemotherapy agents, which is due in part to a strong resistance to apoptosis. Previously, we had showed that B16-F0 murine melanoma cells undergoing apoptosis are able to delay their own death induced by ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid compound. We had demonstrated that tyrosinase and TRP-1 up-regulation in apoptotic cells and the subsequent production of melanin were implicated in an apoptosis resistance mechanism. Several resistance mechanisms to apoptosis have been characterized in melanoma such as hyperactivation of DNA repair mechanisms, drug efflux systems, and reinforcement of survival signals (PI3K/Akt, NF-κB and Raf/MAPK pathways). Otherwise, other mechanisms of apoptosis resistance involving different proteins, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), have been described in many cancer types. By using a strategy of specific inhibition of each ways, we suggested that there was an interaction between melanogenesis and COX-2/PGE2 pathway. This was characterized by analyzing the COX-2 expression and activity, the expression of tyrosinase and melanin production. Furthermore, we showed that anti-proliferative and proapoptotic effects of UA were mediated through modulation of multiple signaling pathways including Akt and ERK-1/2 proteins. Our study not only uncovers underlying molecular mechanisms of UA action in human melanoma cancer cells but also suggest its great potential as an adjuvant in treatment and cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Hassan
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France
| | - Aline Pinon
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France
| | - Youness Limami
- Laboratoire National de Référence (LNR), Université Mohammed VI des Sciences de la Santé, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Josiane Seeman
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France
| | - Chloe Fidanzi-Dugas
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France
| | - Frederique Martin
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alain Simon
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France
| | - Bertrand Liagre
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, Limoges, France.
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10
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de Souza do Nascimento J, Carlos R, Delgado-Azañero W, Mosqueda Taylor A, de Almeida OP, Romañach MJ, de Andrade BAB. Immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in oral nevi and melanoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 45:440-3. [PMID: 26608958 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) catalyses the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin, and its overexpression has been demonstrated in different malignant tumors, including cutaneous melanoma. However, no data about the expression of this protein in oral melanocytic lesions are available to date. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in oral nevi and melanomas, comparing the results with correspondent cutaneous lesions. METHODS COX-2 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 49 oral melanocytic lesions, including 36 intramucosal nevi and 13 primary oral melanomas, and in four cutaneous nevi and eight melanomas. RESULTS All cases of oral and cutaneous melanomas were positive for COX-2. On the other hand, all oral and cutaneous melanocytic nevi were negative. CONCLUSION COX-2 is highly positive in oral melanomas and negative in oral nevi and might represent a useful marker to distinguish melanocytic lesions of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Román Carlos
- Pathology Section, Centro Clínico de Cabeza y Cuello/Hospital Herrera Llerandi, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | | | - Oslei Paes de Almeida
- Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário José Romañach
- Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Augusto Benevenuto de Andrade
- Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Kim SH, Hashimoto Y, Cho SN, Roszik J, Milton DR, Dal F, Kim SF, Menter DG, Yang P, Ekmekcioglu S, Grimm EA. Microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 regulates melanoma cell survival and associates with melanoma disease progression. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:297-308. [PMID: 26801201 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
COX-2 and its product PGE2 enhance carcinogenesis and tumor progression, which has been previously reported in melanoma. As most COX inhibitors cause much toxicity, the downstream microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 (mPGES1) is a consideration for targeting. Human melanoma TMAs were employed for testing mPGES1 protein staining intensity and percentage levels, and both increased with clinical stage; employing a different Stage III TMA, mPGES1 intensity (not percentage) associated with reduced patient survival. Our results further show that iNOS was also highly expressed in melanoma tissues with high mPGES1 levels, and iNOS-mediated NO promoted mPGES1 expression and PGE2 production. An mPGES1-specific inhibitor (CAY10526) as well as siRNA attenuated cell survival and increased apoptosis. CAY10526 significantly suppressed tumor growth and increased apoptosis in melanoma xenografts. Our findings support the value of a prognostic and predictive role for mPGES1, and suggest targeting this molecule in the PGE2 pathway as another avenue toward improving melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Kim
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuuri Hashimoto
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sung-Nam Cho
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Denái R Milton
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fulya Dal
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sangwon F Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perlman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David G Menter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of General Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grimm
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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Abstract
Aspirin has been one of the oldest drugs in the field of medicine, with a wide range of applications. In dermatology, aspirin has shown benefit in a variety of disorders. Recently, reduction of melanoma risk with aspirin has been demonstrated. Although an analgesic to begin with, aspirin has come a long way; after cardiology, it is now found to be useful even in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kumar Bubna
- Department of Dermatology, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Koyuncuer A. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Non-Melanocytic Skin Cancer: Correlation With Morphological Subtype and Histologic Grade. World J Oncol 2014; 5:189-195. [PMID: 29147402 PMCID: PMC5649766 DOI: 10.14740/wjon869w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), and they account for approximately 90% of all skin cancers. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is expressed in NMSC and in premalignant cutaneous lesions (actinic keratosis). Methods Immunohistochemistry was performed with COX-2 antibodies in skin biopsies (paraffin tissue archival blocks) from 28 cases with SCC and 33 cases with BCC. Results COX-2 was immunostained in a total of 61 cases. There was no staining or weakly positive staining in 73.8% of the cases (45 cases), and there was moderate or strong positive staining in 26.3% of the cases (16 cases). COX-2 was expressed in 42.4% of the BCC cases and in 57.1% of the SCC cases. There was a significant relationship between positive COX-2 staining and SCC (P = 0.016). Conclusions In this study, SCCs were significantly correlated with the expression of COX-2. In addition, COX-2 was more frequently expressed in SCC than in BCC. The largest diameters of the SCC were significantly correlated with the expression of COX-2. There were no significant associations between COX-2 staining and clinicopathologic features such as the ulceration of the tumor, its anatomic localization, patient gender, the histologic grade of the SCC and the morphological subtype of the BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Koyuncuer
- Department of Pathology, Antakya State Hospital, Hatay, Turkey.
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14
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Schneider SL, Ross AL, Grichnik JM. Do inflammatory pathways drive melanomagenesis? Exp Dermatol 2014; 24:86-90. [PMID: 25041143 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory pathways serve to protect the host and promote tissue healing/repair; however, over-activation or dysregulation can be pathological with unintended consequences including malignant progression. A correlation between inflammation and cancer has been well established, and anti-inflammatory medications have been shown to be chemopreventive in certain malignancies. Data are now becoming available that outline an inflammatory pathway that may have a critical role in melanomagenesis. ATP-regulated membrane channels/receptors P2X7 and PANX1 have been directly implicated in melanoma tumor growth. Among other potential effects, opening of the P2X7/PANX1 channel results in activation of the NALP3 inflammasome, which in turn leads to caspase-1 activation and increased levels of activated IL-1β. Elevated levels of caspase-1 and IL-1β have been correlated with melanoma progression, and inhibitors of the inflammasome, caspase and IL-1β activity have all been shown to inhibit melanoma growth. Among many other potential actions, IL-1β increases cyclooxygenase-2 expression leading to local increases in inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Anti-inflammatory medications targeting the end of this pathway have had positive results for certain cancers but overall remain mixed for melanoma. A better understanding of the pathways and appropriate intervention points may help direct future therapies. In this viewpoint, we will review data and attempt to model an inflammatory pathway that may be critical for melanomagenesis and propose future directions for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Schneider
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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15
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Gomez-Lira M, Ferronato S, Malerba G, Santinami M, Maurichi A, Sangalli A, Turco A, Perego P, Rodolfo M. Association of promoter polymorphism −765G>C in the PTGS2 gene with malignant melanoma in Italian patients and its correlation to gene expression in dermal fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:766-8. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Gomez-Lira
- Section of Biology and Genetics; Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Silvia Ferronato
- Section of Biology and Genetics; Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Section of Biology and Genetics; Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Mario Santinami
- Unit of Melanoma and Sarcoma; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milan Italy
| | - Andrea Maurichi
- Unit of Melanoma and Sarcoma; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milan Italy
| | - Antonella Sangalli
- Section of Biology and Genetics; Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Alberto Turco
- Section of Biology and Genetics; Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Paola Perego
- Unit of Molecular Pharmacology; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milan Italy
| | - Monica Rodolfo
- Unit of Immunotherapy; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milan Italy
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Kuźbicki Ł, Urban J, Chwirot BW. Different detectability of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein in standard paraffin sections and tissue microarrays of human melanomas and naevi – Comparative study. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:591-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Synthesis, in vitro antiproliferative activity, and in silico studies of fused tricyclic coumarin sulfonate derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Yi C, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Xiao Y, Wang J, Qiu H, Yu W, Tang R, Yuan Y, Guo W, Deng W. Melatonin enhances the anti-tumor effect of fisetin by inhibiting COX-2/iNOS and NF-κB/p300 signaling pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99943. [PMID: 25000190 PMCID: PMC4085069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone identified in plants and pineal glands of mammals and possesses diverse physiological functions. Fisetin is a bio-flavonoid widely found in plants and exerts antitumor activity in several types of human cancers. However, the combinational effect of melatonin and fisetin on antitumor activity, especially in melanoma treatment, remains unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that melatonin could enhance the antitumor activity of fisetin in melanoma cells and identified the underlying molecular mechanisms. The combinational treatment of melanoma cells with fisetin and melatonin significantly enhanced the inhibitions of cell viability, cell migration and clone formation, and the induction of apoptosis when compared with the treatment of fisetin alone. Moreover, such enhancement of antitumor effect by melatonin was found to be mediated through the modulation of the multiply signaling pathways in melanoma cells. The combinational treatment of fisetin with melatonin increased the cleavage of PARP proteins, triggered more release of cytochrome-c from the mitochondrial inter-membrane, enhanced the inhibition of COX-2 and iNOS expression, repressed the nuclear localization of p300 and NF-κB proteins, and abrogated the binding of NF-κB on COX-2 promoter. Thus, these results demonstrated that melatonin potentiated the anti-tumor effect of fisetin in melanoma cells by activating cytochrome-c-dependent apoptotic pathway and inhibiting COX-2/iNOS and NF-κB/p300 signaling pathways, and our study suggests the potential of such a combinational treatment of natural products in melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canhui Yi
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlong Yu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Qiu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wendan Yu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Ranran Tang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Yuhui Yuan
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Wuguo Deng
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
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Aspirin use and melanoma risk: A review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:187-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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El-Gamal MI, Choi HS, Yoo KH, Baek D, Oh CH. Antiproliferative diarylpyrazole derivatives as dual inhibitors of the ERK pathway and COX-2. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:336-47. [PMID: 23834707 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3,4-diarylpyrazole-1-carboxamide derivatives was designed and synthesized. A selected group of the target compounds was tested for in vitro antiproliferative activities over a panel of 60 cancer cell lines at the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA) at a single-dose concentration of 10 μm, and the four most active compounds 9a, 9l, 9n, and 10o were further tested in a five-dose testing mode to determine their IC50 values over the 60 cell lines. In addition, a selected group of target compounds were tested for inhibitory effect over cyclooxygenase isozymes. Compounds 9a, 9l, 9n, and 10o were also tested for MEK and ERK kinase inhibitory activity using Western blot assay. Compound 10o was selective toward melanoma cell line subpanel, and its antiproliferative activity may be attributed to selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and ERK pathway inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, 113 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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The value of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in differentiating between early melanomas and histopathologically difficult types of benign human skin lesions. Melanoma Res 2012; 22:70-6. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e32834defec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Serini S, Fasano E, Piccioni E, Monego G, Cittadini AR, Celleno L, Ranelletti FO, Calviello G. DHA induces apoptosis and differentiation in human melanoma cells in vitro : involvement of HuR-mediated COX-2 mRNA stabilization and β-catenin nuclear translocation. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:164-73. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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23
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Cyclooxygenase-dependent signaling is causally linked to non-melanoma skin carcinogenesis: pharmacological, genetic, and clinical evidence. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:343-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
CONTEXT Histologic analysis allows accurate classification of most melanocytic lesions as benign or malignant. Only in a minority of lesions is it necessary to use other techniques as an aid in the diagnosis. Among them, most authors recommend immunohistochemistry. OBJECTIVE To describe how to apply immunohistochemistry to particular differential diagnoses and the potential pitfalls. DATA SOURCES Personal experience and review of literature. CONCLUSIONS There is no single marker, or combination thereof, that establishes an unequivocal diagnosis of melanoma or nevus. Thus it is necessary to carefully analyze the pattern of expression (patchy versus diffuse) and localization (maturation) in the context of morphologic standard features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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25
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Xu Q, Zhao GQ, Zhao J, Lin H, Mou YY, Wang Q, Sun WR. Expression and significance of factors related to angiogenesis in choroidal melanoma. Int J Ophthalmol 2011; 4:49-54. [PMID: 22553608 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2011.01.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM TO INVESTIGATE EXPRESSION OF FACTORS RELATED TO ANGIOGENESIS: HIF-1α, iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF in choroidal melanoma and its clinical significance. METHODS Fifty samples of choroidal melanoma and 15 samples of melanocytic nevi of the eyelid identified by pathology were collected. Immunohistochemistry SP method was used to examine the expression of HIF-1α, iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF in these samples. The comparison among groups was done by SPSS 13.0 software. RESULTS The positive expression rates of HIF-1α, iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF in choroidal melanoma group were significantly higher than those in eyelid nevi group (χ(2)=6.5542, 7.7224, 8.5828, 15.1749). The positive expression rate of VEGF was associated with the tumor size (χ(2)=10.9194), but was not associated with pathological type (χ(2)=2.0712) and the situation of scleral invasion (χ(2)=5.4289). The positive expression rate of HIF-1α was associated with the tumor size (χ(2)=7.1216) and pathological type (χ(2)=9.0889), but was not associated with the situation of scleral invasion (χ(2)=3.3586). The positive expression rate of iNOS was associated with the tumor size (χ(2)=9.5503), but was not associated with pathological type (χ(2)=1.9450) and the situation of scleral invasion (χ(2)=2.3810). The positive expression rate of COX-2 was associated with the tumor size (χ(2)=7.2970), but was not associated with pathological type (χ(2)=1.8421) and the situation of scleral invasion (χ(2)=0.4018). The expression of HIF-1α, iNOS and COX-2 were significantly associated with the expression of VEGF (r=0.9429, 1, 0.9857). The expression of COX-2 was significantly associated with the expression of iNOS (r=0.9857). The expression of HIF-1α was significantly associated with the expression of COX-2 (r=0.9857). The expression of HIF-1α was significantly associated with the expression of iNOS (r=0. 9429). CONCLUSION The expression of HIF-1α, iNOS and COX-2 protein in choroidal melanoma were higher and may relate to angiogenesis and stimulate tumor growth. Determination of HIF-1α, iNOS and COX-2 may be helpful for the diagnosis and therapy of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical Collage, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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Martínez CM, Peñafiel-Verdú C, Vilafranca M, Ramírez G, Méndez-Gallego M, Buendía AJ, Sánchez J. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is related with localization, proliferation, and overall survival in canine melanocytic neoplasms. Vet Pathol 2011; 48:1204-11. [PMID: 21292918 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810396517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A direct relationship has been firmly established between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and malignant behavior in human melanoma. This report examines the relationship between COX-2 expression and tumor location, mitotic and proliferative indices, degree of T CD3(+) lymphocyte infiltration, overall survival, and frequency of recurrence and metastasis of 57 melanocytic tumors (25 oral and 32 cutaneous). COX-2 was highly or moderately expressed in 88% of oral neoplasms (22 of 25), whereas for their cutaneous counterparts, COX-2 expression was low or insignificant in 75% of cases (24 of 32). High and moderate COX-2 expression levels were observed in 73% of melanocytic tumors with a mitotic index ≥ 3 per 10 high-power fields (26 of 36), whereas in 81% of tumors with a mitotic index < 3 (17 of 21), expression was mild or absent. There were 41 cases with known clinical outcomes; of those showing high, moderate, and mild COX-2 expression, 83.3% (10 of 12), 37.5% (3 of 8), and 25% (2 of 8) died, respectively, whereas 100% of animals showing no COX-2 expression (13 of 13) were still alive at the last follow-up. COX-2 expression was statistically correlated with tumor location, mitotic and percentage Ki-67 proliferative indices, and overall survival, frequency of neoplastic recurrence and metastasis. Regression analysis also showed disease-specific predictive value for COX-2 expression for subjects with melanocytic neoplasms. Additionally, only high COX-2 expression showed significant differences in overall survival, in comparison with moderate, mild, or absent expression. These results suggest that high COX-2 expression may be considered a prognostic biomarker and potentially as a target for therapeutic and preventive strategies in canine melanocytic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Martínez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Minami S, Lum CA, Kitagawa KM, Namiki TS. Immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenage-2 in melanocytic skin lesions. Int J Dermatol 2010; 50:24-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Similar antineoplastic effects of nimesulide, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, and prostaglandin E1 on B16-F10 murine melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 2010; 20:273-9. [PMID: 20404772 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e328339d8ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is now increasing evidence that a constitutive expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) plays a role in the development and progression of malignant ectodermal tumours. In this study, we investigated whether the selective inhibition of COX-2 would be beneficial in melanoma treatment. Nimesulide, a selective inhibitor of COX-2 that causes the breakdown of proinflammatory 2-series prostaglandins (PG2), adversely affected the growth of B16-F10 melanoma cells through the induction of differentiation. The intracellular levels of polyamine, as a proliferation marker, were reduced by the treatment; at the same time, transglutaminase activation and increase in melanin content, as differentiation indicators, were observed. The potential antimetastatic activity of the drug was further shown by means of the Boyden invasion assay and gelatin zymography for metalloproteinase activity. Comparable results were obtained after the treatment of cells with one of the 1-series PGs (PGE1). Therefore, our hypothesis is that the antineoplastic activity observed for nimesulide may be ascribed to intracellular changes in alterations in PG levels.
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COX-1 and COX-2 Expression in Canine Cutaneous, Oral and Ocular Melanocytic Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2010; 143:142-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Biomarkers: the useful and the not so useful--an assessment of molecular prognostic markers for cutaneous melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1971-87. [PMID: 20555347 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Among individuals with localized (Stage I-II) melanoma, stratifying patients by a number of phenotypic variables (e.g., depth of invasion, ulceration) yields a wide range of 10-year melanoma-specific survival rates. With the possible exception of Ki-67, no molecular assessment is routinely used. However, there have been a tremendous number of studies assessing protein expression by immunohistochemistry toward the goal of better prediction of recurrence. In a previous systematic review, which required publication of multivariable prognostic models as a strict inclusion criterion, we identified 37 manuscripts that collectively reported on 62 proteins. Data for 324 proteins extracted from 418 manuscripts did not meet our inclusion criteria for that study, but are revisited here, emphasizing trends of protein expression across either melanocytic lesion progression or gradations of tumor thickness. These identified 101 additional proteins that stratify melanoma, organized according to the Hanahan and Weinberg functional capabilities of cancer.
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Atchaneeyasakul LO, Uiprasertkul M, Trinavarat A. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in retinoblastoma: an immunohistochemical analysis. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:242-7. [PMID: 20373884 DOI: 10.3109/02713680903477832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cancers. High expression of COX-2 has been demonstrated in several cancer types including retinoblastoma. However, the in vivo study did not confirm the anti-proliferative effect of COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, on a murine transgenic retinoblastoma model. We, therefore, aim to investigate COX-2 expression in paraffin-embedded retinoblastoma specimens in a larger study group. METHODS We reviewed 55 retinoblastoma specimens obtained during 1995 to 2005. Clinical and histopathological data were recorded. Immunohistochemical evaluation of COX-2 expression was performed using a rabbit monoclonal antibody to human cyclooxygenase-2. RESULTS Forty-four of 55 specimens (80%) showed negative immunoreactivity for COX-2 expression. For the 11 specimens (20%, 95% CI = 11.6-32.4%) with positive COX-2, all immunostainings were less than 50% of tumor area. Demographic data and treatment details were available in 53 specimens. Enucleation was performed as a primary treatment in 43 specimens (81%). Other treatments, mainly systemic chemotherapy, were given prior to enucleation in 10 specimens (19%). There was no statistical difference in COX-2 expression between the specimens identified as primary and secondary enucleation (p = 0.66). Regarding the histopathological findings, there were no significant differences between COX-2 negative and COX-2 positive groups. CONCLUSIONS It appears that COX-2 is not overexpressed in our retinoblastoma specimens, which is different from previous studies. This conflicting data reduces the possibility of introducing Cox-2 inhibitors in the treatment of retinoblastoma.
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Cyclooxygenase-2 immunohistochemistry in human melanoma: differences between results obtained with different antibodies. Melanoma Res 2010; 19:294-300. [PMID: 19543125 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e32832e0bde] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Several groups have reported that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is significantly enhanced in human melanomas, and that the expression of this protein may be useful as diagnostic and prognostic marker for the disease. At the same time, collective analysis of immunohistochemical data on the COX-2 expression in melanomas, presented by different researchers, shows a clear lack of consistency of reported results commonly assigned to differences in protocols used for the staining. This paper describes a study involving the parallel use of three different primary anti-COX-2 antibodies targeting different COX-2 epitopes. A surprising outcome is that although the three antibodies gave very consistent results for the COX-2 expression in keratinocytes, they showed significant differences in immunoreactivity for both melanocytic naevi and melanomas. This phenomenon has not been described before, and has implications for the selection of antibodies for studies on the diagnostic potential of COX-2 for melanoma.
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Abstract
Background: Metastatic melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer and with an overall 5-year survival rate of <11%, there is an acute need for novel therapeutic strategies. Activating mutations in the BRAF oncogene are present in 50–70% of cases and contribute to tumourigenesis, thus, defining downstream targets of oncogenic BRAF may help define novel targets for therapeutic intervention. The Ca2+/calcineurin-regulated transcription factor, Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), is important in the pathogenesis of several human cancers, target genes of which are also known to contribute to melanoma progression. One such NFAT target gene is COX-2, increased expression of which correlates with poor prognosis; however, upstream regulators of COX-2 in melanoma remain undefined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate NFAT expression and activity in metastatic melanoma and establish whether or not oncogenic BRAF signalling modulates NFAT activity and determine if NFAT is a key upstream regulator of COX-2 in melanoma. Methods: Nuclear factor of activated T-cells transcriptional activity and protein expression were determined in three human metastatic melanoma cell lines with differing B-RAF mutational status. NFAT activation by oncogenic BRAFV600E was explored by BRAFV600E overexpression and application of the specific MEK inhibitor PD98059. Regulation of COX-2 expression by NFAT was investigated using NFAT-targeted siRNA, calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin A and FK506, in addition to COX-2 luciferase reporter vectors that selectively lacked NFAT binding sites. Results: NFAT transcriptional activity was increased in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells compared with wild-type cells. Furthermore, in wild-type cells, overexpression of BRAFV600E increased NFAT activity, which was blocked by the MEK inhibitor PD98059. Using calcineurin inhibitors and siRNA-mediated knockdown of NFAT2 and 4, we show NFAT is required for COX-2 promoter activation and protein induction in metastatic melanoma cells. Conclusion: NFAT2 and 4 are expressed in human metastatic melanoma cell lines and are activated by oncogenic BRAFV600E via MEK/ERK signalling. NFAT is an important upstream regulator of COX-2 in metastatic melanoma. Furthermore, as the BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway is hyperactive in other malignancies and MEK/ERK are also activated by oncogenic RAS in 30% of all human cancers, the potential to exploit NFAT signalling for therapeutic benefit warrants further investigation.
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Abstract
Several studies illustrated considerably elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein in various types of human cancer including malignant melanoma. Recently, it was reported that COX-2 is strongly expressed in malignant melanoma and may be correlated with the development and progression of disease. In contrast, other groups did not detect COX-2 protein in primary melanoma cells but did in infiltrating inflammatory cells or metastases. However, there are no reports about patterns or alterations of COX-2 expression in melanoma cells during disease progression or of a correlation between COX-2 expression and overall survival. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a correlation between expression of COX-2 protein and disease prognosis in malignant melanoma. We therefore analyzed the expression of COX-2 protein by immunohistochemistry in 101 primary malignant melanomas and 28 metastases and correlated our data with Breslow tumor thickness, Clark levels, different melanoma subtypes, metastases, and overall survival. We detected a strong COX-2 expression in 95% of all primary melanomas, primarily restricted to melanoma cells as shown by various immunohistochemical methods. Levels of COX-2 expression in primary melanoma and corresponding metastases remained stable. A significant correlation between immunohistochemical staining intensity and tumor thickness was demonstrated. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier curves illustrated a significant correlation between staining intensity and disease-specific survival. Our findings emphasize that the COX-2 protein might be a novel prognostic marker. Owing to its strong expression in melanoma cells it might also be a reasonable therapeutic target.
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Johansson CC, Egyházi S, Masucci G, Harlin H, Mougiakakos D, Poschke I, Nilsson B, Garberg L, Tuominen R, Linden D, Stolt MF, Hansson J, Kiessling R. Prognostic significance of tumor iNOS and COX-2 in stage III malignant cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1085-94. [PMID: 19039588 PMCID: PMC11030735 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0631-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE New prognostic markers are needed for malignant melanoma. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX-2) have been described to correlate with progression of melanoma. Moreover, activating mutations in BRAF/NRAS oncogenes are often detected in melanoma. The BRAF/NRAS mutation status and expression of COX-2 and iNOS were examined to compare their prognostic value for overall survival (OS) in stage III malignant cutaneous melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The expression of iNOS and COX-2 in metastatic lymph nodes from 21 rapidly progressing (OS from date of diagnosis of stage III disease < or =14 months) and 17 slowly progressing (OS > or =60 months) stage III cutaneous melanoma patients was examined by immunohistochemistry. The presence of BRAF/NRAS mutations was analyzed using direct DNA sequencing. Chi2 exact trend test and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Both iNOS (P = 0.002) and COX-2 (P = 0.048) alone significantly predicted OS. The BRAF/NRAS mutation status did not significantly differ between patient groups, although iNOS significantly (P = 0.013) correlated with BRAF mutation frequency. Furthermore, the odds ratio (OR) with respect to OS of iNOS (OR = 10.4) was higher than that of COX-2 (OR = 5.6) and was stable in the multivariate analysis of OS together with disease stage IIIB/C, ulceration, number of metastatic lymph nodes, and Breslow tumor thickness. CONCLUSION Our data show that iNOS is an independent and stronger prognostic factor for OS in stage III malignant cutaneous melanoma than COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Christian Johansson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suzanne Egyházi
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Masucci
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Harlin
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabel Poschke
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liss Garberg
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rainer Tuominen
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diana Linden
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Frostvik Stolt
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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