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Arslan ÖB, Doğan İ, Abaoğlu H. A comparative analysis of sleep quality and time management skills between shift and non-shift police officers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2024; 97:675-680. [PMID: 38727843 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-024-02074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The sleep quality of police officers working in shifts is negatively affected due to long working hours and sleeping less during the day. In our study, we aimed to examine the differences in sleep quality and time management skills in police officers working with shift and non-shift system. METHODS 106 police officers, 46 of whom worked in the shift system, 60 of whom worked in the non-shift system, and whose mean age was 27.6 ± 0.9 [min 20, max 40] were included in the study. Sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index[PSQI] and time management skills with the Time Management Questionnaire[TMQ]. RESULTS While the TMQ total score was 80.91 ± 12.61 for police officers working in shifts, it was 72.41 ± 12.62 for police officers working non-shift. The PSQI total score was 5 in both groups. There was a difference between the TMQ time planning, TMQ time attitudes sub-dimensions, and TMQ total scores of police officers working in the shift system and those working in the non-shift system[p < 0.05]. While poor sleep quality was observed between both groups, there was no difference in sleep quality[p > 0.05]. CONCLUSION There was no difference in sleep quality between police officers working in shifts and non-shifts. However, the time management skills of police officers working in shifts were better than those of police officers working in non-shifts. We believe that training programs to improve sleep health and time management skills in police officers are needed for both the sleep quality and well-being of police officers and public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Buket Arslan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - İlker Doğan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Abaoğlu
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Sun HL, Chen P, Zhang Q, Si TL, Li YZ, Zhu HY, Zhang E, Chen M, Zhang J, Su Z, Cheung T, Ungvari GS, Jackson T, Xiang YT, Xiang M. Prevalence and network analysis of internet addiction, depression and their associations with sleep quality among commercial airline pilots: A national survey in China. J Affect Disord 2024; 356:597-603. [PMID: 38484881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Airline pilots are members of a unique occupational group that is often confronted with sleep routine disruptions, yet relatively few studies have examined their mental health status. This study assessed the prevalence and network structure of internet addiction, depression and sleep quality problems in commercial airline pilots. METHOD A total of 7055 airline pilots were included in analyses. Internet addiction and depression were measured with the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), respectively. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The network model was constructed based on an Ising model and its association with sleep quality was evaluated using a flow procedure. RESULTS Internet addiction, depression and sleep quality were common among airline pilots. The prevalence of internet addiction was 8.0 % (95 % CI: 7.3-8.6 %), while the rates of depression and poor sleep quality were 23.3 % (95 % CI: 22.3-24.2 %) and 33.0 % (95 % CI: 31.9-34.1 %), respectively. In the depression and internet addiction network model, "Fatigue" (PHQ4; Expected Influence (EI): 2.04) and "Depressed/moody/nervous only while being offline" (IAT20; EI: 1.76) were most central symptoms while "Fatigue" (PHQ4; Bridge EI: 1.30) was also the most important bridge symptom. The flow network model of sleep quality with internet addiction and depression showed that "Appetite" (PHQ5) had the strongest positive association with poor sleep quality. CONCLUSION Internet addiction, depression and sleep quality were common among airline pilots and warrant regular screening and timely treatment. Strategies to improve sleep hygiene may be useful in preventing onsets or exacerbations in depression and internet addiction among airline pilots.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Li Sun
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR; Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR.
| | - Pan Chen
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR; Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR.
| | - Qinge Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Leong Si
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR.
| | - Yan-Zhang Li
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR.
| | - Han-Yu Zhu
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR.
| | - Erliang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Minzhi Chen
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhaohui Su
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Teris Cheung
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR.
| | - Gabor S Ungvari
- Section of Psychiatry, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Todd Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macao, SAR.
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR; Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR.
| | - Mi Xiang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Hainan Branch, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya & School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Kim J, Yoon J, Kim I, Min J. Mental Health Status of New Police Trainees before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:645. [PMID: 38540609 PMCID: PMC11154500 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12060645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the mental health of new police trainees during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Korea. Two groups of police trainees were surveyed considering the distribution of gender, age, and education level: those who joined the school before COVID-19 and those who joined during the outbreak. Mental health indicators, including insomnia, depression, and anxiety, were compared between the two groups. The prevalence of insomnia, depression, and anxiety significantly varied in the group that joined during COVID-19 compared with the group that joined before. Specifically, insomnia showed a significant change in women, with a higher rate of 2.6%. Although the prevalence of depression was initially low, it increased from 0.4% to 1.3% during the pandemic. Anxiety rates also showed notable differences, particularly among women, with a higher rate of 4.7%. The highest differences in prevalence were observed in the low-income group, with a rate of 7.7% for anxiety. The findings highlight the vulnerability of police officers to psychosocial effects during disasters such as pandemics. Disaster preparedness programs or education can be integrated into new police officer training institutions to help manage mental health changes and promote overall well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joungsue Kim
- General Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jiyoung Yoon
- Korea Employment Information Service (KEIS), Eumseong-gun 27740, Republic of Korea;
| | - Inah Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeehee Min
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea;
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Krizan Z, Jones M. Investigative fatigue: how sleep-circadian factors shape criminal investigations. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 5:zpae017. [PMID: 38559774 PMCID: PMC10980285 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Investigating criminal complaints and identifying culprits to be prosecuted in the court of law is an essential process for law-enforcement and public safety. However, law-enforcement investigators operate under very challenging conditions due to stressful environments, understaffing, and public scrutiny, which factors into investigative errors (e.g. uncleared cases). This paper argues that one contributing factor to investigative failures involves sleep and circadian disruption of investigators themselves, known to be prevalent among law-enforcement. By focusing on investigative interviewing, this analysis illustrates how sleep and circadian disruption could impact investigations by considering three broad phases of (1) preparation, (2) information elicitation, and (3) assessment and corroboration. These phases are organized in a framework that outlines theory-informed pathways in need of empirical attention, with special focus on effort and decision-making processes critical to investigations. While existing evidence is limited, preliminary findings support some elements of investigative fatigue. The paper concludes by placing investigative fatigue in a broader context of investigative work while providing recommendations for future research throughout. This paper is part of the Sleep and Circadian Health in the Justice System Collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatan Krizan
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Sharma L, Pedlar CR, Burgess PW, Kanagasabai S, Ronca F. Acute and long-term sleep measurements produce opposing results on sleep quality in 8 and 12 hour shift patterns in law enforcement officers. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13862. [PMID: 36815627 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The occupational demands of law enforcement increase the risk of poor-quality sleep, putting officers at risk of adverse physical and mental health. This cross-sectional study aimed to characterise sleep quality in day workers, 8 and 12 h rotating shift pattern workers. One hundred eighty-six officers volunteered for the study (37 female, age: 41 ± 7). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index, actigraphy and the Leeds sleep evaluation questionnaire. The maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max ) was measured on a treadmill via breath-by-breath analysis. There was a 70% overall prevalence of poor sleepers based on Pittsburgh sleep quality index scores, where 8 h shifts exhibited the worst prevalence (92%, p = 0.029), however, there was no difference between age, gender, or role. In contrast, 12 h shifts exhibited the poorest short-term measures, including awakening from sleep (p = 0.039) and behaviour following wakefulness (p = 0.033) from subjective measures, and poorer total sleep time (p = 0.024) and sleep efficiency (p = 0.024) from the actigraphy. High VO2max predicted poorer wake after sleep onset (Rsq = 0.07, p = 0.05) and poorer sleep latency (p = 0.028). There was no relationship between the Pittsburgh sleep quality index scores and any of the short-term measures. The prevalence of poor sleepers in this cohort was substantially higher than in the general population, regardless of shift pattern. The results obtained from the long- and short-term measures of sleep quality yielded opposing results, where long-term perceptions favoured the 12 h pattern, but short-term subjective and objective measures both favoured the 8 h pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Sharma
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles R Pedlar
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, UK
| | - Paul W Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sharlenee Kanagasabai
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Flaminia Ronca
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Mehra R, Pulman A, Dogan H, Murphy J, Bitters F. A Tailored mHealth App for Improving Health and Well-Being Behavioral Transformation in UK Police Workers: Usability Testing via a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Hum Factors 2023; 10:e42912. [PMID: 37540549 PMCID: PMC10439470 DOI: 10.2196/42912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When considering the policing environment of 2022, many roles previously in the domain of warranted officers (police officer) are now performed by nonwarranted police staff equivalents. These police staff roles have expanded rapidly into other areas such as investigations, custody, and contact management, which were traditionally seen as police officer functions and put staff under some of the same stresses as police officers. A UK police force requested help in investigating technologies that could be used to improve health and well-being for both officers and staff. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to create a health and well-being app for police officers and staff, which considered the unique requirements of the users throughout the designing, building, prototyping, and testing stages. METHODS This study involved quantitative approaches (demographic web-based survey questions and the System Usability Scale) and qualitative approaches (open web-based survey questions and semistructured interviews). Unsupervised usability testing of a prototype app was undertaken by members (N=48) of the commissioning client using their smartphones. After completing a preregistration application for screening purposes, participants downloaded a trial version of the app. Then, they completed a web-based questionnaire after testing the app for 10 days. A subsample of participants (9/48, 19%) was interviewed. Deductive thematic analysis was undertaken to identify key themes and subthemes. RESULTS Data collected during usability testing concerned the 6 domains of the app-food and diet, activity, fluid intake, sleep, good mental health, and financial well-being-and informed the creation of improved design during prototyping. Some usability and design issues and suggestions for improvements were also addressed and implemented-including shift management and catch-up cards-during this cycle of development. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of coparticipation with officers and staff across the entire development cycle, to coproduce a human-centered design methodology to enable the development of a considered and user-centered solution. It demonstrates the need for producing a multifunctional tool rather than focusing purely on an individual element for this user group. It also highlights how linking and being able to track optional, personalized elements of health data against one another, cross-referenced to individual shift patterns, might help to inform and provide users with a chance for reflection and therefore influence behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mehra
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Pulman
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Huseyin Dogan
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Murphy
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
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7
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The Relationship between Sleep Duration and Metabolic Syndrome Severity Scores in Emerging Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15041046. [PMID: 36839404 PMCID: PMC9965711 DOI: 10.3390/nu15041046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests sleep duration can influence metabolic systems including glucose homeostasis, blood pressure, hormone regulation, nervous system activity, and total energy expenditure (TEE), all of which are related to cardiometabolic disease risk, even in young adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome severity scores (MSSS) in a sample of emerging adults (18-24 y/o). METHODS Data were collected between 2012 and 2021 from the College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey, an ongoing, cross-sectional study conducted at a midsized northeastern university. Anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical measures were obtained following an overnight fast and used to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS severity scores (MSSS) were calculated using race- and sex-specific formulas. Sleep duration was calculated from the difference in self-reported bedtime and wake time acquired through an online survey. ANCOVA was used to examine the relationship between sleep duration and MetS severity score while adjusting for covariates (age, sex, BMI, physical activity level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and academic major). RESULTS In the final sample (n = 3816), MetS (≥3 criteria) was present in 3.3% of students, while 15.4% of students presented with ≥2 MetS criteria. Mean MSSS was -0.65 ± 0.56, and the reported sleep duration was 8.2 ± 1.3 h/day. MSSS was higher among low sleepers (<7 h/day) and long sleepers (>9 h/day) compared to the reference sleepers (7-8 h/day) (-0.61 ± 0.02 and -0.63 ± 0.01 vs. -0.7 ± 0.02, respectively, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest short (<7 h/day) and long (>9 h/day) sleep durations raise the risk of MetS in a sample of emerging adults. Further research is needed to elucidate the impact of improving sleep habits on future disease risk.
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McIntosh E, Ferguson SA, Dorrian J, Coates AM, Leung G, Gupta CC. "Mars Bar and a Tin of Red Bull Kept Me and My Patients Alive": Exploring Barriers to Healthy Eating through Facebook Comments of Shiftworkers. Nutrients 2023; 15:959. [PMID: 36839319 PMCID: PMC9959479 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The negative impact of an unhealthy diet on the shiftworker population has been well-documented. However, little evidence exists on the underlying reasons for unhealthy eating behaviours and the existing barriers to healthy eating withinshiftwork environments. This qualitative study investigated the dietary behaviours reported by shiftworkers through Facebook comments. Comments were collected if they were on public shiftworker-relevant posts pertaining to dietary news or dietary information on Facebook and were posted by self-identified shiftworkers, relatives of shiftworkers, or partners of shiftworkers. A thematic analysis of the 144 comments collected generated four categories that can be used to understand the motivations for eating behaviour on-shift: what shiftworkers eat, where food is sourced from, when food is eaten, and why certain foods are chosen. Results reveal motivations, attitudes, and both internal and external barriers to healthy eating behaviours, as well as similarities and differences across shiftwork industries. Recommendations for future research include further explorations on the link between scheduled eating (e.g., time-restricted eating) and shiftwork, the impact of a rotating shift arrangements on dietary health behaviours, and the impact of interpersonal relationships on shiftworker dietary choices. Understanding these motivations will inform strategies to promote healthy eating and help understand barriers for shiftworkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma McIntosh
- Appleton Institute, School of Health, Medical, and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Adelaide 5034, Australia
| | - Sally A. Ferguson
- Appleton Institute, School of Health, Medical, and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Adelaide 5034, Australia
| | - Jillian Dorrian
- UniSA Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5072, Australia
| | - Alison M. Coates
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Gloria Leung
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill 3168, Australia
| | - Charlotte C. Gupta
- Appleton Institute, School of Health, Medical, and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Adelaide 5034, Australia
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McKeon G, Wells R, Steel Z, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Teasdale S, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. An online mental health informed physical activity intervention for emergency service workers and their families: A stepped-wedge trial. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076221149294. [PMID: 36703879 PMCID: PMC9871982 DOI: 10.1177/20552076221149294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Emergency service workers are at risk of experiencing poor mental health due to repeated exposure to potentially traumatic events. Promoting healthy lifestyle factors may help improve health outcomes and quality of life among this population. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a 10-week physical activity (PA) and diet programme delivered via Facebook for sedentary emergency service workers and their support partners on levels of psychological distress. Methods We delivered a 10-week intervention via a private Facebook group facilitated by exercise physiologists, a dietitian and peer-facilitators. Weekly education modules and telehealth calls were delivered, and participants were provided with a PA tracking device (Fitbit accelerometer). A stepped-wedge design was applied to compare levels of psychological distress (K6) during baseline, to intervention by comparing slopes of change. Secondary pre-post outcomes included mental health symptoms, PA, quality of life, social support to exercise, sleep quality and suicidal ideation. Results In total, N=90 participants (n=47 emergency service workers and n=43 support partners) were recruited in 4 cohorts (aged 42.3±11.5 years, 51% male). Levels of psychological distress did not change significantly during the baseline (control) slope and reduced significantly during the first 6 weeks of intervention (intervention slope 1). The slopes were significantly different, b=-0.351, p = 0.003 (i.e. the trajectories of change) and improvements plateaued until follow up. Retention was high (92%) and improvements in mental health symptoms, minutes of PA, sedentary time and quality of life were significant. Conclusions Our intervention delivered via social media is feasible and associated with reduced levels of psychological distress among emergency service workers and support partners. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN): 12619000877189.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace McKeon
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health,
University of
New South Wales, Sydney, Australia,School of Population Health, University of New South
Wales, Sydney, Australia,Grace McKeon, University of New South
Wales, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Ruth Wells
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health,
University of
New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zachary Steel
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health,
University of
New South Wales, Sydney, Australia,St John of God Health Care North Richmond Hospital, North Richmond,
Australia
| | - Dusan Hadzi-Pavlovic
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health,
University of
New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Scott Teasdale
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health,
University of
New South Wales, Sydney, Australia,Mingardens Neuroscience Network, Sydney, Australia
| | - Davy Vancampfort
- KU Leuven Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven,
Belgium,University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg,
Belgium
| | - Simon Rosenbaum
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health,
University of
New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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10
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Sørengaard TA, Langvik E, Olsen A, Saksvik-Lehouillier I. Predictors of insomnia symptoms in police employees: a longitudinal investigation and comparison of personality and psychosocial work factors. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2022.2137246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Langvik
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexander Olsen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
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11
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Banks G, Nolan PM, Bourbia N. Shift work-like patterns effect on female and male mouse behavior. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2022; 13:100082. [PMID: 36267148 PMCID: PMC9576555 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2022.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Shift work (work outside of standard daylight hours) is common throughout the Western world. However, there are notable health consequences to shift work, including increased prevalence of mental health and sleep disorders in shift worker populations. Therefore, the health and wellbeing of shift workers is a public health concern that needs to be addressed. Here we investigate the effects of two separate light induced shift work-like patterns on male and female mouse behaviour (anxiety-like, exploration, marble burying, startle reflex and circadian rhythms). After 6 weeks of shift-like disruptions patterns, animals displayed no behavioral differences in exploration, marble burying and startle reflex. Interestingly however, we identified sex specific and disruption specific effects in light aversion and wheel running activities. Notably, analysis of the activity patterns of animals in disruptive conditions demonstrated that they maintained a degree of rhythmicity through the disruption period, which may explain the lack of behavioral differences in most behavioral tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Banks
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Patrick M. Nolan
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Nora Bourbia
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
- UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK
- Corresponding author. UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0RD, UK.
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12
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Velazquez-Kronen R, Millen AE, Ochs-Balcom HM, Mnatsakanova A, Gu JK, Andrew M, Violanti J. Sleep Quality and Dietary Patterns in an Occupational Cohort of Police Officers. Behav Sleep Med 2022; 20:543-555. [PMID: 34304645 PMCID: PMC8786972 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2021.1954925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined the association between self-reported sleep quality, sleep duration, and dietary patterns among police officers in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Stress (BCOPS) study.422 police officers aged 21-74 (2004-2009).We used a cross-sectional study design and obtained sleep quality and duration from responses to the 19-item Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Using 46 energy-adjusted food groups derived from a 125-item food frequency questionnaire, we identified dietary patterns using exploratory factor analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the associations of sleep quality and duration with the derived dietary patterns.We identified major dietary patterns: fruits and vegetables (FV), dairy products, starches and fried foods, and meat and eggs. Individuals with poor sleep quality had a lower average FV score than those with optimal sleep (β [SE] = -0.32 [0.13]; p = .01). Significant interactions were observed between sex and the FV and dairy products dietary patterns, where women with poor sleep quality had a lower mean FV score compared to women with optimal sleep quality (β [SE] = -0.81 [0.29]; p = .01). Women with < 6 hours sleep duration had a lower mean dairy score compared to women with ≥ 7 hours sleep duration (β [SE] = -0.69 [0.29]; p = .02). We did not observe these associations among men.Among women, good sleep quality and long sleep duration were associated with a dietary pattern high in consumption of both fruits and vegetables and dairy products.Abbreviations: BCOPS: Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Stress study; BMI: body mass index; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; FV: fruits and vegetables; KMO: Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test; MET: metabolic equivalent of task score; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Velazquez-Kronen
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Amy E Millen
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Heather M Ochs-Balcom
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Anna Mnatsakanova
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ja Kook Gu
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael Andrew
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - John Violanti
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Violanti JM, Gu JK, Charles LE, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME. Dying for the job: police mortality, 1950-2018. POLICING (BRADFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 44:1168-1187. [PMID: 37200948 PMCID: PMC10191188 DOI: 10.1108/pijpsm-06-2021-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Purpose – This study is a mortality assessment on police officers (68-years, 1950-2018) and includes all causes of death. Design/methodology/approach – The authors investigated 1,853 police deaths (1950-2018) using sources of mortality that included the National Death Index, NY State, and available records from the Buffalo NY police department. Standardized Mortality Ratios were calculated. Death codes were obtained from 8th and 9th International Classification of Disease revisions in accordance with the year of death. Findings – Compared to the US general population, white male police officers from 1950-2018 had elevated mortality rates for some causes of death, including diseases of the circulatory system, malignant neoplasms, cirrhosis of the liver, and mental disorders. Black and female officers had lower mortality rates for all causes of death compared to the general population. Research limitations/implications – The findings of elevated risk for chronic disease among police need to be studied in relation to stress, lifestyle, and exposure to chemical and physical agents. There is a special need to further study officers from minority populations as larger samples become available. Practical implications – The results of this study will provide police and occupational health practitioners with objective evidence to determine the health impact of work on law enforcement officers. Originality/value – This study is longest running mortality assessment on police officers ever conducted (1950-2018) and includes white, black, and female officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Violanti
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of NY at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ja K Gu
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Luenda E Charles
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA and Bioanalytics Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael E Andrew
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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14
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Booker LA, Barnes M, Alvaro P, Collins A, Chai-Coetzer CL, McMahon M, Lockley SW, Rajaratnam SMW, Howard ME, Sletten TL. The role of sleep hygiene in the risk of Shift Work Disorder in nurses. Sleep 2021; 43:5602177. [PMID: 31637435 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A high proportion (20%-30%) of shift workers experience Shift Work Disorder (SWD), characterized by chronic sleepiness and/or insomnia associated with work schedules. The reasons for individual variation in shift work tolerance are not well understood, however. The aim of this study was to identify individual factors that contribute to the risk of SWD. Nurses (n = 202) were categorized as low or high risk of SWD based on the Shift Work Disorder Questionnaire. Participants provided demographic and lifestyle information and completed the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) and Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). High risk of SWD was associated with poorer sleep hygiene (SHI, 35.41 ± 6.19 vs. 31.49 ± 7.08, p < .0001) and greater eveningness (MEQ, 34.73 ± 6.13 vs. 37.49 ± 6.45, p = .005) compared to low risk. No other factors, including body mass index, marital status, having children, or caffeine or alcohol intake were significant. Logistic regression showed that SHI was the most significant contributing factor to SWD risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04 to 1.14). Standardized odds ratio further revealed that with every unit increase on the SHI score, the odds of being at high risk of SWD increased by 80% (OR = 1.84). Most individuals at high risk of SWD reported "always" or "frequently" going to bed at different times (79%) and waking at different times (83%; compared to 58%, p = .017, and 61%, p = .002, respectively for the low-risk group), as well as going to bed stressed/angry (67% vs. 41%, p < .0001) and/or planning/worrying in bed (54% vs. 22%, p < .0001). Interventions aimed at improving sleep hygiene practices and psychological health of shift workers may help reduce the risk of SWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Booker
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maree Barnes
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pasquale Alvaro
- Flinders University, School of Psychology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Allison Collins
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ching Li Chai-Coetzer
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health: A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marcus McMahon
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven W Lockley
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shantha M W Rajaratnam
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark E Howard
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracey L Sletten
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Riedy SM, Fekedulegn D, Vila B, Andrew M, Violanti JM. Shift work and overtime across a career in law enforcement: a 15-year study. POLICING (BRADFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 44:200-212. [PMID: 34093068 PMCID: PMC8173490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE – To characterize changes in work hours across a career in law enforcement. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH – N = 113 police officers enrolled in the BCOPS cohort were studied. The police officers started their careers in law enforcement between 1994 and 2001 at a mid-sized, unionized police department in northwestern New York and continued to work at this police department for at least 15 years. Day-by-day work history records were obtained from the payroll department. Work hours, leave hours and other pay types were summarized for each calendar year across their first 15 years of employment. Linear mixed-effects models with a random intercept over subject were used to determine if there were significant changes in pay types over time. FINDINGS – A total of 1,617 individual-years of data were analyzed. As the police officers gained seniority at the department, they worked fewer hours and fewer night shifts. Total paid hours did not significantly change due to seniority-based increases in vacation time. Night shift work was increasingly in the form of overtime as officers gained seniority. Overtime was more prevalent at the beginning of a career and after a promotion from police officer to detective. ORIGINALITY/VALUE – Shiftwork and long work hours have negative effects on sleep and increase the likelihood of on-duty fatigue and performance impairment. The results suggest that there are different points within a career in law enforcement where issues surrounding shiftwork and long work hours may be more prevalent. This has important implications for predicting fatigue, developing effective countermeasures and measuring fatigue-related costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Bryan Vila
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
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16
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Davis ME. Health Effects of Night and Irregular Shiftwork: A Longitudinal Cohort Study of US Workers. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:265-269. [PMID: 33196518 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence suggests that shiftwork results in adverse occupational health outcomes. This paper contributes to the literature by estimating the separate health effects of night and irregular shiftwork on a longitudinal panel of US workers. METHODS Data from a 20-year panel of worker surveys from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used to predict self-reported health limitations related to night and irregular shiftwork using a series of random effects logit models. RESULTS Separate and combined specifications of shiftwork as night and irregular effort significantly increase the odds of health limitations compared with working a regular daytime schedule, with more pronounced effects for irregular work (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09 to 1.52) over night shift (OR = 1.03 to 1.14). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that both night and irregular shiftwork may have important negative implications on occupational health, with the deleterious effects particularly pronounced for irregularly scheduled work effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Davis
- Department of Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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17
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Shockey TM, Tsai RJ, Cho P. Prevalence of Diagnosed Diabetes Among Employed US Adults by Demographic Characteristics and Occupation, 36 States, 2014 to 2018. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:302-310. [PMID: 33350659 PMCID: PMC8669571 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among employed US adults from 36 states by occupation group using data from 2014 to 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. METHODS Prevalence of diabetes was calculated by 22 broad and 93 detailed occupation groups among a sample of 366,633 employed respondents. Wald chi-square values were used to determine the significance of associations between diabetes and occupation groups after adjusting for sex, age, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS The prevalence of diabetes was 6.4% among employed US adults. The three broad occupation groups with the highest adjusted prevalence of diabetes were protective services (8.9%), farming, fishing, and forestry (8.8%), and community and social services (8.4%). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of diabetes differed by occupation. Work-related factors (eg, shift work, job stress) should be further examined in relation to risk of developing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Shockey
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio (Dr Shockey, Dr Tsai); Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Cho)
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18
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Kim Y, Lee S, Lim J, Park S, Seong S, Cho Y, Kim H. Factors Associated with Poor Quality of Sleep in Construction Workers: A Secondary Data Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2279. [PMID: 33668985 PMCID: PMC7956805 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore factors associated with poor quality of sleep in construction workers. This study was cross-sectional, correlational in design and used secondary data from fatigue instrument development study. We analyzed the data from 206 participants aged over 19 years who worked at construction sites for more than 6 months. We used multivariate binary logistic regression to identify the factors associated with poor quality of sleep. We classified the two sleep quality groups based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score, and almost 63% of them were classified as the poor quality of sleep group. Based on multivariate binary logistic regression (Cox and Snell R2 = 0.317, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.429), the poor quality of sleep group tended to sleep for a shorter duration before the working day, and not only showed lower sleep latency and higher levels of daytime dysfunction and discomfort in daily life, but also had more chronic disease, depressive symptoms, and higher physical fatigue. Our study findings support that there are many modifiable factors associated with poor sleep and a high rate of poor quality of sleep occurred in construction workers. Thus, clinicians should consider providing diverse options for applying interventions to ensure better sleep, fatigue management, and depression prevention in construction workers after considering their unique characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkyung Kim
- College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Sangeun Lee
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60602, USA;
| | - Jeeyeon Lim
- College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Soyeon Park
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 15588, Korea; (S.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Sojeong Seong
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 15588, Korea; (S.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Youngshin Cho
- College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Heejung Kim
- College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
- Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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19
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Strauss M, Foshag P, Jehn U, Vollenberg R, Brzęk A, Leischik R. Exercise capacity, cardiovascular and metabolic risk of the sample of German police officers in a descriptive international comparison. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2767-2775. [PMID: 34220304 PMCID: PMC8241769 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.60696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The police force has the mandate to protect citizens and enforce the law for public safety. Employment in the police force is recognized as a dangerous occupation and characterized by job-related physical hazards. Therefore, good health and adequate physical condition are necessary. This study aimed to determine cardiovascular, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic risk parameters of German police officers (POs) in comparison to POs from other nations. Methods: 55 male police officers from Germany participated in the survey. We examined anthropometric measurements, cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors and blood parameters. Additionally, we calculated 10-year cardiovascular risk using the Framingham Risk Score. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome bases on the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. We assessed cardiorespiratory status by exercise spirometry. Results: The analyzed group of POs demonstrated a high prevalence of pre obesity (BMI: 28.0±3.2 kg/m², waist circumference: 97.8±12.4 cm). 61.8 % of POs showed an increased waist circumference. POs showed high prevalence of abnormal values of triglyceride (n: 24, 43,6%), and systolic (n: 29, 52,7%) and diastolic (n: 27, 49%) blood pressure. The average 10-year cardiovascular risk (by Framingham) was classified as moderate (9.6 ± 7.4 %). 32 % (n: 18) of POs in our study group were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Maximal relative oxygen uptake of POs was 34.1 ± 8.0 ·ml/kg-1 ·min-1. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study was one of the first to assess data on cardiovascular health, metabolic syndrome and cardiorespiratory status of police officers in Germany. The results of our study demonstrated an increased cardiovascular and metabolic risk and decreased cardiorespiratory fitness in German police officers. The present study results underline the need to implement health-promoting interventions and concepts like corporate sports activities or nutrition courses to counteract cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. We have to reduce the subsequent development of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in this occupational group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Strauss
- Department of Cardiology I- Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Cardiol, 48149 Muenster, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, 58095, Hagen, Germany
| | - Peter Foshag
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, 58095, Hagen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Jehn
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Richard Vollenberg
- Department of Medicine B, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anna Brzęk
- Department of Physiotherapy, Chair of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Roman Leischik
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, 58095, Hagen, Germany
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20
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Hofmann L, Glaesmer H, Przyrembel M, Wagner B. An Evaluation of a Suicide Prevention E-Learning Program for Police Officers (COPS): Improvement in Knowledge and Competence. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:770277. [PMID: 34966307 PMCID: PMC8710598 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.770277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Police officers are at high risk for mental and physical health problems and suicidal ideation. The specific risk factors are numerous and concern stressful missions and administrative aspects of the police profession. So far, the police get only little training on specific missions as well as on coping with stress and suicidal ideation in the police profession. In this study we test the efficacy of the online training COPS (Coping with Suicide) for police officers. Methods: A total of 142 police officers from Germany and Switzerland participated in the study; complete data (baseline and post) are available from 102 participants. The training consisted of three modules covering the topics of delivering death notifications, dealing with individuals with suicidal ideation and dealing with one's own distress and suicidal ideation in the police profession. The primary outcomes are perceived knowledge and self-rated competence regarding the contents of the program, actual knowledge as well as symptoms of depression and anxiety (PHQ-9), and attitudes toward suicide (ATTS). The data are collected at baseline and after completing the training. Results: We found a significant increase in knowledge as well as in perceived competence after completing the training. Mental health and attitudes toward suicide did not change significantly. Years on the job had no moderating effect on the effectiveness of the training. Discussion: The results suggest that a short e-learning program significantly improves knowledge and self-rated competence in delivering death notifications, in suicide prevention and stress management. It can be easily integrated into the daily routine of police-officers, and participants could participate at their own pace and from any location. One limitation of this study is the lack of a control-group. Further advantages and limitations of this study are discussed. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.drks.de/drks_web/, identifier: DRKS00023882.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hofmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heide Glaesmer
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marisa Przyrembel
- Akkon University of Applied Sciences for Human Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Wagner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Ma CC, Gu JK, Andrew ME, Fekedulegn D, Violanti JM, Klein B, Tinney-Zara C, Charles LE. Associations of Sleep Measures with Retinal Microvascular Diameters among Police Officers. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2020; 27:487-497. [PMID: 32576060 PMCID: PMC7572729 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2020.1783688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined cross-sectional associations of sleep measures with central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) and investigated whether sex and race/ethnicity modified these associations. METHODS Participants (N = 202; 78% white; 71% men) were enrolled in the Buffalo Cardio-metabolic Occupational Police Stress study (2011-2014). Wrist actigraphy was used to assess sleep measures including sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, number of awakenings, and longest wake episode. CRAE and CRVE were obtained from fundus photography of retina and were averaged from both eyes per officer. RESULTS We observed significant associations between sleep efficiency and CRVE (β = -2.81 µm; P= .046), and between longest wake episode and CRVE (β = 3.24 µm; P= .021). Adjustments for demographics, lifestyles, and physical and psychological factors attenuated these associations. Sex modified the independent associations of sleep onset latency and longest wake episode with CRVE. One standard deviation (SD) increase in sleep onset latency was associated with 4.81 µm larger CRVE (P= .028) (P-interaction = 0.098), and one SD increase in longest wake episode was associated with 4.62 µm larger CRVE (P= .032) (P-interaction = 0.115) among men. Race/ethnicity also modified the association between longest wake episode and CRVE (P-interaction = 0.088). A significant association was observed only among white officers (β = 4.96 µm; P= .025). CONCLUSIONS We found that poor sleep quality, measured by longest wake episode, was positively and independently associated with retinal venular diameter among white and male officers. Longitudinal studies are warranted to assess whether poor sleep quality is a risk factor for retinal diameter changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Ma
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Bioanalytics Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
| | - Ja K Gu
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Bioanalytics Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
| | - Michael E Andrew
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Bioanalytics Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Bioanalytics Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
| | - John M Violanti
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cathy Tinney-Zara
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Bioanalytics Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
| | - Luenda E Charles
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Bioanalytics Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
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22
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Patterson PD, Weaver MD, Guyette FX, Martin‐Gill C. Should public safety shift workers be allowed to nap while on duty? Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:843-850. [PMID: 32761915 PMCID: PMC7540594 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue and sleep deficiency among public safety personnel are threats to wellness, public and personal safety, and workforce retention. Napping strategies may reduce work-related fatigue, improve safety and health, yet in some public safety organizations it is discouraged or prohibited. Our aim with this commentary is to define intra-shift napping, summarize arguments for and against it, and to outline potential applications of this important fatigue mitigation strategy supported by evidence. We focus our discussion on emergency medical services (EMS); a key component of the public safety system, which is comprised of police, fire, and EMS. The personnel who work in EMS stand to benefit from intra-shift napping due to frequent use of extended duration shifts, a high prevalence of personnel working multiple jobs, and evidence showing that greater than half of EMS personnel report severe fatigue, poor sleep quality, inadequate inter-shift recovery, and excessive daytime sleepiness. The benefits of intra-shift napping include decreased sleepiness and fatigue, improved recovery between shifts, decreased anxiety, and reduced feelings of burnout. Intra-shift napping also mitigates alterations in clinician blood pressure associated with disturbed sleep and shift work. The negative consequences of napping include negative public perception, acute performance deficits stemming from sleep inertia, and the potential costs associated with reduced performance. While there are valid arguments against intra-shift napping, we believe that the available scientific evidence favors it as a key component of fatigue mitigation and workplace wellness. We further believe that these arguments extend beyond EMS to all sectors of public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Daniel Patterson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Division of Community Health Services, Emergency Medicine Program, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew D. Weaver
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts
- Division of Sleep Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Francis X. Guyette
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Christian Martin‐Gill
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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Thompson J, Drew JM. Warr;or21: A 21-Day Program to Enhance First Responder Resilience and Mental Health. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2078. [PMID: 33013529 PMCID: PMC7505768 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
First responders face multiple stressors on a daily basis. They have experienced higher rates of anxiety disorders, depression, burnout, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicide (Asmundson and Stapleton, 2008), alcohol and substance abuse (Ballenger et al., 2010), and deficient sleep hygiene (Pearsall, 2012) compared to the general population. Existing resilience research can be utilized and adapted to help first responders cope in a positive manner as a form of prevention and also as part of their recovery. New resiliency programs continue to emerge and this paper details one – warr;or21. The warr;or21 program is explained and based on an evaluation of the program’s preliminary data, the results are promising with how the program can assist first responders (and the general public) increase their resiliency and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Thompson
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Drew
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
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Elbæk Pedersen J, Ugelvig Petersen K, Hansen J. Full employment history of Danish firefighters potentially involving additional exposures, 1964-2015. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:328-336. [PMID: 31953961 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to demonstrate the possibility of using data on full employment history to describe occupational patterns of Danish firefighters that may indicate additional hazards encountered by these workers. METHODS An established cohort of Danish full-time and part-time/volunteer firefighters was used in the study (N = 9952) as well as occupational history covering the period 1964-2015, which was retrieved from a nationwide pension fund with compulsory membership. The most frequently held employments other than firefighting, together with temporal patterns of these employments, were explored in descriptive analyses. RESULTS Besides working in the firefighter service, both full-time and part-time/volunteer firefighters had frequently been employed in the military and the police (55% and 38%) and more than 10% of both types of firefighters in a number of blue-collar jobs, including construction-related jobs (eg, masonry, joining, carpentry, insulation, and installation), laundry and dry cleaning, the auto industry, and rubber and plastic production. Part-time/volunteer firefighters had more frequently been employed in the machine industry, fabricated metal production, the wood and furniture industry, and farming. Both types of firefighters were initially employed in other jobs before their employment in firefighting. CONCLUSION The cohort of Danish firefighters had frequently been working in other professions potentially exposing them to additional hazardous exposures, and occupational patterns varied by type of firefighter employment. Accounting for full employment history is, for that reason, considered essential when exploring associations between specific professions and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kajsa Ugelvig Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineBispebjerg University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research CenterDanish Cancer Society Copenhagen Denmark
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Ma CC, Gu JK, Bhandari R, Charles LE, Violanti JM, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME. Associations of objectively measured sleep characteristics and incident hypertension among police officers: The role of obesity. J Sleep Res 2020; 29:e12988. [PMID: 32049409 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the associations of baseline sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, longest wake episode, number of awakenings, sleep efficiency and sleep duration with incident hypertension during a 7-year follow-up (n = 161, 68% men) and the joint effect of insufficient sleep and obesity on incident hypertension. Sleep parameters were derived from 15-day actigraphy data. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using a robust Poisson regression model. Each 10-min increase in sleep onset latency was associated with an 89% higher risk of hypertension (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12-3.20). Each 10-min increase in longest wake episode was associated with a 23% higher risk of hypertension (95% CI = 1.01-1.50) and each 10% decrease in sleep efficiency was associated with a 50% higher risk of hypertension (95% CI = 1.02-2.22). These associations were independent of demographic and lifestyle characteristics, depressive symptoms, shift work, sleep duration and body mass index. Having <6 hr of sleep and a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 increased the risk of hypertension (relative risk = 2.81; 95% CI = 1.26-6.25) compared with having ≥6 hr of sleep and a body mass index <30 after controlling for confounders. Relative excess risk due to interaction was 3.49 (95% CI = -1.69-8.68) and ratio of relative risk was 3.21 (95% CI = 0.72-14.26). These results suggest that poor sleep quality is a risk factor for hypertension. Longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to examine the joint effect of insufficient sleep and obesity on development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Ma
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ja Kook Gu
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ruchi Bhandari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Luenda E Charles
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John M Violanti
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael E Andrew
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Peterson SA, Wolkow AP, Lockley SW, O'Brien CS, Qadri S, Sullivan JP, Czeisler CA, Rajaratnam SMW, Barger LK. Associations between shift work characteristics, shift work schedules, sleep and burnout in North American police officers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030302. [PMID: 31791964 PMCID: PMC6924705 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine associations between shift work characteristics and schedules on burnout in police and whether sleep duration and sleepiness were associated with burnout. METHODS Police officers (n=3140) completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, personal accomplishment) and self-reported shift schedules (irregular, rotating, fixed), shift characteristics (night, duration, frequency, work hours), sleep duration and sleepiness. RESULTS Irregular schedules, long shifts (≥11 hours), mandatory overtime, short sleep and sleepiness were associated with increased risk of overall burnout in police. Police working a greater frequency of long shifts were more likely to have emotional exhaustion (adjusted OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.35 to 2.72) than those not working long shifts. Night shifts were associated with depersonalisation (1.32, 1.05 to 1.66) compared with not working nights. Police working mandatory overtime had increased risk of emotional exhaustion (1.37, 1.14 to 1.65) than those who did not. Compared with fixed schedules, irregular schedules were associated with emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation (1.91, 1.44 to 2.54 and 1.39, 1.02 to 1.89, respectively). Police sleeping <6 hours were more likely to have emotional exhaustion (1.60, 1.33 to 1.93) than those sleeping longer, and excessive sleepiness was associated with emotional exhaustion (1.81, 1.50 to 2.18). CONCLUSIONS Irregular schedules and increased night shifts, sleep disturbances and work hours were related to higher burnout risk in police. Future research should evaluate work schedules in law enforcement that optimise shift duration and frequency, and increase consistency in scheduling and control over work hours to limit burnout in police.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Peterson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander P Wolkow
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Paramedic Health and Wellbeing Research Unit, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven W Lockley
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Conor S O'Brien
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Salim Qadri
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason P Sullivan
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shantha M W Rajaratnam
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura K Barger
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Garbarino S, Magnavita N. Sleep problems are a strong predictor of stress-related metabolic changes in police officers. A prospective study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224259. [PMID: 31639178 PMCID: PMC6804978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that workers chronically exposed to occupational stress have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and sleep problems (SPs). The purpose of this study was to verify whether SPs mediate the relationship between stress and MetS. METHOD A 5-year prospective cohort study included 242 police officers from a rapid response unit engaged exclusively in maintaining law and order. Perceived stress levels were measured repeatedly with the demand-control-support and the effort-reward-imbalance questionnaires; insomnia symptoms were assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; excessive daytime sleepiness was measured using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. MetS and its components were evaluated at baseline and at follow-up. RESULTS During 5-year follow-up period, 26 new cases of MetS were identified. Both occupational stress and SPs were significantly related to incident cases of MetS. Insomnia symptoms showed a highly significant association with MetS (aOR 11.038; CI95% 2.867-42.493). Mediation analysis confirmed that SPs mediate the relationship between stress and MetS. A reciprocal relationship was found between job stress and SPs. Work-related stress was a significant predictor of insomnia symptoms, short sleep duration, sleep dissatisfaction, and sleepiness. Compared to the reference group, police officers with SPs at baseline had significantly higher odds of reporting high stress at follow-up. CONCLUSION SPs play a mediating role in the relationship between occupational stress and MetS. Prevention of MetS must include the control of stress factors and an increase in the resilience of workers, but correct sleep hygiene is also an essential factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Garbarino
- Post-graduate School of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- State Police Health Service Department, Ministry of the Interior, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Magnavita
- Post-graduate School of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman/Child & Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Gu JK, Charles LE, Millen AE, Violanti JM, Ma CC, Jenkins E, Andrew ME. Associations between adiposity measures and 25-hydroxyvitamin D among police officers. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 31:e23274. [PMID: 31565838 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies show that serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), a biomarker for vitamin D status, are lower in persons with higher adiposity levels and that police officers have been found to have a high prevalence of obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between several adiposity measures and 25(OH)D, and also compare those measures to determine the best one that predicts insufficiency of 25(OH)D (<20 ng/mL) among police officers in the Northeast area of the United States. METHODS Participants were 281 police officers (71.5% men) from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress Study (2011-2016). Associations of body mass index (BMI), abdominal height (AbHt), waist circumference (WC), WC-to-height ratio (WCHtR), percent body fat (PBF), and fat mass index (FMI) with 25(OH)D were obtained using multiple regression models after adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, season, multivitamin supplement use, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The area under the curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the predictive ability of each adiposity measure to identify insufficient 25(OH)D concentrations. RESULTS The prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30) was 50.7% in men and 21.3% in women. Mean levels of 25(OH)D were 32.4 ng/mL in men and 34.4 ng/mL in women. After adjustment for covariates, PBF and FMI among men were inversely associated with 25(OH)D: PBF (β ± SE = -2.40 ± 1.01, P = .018); FMI (-2.21 ± 0.93, .018). Among women, no adiposity measure was associated with 25(OH)D. PBF was the best predictor of insufficient 25(OH)D concentrations regardless of gender (AUC = 0.878). CONCLUSION Adiposity measures were inversely associated with 25(OH)D, but differed between female and male officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja K Gu
- Bioanalylics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Luenda E Charles
- Bioanalylics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Amy E Millen
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - John M Violanti
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Claudia C Ma
- Bioanalylics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Bioanalylics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael E Andrew
- Bioanalylics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
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29
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Holst MM, Wirth MD, Mnatsakanova A, Burch JB, Charles LE, Tinney-Zara C, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, Hartley TA, Violanti JM. Shiftwork and Biomarkers of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease: The BCOPS Study. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 61:391-396. [PMID: 30649009 PMCID: PMC6610651 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association of shiftwork with biomarkers of subclinical cardiovascular disease and examine the moderating role of body mass index (BMI) in a police cohort. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among officers who were categorized as working the day, evening, or night shift. Comparisons with inflammatory biomarkers were performed among shifts using analysis of variance/covariance and further stratified by BMI to assess potential effect modification. RESULTS Associations were observed between day and night shiftworkers for leukocytes, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and homocysteine. After BMI stratification, higher c-reactive protein (CRP) levels were observed among evening shiftworkers with a BMI more than or equal to 30 kg/m versus the day shift. CONCLUSIONS Future studies examining prospective changes in these markers will allow for more comprehensive evaluation of their association with shiftwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M. Holst
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael D. Wirth
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
- College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Anna Mnatsakanova
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James B. Burch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
- WJB Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Luenda E. Charles
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cathy Tinney-Zara
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael E. Andrew
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tara A. Hartley
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John M. Violanti
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Sleep Quality among Police Officers: Implications and Insights from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050885. [PMID: 30862044 PMCID: PMC6427768 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poor sleep is associated with bad health outcomes, worse wellbeing and decreases in performance, productivity and safety at work. Police officers are exposed to several risk factors including extended work schedules, shift work, occupational stress, dangerous and traumatic events and can, as such, develop sleep problems. The aim of the present study was to analyze the sleep quality among police officers. A systematic literature search, in PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, ISI/Web of Science (WoS) and the Cochrane Library was conducted. Original articles, published in English, French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, the primary objective of which was the evaluation of the quality of sleep through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in Police Forces, were selected. From an initial sample of 1,149 studies, 13 articles were included in the meta-analysis (3,722 police officers). The pooled prevalence of bad sleep quality in police officers was 51% [95%CI 42–60%]. The pooled global score of the PSQI was 5.6 [95%CI 5.0–6.3], corresponding to a low average quality. At the meta-regressions, statistically significant associations could be found for work seniority (in terms of years of service) and being on shift. The poor quality of sleep in police officers could have negative consequences for workers’ health and for the safety of third parts. The implementation of health and sleep hygiene promotion programs in police forces is strongly recommended.
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Ma CC, Hartley TA, Sarkisian K, Fekedulegn D, Mnatsakanova A, Owens S, Gu JK, Tinney-Zara C, Violanti JM, Andrew ME. Influence of Work Characteristics on the Association Between Police Stress and Sleep Quality. Saf Health Work 2019; 10:30-38. [PMID: 30949378 PMCID: PMC6429527 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Police officers' stress perception, frequency of stressful events (stressors), and police work characteristics may contribute to poor sleep quality through different mechanisms. METHODS We investigated associations of stress severity (measured by stress rating score) and frequency of stressors with sleep quality and examined the influence of police work characteristics including workload, police rank, prior military experience, and shift work on the associations. Participants were 356 police officers (256 men and 100 women) enrolled in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress Study from 2004 to 2009. A mean stress rating score and mean frequency of stressors occurring in the past month were computed for each participant from the Spielberger Police Stress Survey data. Sleep quality was assessed using the global score derived from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index survey. Linear associations of the stress rating score and frequency of stressors with sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index global score) were tested. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, and smoking status were selected as potential confounders. RESULTS The stress rating score was positively and independently associated with poor sleep quality (β = 0.17, p = 0.002). Only workload significantly modified this association (β = 0.23, p = 0.001 for high workload group; p-interaction = 0.109). The frequency of stressors was positively and independently associated with poor sleep quality (β = 0.13, p = 0.025). Only police rank significantly modified the association (β = 0.007, p = 0.004 for detectives/other executives; p-interaction = 0.076). CONCLUSION Both police officers' perception of stress severity and the frequency of stressors are associated with poor sleep quality. Stress coping or sleep promotion regimens may be more beneficial among police officers reporting high workloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C. Ma
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Corresponding author. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, MS 4050, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Tara A. Hartley
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Khachatur Sarkisian
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Anna Mnatsakanova
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sherry Owens
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ja Kook Gu
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cathy Tinney-Zara
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John M. Violanti
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael E. Andrew
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Elgmark Andersson E, Larsen LB, Ramstrand N. A modified Job Demand, Control, Support model for active duty police. Work 2018; 58:361-370. [PMID: 29036868 DOI: 10.3233/wor-172621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Job Demand Control Support model (JDCS) is one of the most widely used theoretical models relating job characteristics to health and wellbeing. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the predictive power of the JDCS model for determining job satisfaction and fatigue in uniformed Swedish police. An additional aim was to determine if predictive power of the model would be improved with the addition of two occupation specific items. METHODS Questionnaire data, based upon the Swedish Work Environment Survey were collected from Swedish police (n = 4244). A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was run to explore the predictive value of the model and to determine if the additional variables improved predictive power with respect to job satisfaction and fatigue. RESULTS Regression analysis demonstrated that the JDSC model had high predictive power in relation to job satisfaction and fatigue. Job demands was the strongest predictor of fatigue (14%), while support was the strongest predictor of job satisfaction (12%). The addition of exposure to threats significantly improved predictive power for both job satisfaction and fatigue, while addition of shift work did not significantly affect predictive power of the model. CONCLUSIONS Workplace interventions to address issues related to job satisfaction and fatigue in police should focus on maintaining a bearable level of job demands and provision of adequate support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Elgmark Andersson
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.,CHILD, Institute of Disability Research, Jönköping University, Sweden
| | - Louise Bæk Larsen
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Nerrolyn Ramstrand
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.,CHILD, Institute of Disability Research, Jönköping University, Sweden
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Pinto JDN, Perin C, Dick NRM, Lazzarotto AR. Avaliação do Sono em um Grupo de Policiais Militares de Elite. ACTA PAUL ENFERM 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0194201800023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivo Estudar os distúrbios do sono em um Grupo de Policiais Militares de Elite. Método Estudo transversal, que avaliou 22 policiais militares de elite da Brigada Militar, o que corresponde a totalidade do efetivo operacional do grupo estudado. Resultados Os principais achados deste estudo foram quatro. Primeiro, observou-se uma elevada prevalência de distúrbios do sono (100% apresentaram algum distúrbio ou queixa relacionada ao sono) e de má qualidade de sono (63,6%) entre esses policiais. Segundo, observou-se uma elevada prevalência (27,3%) de síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono entre os policiais estudados sendo que estes apresentaram maior sonolência diurna. Terceiro, dentre os policiais que apresentaram algum acidente de trabalho constatou-se uma maior prevalência de sonolência diurna, de má qualidade do sono e de síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono. Quarto, policiais com má qualidade de sono apresentaram piores escores de qualidade de vida. Conclusão Considerando-se a elevada prevalência de distúrbios do sono entre os policiais militares e as diversas consequências advindas de um sono de má qualidade, sugere-se a inclusão de questões relacionadas ao sono, de questionários de triagem para distúrbios do sono e dependendo do caso, do exame de polissonografia, dentro da inspeção bienal de saúde dos Policiais Militares de Elite.
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Han M, Park S, Park JH, Hwang SS, Kim I. Do police officers and firefighters have a higher risk of disease than other public officers? A 13-year nationwide cohort study in South Korea. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019987. [PMID: 29391373 PMCID: PMC5878257 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The work of public officers involves repeated and long-term exposure to heavy workloads, high job strain and workplace violence, all of which negatively impact physical and mental health. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the incidences of diseases among different categories of public officers in Korea, in order to further understand the health risks associated with these occupations. DESIGN A cohort study using the National Health Insurance data. PARTICIPANTS We collated claims data between 2002 and 2014 for 860 221 public officers. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Age-standardised rates were calculated using the direct standardisation method, and HRs were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard regression models. RESULTS Overall, we found that police officers and firefighters had a higher incidence of a range of diseases when compared with national and regional government officers (NRG). The most prominent HRs were observed among police officers for angina pectoris (HR: 1.52, 95% CI 1.49 to 1.54), acute myocardial infarction (HR: 1.84, 95% CI 1.77 to 1.92) and cerebrovascular disease (HR: 1.36, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.40). Firefighters were more susceptible to physical ailments and were at a significantly higher risk for traumatic stress disorders (HR: 1.40, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.56) than NRGs. CONCLUSION Compared withNRGs, police officers had higher HRs for all measured diseases, except for traumatic stress disorders. While firefighters had higher HRs for almost all diseases examined, public education officers had a higher HR for traumatic stress disorders, when compared with NRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Han
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Heon Park
- Big Data Steering Department, National Health Insurance Service, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-sik Hwang
- Department of Public Health Science, Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inah Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Meena JK, Kumar R, Meena GS. Protect the Protector: Morbidity and Health Behavior among Police Personnel in National Capital Region of India. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2018; 22:86-91. [PMID: 30319229 PMCID: PMC6176699 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_28_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: At the time of selection, police personnel undergo various health and fitness tests but subsequently health assessments are not done regularly. Unhealthy lifestyle and challenging work environment predispose them to various somatic sequelae, including cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and psychological disorders, etc., There is limited epidemiological data on the morbidity profile among police personnel in India. Aim: To study the morbidity profile and the treatment-seeking behavior among police personnel in National Capital Region (NCR), India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between May and November, 2014 on 300 police personnel working in the NCR, India. We administered a predesigned, pretested questionnaire (α = 0.63) to the study participants based on World Health Organization-STEPS tool for assessing morbidity profile, lifestyle risk factors, and treatment-seeking behavior after obtaining informed consent from the study participants. Results: Health complaints were reported by around half (n = 149, 49.6%) of the participants with the morbidity risk of 0.71 per person. The most common complaints were related to the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system. Only around half of the affected participants took any treatment. Hospitalization rate reflected from past 1-year hospital admissions among participants was (n = 23, 7.7%). Data analysis suggested morbidity status of police personnel to be significantly associated with lifestyle risk factors such as abdominal obesity (n = 129, 86.5%), obstructive sleep apnea (n = 54, 36.2%), and distress (n = 48, 32.2%). Conclusion: Busy and challenging work life and poor control of health lead to high morbidity among police personnel. Regular health checks and lifestyle promotional activities are highly recommended to maintain a healthy police force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra K Meena
- Department of Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - G S Meena
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Kwon Y, Oh S. Differences in School Violence Variables and Psychological Characteristics Based on Exercise Participation Levels among Middle School Students. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.23949/kjpe.2017.03.56.2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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