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Teixeira AL, Nardone M, Samora M, Fernandes IA, Ramos PS, Sabino-Carvalho JL, Ricardo DR, Millar PJ, Vianna LC. Potentiation of GABAergic synaptic transmission by diazepam acutely increases resting beat-to-beat blood pressure variability in young adults. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R501-R510. [PMID: 35348021 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00291.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resting beat-to-beat blood pressure variability is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular events and end-organ damage. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that a potentiation of GABAergic synaptic transmission by diazepam would acutely increase resting beat-to-beat blood pressure variability. In 40 (17 females) young, normotensive subjects, resting beat-to-beat blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography) was continuously measured for 5 to 10 min, 60 min after the oral administration of either diazepam (10 mg) or placebo. The experiments were conducted in a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled design. Stroke volume was estimated from the blood pressure waveform (ModelFlow) permitting the calculation of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Direct recordings of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA, microneurography) were obtained in a subset of subjects (N=13) and spontaneous cardiac and sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity calculated. Compared to placebo, diazepam significantly increased the standard deviation of systolic (4.7±1.4 vs. 5.7±1.5 mmHg, P=0.001), diastolic (3.8±1.2 vs. 4.5±1.2 mmHg, P=0.007) and mean blood pressure (3.8±1.1 vs. 4.5±1.1 mmHg, P=0.002), as well as cardiac output (469±149 vs. 626±259 ml/min, P<0.001) and total peripheral resistance (1.0±0.3 vs. 1.4±0.6 mmHg/l/min, P<0.001). Similar results were found using different indices of variability. Furthermore, diazepam reduced MSNA burst frequency (placebo: 22±6 vs. diazepam: 18±8 bursts/min, P=0.025) without affecting the arterial baroreflex control of heart rate (placebo: 18.6±6.7 vs. diazepam: 18.8±7.0 ms/mmHg, P=0.87) and MSNA (placebo: -3.6±1.2 vs. diazepam: -3.4±1.5 bursts/100Hb/mmHg, P=0.55). These findings suggest that GABAA receptors modulate resting beat-to-beat blood pressure variability in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L Teixeira
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,NeuroVASQ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Massimo Nardone
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milena Samora
- NeuroVASQ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Igor Alexandre Fernandes
- NeuroVASQ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Plinio Santos Ramos
- Maternity Hospital Therezinha de Jesus, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (SUPREMA), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Jeann L Sabino-Carvalho
- NeuroVASQ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Djalma Rabelo Ricardo
- Maternity Hospital Therezinha de Jesus, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (SUPREMA), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Philip J Millar
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauro C Vianna
- NeuroVASQ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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2
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Yu JC, Fiore VG, Briggs RW, Braud J, Rubia K, Adinoff B, Gu X. An insula-driven network computes decision uncertainty and promotes abstinence in chronic cocaine users. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4923-4936. [PMID: 33439518 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The anterior insular cortex (AIC) and its interconnected brain regions have been associated with both addiction and decision-making under uncertainty. However, the causal interactions in this uncertainty-encoding neurocircuitry and how these neural dynamics impact relapse remain elusive. Here, we used model-based fMRI to measure choice uncertainty in a motor decision task in 61 individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD) and 25 healthy controls. CUD participants were assessed before discharge from a residential treatment program and followed for up to 24 weeks. We found that choice uncertainty was tracked by the AIC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and ventral striatum (VS), across participants. Stronger activations in these regions measured pre-discharge predicted longer abstinence after discharge in individuals with CUD. Dynamic causal modeling revealed an AIC-to-dACC-directed connectivity modulated by uncertainty in controls, but a dACC-to-AIC connectivity in CUD participants. This reversal was mostly driven by early relapsers (<30 days). Furthermore, CUD individuals who displayed a stronger AIC-to-dACC excitatory connection during uncertainty encoding remained abstinent for longer periods. These findings reveal a critical role of an AIC-driven, uncertainty-encoding neurocircuitry in protecting against relapse and promoting abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Chi Yu
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Vincenzo G Fiore
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard W Briggs
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Braud
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Katya Rubia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bryon Adinoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Xiaosi Gu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Chung YS, Choo BKM, Ahmed PK, Othman I, Shaikh MF. Orthosiphon stamineus Proteins Alleviate Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Seizures in Zebrafish. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8070191. [PMID: 32630817 PMCID: PMC7400404 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The anticonvulsive potential of proteins extracted from Orthosiphon stamineus leaves (OSLP) has never been elucidated in zebrafish (Danio rerio). This study thus aims to elucidate the anticonvulsive potential of OSLP in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure model. Physical changes (seizure score and seizure onset time, behavior, locomotor) and neurotransmitter analysis were elucidated to assess the pharmacological activity. The protective mechanism of OSLP on brain was also studied using mass spectrometry-based label-free proteomic quantification (LFQ) and bioinformatics. OSLP was found to be safe up to 800 µg/kg and pre-treatment with OSLP (800 µg/kg, i.p., 30 min) decreased the frequency of convulsive activities (lower seizure score and prolonged seizure onset time), improved locomotor behaviors (reduced erratic swimming movements and bottom-dwelling habit), and lowered the excitatory neurotransmitter (glutamate). Pre-treatment with OSLP increased protein Complexin 2 (Cplx 2) expression in the zebrafish brain. Cplx2 is an important regulator in the trans-SNARE complex which is required during the vesicle priming phase in the calcium-dependent synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Findings in this study collectively suggests that OSLP could be regulating the release of neurotransmitters via calcium-dependent synaptic vesicle exocytosis mediated by the "Synaptic Vesicle Cycle" pathway. OSLP's anticonvulsive actions could be acting differently from diazepam (DZP) and with that, it might not produce the similar cognitive insults such as DZP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Sir Chung
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (Y.-S.C.); (B.K.M.C.); (I.O.)
- Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) Platform, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Brandon Kar Meng Choo
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (Y.-S.C.); (B.K.M.C.); (I.O.)
| | - Pervaiz Khalid Ahmed
- School of Business, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
- Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21), Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (Y.-S.C.); (B.K.M.C.); (I.O.)
- Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) Platform, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (Y.-S.C.); (B.K.M.C.); (I.O.)
- Correspondence:
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de Sousa Fernandes Perna EB, Theunissen EL, Dolder PC, Mason NL, Hutten NRPW, Toennes SW, Kuypers KPC, Ramaekers JG. Safety Profile and Neurocognitive Function Following Acute 4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) Administration in Humans. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:713. [PMID: 30050434 PMCID: PMC6052735 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Availability of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) exponentially increased over the last years. Risk evaluations of NPS are hampered by the lack of pharmacological studies in humans on health parameters. The aim of the present study was to evaluate safety and neurocognitive function of healthy volunteers (N = 12) who received single doses of 100 and 150 mg 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA), a phenethylamine that has been associated with severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. The study was set-up as a placebo controlled, within subject, phase 1 trial as it was the first to administer 4-FA to humans under controlled conditions. Overall, 4-FA produced a strong elevation in blood pressure up until 4–5 h after administration that was followed by a sustained increase in heart rate. After an interim review of safety data from five participants, a decision was taken to cancel administration of 150 mg. We subsequently obtained complete datasets for placebo and 100 mg 4-FA treatments only. Effects of 4-FA on mood and neurocognitive function were most distinct at 1 h post drug and included significant elevations of vigor, friendliness, elation, arousal, positive mood, as well as improvements in attention and motor performance. Negative affect was also reported as time progressed in the acute phase and even more so during the subacute phase. Overall, the influence of 4-FA on vital signs, mood, and neurocognition was similar to that observed with other stimulants. Present findings confirm clinical observations of acute toxicity among 4-FA users and warrant warnings about potential health risks associated with 4-FA use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eef L Theunissen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Patrick C Dolder
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Natasha L Mason
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nadia R P W Hutten
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan W Toennes
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kim P C Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Johannes G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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5
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Ravenelle R, Berman AK, La J, Mason B, Asumadu E, Yelleswarapu C, Donaldson ST. Sex matters: females in proestrus show greater diazepam anxiolysis and brain-derived neurotrophin factor- and parvalbumin-positive neurons than males. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:994-1002. [PMID: 29461650 PMCID: PMC5902654 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In humans and animal models, sex differences are reported for anxiety-like behavior and response to anxiogenic stimuli. In the current work, we studied anxiety-like behavior and response to the prototypical anti-anxiety drug, diazepam. We used 6th generation outbred lines of adult Long Evans rats with high and low anxiety-like behavior phenotypes to investigate the impact of proestrus on the baseline and diazepam-induced behavior. At three doses of diazepam (0, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), we measured anxiogenic responses on the elevated plus maze of adult male and female rats. We assessed parvalbumin and brain-derived neurotrophin protein levels in forebrain and limbic structures implicated in anxiety/stress using immunohistochemistry. At baseline, we saw significant differences between anxiety lines, with high anxiety lines displaying less time on the open arms of the elevated plus maze, and less open arm entries, regardless of sex. During proestrus, high anxiety females showed less anxiety-like behavior at 0.1 mg/kg, while low anxiety females displayed less anxiety-like behavior at 0.1 and 1.0 doses, relative to males. Brain-derived neurotrophin protein was elevated in females in the medial prefrontal cortex and central amygdala, while parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells were greater in males in the medial prefrontal cortex. Parvalbumin-positive cells in high anxiety females were higher in CA2 and dentate gyrus relative to males from the same line. In sum, when tested in proestrus, females showed greater anxiolytic effects of diazepam relative to males, and this correlated with increases in neurotrophin and parvalbumin neuron density in corticolimbic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ravenelle
- City University of New York, CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Ariel K. Berman
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, 1526 Wood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA
| | - Jeffrey La
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125 USA
| | - Briana Mason
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125 USA
| | - Evans Asumadu
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125 USA
| | - Chandra Yelleswarapu
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125 USA
| | - S. Tiffany Donaldson
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125 USA
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6
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Abstract
Addiction is marked by repeating a certain behavior while ignoring the potential physical or mental consequences. Non-substance addiction provides an ideal model for researching the emergence and development of addiction's basic mechanism. Comparative studies of substance and non-substance addiction are helpful to reveal the common basis of addiction development. This article explores this topic from a psychological angle, touching upon sensation seeking, inhibitory control, attentional bias, intertemporal choice and environment. A review of previous literature urges future research to propose a biopsychosocial model of addiction and consider addiction's effect on basic cognitive function alongside cognitive neuroscience technology.
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7
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Harvanko A, Martin C, Lile J, Kryscio R, Kelly T. Individual differences in the reinforcing and subjective effects of d-amphetamine: Dimensions of impulsivity. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:436-446. [PMID: 27929346 PMCID: PMC5152693 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown a relationship between impulsive personality and the subjective and reinforcing effects of d-amphetamine. Impulsive personality, however, is comprised of multiple dimensions. The association between different dimensions of impulsive personality and the subjective and reinforcing effects of d-amphetamine is unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the independent contributions of the "sensation-seeking" and "impulsivity" dimensions of the impulsive sensation-seeking subscale of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ) to the subjective and reinforcing effects of d-amphetamine. Forty healthy emerging adults varying in scores on the sensation-seeking and impulsivity dimensions of the ZKPQ participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study comprised of 4 2-day blocks. Each 2-day block consisted of a sample day and self-administration day. Subjective effects and physiological measurements were taken prior to, and hourly for 3 hr following, dose administration. On sample days participants were given 8 capsules containing 0, 1, or 2 mg d-amphetamine. On self-administration days participants were able to earn capsules containing the same dose of d-amphetamine that was administered on the previous sample day by responding on a Modified Progressive Ratio Task. The "sensation-seeking" dimension was positively associated with drug taking on the Modified Progressive Ratio Task, subjective effects (e.g., "good effect"), and heart rate. However, no clear relationship between the "impulsivity" dimension and outcome measures was observed. In conclusion, these data suggest that the narrow sensation-seeking dimension of impulsive sensation-seeking is associated with initial drug liking and drug taking behavior and may be a key predictor of drug use initiation. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Arit Harvanko
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Joshua Lile
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Richard Kryscio
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Thomas Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, Corresponding senior author Address correspondence to: Thomas H. Kelly, Ph.D., Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky , Telephone: 859-323-5206, Fax: 859-323-4077
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8
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Arenas MC, Aguilar MA, Montagud-Romero S, Mateos-García A, Navarro-Francés CI, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Influence of the Novelty-Seeking Endophenotype on the Rewarding Effects of Psychostimulant Drugs in Animal Models. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:87-100. [PMID: 26391743 PMCID: PMC4787288 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150921112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novelty seeking (NS), defined as a tendency to pursue novel and intense emotional sensations and experiences, is one of the most relevant individual factors predicting drug use among humans. High novelty seeking (HNS) individuals present an increased risk of drug use compared to low novelty seekers. The NS endophenotype may explain some of the differences observed among individuals exposed to drugs of abuse in adolescence. However, there is little research about the particular response of adolescents to drugs of abuse in function of this endophenotype, and the data that do exist are inconclusive. The present work reviews the literature regarding the influence of NS on psychostimulant reward, with particular focus on adolescent subjects. First, the different animal models of NS and the importance of this endophenotype in adolescence are discussed. Later, studies that have used the most common animal models of reward (self-administration, conditioned place preference paradigms) to evaluate how the NS trait influences the rewarding effects of psychostimulants are reviewed. Finally, possible explanations for the enhanced risk of developing substance dependence among HNS individuals are discussed. In conclusion, the studies referred to in this review show that the HNS trait is associated with: (1) increased initial sensitivity to the rewarding effects of psychostimulants, (2) a higher level of drug craving when the subject is exposed to the environmental cues associated with the drug, and (3) enhanced long-term vulnerability to relapse to drug consumption after prolonged abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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9
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FRITZ KATHRYNM, O’CONNOR PATRICKJ. Acute Exercise Improves Mood and Motivation in Young Men with ADHD Symptoms. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:1153-60. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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10
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Bidwell LC, Knopik VS, Audrain-McGovern J, Glynn TR, Spillane NS, Ray LA, Riggs NR, Guillot CR, Pang RD, Leventhal AM. Novelty Seeking as a Phenotypic Marker of Adolescent Substance Use. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2015; 9:1-10. [PMID: 26106262 PMCID: PMC4472033 DOI: 10.4137/sart.s22440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Trait novelty seeking has been consistently implicated in substance use, yet the origins and mechanisms of novelty seeking in substance use proneness are unclear. We aimed to characterize novelty seeking as a phenotypic marker of substance use proneness in adolescence, a critical period for drug use experimentation. To this end, we parsed novelty seeking's two constituent subdimensions - exploratory excitability (drive for novel experience) and impulsiveness (careless decision-making) - and explored the individual relations of these dimensions to: (1) the use of a variety of licit and illicit substances, (2) family history of substance use, and (3) subjective drug effects. Five hundred eighty five adolescents (mean age = 14.5 years) completed surveys of key variables. Results indicated that, when accounting for the covariation among exploratory excitability and impulsiveness, impulsiveness emerged as the more salient correlate of substance use and was independently associated with initiation of nearly all drug classes. Mediation analyses of the mechanisms of novelty seeking-related risk illustrated that impulsiveness mediated the association of family history of substance use with both initiation and past 30-day frequency of use. Both impulsiveness and exploratory excitability were associated with increased positive and negative subjective drug effects, and the analyses supported a significant indirect pathway from impulsiveness to a more frequent use via positive subjective effects. Although limited by a cross-sectional design, these findings suggest that impulsiveness-like aspects of the novelty seeking construct may represent a useful phenotypic marker for early substance use proneness that potentially (1) increases initiation risk, (2) has familial origins, and (3) promotes more frequent use by altering subjective drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA. ; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. ; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA. ; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Janet Audrain-McGovern
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tiffany R Glynn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Riggs
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Casey R Guillot
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raina D Pang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. ; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Miller ME, Badger GJ, Heil SH, Higgins ST, Sigmon SC. Associations between sensation seeking andd-amphetamine reinforcement. Am J Addict 2015; 24:435-42. [DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mollie E. Miller
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
- Department of Psychology; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
| | - Gary J. Badger
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
| | - Sarah H. Heil
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
- Department of Psychology; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
| | - Stephen T. Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
- Department of Psychology; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
| | - Stacey C. Sigmon
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
- Department of Psychology; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
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12
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Abstract
Benzodiazepines have been in clinical use since the 1960s. Benzodiazepines act through allosteric modulation of the GABAA receptor to enhance the activity of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, resulting in a slowing of neurotransmission and sedative and anxiolytic effects. Initially benzodiazepines were thought to have low dependence liability, though over time there has been increasing evidence of benzodiazepine dependence. Benzodiazepines are commonly used to treat anxiety and insomnia, though increasingly they are considered second line treatments for most indications. Concerns about the effects of benzodiazepines on cognition, falls and their implication in opioid related mortality have emerged. Few pharmacological treatments for benzodiazepine dependence have been shown to be effective with gradual taper the most common treatment strategy for benzodiazepine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Nielsen
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, 22-32 King Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,South East Sydney Local Health District (SESLHD) Drug and Alcohol Services, 591-623 S Dowling St, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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13
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Lile JA, Kelly TH, Hays LR. Separate and combined effects of the GABAA positive allosteric modulator diazepam and Δ⁹-THC in humans discriminating Δ⁹-THC. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 143:141-8. [PMID: 25124305 PMCID: PMC4167716 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous research suggested the involvement of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in particular the GABAB receptor subtype, in the interoceptive effects of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC). The aim of the present study was to determine the potential involvement of the GABAA receptor subtype by assessing the separate and combined effects of the GABAA positive allosteric modulator diazepam and Δ(9)-THC using pharmacologically selective drug-discrimination procedures. METHODS Ten cannabis users learned to discriminate 30 mg oral Δ(9)-THC from placebo and then received diazepam (5 and 10mg), Δ(9)-THC (5, 15 and 30 mg) and placebo, alone and in combination. Self-report, task performance and physiological measures were also collected. RESULTS Δ(9)-THC functioned as a discriminative stimulus, produced subjective effects typically associated with cannabinoids (e.g., High, Stoned, Like Drug) and elevated heart rate. Diazepam alone impaired performance on psychomotor performance tasks and increased ratings on a limited number of self-report questionnaire items (e.g., Any Effect, Sedated), but did not substitute for the Δ(9)-THC discriminative stimulus or alter the Δ(9)-THC discrimination dose-response function. Similarly, diazepam had limited impact on the other behavioral effects of Δ(9)-THC. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the GABAA receptor subtype has minimal involvement in the interoceptive effects of Δ(9)-THC, and by extension cannabis, in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Pkwy, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA.
| | - Thomas H Kelly
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 106-B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Pkwy, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA
| | - Lon R Hays
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Pkwy, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 740 South Limestone St., J525 Kentucky Clinic, Lexington, KY 40536-0284, USA
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14
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Kyzar E, Stewart AM, Landsman S, Collins C, Gebhardt M, Robinson K, Kalueff AV. Behavioral effects of bidirectional modulators of brain monoamines reserpine and d-amphetamine in zebrafish. Brain Res 2013; 1527:108-16. [PMID: 23827499 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain monoamines play a key role in the regulation of behavior. Reserpine depletes monoamines, and causes depression and hypoactivity in humans and rodents. In contrast, d-amphetamine increases brain monoamines' levels, and evokes hyperactivity and anxiety. However, the effects of these agents on behavior and in relation to monoamine levels remain poorly understood, necessitating further experimental studies to understand their psychotropic action. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are rapidly emerging as a promising model organism for drug screening and translational neuroscience research. Here, we have examined the acute and long-term effects of reserpine and d-amphetamine on zebrafish behavior in the novel tank test. Overall, d-amphetamine (5 and 10mg/L) evokes anxiogenic-like effects in zebrafish acutely, but not 7 days later. In contrast, reserpine (20 and 40 mg/L) did not evoke overt acute behavioral effects, but markedly reduced activity 7 days later, resembling motor retardation observed in depression and/or Parkinson's disease. Three-dimensional 'temporal' (X, Y, time) reconstructions of zebrafish locomotion further supports these findings, confirming the utility of 3D-based video-tracking analyses in zebrafish models of drug action. Our results show that zebrafish are highly sensitive to drugs bi-directionally modulating brain monoamines, generally paralleling rodent and clinical findings. Collectively, this emphasizes the potential of zebrafish tests to model complex brain disorders associated with monoamine dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Kyzar
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC) and ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
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15
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Allen KJD, Gabbay FH. The amphetamine response moderates the relationship between negative emotionality and alcohol use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:348-60. [PMID: 23240777 PMCID: PMC3563713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable evidence suggests that sensitivity to the stimulant effects of alcohol and other drugs is a risk marker for heavy or problematic use of those substances. A separate body of research implicates negative emotionality. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the independent and interactive effects of the stimulant response, assessed with an amphetamine challenge, and negative emotionality on alcohol and drug use. METHODS Healthy young women and men completed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) and an inventory assessing alcohol and other drug use. Subsequently, the effects of 10-mg d-amphetamine were determined in the laboratory using the Stimulant scale of the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses evaluated the effects of amphetamine response and the MPQ factor Negative Emotionality on measures of substance use. RESULTS The amphetamine response moderated relationships between negative emotionality and alcohol use: in combination with a robust amphetamine response (i.e., enhanced stimulant effects as compared with baseline), negative emotionality predicted greater alcohol consumption, more episodes of binge drinking, and more frequent intoxication in regression models. A strong stimulant response independently predicted having used an illicit drug, and there was a trend for it to predict having used alcohol. Negative emotionality alone was not associated with any measure of alcohol or drug use. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the idea that emotion-based behavioral dysregulation promotes reward seeking, a high level of negative emotionality was associated with maladaptive alcohol use when it co-occurred with sensitivity to drug-based reward. The findings contribute to our understanding of how differences in personality may interact with those in drug response to affect alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J. D. Allen
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Frances H. Gabbay
- Clinical Psychophysiology and Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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Bardo MT, Neisewander JL, Kelly TH. Individual differences and social influences on the neurobehavioral pharmacology of abused drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:255-90. [PMID: 23343975 PMCID: PMC3565917 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of drugs with biologic targets is a critical area of research, particularly for the development of medications to treat substance use disorders. In addition to understanding these drug-target interactions, however, there is a need to understand more fully the psychosocial influences that moderate these interactions. The first section of this review introduces some examples from human behavioral pharmacology that illustrate the clinical importance of this research. The second section covers preclinical evidence to characterize some of the key individual differences that alter drug sensitivity and abuse vulnerability, related primarily to differences in response to novelty and impulsivity. Evidence is presented to indicate that critical neuropharmacological mechanisms associated with these individual differences involve integrated neurocircuits underlying stress, reward, and behavioral inhibitory processes. The third section covers social influences on drug abuse vulnerability, including effects experienced during infancy, adolescence, and young adulthood, such as maternal separation, housing conditions, and social interactions (defeat, play, and social rank). Some of the same neurocircuits involved in individual differences also are altered by social influences, although the precise neurochemical and cellular mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated fully. Finally, some speculation is offered about the implications of this research for the prevention and treatment of substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, BBSRB Room 447, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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17
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Lee DC, Perkins KA, Zimmerman E, Robbins G, Kelly TH. Effects of 24 hours of tobacco withdrawal and subsequent tobacco smoking among low and high sensation seekers. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:943-54. [PMID: 21690318 PMCID: PMC3179670 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have indicated that high sensation seekers are more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of nicotine, initiate smoking at an earlier age, and smoke greater amounts of cigarettes. This study examined the influence of sensation-seeking status on tobacco smoking following deprivation in regular tobacco users. METHODS Twenty healthy tobacco-smoking volunteers with low or high impulsive sensation-seeking subscale scores completed 2 consecutive test days per week for 3 consecutive weeks. Each week, a range of self-report, performance, and cardiovascular assessments were completed during ad libitum smoking on Day 1 and before and after the paced smoking of a tobacco cigarette containing 0.05, 0.6, or 0.9 mg of nicotine following 24 hr of tobacco deprivation on Day 2. In addition, self-administration behavior was analyzed during a 2-hr free access period after the initial tobacco administration. RESULTS In high sensation seekers, tobacco smoking independent of nicotine yield ameliorated deprivation effects, whereas amelioration of deprivation effects was dependent on nicotine yield among low sensation seekers. However, this effect was limited to a small subset of measures. Subsequent cigarette self-administration increased in a nicotine-dependent manner for high sensation seekers only. CONCLUSIONS Compared with low sensation seekers, high sensation seekers were more sensitive to the withdrawal relieving effects of nonnicotine components of smoking following 24 hr of deprivation on selective measures and more sensitive to nicotine yield during subsequent tobacco self-administration. These results are consistent with studies suggesting that factors driving tobacco dependence may vary as a function of sensation-seeking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin C Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40503, USA.
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18
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Stanley MD, Poole MM, Stoops WW, Rush CR. Amphetamine self-administration in light and moderate drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 35:443-53. [PMID: 21158875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light and moderate drinkers respond differently to the effects of abused drugs, including stimulants such as amphetamine. The purpose of this study was to determine whether light and moderate drinkers differ in their sensitivity to the reinforcing and subjective effects of d-amphetamine. We hypothesized that moderate drinkers (i.e., participants that reported consuming at least seven alcohol-containing beverages per week) would be more sensitive to the reinforcing and positive subject-rated effects of d-amphetamine than light drinkers. METHODS Data from four studies that employed similar d-amphetamine self-administration procedures and subject-rated drug-effect measures were included in the analysis. Light (n = 17) and moderate (n = 16) drinkers sampled placebo, low (8 to 10 mg), and high (16 to 20 mg) doses of oral d-amphetamine administered in eight capsules. Following sampling sessions, participants worked for a maximum of eight capsules, each containing 12.5% of the previously sampled dose, on a modified progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement. RESULTS Both active doses of d-amphetamine functioned as a reinforcer in the moderate drinkers, while only the high dose did so in the light drinkers. The moderate drinkers worked for significantly more capsules that contained the high dose of d-amphetamine than did the light drinkers. d-Amphetamine produced prototypical stimulant-like subjective effects (e.g., dose-dependent increases in ratings of Good Effects; Like Drug and Willing to Take Again). Moderate drinkers reported significantly greater subjective effects than the light drinkers. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with those from previous laboratory experiments and suggest that moderate alcohol consumption may increase vulnerability to the abuse-related effects of stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Stanley
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, USA
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Beckmann JS, Marusich JA, Gipson CD, Bardo MT. Novelty seeking, incentive salience and acquisition of cocaine self-administration in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2010; 216:159-65. [PMID: 20655954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that incentive salience plays a major role in drug abuse and the development of addiction. Additionally, novelty seeking has been identified as a significant risk factor for drug abuse. However, how differences in the readiness to attribute incentive salience relate to novelty seeking and drug abuse vulnerability has not been explored. The present experiments examined how individual differences in incentive salience attribution relate to novelty seeking and acquisition of cocaine self-administration in a preclinical model. Rats were first assessed in an inescapable novelty task and a novelty place preference task (measures of novelty seeking), followed by a Pavlovian conditioned approach task for food (a measure of incentive salience attribution). Rats then were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg/infusion) using an autoshaping procedure. The results demonstrate that animals that attributed incentive salience to a food-associated cue were higher novelty seekers and acquired cocaine self-administration more quickly at the lower dose. The results suggest that novelty-seeking behavior may be a mediator of incentive salience attribution and that incentive salience magnitude may be an indicator of drug reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Beckmann
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 447, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States.
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A possible link between sensation-seeking status and positive subjective effects of oxycodone in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 95:113-20. [PMID: 20045020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensation-seeking is a personality trait that is linked to use and abuse of drugs. Laboratory studies have established that high sensation seekers, as measured by different instruments, are more likely to report abuse liability-related subjective effects from drugs such as nicotine, alcohol, and d-amphetamine than low sensation seekers. One class of drugs that has not been studied to date in this fashion is opioids. Accordingly, a retrospective analysis encompassing five studies that examined oxycodone effects, including its abuse liability-related effects, was conducted in subjects categorized as high or low sensation seekers. In addition, because there appear to be sex differences in how males and females respond to opioids, this factor was taken into account in the analysis. Seventy one subjects who scored on the lower end (15 and 19 low sensation-seeking males and females, respectively) or the higher end (23 and 14 high sensation-seeking males and females) of the Disinhibition subscale of the Sensation-Seeking Scale-Form V were studied for their responses to 0, 10, and 20mg of oral oxycodone. Ratings of "pleasant bodily sensations" were significantly higher after oxycodone administration than placebo only in male and female high sensation seekers. Ratings of "take again," "drug liking," "carefree," and "elated (very happy)" also tended to differentiate high from low sensation seekers although Group x Dose interactions were only marginally significant with the latter three ratings. Male and female low sensation seekers and female high sensation seekers reported dysphoric effects (e.g., ratings of nauseated) particularly after administration of the 20mg oxycodone dose. The results of this analysis provide suggestive evidence that high sensation seekers are more likely to experience greater positive subjective effects from oxycodone than low sensation seekers, but likelihood of experiencing negative effects is more complex (involving both sensation-seeking status and sex).
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21
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Stoops WW, Lile JA, Robbins CG, Martin CA, Rush CR, Kelly TH. The reinforcing, subject-rated, performance, and cardiovascular effects of d-amphetamine: influence of sensation-seeking status. Addict Behav 2007; 32:1177-88. [PMID: 17011712 PMCID: PMC3191905 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences that may contribute to vulnerability to abuse drugs have been identified. Sensation-seeking status has been shown to influence both vulnerability to drug use and response to acute drug administration. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the reinforcing effects of d-amphetamine in high and low sensation-seeking subjects using a modified progressive-ratio procedure. A battery of subject-rated, performance, and cardiovascular measures was also included to better characterize the effects of d-amphetamine in these groups. Ten high sensation seekers and ten low sensation seekers that were matched for education, age, drug use, height, and weight, first sampled doses of d-amphetamine (0, 8, and 16 mg). In subsequent sessions, subjects were offered the opportunity to work for the sampled dose on a modified progressive-ratio procedure. d-Amphetamine functioned as a reinforcer and produced prototypical stimulant-like effects (e.g., increased subject-ratings of Like Drug, enhanced performance, and increased heart rate). High sensation seekers were more sensitive than low sensation seekers to the reinforcing and some of the subject-rated effects of d-amphetamine. The results of the present experiment extend those of previous findings by demonstrating that the reinforcing effects of d-amphetamine vary as a function of the biologically based sensation-seeking personality trait. These results suggest that increased stimulant drug use and abuse among high sensation seekers may be related, in part, to increased sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of stimulants among these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W. Stoops
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, Department of Behavioral Science, United States
| | - Joshua A. Lile
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, Department of Behavioral Science, United States
| | - C. Glenn Robbins
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, Department of Behavioral Science, United States
| | - Catherine A. Martin
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, Department of Behavioral Science, United States
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Craig R. Rush
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, Department of Behavioral Science, United States
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, United States
- University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Thomas H. Kelly
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, Department of Behavioral Science, United States
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, United States
- University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, United States
- Corresponding author. Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, United States. Fax: +1 859 323 5350. (T.H. Kelly)
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