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Peralta AA, Gold DR, Yazdi MD, Wei Y, Schwartz J. The role of short-term air pollution and temperature on arterial stiffness in a longitudinal closed cohort of elderly individuals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114597. [PMID: 36279911 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Our study adds to the sparse literature that examines whether arterial stiffness, related to cardiovascular risk, increases with exposure to air pollution. We assessed the associations between spatiotemporally resolved air pollutants and vascular and hemodynamic parameters in an elderly population-based in Eastern Massachusetts. METHODS Among 397 men living in Eastern Massachusetts between 2007 and 2013, we utilized time-varying linear mixed-effects regressions to examine associations between central augmentation index (%) and central pulse pressure (mmHg) and short-term (0-7 days) exposure to air pollution concentrations (fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3)), and temperature adjusted for known cardiovascular risk factors. Central augmentation index (AIx) and pulse pressure (AP) were measured at each visit using radial artery applanation tonometry for pulse wave analysis. Each air pollutant and temperature were geocoded to the participant's residential address using validated ensemble and hybrid exposure models and gridMET predictions. RESULTS We found consistent results that higher short-term PM2.5 concentrations (0-7 day moving averages) were associated with significantly higher measures of arterial stiffness. Each 4.52 μg/m3 interquartile range (IQR) increase in daily PM2.5 for a 3-day moving average was associated with a 0.63% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11, 1.15) increase in AIx and a 1.65 mmHg (95% CI: 0.42, 2.88) increase in pulse pressure. Furthermore, each 3.83 μg/m3 IQR increase in daily PM2.5 for a 7-day moving average was associated with a 0.57% (95% CI: -0.01, 1.14) increase in AIx and a 1.91 mmHg (95% CI: 0.54, 3.28) increase in pulse pressure. Smaller increases in AIx and AP were observed for the other short-term moving averages of PM2.5 exposure apart from days zero and five for AIx. We found no clear association between O3, NO2, temperature, and the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Short-term PM2.5 exposure was associated with markers of arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjani A Peralta
- Department of Environmental Health; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States.
| | - Diane R Gold
- Department of Environmental Health; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Mahdieh Danesh Yazdi
- Department of Environmental Health; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States
| | - Yaguang Wei
- Department of Environmental Health; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States; Department of Epidemiology; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States
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Chen W, Han Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Qiu X, Li W, Xu Y, Zhu T. Glucose Metabolic Disorders Enhance Vascular Dysfunction Triggered by Particulate Air Pollution: a Panel Study. Hypertension 2022; 79:1079-1090. [PMID: 35193365 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular dysfunction is a biological pathway whereby particulate matter (PM) exerts deleterious cardiovascular effects. The effects of ambient PM on vascular function in prediabetic individuals are unclear. METHODS A panel study recruited 112 Beijing residents with and without prediabetes. Multiple vascular function indices were measured up to 7 times. The associations between vascular function indices and short-term exposure to ambient PM, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ultrafine particles, accumulation mode particles, and black carbon, and the modification of these associations by glucose metabolic status were examined using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS Increases in brachial artery pulse pressure, central aortic pulse pressure, and ejection duration, and decreases in subendocardial viability ratio and reactive hyperemia index were significantly associated with at least one PM pollutant in all participants, indicating increased vascular dysfunction. For example, for an interquartile range increment in 5-day moving average ultrafine particles, brachial artery pulse pressure, and central aortic pulse pressure increased 5.4% (0.8%-10.4%) and 6.2% (1.2%-11.5%), respectively. Additionally, PM-associated changes in vascular function differed according to glucose metabolic status. Among participants with high fasting blood glucose levels (≥6.1 mmol/L), PM exposure was significantly associated with increased brachial artery systolic blood pressure, central aortic systolic blood pressure, brachial artery pulse pressure, central aortic pulse pressure, and augmentation pressure normalized to a heart rate of 75 bpm and decreased subendocardial viability ratio and reactive hyperemia index. Weaker or null associations were observed in the low-fasting blood glucose group. CONCLUSIONS Glucose metabolic disorders may exacerbate vascular dysfunction associated with short-term ambient PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Chen
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health (W.C., Y.H., Y.W., X.C., X.Q., Y.X., T.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqun Han
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health (W.C., Y.H., Y.W., X.C., X.Q., Y.X., T.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (Y.H.)
| | - Yanwen Wang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health (W.C., Y.H., Y.W., X.C., X.Q., Y.X., T.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China (Y.W.)
| | - Xi Chen
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health (W.C., Y.H., Y.W., X.C., X.Q., Y.X., T.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Human Settlement in Green Building (TCHS), Shenzhen Institute of Building Research Co, Ltd, Xiongan, China (X.C.)
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health (W.C., Y.H., Y.W., X.C., X.Q., Y.X., T.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiju Li
- Peking University Hospital (W.L.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health (W.C., Y.H., Y.W., X.C., X.Q., Y.X., T.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health (W.C., Y.H., Y.W., X.C., X.Q., Y.X., T.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, China
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Gao S, Zhuo Z, Hutchinson J, Su L, Christiani DC. Metabolomic profiling identifies plasma sphingosine 1-phosphate levels associated with welding exposures. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78:255-261. [PMID: 33106349 PMCID: PMC7958087 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a number of known health hazards of welding fume exposure, it is unclear how exposure affects the human metabolome. OBJECTIVE We assessed the metabolic profiles of welders before and after a 6-hour welding shift, controlling for circadian rhythm of metabolism on a non-welding day. METHODS Welders were recruited from a training centre in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 2006 and 2010-2012 and donated blood samples on a welding shift day before and after work, as well as on a non-welding day spent in an adjacent classroom. In total, we collected 509 samples from 74 participants. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantified 665 metabolites from thawed plasmas. Metabolites with significant time (afternoon compared with morning) and day (welding/classroom) interactions were identified by two-way analysis of variance, and the overnight changes were evaluated. RESULTS Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and sphingasine 1-phosphate (SA1P) exhibited significant interaction effects between day and time with false discovery rate-adjusted p values of 0.03 and <0.01, respectively. S1P, SA1P and sphingosine shared similar trends over time: high relative levels in the morning of a non-welding day declining by afternoon, but with lower starting levels on a welding day and no decline. There was no obvious pattern related to current smoking status. CONCLUSION S1P and SA1P profiles were different between welding day and classroom day. The S1P pathway was disrupted on the day of welding exposure. The levels of S1P, SA1P and sphingosine were highly correlated over time. S1P is a signalling lipid with many vital roles; thus, the underlying mechanism and clinical implications of this alteration need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangzhi Gao
- Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhu Zhuo
- Biostatistics, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Hutchinson
- Biostatistics, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Li Su
- Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Riggs DW, Yeager R, Conklin DJ, DeJarnett N, Keith RJ, DeFilippis AP, Rai SN, Bhatnagar A. Residential proximity to greenness mitigates the hemodynamic effects of ambient air pollution. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1102-H1111. [PMID: 33416460 PMCID: PMC8294702 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00689.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Residential proximity to greenness is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. However, it is unclear whether the beneficial effects of greenness are linked to a reduction in the effects of ambient air pollutants. We measured arterial stiffness in 73 participants with moderate to high CVD risk. Average levels of ambient PM2.5 and ozone were calculated from local monitoring stations. Residential greenness was estimated using satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for a 200-m and 1-km radius around each participant's home. Participants were 51% female, average age of 52 yr, and 79% had diagnosed hypertension. In multiple linear regression models, residential NDVI was negatively associated with augmentation index (-3.8% per 0.1 NDVI). Ambient levels of PM2.5 [per interquartile range (IQR) of 6.9 μg/m3] were positively associated with augmentation pressure (3.1 mmHg), pulse pressure (5.9 mmHg), and aortic systolic pressure (8.1 mmHg). Ozone (per IQR of 0.03 ppm) was positively associated with augmentation index (5.5%), augmentation pressure (3.1 mmHg), and aortic systolic pressure (10 mmHg). In areas of low greenness, both PM2.5 and ozone were positively associated with pulse pressure. Additionally, ozone was positively associated with augmentation pressure and systolic blood pressure. However, in areas of high greenness, there was no significant association between indices of arterial stiffness with either PM2.5 or ozone. Residential proximity to greenness is associated with lower values of arterial stiffness. Residential greenness may mitigate the adverse effects of PM2.5 and ozone on arterial stiffness.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous studies have linked proximity to green spaces with lower cardiovascular disease risk. However, the mechanisms underlying the salutary effects of green areas are not known. In our study of participants at risk of cardiovascular disease, we found that arterial stiffness was positively associated with short-term exposure to PM2.5, PM10, and ozone and inversely associated with greenness. The association between pollution and arterial stiffness was attenuated in areas of high greenness, suggesting that living green neighborhoods can lessen the adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Riggs
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ray Yeager
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Natasha DeJarnett
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Rachel J Keith
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Andrew P DeFilippis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Shesh N Rai
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Ranzani OT, Milà C, Sanchez M, Bhogadi S, Kulkarni B, Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S, Sunyer J, Marshall JD, Kinra S, Tonne C. Personal exposure to particulate air pollution and vascular damage in peri-urban South India. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105734. [PMID: 32361533 PMCID: PMC7267772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Air pollution is a leading preventable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies mostly relied on concentrations at residence, which might not represent personal exposure. Personal air pollution exposure has a greater variability compared with levels of ambient air pollution, facilitating evaluation of exposure-response functions and vascular pathophysiology. We aimed to evaluate the association between predicted annual personal exposure to PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) and three vascular damage markers in peri-urban South India. METHODS We analyzed the third wave of the APCAPS cohort (2010-2012), which recruited participants from 28 villages. We used predicted personal exposure to PM2.5 and BC derived from 610 participant-days of 24 h average gravimetric PM2.5 and BC measurements and predictors related to usual time-activity. Outcomes included carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) and augmentation index (AIx). We fit linear mixed models, adjusting for potential confounders and accounting for the clustered data structure. We evaluated nonlinear associations using generalized additive mixed models. RESULTS Of the 3017 participants (mean age 38 years), 1453 (48%) were women. The average PM2.5 exposure was 51 µg/m3 (range 13-85) for men, and 61 µg/m3 (range 40-120) for women, while the average BC was 4 µg/m3 (range 3-7) for men and 8 µg/m3 (range 3-22) for women. A 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 was positively associated with CIMT (0.026 mm, 95% CI 0.014, 0.037), cf-PWV (0.069 m/s, 95% CI 0.008, 0.131) and AIx (0.8%, 95% CI 0.3, 1.3) among men. The exposure-response function for PM2.5 and AIx among men showed non-linearity, particularly within the exposure range dominated by tobacco smoking and occupational exposures. Both PM2.5 and BC were positively associated with AIx among women (0.6%, 95% CI 0.2, 1.0, per 10 μg/m3 PM2.5; 0.5%, 95% CI 0.1, 0.8, per 2 μg/m3 BC). CONCLUSIONS Personal exposure to particulate matter was associated with vascular damage in a peri-urban population in South India. Personal exposure to particulate matter appears to have gender-specific effects on the type of vascular damage, potentially reflecting differences in sources of personal exposure by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otavio T Ranzani
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Milà
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margaux Sanchez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Bharati Kulkarni
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University (SRU), Chennai, India
| | - Sankar Sambandam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University (SRU), Chennai, India
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sanjay Kinra
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Cathryn Tonne
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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McKenzie LM, Crooks J, Peel JL, Blair BD, Brindley S, Allshouse WB, Malin S, Adgate JL. Relationships between indicators of cardiovascular disease and intensity of oil and natural gas activity in Northeastern Colorado. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 170:56-64. [PMID: 30557692 PMCID: PMC6360130 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oil and natural gas (O&G) extraction emits pollutants that are associated with cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality in the United States. OBJECTIVE We evaluated associations between intensity of O&G activity and cardiovascular disease indicators. METHODS Between October 2015 and May 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 97 adults living in Northeastern Colorado. For each participant, we collected 1-3 measurements of augmentation index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)- 1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). We modelled the intensity of O&G activity by weighting O&G well counts within 16 km of a participant's home by intensity and distance. We used linear models accounting for repeated measures within person to evaluate associations. RESULTS Adjusted mean augmentation index differed by 6.0% (95% CI: 0.6, 11.4%) and 5.1% (95%CI: -0.1, 10.4%) between high and medium, respectively, and low exposure tertiles. The greatest mean IL-1β, and α-TNF plasma concentrations were observed for participants in the highest exposure tertile. IL-6 and IL-8 results were consistent with a null result. For participants not taking prescription medications, the adjusted mean SBP differed by 6 and 1 mm Hg (95% CIs: 0.1, 13 mm Hg and -6, 8 mm Hg) between the high and medium, respectively, and low exposure tertiles. DBP results were similar. For participants taking prescription medications, SBP and DBP results were consistent with a null result. CONCLUSIONS Despite limitations, our results support associations between O&G activity and augmentation index, SBP, DBP, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Our study was not able to elucidate possible mechanisms or environmental stressors, such as air pollution and noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McKenzie
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - James Crooks
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer L Peel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin D Blair
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephen Brindley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - William B Allshouse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie Malin
- Department of Sociology & Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John L Adgate
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Bulka CM, Daviglus ML, Persky VW, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Lash JP, Elfassy T, Lee DJ, Ramos AR, Tarraf W, Argos M. Association of occupational exposures with cardiovascular disease among US Hispanics/Latinos. Heart 2019; 105:439-448. [PMID: 30538094 PMCID: PMC6580877 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the USA. The role of occupational exposures to chemicals in the development of CVD has rarely been studied even though many agents possess cardiotoxic properties. We therefore evaluated associations of self-reported exposures to organic solvents, metals and pesticides in relation to CVD prevalence among diverse Hispanic/Latino workers. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 7404 employed individuals, aged 18-74 years, enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) were analysed. Participants from four US cities provided questionnaire data and underwent clinical examinations, including ECGs. CVD was defined as the presence of at least one of the following: coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure or cerebrovascular disease. Prevalence ratios reflecting the relationship between each occupational exposure and CVD as well as CVD subtypes were calculated using Poisson regression models. RESULTS Hispanic/Latino workers reported exposures to organic solvents (6.5%), metals (8.5%) and pesticides (4.7%) at their current jobs. Overall, 6.1% of participants had some form of CVD, with coronary heart disease as the most common (4.3%) followed by cerebrovascular disease (1.0%), heart failure (0.8%) and atrial fibrillation (0.7%). For individuals who reported working with pesticides, the prevalence ratios for any CVD were 2.18 (95% CI 1.34 to 3.55), coronary heart disease 2.20 (95% CI 1.31 to 3.71), cerebrovascular disease 1.38 (95% CI 0.62 3.03), heart failure 0.91 (95% CI 0.23 to 3.54) and atrial fibrillation 5.92 (95% CI 1.89 to 18.61) after adjustment for sociodemographic, acculturation, lifestyle and occupational characteristics. Metal exposures were associated with an almost fourfold (3.78, 95% CI 1.24 to 11.46) greater prevalence of atrial fibrillation. Null associations were observed for organic solvent exposures. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that working with metals and pesticides could be risk factors for CVD among Hispanic/Latino workers. Further work is needed to evaluate these relationships prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Bulka
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Division of Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Victoria W Persky
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramon A Durazo-Arvizu
- Division of Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James P Lash
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tali Elfassy
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David J Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alberto R Ramos
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Department of Healthcare Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria Argos
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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8
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Ljungman PLS, Li W, Rice MB, Wilker EH, Schwartz J, Gold DR, Koutrakis P, Benjamin EJ, Vasan RS, Mitchell GF, Hamburg NM, Mittleman MA. Long- and short-term air pollution exposure and measures of arterial stiffness in the Framingham Heart Study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:139-147. [PMID: 30205320 PMCID: PMC6221919 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of air pollution exposure and arterial stiffness have reported inconsistent results and large studies employing the reference standard of arterial stiffness, carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (CFPWV), have not been conducted. AIM To study long-term exposure to ambient fine particles (PM2.5), proximity to roadway, and short-term air pollution exposures in relation to multiple measures of arterial stiffness in the Framingham Heart Study. METHODS We assessed central arterial stiffness using CFPWV, forward pressure wave amplitude, mean arterial pressure and augmentation index. We investigated long-and short-term air pollution exposure associations with arterial stiffness with linear regressions using long-term residential PM2.5 (2003 average from a spatiotemporal model using satellite data) and proximity to roadway in addition to short-term averages of PM2.5, black carbon, particle number, sulfate, nitrogen oxides, and ozone from stationary monitors. RESULTS We examined 5842 participants (mean age 51 ± 16, 54% women). Living closer to a major roadway was associated with higher arterial stiffness (0.11 m/s higher CFPWV [95% CI: 0.01, 0.22] living <50 m vs 400 ≤ 1000 m). We did not observe association between arterial stiffness measures and long-term PM2.5 or short-term levels of PM2.5, particle number, sulfate or ozone. Higher levels of black carbon and nitrogen oxides in the previous days were unexpectedly associated with lower arterial stiffness. CONCLUSIONS Long-term exposure to PM2.5 was not associated with arterial stiffness but positive associations with living close to a major road may suggest that pollutant mixtures very nearby major roads, rather than PM2.5, may affect arterial stiffness. Furthermore, short-term air pollution exposures were not associated with higher arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter L S Ljungman
- Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cardiology, Danderyds Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Wenyuan Li
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary B Rice
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elissa H Wilker
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane R Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA, USA; Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA, USA; Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | | | - Naomi M Hamburg
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA, USA; Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | - Murray A Mittleman
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Wong JYY, Bassig BA, Seow WJ, Hu W, Ji BT, Blair A, Silverman DT, Lan Q. Lung cancer risk in welders and foundry workers with a history of heavy smoking in the USA: The National Lung Screening Trial. Occup Environ Med 2017; 74:440-448. [PMID: 28069970 PMCID: PMC6400285 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Foundry work is a risk factor for lung cancer; however, the association with welding is unclear, as smoking is common among metalworkers and may mask the relationship. We evaluated whether history of welding and foundry work, independently and jointly, and employment duration were associated with lung cancer risk in heavy smokers. METHODS We analysed data from the National Lung Screening Trial, a prospective randomised trial of 53 454 heavy smokers (>30 pack-years) in the USA. Cox regression models were used to estimate the HRs and 95% CIs of medically/histologically confirmed incident lung cancer during the follow-up period (2002-2009) in relation to history and duration of welding and foundry work assessed via questionnaires, adjusted for screening arm, component study, sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status and pack-years, body mass index and personal/family medical history. RESULTS There were 2034 incident lung cancer cases throughout the follow-up. Increasing years of employment in welding (p-trend =0.039) and foundry work (p-trend =0.005) were related to increased lung cancer risk among heavy smokers. Having ever been employed (≥1 yr) as either a welder or foundry worker alone was associated with non-significant increased risks of lung cancer (HR=1.12 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.37) and HR=1.09 (95% CI 0.85 to 1.39), respectively). Further, there was a joint-effect in that those who were ever employed in both occupations had significantly increased risks (HR=1.48 (95% CI 1.08 to 2.04)). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide further evidence that exposure to welding/metal fumes may be associated with elevated lung cancer risk. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00047385.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y Y Wong
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan A Bassig
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Jie Seow
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Blair
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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10
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Zanoli L, Lentini P, Granata A, Gaudio A, Fatuzzo P, Serafino L, Rastelli S, Fiore V, D'Anca A, Signorelli SS, Castellino P. A systematic review of arterial stiffness, wave reflection and air pollution. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3425-3429. [PMID: 28350135 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffening is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Whether exposure to relatively high levels of air pollution is associated with arterial stiffening is unclear. We aimed to assess the association between exposure to major air pollutants and arterial stiffening. PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases (through 31 January 2017) were searched using a combination of terms related to exposure to gaseous [nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2)] or particulate matter pollutants (PM2.5, PM10 and PM10-2.5), arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity) and reflected waves (augmentation index, augmentation pressure). Pertinent information were extracted from selected studies. In this systematic review were included 8 studies with available data on air pollution and arterial stiffness/reflected waves parameters (8 studies explored the effects of exposure to particulate matter pollutants, 3 studies the effects of exposure to gaseous pollutants); seven of them reported increased arterial stiffness/reflected waves after exposure to air pollution (6 of 8 studies after particulate matter pollutants; 2 of 3 studies after gaseous pollutants). Arterial stiffness and reflected waves were increased in the majority of the studies after both short- and long-term exposure to air pollutants. In conclusion, available evidence supports an association of main air pollutants with increased arterial stiffness and reflected waves. This finding may have implications for population-based strategies for the reduction of arterial stiffness, a vascular biomarker and an intermediate endpoint for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Zanoli
- Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Universitario, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Lentini
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, San Bassiano Hospital, Bassano del Grappa, Italy
| | - Antonio Granata
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, 'St. Giovanni di Dio' Hospital, Agrigento, Italy
| | - Agostino Gaudio
- Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Universitario, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pasquale Fatuzzo
- Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Universitario, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Leonardo Serafino
- Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Universitario, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Rastelli
- Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Universitario, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valerio Fiore
- Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Universitario, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ambra D'Anca
- Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Universitario, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Santo Signorelli
- Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Universitario, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Castellino
- Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Universitario, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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11
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Are the Associations of Cardiac Acceleration and Deceleration Capacities With Fine Metal Particulate in Welders Mediated by Inflammation? J Occup Environ Med 2017; 58:232-7. [PMID: 26949872 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether associations of acceleration capacity (AC) and deceleration capacity (DC) with metal-PM2.5 are mediated by inflammation. METHODS We obtained PM2.5, C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, 8, and 10, and electrocardiograms to compute AC and DC, from 45 male welders. Mediation analyses were performed using linear mixed models to assess associations between PM2.5 exposure, inflammatory mediator, and AC or DC, controlling for covariates. RESULTS The proportion of total effect of PM2.5 on AC or DC (indirect effect) mediated through IL-6 on AC was 4% at most. Controlling for IL-6 (direct effect), a 1 mg/m increase of PM2.5 was associated with a decrease of 2.16 (95% confidence interval -0.36 to 4.69) msec in AC and a decrease of 2.51 (95% confidence interval -0.90 to 5.93) msec in DC. CONCLUSION IL-6 may be mediating the effect of metal particulates on AC.
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12
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Provost EB, Louwies T, Cox B, Op 't Roodt J, Solmi F, Dons E, Int Panis L, De Boever P, Nawrot TS. Short-term fluctuations in personal black carbon exposure are associated with rapid changes in carotid arterial stiffening. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 88:228-234. [PMID: 26773393 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular changes may underpin the association between airborne black carbon (BC) and cardiovascular events. Accurate assessment of personal exposure is a major challenge in epidemiological research. BC concentrations are strongly related to time-activity patterns, which is particularly relevant when investigating short-term effects. We investigated associations between arterial stiffness and personal short-term BC exposure. METHODS This panel study included 54 healthy adults (92% women, mean age 40.7years). BC exposure was monitored individually with a micro-aethalometer during one workweek. Functional and structural properties of the carotid artery were examined ultrasonographically on two separate days. The effect of different short-term personal BC exposure windows (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 and 48h before the ultrasound examination) on carotid artery stiffness was estimated using mixed models while adjusting for other known correlates of arterial stiffness. RESULTS Median personal BC exposures within the same day ranged from 599.8 to 728.9ng/m(3) and were associated with carotid arterial stiffness measures. Young's elastic modulus and pulse wave velocity, both measures of stiffness, were positively associated with BC exposure, while the distensibility and compliance coefficient, measures of elasticity, were negatively associated with BC exposure. The strongest associations were observed with BC exposure 8h before the clinical examination. For each 100ng/m(3) increase in exposure within this time window, Young's elastic modulus increased by 2.38% (95% CI: 0.81 to 3.97; P=0.0033), while the distensibility coefficient decreased by 2.27% (95% CI: -3.62 to -0.92; P=0.0008). CONCLUSIONS Short-term elevations in personal BC exposure, even within hours, are associated with increased arterial stiffness. This response may reflect a pathway by which air pollution triggers cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline B Provost
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium; Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Tijs Louwies
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium; Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Bianca Cox
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jos Op 't Roodt
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Solmi
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Evi Dons
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium; Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Luc Int Panis
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium; School for Mobility, Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium; Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University (UHasselt), Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Leuven University (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cumulative occupational exposure to various metals and arterial compliance in welders. METHODS The observational follow-up study consisted of 25 subjects. Levels of nickel (Ni), lead, cadmium, manganese, and arsenic from toenails were assessed using mass spectrometry. Arterial compliance as reflected by augmentation index (AIx) was measured using SphygmoCor Px Pulse Wave Analysis System. Linear regression models were used to assess the associations. RESULTS For every 1 unit increase in log-transformed toenail Ni, there was a statistically significant 5.68 (95% confidence interval, 1.38 to 9.98; P = 0.01) unit increase in AIx. No significant associations were found between AIx and lead, cadmium, manganese, and arsenic. CONCLUSIONS Cumulative Ni exposure is associated with increased arterial stiffness in welders and may increase risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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14
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Umukoro PE, Cavallari JM, Fang SC, Lu C, Lin X, Mittleman MA, Christiani DC. Short-term metal particulate exposures decrease cardiac acceleration and deceleration capacities in welders: a repeated-measures panel study. Occup Environ Med 2015; 73:91-6. [PMID: 26644456 PMCID: PMC4752641 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2015-103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acceleration (AC) and deceleration (DC) capacities measure heart rate variability during speeding up and slowing down of the heart, respectively. We investigated associations between AC and DC with occupational short-term metal PM2.5 exposures. METHODS A panel of 48 male welders had particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) exposure measurements over 4-6 h repeated over 5 sampling periods between January 2010 and June 2012. We simultaneously obtained continuous recordings of digital ECG using a Holter monitor. We analysed ECG data in the time domain to obtain hourly AC and DC. Linear mixed models were used to assess the associations between hourly PM2.5 exposure and each of hourly AC and DC, controlling for age, smoking status, active smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, season/time of day when ECG reading was obtained and baseline AC or DC. We also ran lagged exposure response models for each successive hour up to 3 h after onset of exposure. RESULTS Mean (SD) shift PM2.5 exposure during welding was 0.47 (0.43) mg/m(3). Significant exposure-response associations were found for AC and DC with increased PM2.5 exposure. In our adjusted models without any lag between exposure and response, a 1 mg/m(3) increase of PM2.5 was associated with a decrease of 1.46 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.92) ms in AC and a decrease of 1.00 (95% CI 0.53 to 1.46) ms in DC. The effect of PM2.5 on AC and DC was maximal immediately postexposure and lasted 1 h following exposure. CONCLUSIONS There are short-term effects of metal particulates on AC and DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Umukoro
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer M Cavallari
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shona C Fang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chensheng Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Murray A Mittleman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Hossain MB, Li H, Hedmer M, Tinnerberg H, Albin M, Broberg K. Exposure to welding fumes is associated with hypomethylation of the F2RL3 gene: a cardiovascular disease marker. Occup Environ Med 2015; 72:845-51. [PMID: 26395445 PMCID: PMC4680149 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2015-102884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Welders are at risk for cardiovascular disease. Recent studies linked tobacco smoke exposure to hypomethylation of the F2RL3 (coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 3) gene, a marker for cardiovascular disease prognosis and mortality. However, whether welding fumes cause hypomethylation of F2RL3 remains unknown. Methods We investigated 101 welders (median span of working as a welder: 7 years) and 127 unexposed controls (non-welders with no obvious exposure to respirable dust at work), age range 23–60 years, all currently non-smoking, in Sweden. The participants were interviewed about their work history, lifestyle factors and diseases. Personal sampling of respirable dust was performed for the welders. DNA methylation of F2RL3 in blood was assessed by pyrosequencing of four CpG sites, CpG_2 (corresponds to cg03636183) to CpG_5, in F2RL3. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between exposure to welding fumes and F2RL3 methylation. Results Welders had 2.6% lower methylation of CpG_5 than controls (p<0.001). Higher concentrations of measured respirable dust among the welders were associated with hypomethylation of CpG_2, CpG_4 and CpG_5 (β=−0.49 to −1.4, p<0.012); p<0.029 adjusted for age, previous smoking, passive smoking, education, current residence and respirator use. Increasing the number of years working as a welder was associated with hypomethylation of CpG_4 (linear regression analysis, β=−0.11, p=0.039, adjusted for previous smoking). Previous tobacco smokers had 1.5–4.7% (p<0.014) lower methylation of 3 of the 4 CpG sites in F2RL3 (CpG_2, CpG_4 and CpG_5) compared to never-smokers. A non-significant lower risk of cardiovascular disease with more methylation was observed for all CpG sites. Conclusions Welding fumes exposure and previous smoking were associated with F2RL3 hypomethylation. This finding links low-to-moderate exposure to welding fumes to adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, and suggests a potential mechanistic pathway for this link, via epigenetic effects on F2RL3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad B Hossain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Huiqi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedmer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Tinnerberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Unit of Metals & Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Li H, Hedmer M, Kåredal M, Björk J, Stockfelt L, Tinnerberg H, Albin M, Broberg K. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Cardiovascular Effects of Welding Fumes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131648. [PMID: 26147298 PMCID: PMC4492943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Occupational exposure to particulate air pollution has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the risk to welders working today remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate the cardiovascular effects of exposure to welding fumes. Methods In a cross-sectional study, structured interviews and biological sampling were conducted for 101 welders and 127 controls (all non-smoking males) from southern Sweden. Personal breathing zone sampling of respirable dust was performed. Blood pressure (BP) and endothelial function (using peripheral arterial tonometry) were measured. Plasma and serum samples were collected from peripheral blood for measurement of C-reactive protein, low-density lipoprotein, homocysteine, serum amyloid A, and cytokines. Results Welders were exposed to 10-fold higher levels of particles than controls. Welders had significantly higher BP compared to controls, an average of 5 mm Hg higher systolic and diastolic BP (P≤0.001). IL-8 was 3.4 ng/L higher in welders (P=0.010). Years working as a welder were significantly associated with increased BP (β=0.35, 95%CI 0.13 – 0.58, P=0.0024 for systolic BP; β=0.32, 95%CI 0.16 – 0.48, P<0.001 for diastolic BP, adjusted for BMI) but exposure to respirable dust was not associated with BP. No clear associations occurred between welding and endothelial function, or other effect markers. Conclusions A modest increase in BP was found among welders compared to controls suggesting that low-to-moderate exposure to welding fumes remains a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqi Li
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedmer
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Monica Kåredal
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Björk
- Competence Centre for Clinical Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leo Stockfelt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Håkan Tinnerberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Unit of Metals & Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Harper SL, Edge VL, Ford J, Willox AC, Wood M, McEwen SA. Climate-sensitive health priorities in Nunatsiavut, Canada. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:605. [PMID: 26135309 PMCID: PMC4489362 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This exploratory study used participatory methods to identify, characterize, and rank climate-sensitive health priorities in Nunatsiavut, Labrador, Canada. METHODS A mixed method study design was used and involved collecting both qualitative and quantitative data at regional, community, and individual levels. In-depth interviews with regional health representatives were conducted throughout Nunatsiavut (n = 11). In addition, three PhotoVoice workshops were held with Rigolet community members (n = 11), where participants took photos of areas, items, or concepts that expressed how climate change is impacting their health. The workshop groups shared their photographs, discussed the stories and messages behind them, and then grouped photos into re-occurring themes. Two community surveys were administered in Rigolet to capture data on observed climatic and environmental changes in the area, and perceived impacts on health, wellbeing, and lifestyles (n = 187). RESULTS Climate-sensitive health pathways were described in terms of inter-relationships between environmental and social determinants of Inuit health. The climate-sensitive health priorities for the region included food security, water security, mental health and wellbeing, new hazards and safety concerns, and health services and delivery. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight several climate-sensitive health priorities that are specific to the Nunatsiavut region, and suggest approaching health research and adaptation planning from an EcoHealth perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherilee L Harper
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
- Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change Research Team: Lea Berrang-Ford, Cesar Carcamo, Alejandro Llanos, Shuaib Lwasa, Didacus Bambaiha Namanya, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Victoria L Edge
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
- Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change Research Team: Lea Berrang-Ford, Cesar Carcamo, Alejandro Llanos, Shuaib Lwasa, Didacus Bambaiha Namanya, Montreal, Canada.
| | - James Ford
- Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change Research Team: Lea Berrang-Ford, Cesar Carcamo, Alejandro Llanos, Shuaib Lwasa, Didacus Bambaiha Namanya, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Ashlee Cunsolo Willox
- Department of Nursing, Cross-Appointed with Indigenous Studies, Cape Breton University, Sydney, NS, Canada.
| | - Michele Wood
- Department of Health and Social Development, Nunatsiavut Government, Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada.
| | - Scott A McEwen
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Liu S, Noth EM, Dixon-Ernst C, Eisen EA, Cullen MR, Hammond SK. Particle Size Distribution in Aluminum Manufacturing Facilities. ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION (TORONTO, ONT.) 2014; 3:79-88. [PMID: 26478760 PMCID: PMC4607067 DOI: 10.5539/ep.v3n4p79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of exposure assessment for an ongoing epidemiologic study of heart disease and fine particle exposures in aluminum industry, area particle samples were collected in production facilities to assess instrument reliability and particle size distribution at different process areas. Personal modular impactors (PMI) and Minimicro-orifice uniform deposition impactors (MiniMOUDI) were used. The coefficient of variation (CV) of co-located samples was used to evaluate the reproducibility of the samplers. PM2.5 measured by PMI was compared to PM2.5 calculated from MiniMOUDI data. Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and concentrations of sub-micrometer (PM1.0) and quasi-ultrafine (PM0.56) particles were evaluated to characterize particle size distribution. Most of CVs were less than 30%. The slope of the linear regression of PMI_PM2.5 versus MiniMOUDI_PM2.5 was 1.03 mg/m3 per mg/m3 (± 0.05), with correlation coefficient of 0.97 (± 0.01). Particle size distribution varied substantively in smelters, whereas it was less variable in fabrication units with significantly smaller MMADs (arithmetic mean of MMADs: 2.59 μm in smelters vs. 1.31 μm in fabrication units, p = 0.001). Although the total particle concentration was more than two times higher in the smelters than in the fabrication units, the fraction of PM10 which was PM1.0 or PM0.56 was significantly lower in the smelters than in the fabrication units (p < 0.001). Consequently, the concentrations of sub-micrometer and quasi-ultrafine particles were similar in these two types of facilities. It would appear, studies evaluating ultrafine particle exposure in aluminum industry should focus on not only the smelters, but also the fabrication facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Liu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Noth
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Ellen A Eisen
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark R Cullen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Neophytou AM, Costello S, Brown DM, Picciotto S, Noth EM, Hammond SK, Cullen MR, Eisen EA. Marginal structural models in occupational epidemiology: application in a study of ischemic heart disease incidence and PM2.5 in the US aluminum industry. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180:608-15. [PMID: 25125691 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marginal structural models (MSMs) and inverse probability weighting can be used to estimate risk in a cohort of active workers if there is a time-varying confounder (e.g., health status) affected by prior exposure-a feature of the healthy worker survivor effect. We applied Cox MSMs in a study of incident ischemic heart disease and exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) in a cohort of 12,949 actively employed aluminum workers in the United States. The cohort was stratified by work process into workers in smelting facilities, herein referred to as "smelters" and workers in fabrication facilities, herein referred to as "fabricators." The outcome was assessed by using medical claims data from 1998 to 2012. A composite risk score based on insurance claims was treated as a time-varying measure of health status. Binary PM2.5 exposure was defined by the 10th-percentile cutoff for each work process. Health status was associated with past exposure and predicted the outcome and subsequent exposure in smelters but not in fabricators. In smelters, the Cox MSM hazard ratio comparing those always exposed above the cutoff with those always exposed below the cutoff was 1.98 (95% confidence interval: 1.18, 3.32). In fabricators, the hazard ratio from a traditional Cox model was 1.34 (95% confidence interval: 0.98, 1.83). Results suggest that occupational PM2.5 exposure increases the risk of incident ischemic heart disease in workers in both aluminum smelting and fabrication facilities.
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Erdely A, Antonini JM, Young SH, Kashon ML, Gu JK, Hulderman T, Salmen R, Meighan T, Roberts JR, Zeidler-Erdely PC. Oxidative stress and reduced responsiveness of challenged circulating leukocytes following pulmonary instillation of metal-rich particulate matter in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:34. [PMID: 25123171 PMCID: PMC4151022 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Welding fume is an exposure that consists of a mixture of metal-rich particulate matter with gases (ozone, carbon monoxide) and/or vapors (VOCs). Data suggests that welders are immune compromised. Given the inability of pulmonary leukocytes to properly respond to a secondary infection in animal models, the question arose whether the dysfunction persisted systemically. Our aim was to evaluate the circulating leukocyte population in terms of cellular activation, presence of oxidative stress, and functionality after a secondary challenge, following welding fume exposure. Rats were intratracheally instilled (ITI) with PBS or 2 mg of welding fume collected from a stainless steel weld. Rats were sacrificed 4 and 24 h post-exposure and whole blood was collected. Whole blood was used for cellular differential counts, RNA isolation with subsequent microarray and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and secondary stimulation with LPS utilizing TruCulture technology. In addition, mononuclear cells were isolated 24 h post-exposure to measure oxidative stress by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Welding fume exposure had rapid effects on the circulating leukocyte population as identified by relative mRNA expression changes. Instillation of welding fume reduced inflammatory protein production of circulating leukocytes when challenged with the secondary stimulus LPS. The effects were not related to transcription, but were observed in conjunction with oxidative stress. These findings support previous studies of an inadequate pulmonary immune response following a metal-rich exposure and extend those findings showing leukocyte dysfunction occurs systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown 26505, WV, USA.
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Gaughan DM, Siegel PD, Hughes MD, Chang CY, Law BF, Campbell CR, Richards JC, Kales SF, Chertok M, Kobzik L, Nguyen PS, O'Donnell CR, Kiefer M, Wagner GR, Christiani DC. Arterial stiffness, oxidative stress, and smoke exposure in wildland firefighters. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:748-56. [PMID: 24909863 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the association between exposure, oxidative stress, symptoms, and cardiorespiratory function in wildland firefighters. METHODS We studied two Interagency Hotshot Crews with questionnaires, pulse wave analysis for arterial stiffness, spirometry, urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-isoprostane) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and the smoke exposure marker (urinary levoglucosan). Arterial stiffness was assessed by examining levels of the aortic augmentation index, expressed as a percentage. An oxidative stress score comprising the average of z-scores created for 8-OHdG and 8-isoprostane was calculated. RESULTS Mean augmentation index % was higher for participants with higher oxidative stress scores after adjusting for smoking status. Specifically for every one unit increase in oxidative stress score the augmentation index % increased 10.5% (95% CI: 2.5, 18.5%). Higher mean lower respiratory symptom score was associated with lower percent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers of oxidative stress may serve as indicators of arterial stiffness in wildland firefighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M. Gaughan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and the Institute for Translational Epidemiology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
- Department of Environmental Health (Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program); Harvard School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Paul D. Siegel
- Health Effects Laboratory Division; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Michael D. Hughes
- Department of Biostatistics; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Chiung-Yu Chang
- Department of Environmental Health (Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program); Harvard School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Brandon F. Law
- Health Effects Laboratory Division; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Corey R. Campbell
- Western States Office; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Denver Colorado
| | - Jennifer C. Richards
- Department of Health and Exercise Science; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Stefanos F. Kales
- Department of Environmental Health (Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program); Harvard School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Marcia Chertok
- Department of Environmental Health (Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program); Harvard School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health (Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences); Harvard School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Phuong-son Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Health (Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences); Harvard School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Carl R. O'Donnell
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Max Kiefer
- Western States Office; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Denver Colorado
| | - Gregory R. Wagner
- Department of Environmental Health (Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program); Harvard School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - David C. Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health (Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program); Harvard School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
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22
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Chen SY, Chan CC, Lin YL, Hwang JS, Su TC. Fine particulate matter results in hemodynamic changes in subjects with blunted nocturnal blood pressure dipping. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 131:1-5. [PMID: 24607658 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 μm (PM2.5) is associated with blood pressure and hemodynamic changes. Blunted nocturnal blood pressure dipping is a major risk factor for cardiovascular events; limited information is available on whether PM2.5 exposure-related hemodynamic changes vary with day-night blood pressure circadian rhythms. In this study, we enrolled 161 subjects and monitored the changes in ambulatory blood pressure and hemodynamics for 24h. The day-night blood pressure and cardiovascular metrics were calculated according to the sleep-wake cycles logged in the subject׳s diary. The effects of PM2.5 exposure on blood pressure and hemodynamic changes were analyzed using generalized linear mixed-effect model. After adjusting for potential confounders, a 10-μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 was associated with 1.0 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2-1.8 mmHg] narrowing in the pulse pressure, 3.1% (95% CI: 1.4-4.8%) decrease in the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise, and 3.6% (95% CI: 1.6-5.7%) increase in systemic vascular resistance among 79 subjects with nocturnal blood pressure dip of <10%. In contrast, PM2.5 was not associated with any changes in cardiovascular metrics among 82 subjects with nocturnal blood pressure dip of ≥10%. Our findings demonstrate that short-term exposure to PM2.5 contributes to pulse pressure narrowing along with cardiac and vasomotor dysfunctions in subjects with nocturnal blood pressure dip of <10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ying Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Surgical Intensive Care, Department of Critical Care Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Lun Lin
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Ta-Chen Su
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Guasco TL, Cuadra-Rodriguez LA, Pedler BE, Ault AP, Collins DB, Zhao D, Kim MJ, Ruppel MJ, Wilson SC, Pomeroy RS, Grassian VH, Azam F, Bertram TH, Prather KA. Transition metal associations with primary biological particles in sea spray aerosol generated in a wave channel. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1324-1333. [PMID: 24328130 DOI: 10.1021/es403203d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the ocean, breaking waves generate air bubbles which burst at the surface and eject sea spray aerosol (SSA), consisting of sea salt, biogenic organic species, and primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP). Our overall understanding of atmospheric biological particles of marine origin remains poor. Here, we perform a control experiment, using an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer to measure the mass spectral signatures of individual particles generated by bubbling a salt solution before and after addition of heterotrophic marine bacteria. Upon addition of bacteria, an immediate increase occurs in the fraction of individual particle mass spectra containing magnesium, organic nitrogen, and phosphate marker ions. These biological signatures are consistent with 21% of the supermicrometer SSA particles generated in a previous study using breaking waves in an ocean-atmosphere wave channel. Interestingly, the wave flume mass spectral signatures also contain metal ions including silver, iron, and chromium. The nascent SSA bioparticles produced in the wave channel are hypothesized to be as follows: (1) whole or fragmented bacterial cells which bioaccumulated metals and/or (2) bacteria-derived colloids or biofilms which adhered to the metals. This study highlights the potential for transition metals, in combination with specific biomarkers, to serve as unique indicators for the presence of marine PBAP, especially in metal-impacted coastal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Guasco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
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Mehta AJ, Zanobetti A, Koutrakis P, Mittleman MA, Sparrow D, Vokonas P, Schwartz J. Associations between short-term changes in air pollution and correlates of arterial stiffness: The Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study, 2007-2011. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:192-9. [PMID: 24227017 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated associations between short-term exposure to air pollution and central augmentation index and augmentation pressure, correlates of arterial stiffness, in a cohort of elderly men in the Boston, Massachusetts, metropolitan area. This longitudinal analysis included 370 participants from the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study with up to 2 visits between 2007 and 2011 (n = 445). Augmentation index (as %) and augmentation pressure (in mmHg) were measured at each visit by using radial artery applanation tonometry for pulse wave analysis and modeled in a mixed effects regression model as continuous functions of moving averages of air pollution exposures (over 4 hours and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days). The results suggest that short-term changes in air pollution were associated with augmentation index and augmentation pressure at several moving averages. Interquartile range (IQR) increases in 3-day average exposure to particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (3.6-μg/m(3) IQR increase) and sulfate (1.4-μg/m(3) IQR increase) and 1-day average exposure to particle number counts (8,741-counts/cm(3) IQR increase) were associated with augmentation index values that were 0.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2, 1.4), 0.6% (95% CI: 0.1, 1.2), and 1.7% (95% CI: 0.4, 2.9) higher, respectively. Overall, the findings were similar for augmentation pressure. The findings support the hypothesis that exposure to air pollution may affect vascular function.
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25
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Kile ML, Fang S, Baccarelli AA, Tarantini L, Cavallari J, Christiani DC. A panel study of occupational exposure to fine particulate matter and changes in DNA methylation over a single workday and years worked in boilermaker welders. Environ Health 2013; 12:47. [PMID: 23758843 PMCID: PMC3700827 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to pollutants including metals and particulate air pollution can alter DNA methylation. Yet little is known about intra-individual changes in DNA methylation over time in relationship to environmental exposures. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of acute- and chronic metal-rich PM2.5 exposures on DNA methylation. METHODS Thirty-eight male boilermaker welders participated in a panel study for a total of 54 person days. Whole blood was collected prior to any welding activities (pre-shift) and immediately after the exposure period (post-shift). The percentage of methylated cytosines (%mC) in LINE-1, Alu, and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene (iNOS) were quantified using pyrosequencing. Personal PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) was measured over the work-shift. A questionnaire assessed job history and years worked as a boilermaker. Linear mixed models with repeated measures evaluated associations between DNA methylation, PM2.5 concentration (acute exposure), and years worked as a boilermaker (chronic exposure). RESULTS PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased methylation in the promoter region of the iNOS gene (β = 0.25, SE: 0.11, p-value = 0.04). Additionally, the number of years worked as a boilermaker was associated with increased iNOS methylation (β = 0.03, SE: 0.01, p-value = 0.03). No associations were observed for Alu or LINE-1. CONCLUSIONS Acute and chronic exposure to PM2.5 generated from welding activities was associated with a modest change in DNA methylation of the iNOS gene. Future studies are needed to confirm this association and determine if the observed small increase in iNOS methylation are associated with changes in NO production or any adverse health effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly L Kile
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 15 Milam, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Shona Fang
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Letizia Tarantini
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jennifer Cavallari
- University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Community Medicine & Health Care, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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A Panel Study for Cardiopulmonary Effects Produced by Occupational Exposure to Inhalable Titanium Dioxide. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 54:1389-94. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3182611a49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Brook RD, Rajagopalan S. Particulate matter, air pollution, and blood pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:332-50. [PMID: 20409976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A short-term increase in fine particulate matter air pollution (PM(2.5)) concentration increases the risk for myocardial infarctions, strokes, and heart failure exacerbations. An important mechanism likely contributing to these associations is an elevation in arterial blood pressure (BP). Exposure to ambient PM(2.5) even at present-day concentrations can increase BP within a period of a few days while long-term exposure might also promote the development of chronic hypertension. Controlled human and animal experiments have corroborated the veracity of these findings and elucidated plausible biological mechanisms. PM(2.5) deposition within the pulmonary tree is capable of rapidly triggering autonomic nervous system imbalance, thereby increasing BP within minutes of inhalation. In addition, fine particles can instigate a systemic pro-inflammatory response over a more prolonged period of exposure. Higher circulating levels of activated immune cells and inflammatory cytokines could consequently cause vascular endothelial dysfunction leading to an imbalance in vascular homeostatic responses. Indeed, chronic PM(2.5) exposure augments pro-vasoconstrictive pathways while blunting vasodilator capacity. Finally, certain particle constituents (e.g., metals, organic compounds, and ultra-fine particles) might also be capable of reaching the systemic circulation upon inhalation and thereafter directly impair vascular function. At the molecular level, the generation of oxidative stress with the consequent up-regulation of redox sensitive pathways appears to be a common and fundamental mechanism involved in the instigation of these pro-hypertensive responses. Due to the ubiquitous, continuous and often involuntary nature of exposure, PM(2.5) may be an important and under-appreciated worldwide environmental risk factor for increased arterial BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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28
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Coogan PF, White LF, Jerrett M, Brook RD, Su JG, Seto E, Burnett R, Palmer JR, Rosenberg L. Air pollution and incidence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in black women living in Los Angeles. Circulation 2012; 125:767-72. [PMID: 22219348 PMCID: PMC3326581 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.052753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that longer-term exposure to air pollutants over years confers higher risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than shorter-term exposure. One explanation is that the cumulative adverse effects that develop over longer durations lead to the genesis of chronic disease. Preliminary epidemiological and clinical evidence suggests that air pollution may contribute to the development of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS AND RESULTS We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident hypertension and diabetes mellitus associated with exposure to fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and nitrogen oxides in a cohort of black women living in Los Angeles. Pollutant levels were estimated at participants' residential addresses with land use regression models (nitrogen oxides) and interpolation from monitoring station measurements (PM(2.5)). Over follow-up from 1995 to 2005, 531 incident cases of hypertension and 183 incident cases of diabetes mellitus occurred. When pollutants were analyzed separately, the IRR for hypertension for a 10-μg/m(3) increase in PM(2.5) was 1.48 (95% CI, 0.95-2.31), and the IRR for the interquartile range (12.4 parts per billion) of nitrogen oxides was 1.14 (95% CI, 1.03-1.25). The corresponding IRRs for diabetes mellitus were 1.63 (95% CI, 0.78-3.44) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.07-1.46). When both pollutants were included in the same model, the IRRs for PM(2.5) were attenuated and the IRRs for nitrogen oxides were essentially unchanged for both outcomes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that exposure to air pollutants, especially traffic-related pollutants, may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and possibly of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia F Coogan
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, 1010 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Epidemiologic challenges for studies of occupational exposure to engineered nanoparticles; a commentary. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:S57-61. [PMID: 21654419 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31821bde98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify most likely health effects of occupational exposure to engineered nanoparticles (ENP). Recommend analytic approaches to address epidemiologic challenges. METHODS Review air pollution and occupational literature on health effects of fine particulate matter (PM). Provide example of mortality study of exposure to PM composed of metalworking fluid. Apply standard Cox models and g-estimation to adjust for potential healthy worker survival effect (HWSE). RESULTS In contrast with standard methods, g-estimation suggests that exposure to PM may cause chronic heart and lung disease; longer exposure reduces survival. HWSE appears stronger for chronic disease than for cancer. CONCLUSIONS We recommend hazard surveillance, short-term panel studies of biomarkers, and prospective cohort studies of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Building research capacity in g-estimation methods to reduce HWSE is necessary for future studies of chronic disease and ENP.
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Erdely A, Hulderman T, Salmen-Muniz R, Liston A, Zeidler-Erdely PC, Chen BT, Stone S, Frazer DG, Antonini JM, Simeonova PP. Inhalation exposure of gas-metal arc stainless steel welding fume increased atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Toxicol Lett 2011; 204:12-6. [PMID: 21513782 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that welding, a process which generates an aerosol of inhalable gases and metal rich particulates, increases the risk for cardiovascular disease. In this study we analyzed systemic inflammation and atherosclerotic lesions following gas metal arc-stainless steel (GMA-SS) welding fume exposure. Apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice, fed a Western diet, were exposed to GMA-SS at 40mg/m(3) for 3h/day for ten days (∼8.26μg daily alveolar deposition). Mice were sacrificed two weeks after exposure and serum chemistry, serum protein profiling and aortic lesion area were determined. There were no significant changes in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides or alanine aminotransferase. Serum levels of uric acid, a potent antioxidant, were decreased perhaps suggesting a reduced capacity to combat systemic oxidative stress. Inflammatory serum proteins interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP-3) were increased two weeks after GMA-SS exposure. Analysis of atherosclerotic plaques showed an increase in lesion area as the result of GMA-SS exposure. In conclusion, GMA-SS exposure showed evidence of systemic inflammation and increased plaque progression in apoE(-/-) mice. These results complement epidemiological and functional human studies that suggest welding may result in adverse cardiovascular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Erdely
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888, United States
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Lee MS, Magari S, Christiani DC. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction from occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Occup Environ Med 2010; 68:474-8. [PMID: 21172795 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2010.055681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been associated with cardiopulmonary mortality and cardiovascular events. This study investigated the association between a biological marker of PAH exposure, assessed by urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), and heart-rate variability in an occupational cohort of boilermakers. METHODS Continuous 24 h monitoring of the ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) and pre- and postshift urinary 1-OHP were repeated over extended periods of the work week. Mixed-effects models were fitted for the 5 min SD of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) in relation to urinary 1-OHP levels pre- and postworkshift on the day they wore the monitor, controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS The authors found a significant decrease in 5 min SDNN during work of -13.6% (95% CI -17.2% to -9.8%) per SD (0.53 μg/g creatinine) increase in the next-morning preshift 1-OHP levels. The magnitude of reduction in 5 min SDNN was largest during the late night period after work and increased with each SD (0.46 μg/g creatinine) increase in postshift 1-OHP levels. CONCLUSION This is the first report providing evidence that occupational exposure to PAHs is associated with altered cardiac autonomic function. Acute exposure to PAHs may be an important predictor of cardiovascular disease risk in the work environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Lee
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution has recently been linked to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. There are, however, very limited data in healthy young people. We examined the association between air pollutants and indicators of vascular damage in a cohort of young adults. METHODS We used data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Young Adults study. We estimated exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter less than 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), black smoke, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and various traffic indicators for participants' 2000 home addresses. Exposure for the year 2000 was estimated by land-use regression models incorporating regional background annual air pollution levels, land-use variables, population densities, and traffic intensities on nearby roads. Outcomes were common carotid artery intima-media thickness (n = 745), aortic pulse wave velocity (n = 524), and augmentation index (n = 729). RESULTS Exposure contrasts were substantial for NO2, SO2, and black smoke (5th-95th percentiles = 19.7 to 44.9, 2.5 to 5.2, and 8.6 to 19.4 microg/m3, respectively) and smaller for PM2.5 (16.5 to 19.9 microg/m3). The variability of carotid artery intima-media thickness was less than for pulse wave velocity and especially augmentation index (5-95th percentiles = 0.42 to 0.58 mm, 4.9 to 7.4 m/s and -12.3% to 27.3%, respectively). No associations were found between any of the pollutants or traffic indicators and carotid artery intima-media thickness, although PM2.5 effect estimates were in line with previous studies. We observed a 4.1% (95% confidence interval = 0.1% to 8.0%) increase in pulse wave velocity and a 37.6% (2.2% to 72.9%) increase in augmentation index associated with a 25 microg/m3 increase in NO2, and a 5.3% (0.1% to 10.4%) increase in pulse wave velocity with a 5 microg/m3 increase in SO2. PM2.5 and black smoke were not associated with either of these 2 outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Air pollution may accelerate arterial-wall stiffening in young adults. Small outcome variability and lack of residential mobility data may have limited the power to detect an effect on intima-media thickness.
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Wu CF, Kuo IC, Su TC, Li YR, Lin LY, Chan CC, Hsu SC. Effects of personal exposure to particulate matter and ozone on arterial stiffness and heart rate variability in healthy adults. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171:1299-309. [PMID: 20507901 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects on heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial stiffness from exposure to ambient particulate matter and ozone have not been studied simultaneously. The aim of this study was to analyze these effects with refined exposure estimates from personal measurements of ozone and size-resolved particulate matter mass concentrations. The authors recruited 17 mail carriers in a panel study in Taipei County, Taiwan, during February-March, 2007, and each subject was followed for 5-6 days. Personal ozone and size-fractionated particulate matter exposures were monitored during working hours while carriers delivered mail outdoors. Cardiovascular effects were evaluated with heart rate variability (HRV) indices and an arterial stiffness index, the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). The authors used linear mixed models to examine the association between personal exposure data and the HRV index and CAVI. They found that an interquartile range increase in personal exposure to ozone and particulate matter of between 1.0 and 2.5 microm was associated with a 4.8% and 2.5% increase in CAVI, respectively, in the single-pollutant models. In contrast, the personal exposure data showed no significant effects on HRV. In 2-pollutant models, personal ozone exposure remained significantly associated with the CAVI measurements. The study results indicate that vascular function may be more sensitive to air pollutants than the autonomic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-fu Wu
- Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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A systematic review of occupational exposure to particulate matter and cardiovascular disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:1773-806. [PMID: 20617059 PMCID: PMC2872342 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7041773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient particulate air pollution is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however the link between occupational particulate exposures and adverse cardiovascular events is less clear. We conducted a systematic review, including meta-analysis where appropriate, of the epidemiologic association between occupational exposure to particulate matter and cardiovascular disease. Out of 697 articles meeting our initial criteria, 37 articles published from January 1990 to April 2009 (12 mortality; 5 morbidity; and 20 intermediate cardiovascular endpoints) were included. Results suggest a possible association between occupational particulate exposures and ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality as well as non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and stronger evidence of associations with heart rate variability and systemic inflammation, potential intermediates between occupational PM exposure and IHD. In meta-analysis of mortality studies, a significant increase in IHD was observed (meta-IRR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.06–1.26), however these data were limited by lack of adequate control for smoking and other potential confounders. Further research is needed to better clarify the magnitude of the potential risk of the development and aggravation of IHD associated with short and long-term occupational particulate exposures and to clarify the clinical significance of acute and chronic changes in intermediate cardiovascular outcomes.
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Fang SC, Eisen EA, Cavallari JM, Mittleman MA, Christiani DC. Circulating adhesion molecules after short-term exposure to particulate matter among welders. Occup Environ Med 2009; 67:11-6. [PMID: 19736177 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2008.043794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies from several countries indicate that welders experience increased risk of mortality and morbidity from ischaemic heart disease. Although the underlying mechanisms are unclear, vascular responses to particulate matter contained in welding fumes may play a role. To investigate this, we studied the acute effects of welding fume exposure on the endothelial component of vascular function, as measured by circulating adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte adhesion (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1) and coagulation (vWF). METHODS A panel of 26 male welders was studied repeatedly across a 6 h work-shift on a high exposure welding day and/or a low exposure non-welding day. Personal PM(2.5) exposure was measured throughout the work-shift. Blood samples were collected in the morning (baseline) prior to the exposure period, immediately after the exposure period, and the following morning. To account for the repeated measurements, we used linear mixed models to evaluate the effects of welding (binary) and PM(2.5) (continuous) exposure on each blood marker, adjusting for baseline blood marker concentration, smoking, age and time of day. RESULTS Welding and PM(2.5) exposure were significantly associated with a decrease in sVCAM-1 in the afternoon and the following morning and an increase in vWF in the afternoon. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that welding and short-term occupational exposure to PM(2.5) may acutely affect the endothelial component of vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Fang
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, FXB 103, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Romieu I, Riojas-Rodríguez H, Marrón-Mares AT, Schilmann A, Perez-Padilla R, Masera O. Improved biomass stove intervention in rural Mexico: impact on the respiratory health of women. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:649-56. [PMID: 19556519 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200810-1556oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Exposure to biomass smoke has been related to adverse health effects. In Mexico, one household in four still cooks with biomass fuel, but there has been no evaluation of the health impact of reducing indoor air pollution. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the health impact of the introduction of an improved biomass stove (Patsari; Interdisciplinary Group for Appropriate Rural Technology [GIRA], Patzcuaro, Mexico) in Mexican women. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Central Mexican state of Michoacán. Households were randomized to receive the Patsari stove or keep their traditional open fire. A total of 552 women were followed with monthly visits over 10 months to assess stove use, inquire about respiratory and other symptoms, and obtain lung function measurements. Statistical analysis was conducted using longitudinal models. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Adherence to the intervention was low (50%). Women who reported using the Patsari stove most of the time compared with those using the open fire had significantly lower risk of respiratory symptoms (relative risk [RR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62-0.95 for cough and RR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11-0.77 for wheezing) adjusted for confounders. Similar results were found for other respiratory symptoms as well as for eye discomfort, headache, and back pain. Actual use of the Patsari stove was associated with a lower FEV(1) decline (31 ml) compared with the open fire use (62 ml) over 1 year of follow-up (P = 0.012) for women 20 years of age and older, adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS The use of the Patsari stove was significantly associated with a reduction of symptoms and of lung function decline comparable to smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Romieu
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Ault AP, Moore MJ, Furutani H, Prather KA. Impact of emissions from the Los Angeles port region on San Diego air quality during regional transport events. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:3500-3506. [PMID: 19544846 DOI: 10.1021/es8018918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oceangoing ships emit an estimated 1.2-1.6 million metric tons (Tg) of PM10 per year and represent a significant source of air pollution to coastal communities. As shown herein, ship and other emissions near the Los Angeles and Long Beach Port region strongly influence air pollution levels in the San Diego area. During time periods with regional transport, atmospheric aerosol measurements in La Jolla, California show an increase in 0.5-1 microm sized single particles with unique signatures including soot, metals (i.e., vanadium, iron, and nickel), sulfate, and nitrate. These particles are attributed to primary emissions from residual oil sourcessuch as ships and refineries, as well as traffic in the port region, and secondary processing during transport. During regional transport events, particulate matter concentrations were 2-4 times higher than typical average concentrations from local sources, indicating the health, environmental, and climate impacts from these emission sources must be taken into consideration in the San Diego region. Unless significant regulations are imposed on shipping-related activities, these emission sources will become even more important to California air quality as cars and truck emissions undergo further regulations and residual oil sources such as shipping continue to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Fang SC, Cavallari JM, Eisen EA, Chen JC, Mittleman MA, Christiani DC. Vascular function, inflammation, and variations in cardiac autonomic responses to particulate matter among welders. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:848-56. [PMID: 19153215 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with health conditions associated with impaired vascular function and inflammation may be more susceptible to the adverse health effects of fine particulate (particulate matter with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of </=2.5 mum (PM(2.5))) exposure. In 2006, the authors conducted a panel study to investigate directly whether vascular function and inflammation (assessed by C-reactive protein) modify PM(2.5)-associated reductions in heart rate variability among 23 young male workers (mean age, 40 years) from Massachusetts. Concurrent 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram and personal PM(2.5) exposure information was collected over a total of 36 person-days, including either or both welding and nonwelding days. Linear mixed models were used to examine the 5-minute standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) in relation to the moving PM(2.5) averages in the preceding 1-4 hours. C-reactive protein levels and 3 measures of vascular function (augmentation index, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure) were determined at baseline. The authors observed an inverse association between the 1-hour PM(2.5) and 5-minute SDNN. Greater SDNN declines were observed among those with C-reactive protein (P(interaction) < 0.001) and augmentation index (P = 0.06) values at or above the 75th percentile and pulse pressure values below the 75th percentile (P < 0.001). Systemic inflammation and poorer vascular function appear to aggravate particle-related declines in heart rate variability among workers.
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Lundbäck M, Mills NL, Lucking A, Barath S, Donaldson K, Newby DE, Sandström T, Blomberg A. Experimental exposure to diesel exhaust increases arterial stiffness in man. Part Fibre Toxicol 2009; 6:7. [PMID: 19284640 PMCID: PMC2660278 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exposure to air pollution is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Vascular dysfunction reduces arterial compliance and increases central arterial pressure and left ventricular after-load. We determined the effect of diesel exhaust exposure on arterial compliance using a validated non-invasive measure of arterial stiffness. Methods In a double-blind randomized fashion, 12 healthy volunteers were exposed to diesel exhaust (approximately 350 μg/m3) or filtered air for one hour during moderate exercise. Arterial stiffness was measured using applanation tonometry at the radial artery for pulse wave analysis (PWA), as well as at the femoral and carotid arteries for pulse wave velocity (PWV). PWA was performed 10, 20 and 30 min, and carotid-femoral PWV 40 min, post-exposure. Augmentation pressure (AP), augmentation index (AIx) and time to wave reflection (Tr) were calculated. Results Blood pressure, AP and AIx were generally low reflecting compliant arteries. In comparison to filtered air, diesel exhaust exposure induced an increase in AP of 2.5 mmHg (p = 0.02) and in AIx of 7.8% (p = 0.01), along with a 16 ms reduction in Tr (p = 0.03), 10 minutes post-exposure. Conclusion Acute exposure to diesel exhaust is associated with an immediate and transient increase in arterial stiffness. This may, in part, explain the increased risk for cardiovascular disease associated with air pollution exposure. If our findings are confirmed in larger cohorts of susceptible populations, this simple non-invasive method of assessing arterial stiffness may become a useful technique in measuring the impact of real world exposures to combustion derived-air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Lundbäck
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
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