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Zhang D, Li J, Li X, Liu W, Yu Y, Sun H, Wu J, Ge Z, Lv K, Shao Y, Wang S, Ye X. Anti-osteoporosis activity of casticin in ovariectomized rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae064. [PMID: 38680951 PMCID: PMC11052697 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMPO) is the most familiar type of osteoporosis, a silent bone disease. Casticin, a natural flavonoid constituent, improves osteoporosis in animal model. Nevertheless, the potential mechanism remains to be further explored. Methods A model of PMPO was established in rats treated with ovariectomy (OVX) and RAW 264.7 cells induced with receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). The effect and potential mechanism of casticin on PMPO were addressed by pathological staining, measurement of bone mineral density (BMD), three-point bending test, serum biochemical detection, filamentous-actin (F-actin) ring staining, TRAcP staining, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot and examination of oxidative stress indicators. Results The casticin treatment increased the femoral trabecular area, bone maturity, BMD, elastic modulus, maximum load, the level of calcium and estrogen with the reduced concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in OVX rats. An enhancement in the F-actin ring formation, TRAcP staining and the relative mRNA expression of NFATc1 and TRAP was observed in RANKL-induced RAW 264.7 cells, which was declined by the treatment of casticin. Moreover, the casticin treatment reversed the reduced the relative protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 and the concentrations of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and the increased content of malondialdehyde both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion Casticin improved bone density, bone biomechanics, the level of calcium and estrogen, the release of pro-inflammatory factor and oxidative stress to alleviate osteoporosis, which was associated with the upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Xuejia Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Wanxin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Zhichao Ge
- Department of Spine Surgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Kai Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yanting Shao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Shuqiang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Xiaojian Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200437, China
- Department of Orthopedics, 2. Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1111 Xianxia Road, Changning District, Shanghai 200336, China
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Barrea L, Verde L, Auriemma RS, Vetrani C, Cataldi M, Frias-Toral E, Pugliese G, Camajani E, Savastano S, Colao A, Muscogiuri G. Probiotics and Prebiotics: Any Role in Menopause-Related Diseases? Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:83-97. [PMID: 36746877 PMCID: PMC9974675 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the menopause-related changes in microbiota and their role in the pathogenesis of menopause-related diseases. In addition, evidence on probiotic supplementation as a therapeutic strategy is discussed. RECENT FINDINGS The human microbiota is a complex community that lives in a mutualism relationship with the host. Menopause is associated with dysbiosis, and these changes in the composition of microbiota in different sites (gut, vaginal, and oral microbiota) might play a role in the pathogenesis of menopause-related diseases (i.e., osteoporosis, breast cancer, endometrial hyperplasia, periodontitis, and cardiometabolic diseases). The present review highlights the pivotal role of microbiota in postmenopausal women health, in particular it (a) may increase intestinal calcium absorption thus preventing osteoporosis, (b) is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer and type 1 endometrial hyperplasia, (c) reduces gingival inflammation and menopausal periodontitis, and (d) beneficially affects multiple cardiometabolic risk factors (i.e., obesity, inflammation, and blood glucose and lipid metabolism). However, whether oral probiotic supplementation might be used for the treatment of menopause-related dysbiosis requires further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Centro Direzionale, Università Telematica Pegaso, Via Porzio, isola F2, 80143, Naples, Italy
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovica Verde
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Renata Simona Auriemma
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Claudia Vetrani
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Mauro Cataldi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Evelyn Frias-Toral
- Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, Av. Pdte. Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, Guayaquil, 090615, Ecuador
| | - Gabriella Pugliese
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Camajani
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Santos Filho LED, Santos GPLD, Silva JA, Silva FDA, Silva MN, Almeida AAD, Coqueiro RDS, Coimbra CC, Soares TDJ, Magalhães ACMD. Dietary Soy Isoflavones Prevent Metabolic Disturbs Associated with a Deleterious Combination of Obesity and Menopause. J Med Food 2023; 26:104-113. [PMID: 36383150 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soy isoflavone supplementation (25 mg/kg) on insulin resistance and inflammation in adipose tissue in an experimental model of menopause-obesity. Twenty-four female Wistar rats were ovariectomized (O) and distributed among the groups: OSD-ovariectomized rats submitted to normocaloric standard diet (n = 6); OHF-ovariectomized rats submitted to high-fat diet (n = 9); and OHFI-ovariectomized rats submitted to high-fat diet with isoflavones (n = 9). Weight gain, body adiposity, food and caloric intake, blood pressure, and glucose tolerance were assessed. After 24 weeks, the rats were euthanized; the thoracic blood collected for serum insulin determination and the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance) (HOMA-IR) and homeostatic model assessment-β cell (HOMA-β) indices were calculated. Abdominal adipose tissues were removed, weighed, and fixed for immunohistochemical and morphometric studies. Isoflavones decreased weight gain and blood pressure without changing the food and caloric intake (P < .05). Isoflavones did not affect the weight of the abdominal adipose tissue depots (P < .05). Although they did not alter glucose tolerance, the isoflavones reduced HOMA-IR and HOMA-β, serum insulin levels, in addition to reducing adipocytes' size (P < .05). The number of macrophages, lymphocytes, and crown-like structures in adipose tissue was lower in the group treated with isoflavones (P < .05). In conclusion, our data show that dietary soy isoflavones' supplementation prevents many of well-known deleterious combination of obesity and menopause on metabolism, such as body overweight, adipocyte hypertrophy, and hypertension, as well as insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Evangelista Dos Santos Filho
- Postgraduate Multicentric Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Physiological Society/Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória of Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Prates Lourenço Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Multicentric Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Physiological Society/Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória of Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jussara Andrade Silva
- Postgraduate Multicentric Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Physiological Society/Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória of Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Abreu Silva
- Postgraduate Multicentric Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Physiological Society/Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória of Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mirlana Neves Silva
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória of Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Amanda Alves de Almeida
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória of Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Telma de Jesus Soares
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória of Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
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Wang M, An M, Fan MS, Zhang SS, Sun Z, Zhao Y, Xiang ZM, Sheng J. FAEE exerts a protective effect against osteoporosis by regulating the MAPK signalling pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:467-478. [PMID: 35180021 PMCID: PMC8865110 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2039216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ferulic acid ethyl ester (FAEE) is abundant in Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Apiaceae) and grains, and possesses diverse biological activities; but the effects of FAEE on osteoporosis has not been reported. OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether FAEE can attenuate osteoclastogenesis and relieve ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis via attenuating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). MATERIALS AND METHODS We stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) followed by FAEE. The roles of FAEE in osteoclast production and osteogenic resorption of mature osteoclasts were evaluated by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, expression of osteoclast-specific genes, proteins and MAPK. Ovariectomized (OVX) female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered FAEE (20 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks to explore its potential in vivo, and then histology was undertaken in combination with cytokines analyses. RESULTS FAEE suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast formation (96 ± 0.88 vs. 15 ± 1.68) by suppressing the expression of osteoclast-specific genes, proteins and MAPK signalling pathway related proteins (p-ERK/ERK, p-JNK/JNK and p-P38/P38) in vitro. In addition, OVX rats exposed to FAEE maintained their normal calcium (Ca) (2.72 ± 0.02 vs. 2.63 ± 0.03, p < 0.05) balance, increased oestradiol levels (498.3 ± 9.43 vs. 398.7 ± 22.06, p < 0.05), simultaneously reduced levels of bone mineral density (BMD) (0.159 ± 0.0016 vs. 0.153 ± 0.0025, p < 0.05) and bone mineral content (BMC) (0.8 ± 0.0158 vs. 0.68 ± 0.0291, p < 0.01). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that FAEE could be used to ameliorate osteoporosis by the MAPK signalling pathway, suggesting that FAEE could be a potential therapeutic candidate for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming‑Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Meng‑Fei An
- Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Si Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Shi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Ze‑Rui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yun‑Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
- Yun‑Li Zhao
| | - Ze-Min Xiang
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
- Ze-Min Xiang
| | - Jun Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Kunming, P. R. China
- CONTACT Jun Sheng
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Razan MR, Akther F, Islam RA, Graham JL, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, Rahimian R. 17β-Estradiol Treatment Improves Acetylcholine-Induced Relaxation of Mesenteric Arteries in Ovariectomized UC Davis Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats in Prediabetic State. Front Physiol 2022; 13:900813. [PMID: 35784863 PMCID: PMC9248973 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.900813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported sex differences in mesenteric arterial function of the UC Davis type-2 diabetes mellitus (UCD-T2DM) rats as early as the prediabetic state. We reported that mesenteric arteries (MA) from prediabetic male rats exhibited a greater impairment compared to that in prediabetic females. However, when females became diabetic, they exhibited a greater vascular dysfunction than males. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the female sex hormone, estrogen preserves mesenteric arterial vasorelaxation in UCD-T2DM female rats at an early prediabetic state. Age-matched female Sprague Dawley and prediabetic (PD) UCD-T2DM rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and subcutaneously implanted with either placebo or 17β-estradiol (E2, 1.5 mg) pellets for 45 days. We assessed the contribution of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRF) to acetylcholine (ACh)-induced vasorelaxation, using pharmacological inhibitors. Responses to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and phenylephrine (PE) were also measured. Additionally, metabolic parameters and expression of some targets associated with vascular and insulin signaling were determined. We demonstrated that the responses to ACh and SNP were severely impaired in the prediabetic state (PD OVX) rats, while E2 treatment restored vasorelaxation in the PD OVX + E2. Moreover, the responses to PE was significantly enhanced in MA of PD OVX groups, regardless of placebo or E2 treatment. Overall, our data suggest that 1) the impairment of ACh responses in PD OVX rats may, in part, result from the elevated contractile responses to PE, loss of contribution of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization (EDH) to vasorelaxation, and a decreased sensitivity of MA to nitric oxide (NO), and 2) the basis for the protective effects of E2 may be partly attributed to the elevation of the NO contribution to vasorelaxation and its interaction with MA as well as potential improvement of insulin signaling. Here, we provide the first evidence of the role of E2 in protecting MA from early vascular dysfunction in prediabetic female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rahatullah Razan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - Farjana Akther
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - Rifat A. Islam
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - James L. Graham
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kimber L. Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Peter J. Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Roshanak Rahimian
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Roshanak Rahimian,
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Mechanism of Soy Isoflavone Daidzein-Induced Female-Specific Anorectic Effect. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030252. [PMID: 35323695 PMCID: PMC8955737 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that regular intake of soy isoflavone exerts a preventive effect on postmenopausal obesity and other forms of dysmetabolism. Estrogens inhibit eating behavior. Soy isoflavones may act as estrogen agonist in estrogen-depleted conditions, whereas they may either act as an estrogen antagonist or be ineffective in estrogen-repleted conditions. We investigated the effects of dietary soy isoflavone on food intake under various estrogen conditions using male, ovariectomized (OVX), and non-OVX female rats, and compared the effects with those of estradiol. We found that soy isoflavones reduced food intake in females specifically, regardless of whether ovariectomy had been performed, whereas subcutaneous implantation of estradiol pellet did not reduce food intake in intact female rats, but did so in OVX female and male rats. Contrary to this hypothesis, the reduction in food intake may not be caused by the estrogenic properties of soy isoflavones. It is of great interest to understand the mechanisms underlying the anorectic effects of soy isoflavones. In this non-systematic review, we summarize our recent studies that have investigated the bioactive substances of anorectic action, pharmacokinetic properties of soy isoflavones, and the modification of central and peripheral signals regulating appetite by soy isoflavones, and selected studies that were identified via database mining.
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Abd-Elmone AA, A. Koheil N, A. Kamel M, Yacout G. Potential Effects of Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin Macromolecules (PrebiotinTM) on an Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporotic Rat Model. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 2022; 15:7-21. [DOI: 10.3923/ajsr.2022.7.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Adhikari S, Bhattarai K, Abe Y, Kira M, Fujitani M, Miyada T, Kishida T. Dietary daidzein decreases food intake accompanied with delayed gastric emptying in ovariectomized rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1232-1238. [PMID: 32067573 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1723404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that equol, a metabolite of intestinal bacterial conversion from soy isoflavone daidzein, has female-specific anorectic effects. In the present study, we used seven-week-old female ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague Dawley rats to test the hypothesis that the anorectic effect of dietary daidzein may be attributed to delayed gastric emptying. Results suggest that dietary daidzein delays gastric emptying and that it has an anorectic effect with residual gastric contents, but not without gastric contents. Dietary equol significantly decreased daily food intake in the OVX rats without sleeve gastrectomy, but not in those with sleeve gastrectomy, suggesting that the accumulation of food in the stomach is required for the anorectic effect of equol to occur. These results support the hypothesis that the anorectic effect of dietary daidzein is attributed to delayed gastric emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhashree Adhikari
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Keshab Bhattarai
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Abe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Mayu Kira
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Mina Fujitani
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Tomihiro Miyada
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Taro Kishida
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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Liang H, Xu L, Zhao X, Pan K, Yi Z, Bai J, Qi X, Xin J, Li M, Ouyang K, Song X, Liu C, Qu M. RNA-Seq analysis reveals the potential molecular mechanisms of daidzein on adipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue of finishing Xianan beef cattle. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:1-11. [PMID: 31850600 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Daidzein has been reported to be effective in regulating lipid metabolism in animals. However, the molecular mechanisms of daidzein on adipogenesis in beef cattle are not yet reported and the results of daidzein on affecting lipid metabolism in other species have been conflicting. High-throughput sequencing of mRNA (RNA-Seq) technology was performed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of daidzein on adipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue of finishing Xianan beef cattle. A total of 893 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by differential expression analysis, among which 405 genes were upregulated and 488 genes were downregulated. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that these DEGs were significantly enriched to the pathways related to lipid metabolism including ECM-receptor interaction, Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis and Hedgehog signalling pathway. Daidzein significantly affected the candidate genes (Shh, Pec, Gli, Wnt6, DLK, IGFBP2, ID3 and C/EBPE) related to adipocyte differentiation. Besides, daidzein improved the ability of subcutaneous adipocytes in synthesizing triglycerides by directly using the long-chain fatty acids and enhanced the efficiency of triglyceride synthesis of subcutaneous adipocytes in Xianan steers. In conclusion, daidzein plays a positive role not only in adipogenic differentiation, but also in triglyceride synthesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue of Xianan beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lanjiao Xu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianghui Zhao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhonghua Yi
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinglei Qi
- Animal Husbandry Bureau of Biyang County, Biyang, China
| | - Junping Xin
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Meifa Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kehui Ouyang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaozhen Song
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chanjuan Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingren Qu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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10
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Song H, Hughes JR, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT, Doerge DR, Helferich WG. (±)-Equol does not interact with genistein on estrogen-dependent breast tumor growth. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:110979. [PMID: 31786350 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Equol (EQ) is a prominent microbial metabolite of the soy isoflavone, daidzein, with estrogen-like properties. The major soy isoflavone, genistein (GEN), stimulated growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancer (EDBC) cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo but EQ did not. To understand possible interactions of EQ and GEN on EDBC, EQ was used with GEN in combination in vitro and in vivo. Effects of EQ, GEN and EQ + GEN were evaluated using MCF-7 and T47D EDBC. Ovariectomized athymic mice were used as a model for in vivo tumor growth. Dietary EQ had no effect on MCF-7 tumor growth and the absence of effect was confirmed using a T47D EDBC in vivo model. EQ alone or in combination with GEN increased EDBC cell proliferation in vitro. EQ alone neither stimulated EDBC tumor growth in vivo at various doses nor suppressed tumor growth induced by dietary GEN. In summary, EQ has similar estrogenic effect as GEN in vitro but does not interact with GEN on EDBC tumor growth. Based on the evidence presented here, dietary EQ is unlikely to have estrogenic effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Song
- School of Nursing, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
| | - Jennifer R Hughes
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Science, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Science, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Daniel R Doerge
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - William G Helferich
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA.
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11
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Valicherla GR, Gupta AP, Hossain Z, Riyazuddin M, Syed AA, Husain A, Lahiri S, Dave KM, Gayen JR. Pancreastatin inhibitor, PSTi8 ameliorates metabolic health by modulating AKT/GSK-3β and PKCλ/ζ/SREBP1c pathways in high fat diet induced insulin resistance in peri-/post-menopausal rats. Peptides 2019; 120:170147. [PMID: 31473204 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) in peri-/post-menopause women is mainly due to hormone deficiency and lifestyle. PSTi8 (PEGKGEQEHSQQKEEEEEMAV-amide) is a pancreastatin inhibitor peptide which showed potent antidiabetic activity in genetic and lifestyle induced type 2 diabetic mice. In the present work, we have investigated the antidiabetic activity of PSTi8 in rat models of peri-/post-menopausal IR. 4-vinylcyclohexenediepoxide treated and ovariectomized rats were fed with high fat diet for 12 weeks to develop the peri-/post-menopausal IR. PSTi8 peptide was administered after the development of peri-/post-menopausal IR rats. PSTi8 (1 mg/kg, i.p) improved the glucose homeostasis which is characterized by elevated glycogenesis, enhanced glycolysis and reduced gluconeogenesis. PSTi8 suppressed palmitate- and PST- induced IR in HepG2 cells. PSTi8 treatment enhanced energy expenditure in peri-/post-menopausal IR rats. PSTi8 treatment increased insulin sensitivity in peri-/post-menopausal IR rats, may be mediated by modulating IRS1-2-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-AKT-GSK3β and IRS1-2-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-PKCλ/ζ-SREBP1c signaling pathways in the liver. PSTi8 can act as a potential therapeutic peptide for the treatment of peri-/post-menopausal IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru R Valicherla
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Anand P Gupta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Zakir Hossain
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Mohammed Riyazuddin
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Anees A Syed
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Athar Husain
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shibani Lahiri
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Kandarp M Dave
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raibarelly, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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12
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Rosenfeld CS. Effects of Phytoestrogens on the Developing Brain, Gut Microbiota, and Risk for Neurobehavioral Disorders. Front Nutr 2019; 6:142. [PMID: 31555657 PMCID: PMC6727358 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pregnant and nursing women consume high amounts of soy and other plant products that contain phytoestrogens, such as genistein (GEN) and daidzein. Infants may also be provided soy based formulas. With their ability to bind and activate estrogen receptors (ESR) in the brain, such compounds can disrupt normal brain programming and lead to later neurobehavioral disruptions. However, other studies suggest that maternal consumption of soy and soy based formulas containing such phytoestrogens might lead to beneficial behavioral effects. Select gut microbes might also convert daidzein and to a lesser extent genistein to even more potent forms, e.g., equol derivatives. Thus, infant exposure to phytoestrogens may result in contrasting effects dependent upon the gut flora. It is also becoming apparent that consumption or exposure to these xenoestrogens may lead to gut dysbiosis. Phytoestrogen-induced changes in gut bacteria might in turn affect the brain through various mechanisms. This review will consider the evidence to date in rodent and other animal models and human epidemiological data as to whether developmental exposure to phytoestrogens, in particular genistein and daidzein, adversely or beneficially impact offspring neurobehavioral programming. Consideration will be given to potential mechanisms by which such compounds might affect neurobehavioral responses. A better understanding of effects perinatal exposure to phytoestrogen can exert on brain programming will permit pregnant women and those seeking to become pregnant to make better-educated choices. If phytoestrogen-induced gut dysbiosis contributes to neurobehavioral disruptions, remediation strategies may be designed to prevent such gut microbiota alterations and thereby improve neurobehavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S. Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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13
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Bax EN, Cochran KE, Mao J, Wiedmeyer CE, Rosenfeld CS. Opposing effects of S-equol supplementation on metabolic and behavioral parameters in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 2018; 64:39-48. [PMID: 30802721 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens, such as daidzein and genistein, may be used to treat various hormone-dependent disorders. Daidzein can be metabolized by intestinal microbes to S-equol. However, not all individuals possess bacteria producing this metabolite, resulting in categorization of equol vs nonequol producers. Past human and rodent studies have suggested that supplementation of this compound might yield beneficial metabolic and behavioral effects. We hypothesized that administration of S-equol to diet-induced obese male and female mice would mitigate potential diet-induced metabolic and comorbid neurobehavioral disorders. To test this possibility, we placed 5-week-old C57 mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) to mimic the diet currently consumed by many Western adults. Animals were randomly assigned to S-equol supplementation (10 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle control group. After 4 weeks on HFD with or without S-equol supplementation, metabolic and behavioral phenotyping was performed. Although the initial hypothesis proposed that S-equol treatment would improve metabolic and neurobehavioral outcomes, this supplementation instead exacerbated aspects of HFD-induced metabolic disease, as indicated by suppressed physical activity in treated individuals, reduced energy expenditure in treated males, and serum chemistry changes (hyperglycemia in treated individuals; hyperinsulinemia and hypoleptinemia in treated males). Conversely, S-equol individuals exhibited less anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, as evidenced by increased exploratory time in the elevated plus maze by treated males and increased time spent mobile in the tail suspension test for treated individuals. In summary, S-equol may be beneficial in mitigating depression and anxiety disorders in individuals, but for indeterminate reasons, supplementation may worsen facets of metabolic disorders in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Bax
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Karlee E Cochran
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jiude Mao
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Charles E Wiedmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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14
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Vieira-Potter VJ, Cross TWL, Swanson KS, Sarma SJ, Lei Z, Sumner LW, Rosenfeld CS. Soy-Induced Fecal Metabolome Changes in Ovariectomized and Intact Female Rats: Relationship with Cardiometabolic Health. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16896. [PMID: 30442926 PMCID: PMC6237990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds found in a variety of foods, most notably, soy. These compounds have been shown to improve immuno-metabolic health, yet mechanisms remain uncertain. We demonstrated previously that dietary phytoestrogen-rich soy (SOY) rescued metabolic dysfunction/inflammation following ovariectomy (OVX) in female rats; we also noted remarkable shifts in gut microbiota in SOY vs control diet-fed rats. Importantly, specific bacteria that significantly increased in those fed the SOY correlated positively with several favorable host metabolic parameters. One mechanism by which gut microbes might lead to such host effects is through production of bacterial metabolites. To test this possibility, we utilized non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) to assess the fecal metabolome in those previously studied animals. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA) revealed clear separation of fecal metabolomes based on diet and ovarian state. In particular, SOY-fed animals had greater fecal concentrations of the beneficial bacterial metabolite, S-equol, which was positively associated with several of the bacteria upregulated in the SOY group. S-equol was inversely correlated with important indicators of metabolic dysfunction and inflammation, suggesting that this metabolite might be a key mediator between SOY and gut microbiome-positive host health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Vieira-Potter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Tzu-Wen L Cross
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Saurav J Sarma
- MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhentian Lei
- MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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15
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Associations of ESR1 and ESR2 gene polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome and its components in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2018; 115:97-102. [PMID: 30049354 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metabolic syndrome (MS) affects a quarter of Polish people and is associated with diabetes mellitus type 2 and ischemic heart disease. The prevalence of MS in postmenopausal women can be increased by the lack of protective effects of oestrogens. In the near future, because of the general increase in life expectancy, the number of postmenopausal women will rise substantially. Therefore, investigating both the environmental and the genetic factors predisposing to MS may have a great impact on women's health. The aim of this study was to determine whether particular oestrogen receptor (ESR) gene polymorphisms can predispose to the development of MS in women after menopause. STUDY DESIGN The sample consisted of 147 postmenopausal women. In addition to collecting medical history and analyzing body composition using the TANITA scale, patient's waist size, blood pressure, serum lipids, glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein and adiponectin were measured. The analysis of ESR gene polymorphisms was performed using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. RESULTS Three out of ten analyzed polymorphisms in the ESR1 gene (rs2234693, rs6902771, rs7774230) and one out of eight analyzed polymorphisms in the ESR2 gene (rs3020449) were associated with MS. The ESR1 rs2234693, rs6902771 and rs7774230 polymorphisms were associated with serum concentrations of high-density lipoproteins. The ESR2 rs3020449 polymorphism was associated with serum concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. Four ESR1 polymorphisms (rs1709183, rs2234693, rs6902771, rs7774230) were associated with total fat tissue content. CONCLUSIONS Bearing the particular alleles at the ESR gene polymorphisms may impact the development of MS and some of the ESR polymorphisms may influence serum cholesterol concentrations in women after menopause.
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16
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Borgert CJ, Matthews JC, Baker SP. Human-relevant potency threshold (HRPT) for ERα agonism. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1685-1702. [PMID: 29632997 PMCID: PMC5962616 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The European Commission has recently proposed draft criteria for the identification of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that pose a significant hazard to humans or the environment. Identifying and characterizing toxic hazards based on the manner by which adverse effects are produced rather than on the nature of those adverse effects departs from traditional practice and requires a proper interpretation of the evidence regarding the chemical’s ability to produce physiological effect(s) via a specific mode of action (MoA). The ability of any chemical to produce a physiological effect depends on its pharmacokinetics and the potency by which it acts via the various MoAs that can lead to the particular effect. A chemical’s potency for a specific MoA—its mechanistic potency—is determined by two properties: (1) its affinity for the functional components that comprise the MoA, i.e., its specific receptors, enzymes, transporters, transcriptional elements, etc., and (2) its ability to alter the functional state of those components (activity). Using the agonist MoA via estrogen receptor alpha, we illustrate an empirical method for determining a human-relevant potency threshold (HRPT), defined as the minimum level of mechanistic potency necessary for a chemical to be able to act via a particular MoA in humans. One important use for an HRPT is to distinguish between chemicals that may be capable of, versus those likely to be incapable of, producing adverse effects in humans via the specified MoA. The method involves comparing chemicals that have different ERα agonist potencies with the ability of those chemicals to produce ERα-mediated agonist responses in human clinical trials. Based on this approach, we propose an HRPT for ERα agonism of 1E-04 relative to the potency of the endogenous estrogenic hormone 17β-estradiol or the pharmaceutical estrogen, 17α-ethinylestradiol. This approach provides a practical way to address Hazard Identification according to the draft criteria for identification of EDCs recently proposed by the European Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Borgert
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology, Inc. and CEHT, Univ. FL College of Vet. Med., Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - John C Matthews
- University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, MS, USA
| | - Stephen P Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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17
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Wang S, Wang Y, Pan MH, Ho CT. Anti-obesity molecular mechanism of soy isoflavones: weaving the way to new therapeutic routes. Food Funct 2017; 8:3831-3846. [PMID: 29043346 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01094j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is ringing alarm bells globally. Advances in food science and nutrition research have been devoted to identifying food components that exert anti-obesity effects, as well as investigating the molecular mechanisms by which they modulate the progression of obesity. Soy foods have attracted much interest as high-protein components of the human diet and as unique sources of isoflavones. As they have similar chemical structures to endogenous estrogens, isoflavones are believed to interact with intracellular estrogen receptors, which results in reductions in the accumulation of lipids and the distribution of adipose tissue. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed other signaling pathways in which isoflavones are involved in the inhibition of adipogenesis and lipogenesis by interacting with various transcription factors and upstream signaling molecules. Although the biological mechanisms that cause the biphasic effects of isoflavones and various controversial results remain unknown, it is noteworthy that isoflavones exhibit pleiotropic effects in the human body to regulate metabolism and balance, which may potentially prevent and treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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18
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Bhattarai K, Adhikari S, Fujitani M, Kishida T. Dietary daidzein, but not genistein, has a hypocholesterolemic effect in non-ovariectomized and ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats on a cholesterol-free diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1805-1813. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1350562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We compared the effects of two major isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, on lipid metabolism in rats. Daidzein (150 mg/kg diet), genistein (150 mg/kg diet), daidzein and genistein (1:1, 300 mg/kg diet), or control diets were fed to 4 groups of 6-week-old ovariectomized (Ovx) and non-Ovx Sprague Dawley rats for 4 weeks. Dietary daidzein, but not genistein, reduced serum and hepatic total cholesterol levels significantly relative to that by the control group, regardless of whether the rats had undergone ovariectomy. Genistein did not exhibit any physiological effects on lipid levels, but did affect genes involved in cholesterol metabolism. These results indicate that daidzein and genistein may influence lipid regulation via differing modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab Bhattarai
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Sudhashree Adhikari
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Mina Fujitani
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Taro Kishida
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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19
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Wang YG, Jiang LB, Gou B. PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF VANILLIC ACID ON OVARIECTOMY-INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS IN RATS. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2017. [PMID: 28638864 PMCID: PMC5471479 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: The need for an anti-osteoporotic agent is in high demand since osteoporosis contributes to high rates of disability or impairment (high osteoporotic fracture), morbidity and mortality. Hence, the present study is designed to evaluate the protective effects of vanillic acid (VA) against bilateral ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Materials and Methods: Forty healthy female adult SD rats were separated in to four groups with sham-operated control with bilateral laprotomy (Sham; n = 10), bilateral overiectomy (OVX; n = 10) group, OVX rats were orallay administrated with 50 mg/kg b.wt of VA (OVX + 50 VA; n = 10) or 100 mg/kg b.wt of VA (OVX + 100 VA; n = 10) for 12 weeks (post-treatment) after 4 weeks of OVX. Results: A significant change in the body weight gain was noted in OVX group, while treatment with VA substantially reverted to normalcy. Meanwhile, the bone mineral density and content (BMD and BMC) were substantially improved on supplementation with VA. Also, the bone turnover markers like calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) levels were markedly attenuated in VA-treated rats. Moreover, the biomechanical stability was greatly ameliorated with VA administration. Both the dose of VA showed potent anti-osteoporotic activity, but VA 100 mg showed highest protective effects as compared with 50 mg of VA. Conclusion: Based on the outcome, we concluded that VA 100 showed better anti-osteoporotic activity by improving BMD and BMC as well as biomechanical stability and therefore used as an alternative therapy for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, China
| | - Liang Bo Jiang
- Department of Microscopic Orthopaedics, Shiyan People's Hospital affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Bo Gou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shiyan People's Hospital affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
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Nishimura Y, Mabuchi K, Takano A, Hara Y, Negishi H, Morimoto K, Ueno T, Uchiyama S, Takamata A. S-equol Exerts Estradiol-Like Anorectic Action with Minimal Stimulation of Estrogen Receptor-α in Ovariectomized Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:281. [PMID: 29097993 PMCID: PMC5653693 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic estrogen replacement in ovariectomized rats attenuates food intake and enhances c-Fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), specifically during the light phase. S-equol, a metabolite of daidzein, has a strong affinity for estrogen receptor (ER)-β and exerts estrogenic activity. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate whether S-equol exerts an estrogen-like anorectic effect by modifying the regulation of the circadian feeding rhythm in ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized female Wistar rats were divided into an estradiol (E2)-replaced group and cholesterol (vehicle; Veh)-treated group. These animals were fed either a standard diet or an S-equol-containing diet for 13 days. Then, the brain, uterus, and pituitary gland were collected along with blood samples. In the rats fed the standard diet, E2 replacement attenuated food intake (P < 0.001) and enhanced c-Fos expression in the SCN (P < 0.01) during the light phase. Dietary S-equol supplementation reduced food intake (P < 0.01) and increased c-Fos expression in the SCN (P < 0.01) in the Veh-treated rats but not in the E2-replaced rats during the light phase. Dietary S-equol did not alter ER-α expression in the medial preoptic area or the arcuate nucleus, nor did dietary S-equol affect pituitary gland weight or endometrial epithelial layer thickness. By contrast, E2 replacement not only markedly decreased ER-α expression in these brain areas (P < 0.001) but also increased both the pituitary gland weight (P < 0.001) and the endometrial epithelial layer thickness (P < 0.001). Thus, dietary S-equol acts as an anorectic by modifying the diurnal feeding pattern in a manner similar to E2 in ovariectomized rats; however, the mechanism of action is not likely to be mediated by ER-α. The data suggest a possibility that dietary S-equol could be an alternative to hormone replacement therapy for the prevention of hyperphagia and obesity with a lower risk of adverse effects induced by ER-α stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Nishimura
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kaori Mabuchi
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan
| | - Azusa Takano
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yayoi Hara
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroko Negishi
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan
| | - Keiko Morimoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ueno
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saga, Japan
| | - Shigeto Uchiyama
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saga, Japan
| | - Akira Takamata
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan
- *Correspondence: Akira Takamata,
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Karvonen-Gutierrez C, Kim C. Association of Mid-Life Changes in Body Size, Body Composition and Obesity Status with the Menopausal Transition. Healthcare (Basel) 2016; 4:healthcare4030042. [PMID: 27417630 PMCID: PMC5041043 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare4030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mid-life period is a critical window for increases in body weight and changes in body composition. In this review, we summarize the clinical experience of the menopausal transition by obesity status, and examine the evidence regarding the menopausal transition and reproductive hormones effects on body weight, body composition, or fat distribution. Mid-life obesity is associated with a different menopausal experience including associations with menstrual cycle length prior to the final menstrual period (FMP), age at the FMP, and higher prevalence of vasomotor symptoms. The menopausal transition is associated with weight gain and increased central body fat distribution; the majority of evidence suggests that changes in weight are due to chronological aging whereas changes in body composition and fat distribution are primarily due to ovarian aging. Continuous and regular physical activity during mid-life may be an efficacious strategy to counteract the age-related and menopause-related changes in resting energy expenditure and to prevent weight gain and abdominal adiposity deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Karvonen-Gutierrez
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Catherine Kim
- Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Tamura M, Hori S, Nakagawa H, Yamauchi S, Sugahara T. Effects of an equol-producing bacterium isolated from human faeces on isoflavone and lignan metabolism in mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:3126-3132. [PMID: 26455424 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equol is a metabolite of daidzein that is produced by intestinal microbiota. The oestrogenic activity of equol is stronger than daidzein. Equol-producing bacteria are believed to play an important role in the gut. The rod-shaped and Gram-positive anaerobic equol-producing intestinal bacterium Slackia TM-30 was isolated from healthy human faeces and its effects on urinary phyto-oestrogen, plasma and faecal lipids were assessed in adult mice. RESULTS The urinary amounts of equol in urine were significantly higher in mice receiving the equol-producing bacterium TM-30 (BAC) group than in the control (CO) group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between the urinary amounts of daidzein, dihydrodaidzein, enterodiol, and enterolactone between the BAC and CO groups. No significant differences in the plasma lipids were observed between the two groups. The lipid content (% dry weight) in the faeces sampled on the final day of the experiment tended to be higher in the BAC group than in the CO group (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION Administration of equol-producing bacterium TM-30 affected the urinary amounts of phyto-oestrogens and the faecal lipid contents of mice. The equol-producing bacterium TM-30 likely influences the metabolism of phyto-oestrogen via changes in the gastrointestinal environment. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Tamura
- National Food Research Institute of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hori
- National Food Research Institute of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakagawa
- National Food Research Institute of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamauchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
- Food and Health Sciences Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Takuya Sugahara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
- Food and Health Sciences Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
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Inhibitory effects of Leonurus sibiricus on weight gain after menopause in ovariectomized and high-fat diet-fed mice. J Nat Med 2016; 70:522-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-0971-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fujitani M, Mizushige T, Bhattarai K, Iwahara A, Aida R, Kishida T. The daidzein- and estradiol- induced anorectic action in CCK or leptin receptor deficiency rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1164-71. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1018123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated the effect of daidzein feeding and estradiol treatment on food intake in cholecystokinin-1 receptor (CCK1R) deficiency, leptin receptor (ObRb) deficiency rats and their wild-type rats. These rats underwent an ovariectomy or a sham operation. For the 5 week experiment, each rat was divided in three groups: control, daidzein (150 mg/kg diet), and estradiol (4.2 μg/rat/day) groups. In both CCK1R+ and CCK1R− rats, daidzein feeding and estradiol treatment significantly decreased food intake. Daidzein feeding significantly reduced food intake in ovariectomized ObRb− rats, although not in ObRb+ rats. Estradiol treatment significantly lowered food intake in ovariectomized ObRb+ and ObRb− rats. In the ovariectomized rats, estradiol treatment significantly increases uterine weight, while daidzein feeding did not change it, suggesting that daidzein might have no or weak estrogenic effect in our experiment. These results suggest that CCK1R and ObRb signalings were not essential for the daidzein- and estradiol-induced anorectic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Fujitani
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Resources, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Mizushige
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Resources, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Utsunomiya University, 350 Minemachi, Utsunomiya Tochigi 321–8505, Japan
| | - Keshab Bhattarai
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Resources, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Asami Iwahara
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Resources, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Ryojiro Aida
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Resources, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Taro Kishida
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Resources, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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Fujitani M, Mizushige T, Bhattarai K, Iwahara A, Aida R, Segawa T, Kishida T. Dynamics of appetite-mediated gene expression in daidzein-fed female rats in the meal-feeding method. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1342-9. [PMID: 25952775 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1025034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that daidzein decreased food intake in female rats. The present study aimed to elucidate the relationship between dynamics of appetite-mediated neuropeptides and the anorectic effect of daidzein. We examined appetite-mediated gene expression in the hypothalamus and small intestine during the 3 meals per day feeding method. Daidzein had an anorectic effect specifically at the second feeding. Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) and galanin mRNA levels in the hypothalamus were significantly higher after feeding in the control but not in the daidzein group, suggesting that daidzein attenuated the postprandial increase in NPY and galanin expression. The daidzein group had higher corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA levels in the hypothalamus after feeding, and increased cholelcystokinin (CCK) mRNA levels in the small intestine, suggesting that CCK is involved in the hypothalamic regulation of this anorectic effect. Therefore, daidzein may induce anorexia by suppressing expression of NPY and galanin and increasing expression of CRH in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Fujitani
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Resources , Ehime University , Matsuyama , Japan
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Loutchanwoot P, Srivilai P, Jarry H. The influence of equol on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and hepatic lipid metabolic parameters in adult male rats. Life Sci 2015; 128:1-7. [PMID: 25744395 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Equol, the principal active metabolite of soy-derived phytoestrogen daidzein, has well-known estrogenic actions. Results of several studies indicate that equol may also have anti-androgenic activities. However, mechanisms of action of equol on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPTA) and hepatic lipid metabolism in adult male rats have not been determined yet. MAIN METHODS Equol at two doses of 100 and 250mg/kgbodyweight(BW)/day was orally gavaged for 5days to groups of 4-month-old male rats. As a positive anti-androgenic control group, animals received 100mg of pure anti-androgenic drug flutamide/kgBW/day. Circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones and lipids, and expression levels of genes underlying HPTA function were determined by radioimmunoassay and TaqMan® real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. KEY FINDINGS Flutamide significantly decreased relative prostate weight, whereas equol did not. Both equol and flutamide caused a significant increase in relative liver weights, and decreases in plasma levels of total tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), whereas free T4 and T3 concentrations were not reduced. Equol caused the marked down-regulation of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone mRNA expression, whereas flutamide did not. Equol as well as flutamide significantly down-regulated the expression levels of pituitary thyrotropin beta-subunit mRNA, without altering thyrotropin secretion. Equol caused reductions in plasma levels of total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides, whereas flutamide exerted opposite effects. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to reveal that in male rats equol did not affect HPTA function and liver lipid metabolism through the anti-androgenic pathway, however, the intrinsic estrogenic actions of equol were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panida Loutchanwoot
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-district, Kantharawichai District, Mahasarakham Province 44150 Thailand.
| | - Prayook Srivilai
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-district, Kantharawichai District, Mahasarakham Province 44150 Thailand
| | - Hubertus Jarry
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Sakane N, Kotani K, Tsuzaki K, Takahashi K, Usui T, Uchiyama S, Fujiwara S. Equol producers can have low leptin levels among prediabetic and diabetic females. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2014; 75:25-8. [PMID: 24629207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Soy isoflavones have received great attention for their beneficial effects on health and disease, i.e., in patients with diabetes. Equol is a biologically active isoflavone-related metabolite with interindividual differences in its production. The current study investigated the relationship between an equol-producing state and the levels of adipocytokine markers in a prediabetic and diabetic population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 79 subjects (34 males/45 females) in a prediabetic or diabetic state recruited from the general population were examined regarding their ability to produce equol using urine samples. Clinical data, such as age, smoking as well as anthropometric and biochemical variables, including body mass index (BMI), lipids, insulin, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, leptin and adiponectin, were recorded. RESULTS Equol producers exhibited lower leptin and leptin/BMI than non-producers among females. Simple correlation tests and stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed a significant inverse correlation between the leptin/BMI and equol-production. This relationship was not found in males. CONCLUSIONS Female equol producers can have favorable metabolic traits in relation to leptin metabolism in this population. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, 612-8555 Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Preventive, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, 612-8555 Kyoto, Japan; Division of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kokoro Tsuzaki
- Division of Preventive, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, 612-8555 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takahashi
- Division of Preventive, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, 612-8555 Kyoto, Japan; Hyogo Health Service Association, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Usui
- Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Research Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeto Uchiyama
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saga, Japan
| | - Shinji Fujiwara
- Division of Preventive, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, 612-8555 Kyoto, Japan; Mima City National Health Insurance Koyadaira Clinic, Tokushima, Japan
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Kim JH, Cho HT, Kim YJ. The role of estrogen in adipose tissue metabolism: insights into glucose homeostasis regulation. Endocr J 2014; 61:1055-67. [PMID: 25109846 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an organ with active endocrine function involved in the regulation of energy balance and glucose homeostasis via multiple metabolic signaling pathways targeting the brain, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas, and other organs. There is increasing evidence demonstrating that the female sex hormone, estrogen, regulates adipose development and improves systemic glucose homeostasis in both males and females. The underlying mechanism linking estrogenic regulation in adipose tissue and systemic glucose metabolism has not been fully elucidated, but is thought to include interactions of estrogen receptor signaling events involving lipolytic and/or lipogenic enzyme activity, free fatty acid metabolism, and adipocytokine production. Thus, understanding the effects of estrogen replacement on adipose tissue biology and metabolism is important in determining the risk of developing obesity-related metabolic disorders in patients undergoing treatment for sex hormone deficiency. In this report, we review literature regarding the role of estrogens and their corresponding receptors in the control of adipose metabolism and glucose homeostasis in both rodents and humans. We also discuss the effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators on glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Republic of Korea
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30
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Dietary relevant mixtures of phytoestrogens inhibit adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:265-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liu J, Bisschop PH, Eggels L, Foppen E, Ackermans MT, Zhou JN, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A. Intrahypothalamic estradiol regulates glucose metabolism via the sympathetic nervous system in female rats. Diabetes 2013; 62:435-43. [PMID: 23139356 PMCID: PMC3554366 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Long-term reduced hypothalamic estrogen signaling leads to increased food intake and decreased locomotor activity and energy expenditure, and ultimately results in obesity and insulin resistance. In the current study, we aimed to determine the acute obesity-independent effects of hypothalamic estrogen signaling on glucose metabolism. We studied endogenous glucose production (EGP) and insulin sensitivity during selective modulation of systemic or intrahypothalamic estradiol (E2) signaling in rats 1 week after ovariectomy (OVX). OVX caused a 17% decrease in plasma glucose, which was completely restored by systemic E2. Likewise, the administration of E2 by microdialysis, either in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or in the ventromedial nucleus (VMH), restored plasma glucose. The infusion of an E2 antagonist via reverse microdialysis into the PVN or VMH attenuated the effect of systemic E2 on plasma glucose. Furthermore, E2 administration in the VMH, but not in the PVN, increased EGP and induced hepatic insulin resistance. E2 administration in both the PVN and the VMH resulted in peripheral insulin resistance. Finally, sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, hepatic denervation blunted the effect of E2 in the VMH on both EGP and hepatic insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, intrahypothalamic estrogen regulates peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity via sympathetic signaling to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Bisschop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leslie Eggels
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariette T. Ackermans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author: Jiang-Ning Zhou,
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Kwak JH, Ahn CW, Park SH, Jung SU, Min BJ, Kim OY, Lee JH. Weight reduction effects of a black soy peptide supplement in overweight and obese subjects: double blind, randomized, controlled study. Food Funct 2012; 3:1019-24. [PMID: 22739624 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10244g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study determined the effect of black soy peptide supplementation on body weight and body fat in overweight/obese subjects. In a double-blind controlled trial, participants (n = 80) were randomized to either soy peptide supplementation (the test group) or to a placebo (the placebo group). Sixty-four people completed the study, and anthropometric parameters, serum inflammatory markers, and leptin and lipid profiles were measured. After 6 weeks, the test group (n = 35) had significant reductions in body weight (p = 0.003) and body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.004), body fat mass (p = 0.038). After 12 weeks, they also had significant reductions in body weight (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001), body fat percentage (p = 0.002), and body fat mass (p = 0.001). However, these significances were not observed in the placebo group (n = 29). In addition, net changes in body weight and body fat mass in the test group were significantly bigger than those in the placebo group after 12 weeks. Leptin levels were significantly reduced in the test groups (p = 0.047), but were not observed in the placebo group (p = 0.323). Interestingly, the subjects with weight reductions ≥1kg in the test group had greater reductions in circulating leptin levels (p = 0.002). Additionally, fasting insulin levels were significantly reduced in the test groups. The conclusion is that black soy peptide supplementation may be beneficial for body weight control in overweight/obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Kwak
- Yonsei University Research Institute of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Calorie restriction prevents the development of insulin resistance and impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscle of ovariectomized rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1051-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cao YK, Zhang SF, Zou SE, Xia X. Daidzein improves insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats. Climacteric 2012; 16:111-6. [PMID: 22607577 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2012.664831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether daidzein improves insulin resistance by modifying weight gain, visceral fat accumulation, blood lipids and serum cytokines levels in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-eight 12-week-old female rats were divided into three groups: the sham-operated group (SHAM) (n =10), the ovariectomized group receiving daidzein therapy (DAID) (n =10), and the ovariectomized control group (Control) (n =8). The rats in the DAID group received 50 mg/kg daidzein via gavage daily. Weight and food intake were recorded every 2 weeks. All of the animals were euthanized 12 weeks after ovariectomy, after which their fasting insulin, glucose, blood lipids, estradiol, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), adiponectin and leptin levels were measured. RESULTS After 12 weeks, the ovariectomized rats demonstrated an increase in their body weight and visceral fat; compared to the SHAM rats, the ovariectomized rats also experienced a significant increase in their serum IL-6 levels and insulin resistance, which was calculated using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p <0.05). Daidzein therapy decreased weight gain, visceral fat, the HOMA-IR index and IL-6 levels that were induced by ovariectomy. Rats which had received daidzein therapy had lower levels of TNF-α, leptin and blood lipids (except for high density lipoprotein cholesterol) than the other two groups. IL-6 levels positively correlated with the HOMA-IR index in all of the rats after adjustment for body weight (r =0.495; p =0.016). CONCLUSION We conclude that daidzein can improve insulin resistance induced by ovariectomy by decreasing weight gain, visceral fat accumulation, blood lipids, TNF-α, leptin and IL-6 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Cao
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Xu J, Xiang Q, Lin G, Fu X, Zhou K, Jiang P, Zheng S, Wang T. Estrogen improved metabolic syndrome through down-regulation of VEGF and HIF-1α to inhibit hypoxia of periaortic and intra-abdominal fat in ovariectomized female rats. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8177-85. [PMID: 22570111 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MBS), a cluster of metabolic abnormalities and visceral fat accumulation, increases cardiovascular risks in postmenopausal women. In addition to visceral fat, perivascular adipose tissue has been recently found to play an important role in vascular pathophysiology. Hence, the present study investigates the effects of estrogen on both intra-abdominal fat (visceral fat) and periaortic fat (perivascular fat) accumulation as well as hypoxia in ovariectomized female rats. Female rats were divided into sham operation, ovariectomy and ovariectomy with 17β-estradiol supplementation groups. Twelve weeks later, we found that estrogen improved MBS via reducing body weight gain, the weight of periaortic and intra-abdominal fat, hepatic triglyceride, and total serum cholesterol levels. Estrogen also increased insulin sensitivity through restoring glucose and serum leptin levels. For periaortic fat, western blot showed estrogen inhibited hypoxia by reducing the levels of VEGF and HIF-1α, which is consistent with the results from immunohistochemical staining. The correlation analysis indicated that perivascular fat had a positive correlation with body weight, intra-abdominal fat or serum total cholesterol, but a negative correlation with insulin sensitivity index. For intra-abdominal fat, real-time fluorescent RT-PCR showed estrogen improved fat dysfunction via reducing the levels of relative leptin, MCP-1 but increasing adiponectin mRNA. Estrogen reduced the levels of VEGF and HIF-1α to inhibit hypoxia but restored the levels of PPARγ and Srebp-1c, which are important for lipid capacity function of intra-abdominal fat. These results demonstrated estrogen improved MBS through down-regulating VEGF and HIF-1α to inhibit hypoxia of periaortic and intra-abdominal fat in ovariectomized female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Xu
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
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Tan Z, Zhou LJ, Mu PW, Liu SP, Chen SJ, Fu XD, Wang TH. Caveolin-3 is involved in the protection of resveratrol against high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance by promoting GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle of ovariectomized rats. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:1716-24. [PMID: 22569348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is recognized as a common metabolic factor which predicts the future development of both type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic disease. Resveratrol (RSV), an agonist of estrogen receptor (ER), is known to affect insulin sensitivity, but the mechanism is unclear. Evidence suggests that caveolin-3 (CAV-3), a member of the caveolin family, is involved in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Our recent work indicated that estrogen via ER improves glucose uptake by up-regulation of CAV-3 expression. Here, we investigated the role of CAV-3 in the effect of RSV on insulin resistance in skeletal muscle both in vivo and in vitro. The results demonstrated that RSV ameliorated high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats. RSV elevated insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in isolated soleus muscle in vivo and in C2C12 myotubes in vitro by enhancing GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane rather than increasing GLUT4 protein expression. Through ERα-mediated transcription, RSV increased CAV-3 protein expression, which contributed to GLUT4 translocation. Moreover, after knockdown of CAV-3 gene, the effects of RSV on glucose uptake and the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, as well as the association of CAV-3 and GLUT4 in the membrane, were significantly attenuated. Our findings demonstrated that RSV via ERα elevated CAV-3 expression and then enhanced GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane to promote glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, exerting its protective effects against HFD-induced insulin resistance. It suggests that this pathway could represent an effective therapeutic target to fight against insulin resistance syndrome induced by HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Tan
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Glucosamine-induced insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats is relevant to decreasing the expression of glucose transport protein subtype 4 in the skeletal muscle and in increasing the size of pancreatic islets. Menopause 2012; 19:496-502. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31823a40d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Prasannarong M, Saengsirisuwan V, Piyachaturawat P, Suksamrarn A. Improvements of insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats by a novel phytoestrogen from Curcuma comosa Roxb. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:28. [PMID: 22463706 PMCID: PMC3342156 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcuma comosa Roxb. (C. comosa) is an indigenous medicinal herb that has been used in Thailand as a dietary supplement to relieve postmenopausal symptoms. Recently, a novel phytoestrogen, (3R)-1,7-diphenyl-(4E,6E)-4,6-heptadien-3-ol or compound 049, has been isolated and no study thus far has investigated the role of C. comosa in preventing metabolic alterations occurring in estrogen-deprived state. The present study investigated the long-term effects (12 weeks) of C. comosa hexane extract and compound 049 on insulin resistance in prolonged estrogen-deprived rats. METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with C. comosa hexane extract (125 mg, 250 mg, or 500 mg/kg body weight (BW)) and compound 049 (50 mg/kg BW) intraperitoneally three times per week for 12 weeks. Body weight, food intake, visceral fat weight, uterine weight, serum lipid profile, glucose tolerance, insulin action on skeletal muscle glucose transport activity, and GLUT-4 protein expression were determined. RESULTS Prolonged ovariectomy resulted in dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose transport, as compared to SHAM. Treatment with C. comosa hexane extract and compound 049, three times per week for 12 weeks, markedly reduced serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels, improved insulin sensitivity and partially restored uterine weights in ovariectomized rats. In addition, compound 049 or high doses of C. comosa hexane extract enhanced insulin-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and increased muscle GLUT-4 protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with C. comosa and its diarylheptanoid derivative improved glucose and lipid metabolism in estrogen-deprived rats, supporting the traditional use of this natural phytoestrogen as a strategy for relieving insulin resistance and its related metabolic defects in postmenopausal women.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the aging female population in the developed world. Ovarian endocrinology plays an important role in modulating a woman's CHD risk. We herein present an overview of our current understanding of CHD risk profile in the context of ovarian physiology and senescence. RECENT FINDINGS Endogenous ovarian estrogen has long been recognized to offer cardiac benefit and vascular protection against atherosclerosis. Existing data, however, do not allow for an extrapolation of the recognized cardioprotective implications of the reproductive-age endogenous estrogenic milieu to the use of exogenous estrogen in postmenopausal women. Ongoing efforts are targeting the concept that when reintroduced proximate to onset of ovarian senescence, exogenous estrogen may retard the process of atherogenesis. Until this hypothesis is substantiated, cardioprotection must not be an indication for initiating hormone therapy in menopausal women. SUMMARY Ovarian hormones modulate the processes of atherosclerosis and the mechanisms underlying CHD. The female reproductive hormones offer a cardioprotective milieu that is rapidly attenuated with the cessation of ovarian function (be it following natural menopause or after medical or surgical ovarian extirpation). The role of exogenous hormone therapy, and the nuances of timing and duration of exposure, are still being elucidated.
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Quiner TE, Nakken HL, Mason BA, Lephart ED, Hancock CR, Christensen MJ. Soy content of basal diets determines the effects of supplemental selenium in male mice. J Nutr 2011; 141:2159-65. [PMID: 22031663 PMCID: PMC3223873 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.146498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of supplemental Se in rodent models may depend upon composition of the basal diet to which it is added. Wild-type male littermates of Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate mice were fed until 18 wk of age 1 of 2 Se-adequate stock diets high in soy (HS) or low in phytoestrogens (LP) or the same diets supplemented with 3.0 mg Se/kg diet as seleno-methylselenocysteine. Body and abdominal fat pad weights were lower (P < 0.01) in mice fed the HS diet. Supplemental Se reduced fat pad weights in mice receiving the LP diet but increased body and fat pad weights in mice consuming the HS formulation (P-interaction < 0.005). Serum free triiodothyronine concentrations were unaffected by supplemental Se in mice fed the LP diet but were decreased by Se supplementation of mice given the HS feed (P-interaction < 0.02). Free thyroxine concentrations were higher in mice consuming the HS diet regardless of Se intake (P < 0.001). Hepatic mRNA for iodothyronine deiodinase I was lower (P < 0.001) in mice fed the HS diet. Supplementation of Se increased this mRNA (P < 0.001) in both diet groups. Results from this study show a significant interaction between the composition of basal diets and the effects of supplemental Se with respect to body composition. These findings have important implications for future studies in rodent models of the effects of supplemental Se on heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and other conditions related to body weight and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edwin D. Lephart
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, and The Neuroscience Center, and
| | | | - Merrill J. Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science
- Cancer Research Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
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Yoneda T, Ueno T, Uchiyama S. S-equol and the fermented soy product SE5-OH containing S-equol similarly decrease ovariectomy-induced increase in rat tail skin temperature in an animal model of hot flushes. Menopause 2011; 18:814-20. [PMID: 21451423 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318208fb0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the effect of SE5-OH, a fermented soy product containing S-equol, with purified S-equol on hot flushes in an ovariectomized rat model. METHODS Eleven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to either the sham group (vehicle; n = 30) or one of four ovariectomized groups: control (vehicle; n = 30), conjugated equine estrogens (CEE; 6.0 mg kg(-1) d(-1) CEE; n = 10), SE5-OH (2,000 mg kg(-1) d(-1) SE5-OH containing 11.7 mg kg(-1) d(-1) as S-equol; n = 30), and S-equol (11.7 mg kg(-1) d(_1) S-equol; n = 30). Three days after sham operation or ovariectomy, animals were treated once daily for 38 days. Tail skin temperature (TST) was assessed on days 21, 28, and 35 after surgery. Plasma estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels and uterine weight and uteri histology were evaluated at the end of treatment. RESULTS The rise in TST resulting from ovariectomy was inhibited by CEE, SE5-OH, and S-equol. Compared with the control, TST was decreased by 68.9% and 86.2% in SE5-OH group on days 21 and 28, respectively (P = 0.014, 0.020), and by 60.1% and 89.1% in S-equol group, respectively (P = 0.038, 0.016). Unlike in the CEE group, plasma estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, uterine weight, epithelial height, stromal expansion, and myometrial thickness were not affected in SE5-OH and S-equol groups. CONCLUSIONS The results of this animal model of hot flushes suggest that S-equol is one of the primary components of SE5-OH and that both SE5-OH and S-equol represent promising alternatives for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Clinical research is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yoneda
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saga, Japan.
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Bone-protective effects of bioactive fractions and ingredients in Sambucus williamsii HANCE. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:1802-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511002546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that 60 % ethanol crude extract of Sambucus williamsii HANCE (SWH) improved bone mass, bone strength and bone micro-structure in both ovariectomised (OVX) rats and mice. The present study aims to identify the bioactive fractions and ingredients in SWH that account for its osteoprotective effects. Bilateral sham-operated mice acted as controls. OVX C57BL/6J mice, aged 12 weeks, were orally administrated daily with vehicle or 17β-oestradiol (3·2 mg/kg), SWH (60 % ethanol crude extract; 1·0 g/kg), SWA (water eluate; 0·570 g/kg), SWB (30 % ethanol eluate; 0·128 g/kg) or SWC (50 and 95 % ethanol eluates; 0·189 g/kg) for 12 weeks. The effects of the different fractions on bone properties in the OVX mice model were studied. In addition, their effects on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation were evaluated in UMR 106 cells. SWC significantly restored bone mineral density and improved bone size and bone content parameters in the femur and tibia as well as increased biomechanical strength at the tibia diaphysis in OVX mice. Similarly, SWC was the most potent fraction in stimulating cell proliferation and differentiation in UMR 106 cells. Also, SWC did not alter uterus weight in OVX mice. Nine major peaks, seven lignans and two phenolic acids, in the HPLC fingerprint of the SWC fraction were identified, isolated and characterised. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that SWC was the most potent fraction in SWH that exerted anti-osteoporotic effects. Furthermore, lignans might be the potential bioactive components in SWC.
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Impact of perinatal exposure to equol enantiomers on reproductive development in rodents. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:33-42. [PMID: 21620954 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is now considerable interest in the intestinally derived soy isoflavone metabolite, equol, which occurs in the enantiomeric forms, S-(-)equol and R-(+)equol, both differing in biological actions. Little is known about effects of either enantiomer on reproductive development, yet such knowledge is fundamental because of the recent commercialization of S-(-)equol as a dietary supplement. S-(-)equol and R-(+)equol were therefore investigated to determine their effects on reproductive development and fertility in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Neither enantiomer affected fertility, number of litters produced, number of pups per litter, number of male and female pups born, birth weight, anogenital distance, testicular descent or vaginal opening. Histological analysis showed no major abnormalities in ovary, testis, prostate or seminal vesicle tissue with dietary exposure to S-(-)equol or R-(+)equol, but both enantiomers triggered hyperplasia of uterine tissue. With R-(+)equol this stimulatory effect subsided after exposure was discontinued, but the effect of S-(-)equol was prolonged.
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Christie DR, Grant J, Darnell BE, Chapman VR, Gastaldelli A, Sites CK. Metabolic effects of soy supplementation in postmenopausal Caucasian and African American women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:153.e1-9. [PMID: 20435291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the effect of daily soy supplementation on abdominal fat, glucose metabolism, and circulating inflammatory markers and adipokines in obese, postmenopausal Caucasian and African American women. STUDY DESIGN In a double-blinded controlled trial, 39 postmenopausal women were randomized to soy supplementation or to a casein placebo without isoflavones. In all, 33 completed the study and were analyzed. At baseline and at 3 months, glucose disposal and insulin secretion were measured using hyperglycemic clamps, body composition and body fat distribution were measured by computed tomographic scan and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and serum levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, leptin, and adiponectin were measured by immunoassay. RESULTS Soy supplementation reduced total and subcutaneous abdominal fat and interleukin-6. No difference between groups was noted for glucose metabolism, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, leptin, or adiponectin. CONCLUSION Soy supplementation reduced abdominal fat in obese postmenopausal women. Caucasians primarily lost subcutaneous and total abdominal fat, and African Americans primarily lost total body fat.
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Brown NM, Belles CA, Lindley SL, Zimmer-Nechemias LD, Zhao X, Witte DP, Kim MO, Setchell KD. The chemopreventive action of equol enantiomers in a chemically induced animal model of breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:886-93. [PMID: 20110282 PMCID: PMC2864409 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe for the first time the chemopreventive effects of S-(-)equol and R-(+)equol, diastereoisomers with contrasting affinities for estrogen receptors (ERs). S-(-)equol, a ligand for ERbeta, is an intestinally derived metabolite formed by many humans and by rodents consuming diets containing soy isoflavones. Whether the well-documented chemopreventive effect of a soy diet could be explained by equol's action was unclear because neither diastereoisomers had been tested in animal models of chemoprevention. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 40-41 per group) were fed a soy-free AIN-93G diet or an AIN-93G diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg of S-(-)equol or R-(+)equol beginning day 35. On day 50, mammary tumors were induced by dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and thereafter, animals were palpated for number and location of tumors. On day 190, animals were killed and mammary tumors were removed and verified by histology, and the degree of invasiveness and differentiation was determined. S-(-)equol and R-(+)equol plasma concentrations measured on days 35, 100 and 190 by tandem mass spectrometry confirmed diet compliance and no biotransformation of either diastereoisomer. In this model, S-(-)equol had no chemopreventive action, nor was it stimulatory. In contrast, R-(+)equol compared with Controls reduced palpable tumors (P = 0.002), resulted in 43% fewer tumors (P = 0.004), increased tumor latency (88.5 versus 66 days, P = 0.003), and tumors were less invasive but showed no difference in pattern grade or mitosis. Both enantiomers had no effect on absolute uterine weight but caused a significant reduction in body weight gain. In conclusion, the novel finding that the unnatural enantiomer, R-(+)equol, was potently chemopreventive warrants investigation of its potential for breast cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mi-Ok Kim
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio, OH 45229, USA and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Kenneth D.R. Setchell
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 513 636 4548; Fax: +1 513 636 7853;
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Rachoń D, Teede H. Ovarian function and obesity--interrelationship, impact on women's reproductive lifespan and treatment options. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 316:172-9. [PMID: 19818376 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a consequence of obesity, and in women it is often inextricably linked with ovarian function leading to clinical reproductive manifestations such as early menarche onset, subfertility and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Likewise, the dramatic fall in oestrogen production after menopause may contribute to weight gain and changes in adipose tissue distribution. Overall, women who are obese, especially those with reproductive complications including PCOS, have been identified as specific high risk subgroups for further progression through to prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and potentially cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review focuses on the interrelationship between the ovarian function and obesity as well as its treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Rachoń
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Brasil FB, Soares LL, Faria TS, Boaventura GT, Sampaio FJB, Ramos CF. The Impact of Dietary Organic and Transgenic Soy on the Reproductive System of Female Adult Rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:587-94. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Morphological modification of female bladder after prolonged use of soy-based diets. Maturitas 2009; 62:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Saengsirisuwan V, Pongseeda S, Prasannarong M, Vichaiwong K, Toskulkao C. Modulation of insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats by endurance exercise training and estrogen replacement. Metabolism 2009; 58:38-47. [PMID: 19059529 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen is known to play a role in fat metabolism, but its role in carbohydrate metabolism remains controversial. We investigated alterations in carbohydrate and fat metabolism after prolonged estrogen deprivation by determining body weight, food intake, visceral fat content, serum lipids, glucose tolerance, and insulin action on glucose transport activity in isolated soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. In addition, effects of endurance exercise training with or without estrogen replacement on metabolic alterations occurring under estrogen deficiency were examined. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated (SHAM). The OVX rats remained sedentary, received 5 microg of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), performed exercise training (ET), or underwent both estrogen treatment and exercise training (E(2) + ET) for 12 weeks. Compared with SHAM, OVX animals had greater final body weights, visceral fat content, and serum levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .05). Exercise training and E(2) significantly reduced body weights (6% and 25%), visceral fat (37% and 51%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (19% and 26%). Exercise training alone improved whole-body glucose tolerance (29%), which was enhanced to the greatest extent (51%) in the ET rats that also received E(2). Insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity in OVX group was lower than that in SHAM by 29% to 44% (P < .05). Exercise training and E(2) corrected the diminished insulin action on skeletal muscle glucose transport in OVX animals, which was partly due to elevated glucose transporter-4 protein expression. These findings indicate that 12 weeks of ovariectomy caused metabolic alterations mimicking features of the insulin resistance syndrome. Furthermore, these metabolic disturbances were attenuated by ET or E(2), whereas the beneficial interactive effects of ET and E(2) on these defects were not apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitoon Saengsirisuwan
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. J Toxicol 2008; 2009:307618. [PMID: 20107584 PMCID: PMC2809433 DOI: 10.1155/2009/307618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of the isoflavones daidzein, genistein, glycitein, and their structural analogues is generally considered beneficial to human health. Equol is not found in soy, but is converted from daidzein by human gut bacterial flora. Research indicates that between 30-50% of the population is capable of converting daidzein to equol; therefore, there has been recent development of a new equol-rich functional food that relies on bacterial conversion of daidzein to equol under strictly controlled conditions. Therefore, a new equol-rich soy product (SE5-OH) has been developed, based on the bacterial conversion of daidzein; and its reproductive and developmental toxicity has been evaluated in a two-generation study and a developmental toxicity study with Sprague-Dawley rats at dose levels of 200, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day by gavage. SE5-OH contains approximately 0.65% equol, 0.024% daidzein, 0.022% genistein, and 0.30% glycitein. From the reproductive study, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for SE5-OH determined for both male and female rats is 1000 mg/kg/day (6.5 mg equol/kg/day). In the developmental toxicity phase of the study, no effects by SE5-OH were found in the embryo-fetus at any of the doses tested. The NOAEL for developmental effects of SE5-OH is 2000 mg/kg/day (13 mg equol/kg/day).
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