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Greene MK, Smyth P, English A, McLaughlin J, Bucholc M, Bailie J, McCarroll J, McDonnell M, Watt A, Barnes G, Lynch M, Duffin K, Duffy G, Lewis C, James JA, Stitt AW, Ford T, O'Kane M, Rai TS, Bjourson AJ, Cardwell C, Elborn JS, Gibson DS, Scott CJ. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Northern Ireland during 2020-2021. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24184. [PMID: 38304848 PMCID: PMC10830527 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background With the spread of SARS-CoV-2 impacting upon public health directly and socioeconomically, further information was required to inform policy decisions designed to limit virus spread during the pandemic. This study sought to contribute to serosurveillance work within Northern Ireland to track SARS-CoV-2 progression and guide health strategy. Methods Sera/plasma samples from clinical biochemistry laboratories were analysed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Samples were assessed using an Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 or anti-SARS-CoV-2 S ECLIA (Roche) on an automated cobas e 801 analyser. Samples were also assessed via an anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA (Euroimmun). A subset of samples assessed via the Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 ECLIA were subsequently analysed in an ACE2 pseudoneutralisation assay using a V-PLEX SARS-CoV-2 Panel 7 for IgG and ACE2 (Meso Scale Diagnostics). Results Across three testing rounds (June-July 2020, November-December 2020 and June-July 2021 (rounds 1-3 respectively)), 4844 residual sera/plasma specimens were assayed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Seropositivity rates increased across the study, peaking at 11.6 % (95 % CI 10.4 %-13.0 %) during round 3. Varying trends in SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity were noted based on demographic factors. For instance, highest rates of seropositivity shifted from older to younger demographics across the study period. In round 3, Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant neutralising antibodies were most frequently detected across age groups, with median concentration of anti-spike protein antibodies elevated in 50-69 year olds and anti-S1 RBD antibodies elevated in 70+ year olds, relative to other age groups. Conclusions With seropositivity rates of <15 % across the assessment period, it can be concluded that the significant proportion of the Northern Ireland population had not yet naturally contracted the virus by mid-2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K. Greene
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Peter Smyth
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Andrew English
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teeside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Joseph McLaughlin
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Magda Bucholc
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, School of Computing, Engineering & Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | | | | | - Margaret McDonnell
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Alison Watt
- Regional Virology Laboratory, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - George Barnes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Dundonald, UK
| | - Mark Lynch
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Altnagelvin Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Londonderry, UK
| | - Kevan Duffin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Southern Health and Social Care Trust, Portadown, UK
| | - Gerard Duffy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, UK
| | - Claire Lewis
- The Northern Ireland Biobank, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Jacqueline A. James
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- The Northern Ireland Biobank, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Regional Molecular Diagnostic Service, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Alan W. Stitt
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Tom Ford
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, AFBI, Belfast, UK
| | - Maurice O'Kane
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Altnagelvin Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Londonderry, UK
| | - Taranjit Singh Rai
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Anthony J. Bjourson
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Christopher Cardwell
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - J Stuart Elborn
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - David S. Gibson
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Christopher J. Scott
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Vaughan A, Duffell E, Freidl GS, Lemos DS, Nardone A, Valenciano M, Subissi L, Bergeri I, K Broberg E, Penttinen P, Pebody R, Keramarou M. Systematic review of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and appraisal of evidence, prior to the widespread introduction of vaccine programmes in the WHO European Region, January-December 2020. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e064240. [PMID: 37931969 PMCID: PMC10632881 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies undertaken in the WHO European Region to measure pre-existing and cumulative seropositivity prior to the roll out of vaccination programmes. DESIGN A systematic review of the literature. DATA SOURCES We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the preprint servers MedRxiv and BioRxiv in the WHO 'COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease' database using a predefined search strategy. Articles were supplemented with unpublished WHO-supported Unity-aligned seroprevalence studies and other studies reported directly to WHO Regional Office for Europe and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies published before the widespread implementation of COVID-19 vaccination programmes in January 2021 among the general population and blood donors, at national and regional levels. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS At least two independent researchers extracted the eligible studies; a third researcher resolved any disagreements. Study risk of bias was assessed using a quality scoring system based on sample size, sampling and testing methodologies. RESULTS In total, 111 studies from 26 countries published or conducted between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2020 across the WHO European Region were included. A significant heterogeneity in implementation was noted across the studies, with a paucity of studies from the east of the Region. Sixty-four (58%) studies were assessed to be of medium to high risk of bias. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity prior to widespread community circulation was very low. National seroprevalence estimates after circulation started ranged from 0% to 51.3% (median 2.2% (IQR 0.7-5.2%); n=124), while subnational estimates ranged from 0% to 52% (median 5.8% (IQR 2.3%-12%); n=101), with the highest estimates in areas following widespread local transmission. CONCLUSIONS The low levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibody in most populations prior to the start of vaccine programmes underlines the critical importance of targeted vaccination of priority groups at risk of severe disease, while maintaining reduced levels of transmission to minimise population morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Vaughan
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erika Duffell
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gudrun S Freidl
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Diogo Simão Lemos
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Eeva K Broberg
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Pasi Penttinen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Richard Pebody
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Keramarou
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
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Moe AMG, Eriksen MB, Schjølberg T, Haugen F. SARS-CoV-2 serological findings and exposure risk among employees in school and retail after first and second wave COVID-19 pandemic in Oslo, Norway: a cohort study. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2022; 35:537-547. [PMID: 35770786 PMCID: PMC10464784 DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to characterize and compare SARS-CoV-2 serology among Norwegian school employees and retail employees, and describe preventive measures taken at the workplaces. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cohort of 238 school and retail employees was enrolled to an ambidirectional cohort study after the first COVID-19 pandemic wave. Self-reported exposure history and serum samples were collected at 10 schools and 15 retail stores in Oslo, Norway, sampled at 2 time-points: baseline (May-July 2020); and follow-up (January-March 2021). SARS-CoV-2 antibodies targeting both spike and nucleocapsid were detected by multiplex microsphere-based serological methods. RESULTS At baseline, 6 enrolled workers (5 in retail) presented with positive SARS-CoV-2 serology, higher than the expected 1% prevalence (3%, 95% CI: 1-6, p = 0.019). At followup, school and retail groups presented 11 new seropositive cases altogether, but groups were not significantly different, although exposure and preventive measures against viral transmission at workplaces were different between groups. Self-reported medical history of COVID-19 infection showed that all but one positive SARS-CoV-2 serological findings arising between baseline and follow-up had been diagnosed with virus testing. CONCLUSIONS Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 positive serology after the first wave was slightly higher than expected. Distribution of infection was not significantly different between the groups at baseline nor at follow-up, despite difference in exposure and protective measures. Nearly all new seropositive cases discovered between baseline and follow-up, had already been diagnosed, highlighting the importance of extensive viral testing among workers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(5):537-47.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fred Haugen
- National Institute of Occupational Health STAMI, Oslo, Norway
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Barros Ferreira N, Pereira H, Pereira AM, Azevedo LF, Santos M, Maranhão P, Correia R, Fonseca JA, Canedo P, da Costa Pereira A, Sousa-Pinto B. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and assessment of epidemiologic determinants in Portuguese municipal workers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2022; 35:297-307. [PMID: 35142298 PMCID: PMC10464733 DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in municipal employees of Northern Portugal during the first pandemic wave (May-June 2020) and its association with potentially related risk factors for infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors assessed municipal employees of 2 cities in Northern Portugal, in whom serological tests to SARS-CoV-2 and an epidemiological survey were applied. The authors assessed the proportion of individuals presenting IgM and/or IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, and evaluated the association between having positive serological test results, epidemiologic variables and clinical presentations. Reported symptoms were evaluated on their sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. RESULTS The authors assessed 1696 employees, of whom 22.0% were firefighters, 10.4% were police officers, 10.3% were maintenance workers, and 8.1% were administrative assistants. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 2.9% (95% CI: 2.1-3.7%). Administrative assistants comprised the professional group with highest seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 1.9 in the comparison with other occupational groups, 95% CI: 0.8-4.3, p = 0.126). The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among those who were in direct contact with COVID-19 patients in their professional activity was 3.9%, compared to 2.7% among those who were not in direct contact with such patients (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 0.8-2.8, p = 0.222). The highest risk of infection was associated with the presence of a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in the household (OR = 17.4, 95% CI: 8.3-36.8, p < 0.001). Living with a healthcare professional was not associated with a higher risk of infection (OR = 1.0, 95% CI: 0.4-2.5, p = 0.934). Anosmia/ dysgeusia was the symptom with the highest positive predictive value (52.2%, 95% CI: 31.8-72.6, p < 0.001) and specificity (99.3%, 95% CI: 98.9-99.7, p < 0.001), while cough was the most prevalent symptom among SARS-CoV-2 seropositive participants (36%). CONCLUSIONS The authors observed a SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of 2.9% among assessed municipal employees. Anosmia/dysgeusia was the COVID-19 symptom which displayed the highest positive predictive value and specificity. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(3):297-307.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Pereira
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Faculty of Medicine)
| | - Ana Margarida Pereira
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (MEDCIDS - Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine)
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Filipe Azevedo
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (MEDCIDS - Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine)
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Santos
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (MEDCIDS - Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine)
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - Priscila Maranhão
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (MEDCIDS - Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine)
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Correia
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (MEDCIDS - Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine)
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Almeida Fonseca
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (MEDCIDS - Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine)
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Canedo
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology)
| | - Altamiro da Costa Pereira
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Faculty of Medicine)
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (MEDCIDS - Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine)
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Sousa-Pinto
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Faculty of Medicine)
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (MEDCIDS - Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine)
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine)
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Azami M, Moradi Y, Moradkhani A, Aghaei A. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence around the world: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:81. [PMID: 35655237 PMCID: PMC9160514 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covid-19 has been one of the major concerns around the world in the last 2 years. One of the challenges of this disease has been to determine its prevalence. Conflicting results of the serology test in Covid explored the need for an updated meta-analysis on this issue. Thus, this systematic review aimed to estimate the prevalence of global SARS-CoV-2 serology in different populations and geographical areas. METHODS To identify studies evaluating the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2, a comprehensive literature search was performed from international databases, including Medline (PubMed), Web of Sciences, Scopus, EMBASE, and CINHAL. RESULTS In this meta-analysis, the results showed that SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence is between 3 and 15% worldwide. In Eastern Mediterranean, the pooled estimate of seroprevalence SARS-CoV-2 was 15% (CI 95% 5-29%), and in Africa, the pooled estimate was 6% (CI 95% 1-13%). In America, the pooled estimate was 8% (CI 95% 6-11%), and in Europe, the pooled estimate was 5% (CI 95% 4-6%). Also the last region, Western Pacific, the pooled estimate was 3% (CI 95% 2-4%). Besides, we analyzed three of these areas separately. This analysis estimated the prevalence in subgroups such as study population, diagnostic methods, sampling methods, time, perspective, and type of the study. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis showed that the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 has been between 3 and 15% worldwide. Even considering the low estimate of this rate and the increasing vaccination in the world, many people are still susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobin Azami
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Yousef Moradi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Asra Moradkhani
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran.
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Prguda-Mujic J, Hasanic O, Besic L, Asic A, Halilovic S, Cesic AK, Ljevakovic N, Muminovic F, Huseinovic S, Ler D, Salihefendic L, Konjhodzic R, Primorac D, Marjanovic D. Antibody seroprevalence against SARS-CoV-2 within the Canton of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina—One year later. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265431. [PMID: 35358214 PMCID: PMC8970370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serostudies are important resources when following pandemics and predicting their further spread, as well as determining the length of protection against reinfection and vaccine development. The aim of this study was to update data on the prevalence of seropositive individuals in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) from September 2020 to May 2021. Methods Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were quantified using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results Compared to the period April–July 2020, when anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in 3.77% of samples, one year later (May 2021) the estimated percentage within the same population of the urban Canton Sarajevo was 29.9% (5,406/18,066). Of all anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig-positive individuals, 53.27% were men, and 69.00% were of 50 years of age or younger. Also, the current update found the individuals 50 years of age or younger to be more frequently anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig positive compared to older individuals. On the other hand, higher median anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig levels were found in individuals > 50 years old than in younger individuals, as well as in men compared to women. Seropositivity gradually increased from September 2020 to May 2021, with the lowest frequency of positive cases (3.5%) observed in September 2020, and the highest frequency (77.7%) in January 2021. Conclusion Our results provided important seroprevalence data that could help in planning restrictive local public health measures to protect the population of Sarajevo Canton, especially considering that at the time of the study the vaccines were virtually inaccessible to the general population not belonging to any of the high-priority groups for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Prguda-Mujic
- Eurofarm Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Eurofarm Centre, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- * E-mail:
| | - Osman Hasanic
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Larisa Besic
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adna Asic
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sabina Halilovic
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aida Kulo Cesic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Neira Ljevakovic
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Fildesa Muminovic
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sukrija Huseinovic
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Daria Ler
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lana Salihefendic
- Alea Genetic Centre, Health Institute Alea Dr. Kandić, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Rijad Konjhodzic
- Alea Genetic Centre, Health Institute Alea Dr. Kandić, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dragan Primorac
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb/Zabok, Croatia
- Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Medical School, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Medical School REGIOMED, Coburg, Germany
| | - Damir Marjanovic
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Institute for Anthropological Research, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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Airoldi C, Calcagno A, Di Perri G, Valinotto R, Gallo L, Locana E, Trunfio M, Patrucco F, Vineis P, Faggiano F. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Among Workers in Northern Italy. Ann Work Expo Health 2022; 66:224-232. [PMID: 34365502 PMCID: PMC8385866 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among active workers is poor known. The aim of our study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) among a convenience sample of workers and to identify high-risk job sectors during the first pandemic way. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study among workers tested for SARS-CoV-2 between 28 March and 7 August 2020, recorded by a private healthcare center located in North-West Italy. Association among seroprevalence and demographic and occupational variables was evaluated using chi square test and the seroprevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS We collected the results for 23568 serological tests from a sample of 22708 workers from about 1000 companies. Median age was 45 years and about 60% of subjects were male. The overall seroprevalence was 4.97% [95%CI 4.69-5.25]. No statistical difference was found among gender while seroprevalence was associated with subjects' age, geographical location, and occupational sector. Significantly higher values of positivity were observed for the logistics sector (31.3%), weaving factory (12.6%), nursing homes (9.8%), and chemical industry (6.9%) workers. However, we observed some clusters of cases in single companies independently from the sector.Then, a detailed focus on 940 food workers shown a seroprevalence of 5.21% [95%CI 3.79-6.63] and subjects who self-reported COVID-19 symptoms and who worked during lockdown had a higher probability of being infected (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Data obtained might be useful for future public health decision; more than occupation sector, it seems that failure on prevention system in single companies increase the SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Airoldi
- Department of Translation Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17 Novara, 20100, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino at Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL TO2, C.so Svizzera 164 Torino 10149, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino at Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL TO2, C.so Svizzera 164 Torino 10149, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Gallo
- DC, Centro Diagnostico Cernaia (Gruppo C.D.C), Torino, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Trunfio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino at Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL TO2, C.so Svizzera 164 Torino 10149, Italy
| | - Filippo Patrucco
- Department of Translation Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17 Novara, 20100, Italy
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, W2 1 PG, UK
| | - Fabrizio Faggiano
- Department of Translation Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17 Novara, 20100, Italy.,Osservatorio Epidemiologico, ASL Vercelli, Italy
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Vilibic-Cavlek T, Stevanovic V, Brlek-Gorski D, Ferencak I, Ferenc T, Ujevic-Bosnjak M, Tabain I, Janev-Holcer N, Perkovic I, Anticevic M, Bekavac B, Kaic B, Mrzljak A, Ganjto M, Zmak L, Mauric Maljkovic M, Jelicic P, Bucic L, Barbic L. Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of COVID-19: The Croatian 'One Health' Perspective. Viruses 2021; 13:2354. [PMID: 34960623 PMCID: PMC8707935 DOI: 10.3390/v13122354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the four pandemic waves, a total of 560,504 cases and 10,178 deaths due to COVID-19 were reported in Croatia. The Alpha variant, dominant from March 2021 (>50% of positive samples), was rapidly replaced by Delta variants (>90%) by August 2021. Several seroprevalence studies were conducted in different populations (general population, children/adolescents, professional athletes, healthcare workers, veterinarians) and in immunocompromised patients (hemodialysis patients, liver/kidney transplant recipients). After the first pandemic wave, seroprevalence rates of neutralizing (NT) antibodies were reported to be 0.2-5.5%. Significantly higher seropositivity was detected during/after the second wave, 2.6-18.7%. Two studies conducted in pet animals (February-June 2020/July-December 2020) reported SARS-CoV-2 NT antibodies in 0.76% of cats and 0.31-14.69% of dogs, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 NT antibodies were not detected in wildlife. Environmental samples taken in the households of COVID-19 patients showed high-touch personal objects as most frequently contaminated (17.3%), followed by surfaces in patients' rooms (14.6%), kitchens (13.3%) and bathrooms (8.3%). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was also detected in 96.8% affluent water samples, while all effluent water samples tested negative. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in humans, animals and the environment suggests that the 'One Health' approach is critical to controlling COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.F.); (I.T.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Vladimir Stevanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Diana Brlek-Gorski
- Environmental Health Department, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.-G.); (M.U.-B.); (N.J.-H.); (I.P.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (P.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Ivana Ferencak
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.F.); (I.T.)
| | - Thomas Ferenc
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Magdalena Ujevic-Bosnjak
- Environmental Health Department, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.-G.); (M.U.-B.); (N.J.-H.); (I.P.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (P.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Irena Tabain
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.F.); (I.T.)
| | - Natasa Janev-Holcer
- Environmental Health Department, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.-G.); (M.U.-B.); (N.J.-H.); (I.P.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (P.J.); (L.B.)
- Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivana Perkovic
- Environmental Health Department, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.-G.); (M.U.-B.); (N.J.-H.); (I.P.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (P.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Mario Anticevic
- Environmental Health Department, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.-G.); (M.U.-B.); (N.J.-H.); (I.P.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (P.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Barbara Bekavac
- Environmental Health Department, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.-G.); (M.U.-B.); (N.J.-H.); (I.P.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (P.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Bernard Kaic
- Department of Epidemiology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Anna Mrzljak
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Ganjto
- Zagreb Wastewater-Management and Operation Ltd., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ljiljana Zmak
- Department for Tuberculosis, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Maja Mauric Maljkovic
- Department for Animal Breeding and Livestock Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Pavle Jelicic
- Environmental Health Department, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.-G.); (M.U.-B.); (N.J.-H.); (I.P.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (P.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Lovro Bucic
- Environmental Health Department, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.-G.); (M.U.-B.); (N.J.-H.); (I.P.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (P.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Vaselli NM, Hungerford D, Shenton B, Khashkhusha A, Cunliffe NA, French N. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave in Europe 2020: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250541. [PMID: 34727115 PMCID: PMC8562786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A year following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, new infections and deaths continue to increase in Europe. Serological studies, through providing evidence of past infection, can aid understanding of the population dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection. OBJECTIVES This systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies in Europe was undertaken to inform public health strategies including vaccination, that aim to accelerate population immunity. METHODS We searched the databases Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and grey literature sources for studies reporting seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Europe published between 01/12/2019-30/09/20. We provide a narrative synthesis of included studies. Studies were categorized into subgroups including healthcare workers (HCWs), community, outbreaks, pregnancy and children/school. Due to heterogeneity in other subgroups, we only performed a random effects meta-analysis of the seroprevalence amongst HCWs stratified by their country. RESULTS 115 studies were included spanning 17 European countries, that estimated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 from samples obtained between November 2019 -August 2020. A total of 54/115 studies included HCWs with a reported seroprevalence among HCWs ranging from 0.7% to 45.3%, which did not differ significantly by country. In community studies significant heterogeneity was reported in the seroprevalence between different age groups and the majority of studies reported there was no significant difference by gender. CONCLUSION This review demonstrates a wide heterogeneity in reported seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies between populations. Continued evaluation of seroprevalence is required to understand the impact of public health measures and inform interventions including vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Marcella Vaselli
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Hungerford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR HPRU in Gastrointestinal Infections at the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Shenton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Arwa Khashkhusha
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel A. Cunliffe
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR HPRU in Gastrointestinal Infections at the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Neil French
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Flamand C, Alves Sarmento C, Enfissi A, Bailly S, Beillard E, Gaillet M, Michaud C, Servas V, Clement N, Perilhou A, Carage T, Musso D, Carod JF, Eustache S, Tourbillon C, Boizon E, James S, Djossou F, Salje H, Cauchemez S, Rousset D. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG at the first epidemic peak in French Guiana, July 2020. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009945. [PMID: 34767549 PMCID: PMC8639096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While Latin America has been heavily affected by the pandemic, only a few seroprevalence studies have been conducted there during the first epidemic wave in the first half of 2020. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cross-sectional survey was performed between 15 July 2020 and 23 July 2020 among individuals who visited 4 medical laboratories or 5 health centers for routine screening or clinical management, with the exception of symptomatic suggestive cases of covid-19. Samples were screened for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG directed against domain S1 of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using the anti-SARS-CoV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from Euroimmun. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The overall seroprevalence was 15.4% [9.3%-24.4%] among 480 participants, ranging from 4.0% to 25.5% across the different municipalities. The seroprevalence did not differ according to gender (p = 0.19) or age (p = 0.51). Among SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals, we found that 24.6% [11.5%-45.2%] reported symptoms consistent with COVID-19. Our findings revealed high levels of infection across the territory but a low number of resulting deaths, which can be explained by French Guiana's young population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Flamand
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Antoine Enfissi
- Laboratory of Virology, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Sarah Bailly
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Emmanuel Beillard
- Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Mélanie Gaillet
- Health Centers Department, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Céline Michaud
- Health Centers Department, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Véronique Servas
- Health Centers Department, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Nathalie Clement
- Clinical Core of the Center for Translational Sciences, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Perilhou
- Clinical Core of the Center for Translational Sciences, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Carage
- Carage Medical Biology Laboratory, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Didier Musso
- Laboratoires Eurofins Labazur Guyane, Remire, French Guiana
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-françois Carod
- Medical Biology laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Ouest Guyanais, Saint-Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Stéphanie Eustache
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Céline Tourbillon
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Elodie Boizon
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Samantha James
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Félix Djossou
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Henrik Salje
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rousset
- Laboratory of Virology, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
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11
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Mrzljak A, Jureković Ž, Pavičić-Šarić J, Stevanović V, Tabain I, Hruškar Ž, Mikulić D, Barbić L, Vilibić-Čavlek T. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Croatian solid-organ transplant recipients. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2021; 31:030901. [PMID: 34658649 PMCID: PMC8495621 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2021.030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The data on the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) in Croatia is unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Croatian SOTRs. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 7 September to 27 November 2020 (beginning of the second COVID-19 pandemic wave), a cross-sectional screening for COVID-19 was performed in the adult outpatient liver (LTRs; N = 280) and kidney transplant recipients (KTRs; N = 232). Serum samples were initially tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Vircell Microbiologists, Granada, Spain). All positive samples were confirmed using a virus neutralization test (VNT). Data on risk exposure and COVID-19 related symptoms were collected using a questionnaire. RESULTS The transplanted cohort's seroprevalence detected by ELISA and VNT was 20.1% and 3.1%, respectively. Neutralizing (NT) antibodies developed in 15.6% of anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA IgG positive SOTRs. The difference in seropositivity rates between LTRs and KTRs was not statistically significant (ELISA 21.1% vs. 19.0%, P = 0.554; VNT 3.6% vs. 2.6%, P = 0.082). Overall VNT positivity rates were higher in patients who reported participation in large community events (5.9% vs. 1.0%; P = 0.027) as well as in patients who reported COVID-19 related symptoms in the past six months. In addition, symptomatic VNT positive patients showed significantly higher (P = 0.031) NT antibody titers (median 128, interquartile range (IQR) = 32-128) compared to asymptomatic patients (median 16, IQR = 16-48). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that 15.6% of anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA positive Croatian SOTRs developed NT antibodies indicating protective immunity. Further studies are needed to determine the dynamic of NT antibodies and COVID-19 immunity duration in immunocompromised populations such as LTRs and KTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Corresponding author:
| | | | | | - Vladimir Stevanović
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Tabain
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Hruškar
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danko Mikulić
- Transplant Centre, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljubo Barbić
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Vilibić-Čavlek
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Kagucia EW, Gitonga JN, Kalu C, Ochomo E, Ochieng B, Kuya N, Karani A, Nyagwange J, Karia B, Mugo D, Karanja HK, Tuju J, Mutiso A, Maroko H, Okubi L, Maitha E, Ajuck H, Mukabi D, Moracha W, Bulimu D, Andanje N, Aman R, Mwangangi M, Amoth P, Kasera K, Ng’ang’a W, Nyaguara A, Voller S, Otiende M, Bottomley C, Agoti CN, Ochola-Oyier LI, Adetifa IMO, Etyang AO, Gallagher KE, Uyoga S, Barasa E, Bejon P, Tsofa B, Agweyu A, Warimwe GM, Scott JAG. Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Immunoglobulin G Antibody Seroprevalence Among Truck Drivers and Assistants in Kenya. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab314. [PMID: 34660838 PMCID: PMC8519263 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2020, anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G seroprevalence among truck drivers and their assistants (TDA) in Kenya was 42.3%, higher than among healthcare workers and blood donors. Truck drivers and their assistants transport essential supplies during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, placing them at increased risk of being infected and of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 over a wide geographical area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric Ochomo
- KEMRI Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR),
Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Benard Ochieng
- KEMRI Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR),
Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Nickline Kuya
- KEMRI Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR),
Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Angela Karani
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Daisy Mugo
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - James Tuju
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Agnes Mutiso
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Hosea Maroko
- KEMRI Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control
Research, Busia, Kenya
| | - Lucy Okubi
- KEMRI Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control
Research, Busia, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rashid Aman
- Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya,
Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Patrick Amoth
- Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya,
Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Wangari Ng’ang’a
- Presidential Policy and Strategy Unit, The Presidency, Government of
Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amek Nyaguara
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Shirine Voller
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Mark Otiende
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London, United
Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ifedayo M O Adetifa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London, United
Kingdom
| | | | - Katherine E Gallagher
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Sophie Uyoga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Edwine Barasa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University,
Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | | | | | - George M Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University,
Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - J Anthony G Scott
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,
Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London, United
Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University,
Oxford, United
Kingdom
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13
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Vilibic-Cavlek T, Stevanovic V, Ilic M, Barbic L, Capak K, Tabain I, Krleza JL, Ferenc T, Hruskar Z, Topic RZ, Kaliterna V, Antolovic-Pozgain A, Kucinar J, Koscak I, Mayer D, Sviben M, Antolasic L, Milasincic L, Bucic L, Ferencak I, Kaic B. SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and Neutralizing Antibody Response after the First and Second COVID-19 Pandemic Wave in Croatia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060774. [PMID: 34203060 PMCID: PMC8235035 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus with a pandemic spread. So far, a total of 349,910 SARS-CoV-2 cases and 7687 deaths were reported in Croatia. We analyzed the seroprevalence and neutralizing (NT) antibody response in the Croatian general population after the first (May–July 2020) and second (December 2020–February 2021) pandemic wave. Initial serological testing was performed using a commercial ELISA, with confirmation of reactive samples by a virus neutralization test (VNT). A significant difference in the overall seroprevalence rate was found after the first (ELISA 2.2%, VNT 0.2%) and second waves (ELISA 25.1%, VNT 18.7%). Seropositive individuals were detected in all age groups, with significant differences according to age. The lowest prevalence of NT antibodies was documented in the youngest (<10 years; 16.1%) and the oldest (60–69/70+ years; 16.0% and 12.8%, respectively) age groups. However, these age groups showed the highest median NT titers (32–64). In other groups, seropositivity varied from 19.3% to 21.5%. A significant weak positive correlation between binding antibody level as detected by ELISA and VNT titer (rho = 0.439, p < 0.001) was observed. SARS-CoV-2 NT antibody titers seem to be age-related, with the highest NT activity in children under 10 years and individuals above 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.T.); (Z.H.); (L.A.); (L.M.); (I.F.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4863-238
| | - Vladimir Stevanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Maja Ilic
- Department of Epidemiology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.I.); (L.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Krunoslav Capak
- Environmental Health Department, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Irena Tabain
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.T.); (Z.H.); (L.A.); (L.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Jasna Lenicek Krleza
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Children’s Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.L.K.); (R.Z.T.)
| | - Thomas Ferenc
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Zeljka Hruskar
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.T.); (Z.H.); (L.A.); (L.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Renata Zrinski Topic
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Children’s Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.L.K.); (R.Z.T.)
| | - Vanja Kaliterna
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Arlen Antolovic-Pozgain
- Department of Microbiology, Osijek-Baranja County Institute of Public Health, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Jasmina Kucinar
- Department of Serology, Istria County Institute of Public Health, 52100 Pula, Croatia;
| | - Iva Koscak
- Department of Microbiology, Varazdin County Institute of Public Health, 42000 Varazdin, Croatia;
| | - Dijana Mayer
- Department for Monitoring and Improving of School and Youth Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Mario Sviben
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Parasitology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Antolasic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.T.); (Z.H.); (L.A.); (L.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Ljiljana Milasincic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.T.); (Z.H.); (L.A.); (L.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Lovro Bucic
- Department of Epidemiology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.I.); (L.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Ivana Ferencak
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.T.); (Z.H.); (L.A.); (L.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Bernard Kaic
- Department of Epidemiology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.I.); (L.B.); (B.K.)
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Grant R, Dub T, Andrianou X, Nohynek H, Wilder-Smith A, Pezzotti P, Fontanet A. SARS-CoV-2 population-based seroprevalence studies in Europe: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045425. [PMID: 33795310 PMCID: PMC8021754 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to review SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies conducted in Europe to understand how they may be used to inform ongoing control strategies for COVID-19. DESIGN Scoping review of peer-reviewed publications and manuscripts on preprint servers from January 2020 to 15 September 2020. PRIMARY MEASURE Seroprevalence estimate (and lower and upper CIs). For studies conducted across a country or territory, we used the seroprevalence estimate and the upper and lower CIs and compared them to the total number of reported infections to calculate the ratio of reported to expected infections. RESULTS We identified 23 population-based seroprevalence studies conducted in Europe. Among 12 general population studies, seroprevalence ranged from 0.42% among residual clinical samples in Greece to 13.6% in an area of high transmission in Gangelt, Germany. Of the eight studies in blood donors, seroprevalence ranged from 0.91% in North-Western Germany to 23.3% in a high-transmission area in Lombardy region, Italy. In three studies which recruited individuals through employment, seroprevalence ranged from 0.5% among factory workers in Frankfurt, Germany, to 10.2% among university employees in Milan, Italy. In comparison to nationally reported cases, the extent of infection, as derived from these seroprevalence estimates, is manyfold higher and largely heterogeneous. CONCLUSION Exposure to the virus in Europe has not reached a level of infection that would prevent further circulation of the virus. Effective vaccine candidates are urgently required to deliver the level of immunity in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Grant
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Dub
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xanthi Andrianou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome, Italy
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Hanna Nohynek
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrizio Pezzotti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome, Italy
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- PACRI Unit, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
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15
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Montenegro P, Brotons C, Serrano J, Fernández D, Garcia-Ramos C, Ichazo B, Lemaire J, Moral I, Wienese RP, Pitarch M, Puig M, Vilella MT, Sellarès J. Community seroprevalence of COVID-19 in probable and possible cases at primary health care centres in Spain. Fam Pract 2021; 38:154-159. [PMID: 32914857 PMCID: PMC7797756 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmaa096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a scarcity of information about patients with mild or moderate symptoms during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This is especially true for those who attended and were followed up at primary care settings. OBJECTIVES We aim to measure the seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a community sample of possible cases and among probable cases followed in primary care. METHODS We selected a random sample of 600 individuals stratified by age groups from a total population of 19 899 individuals from a community area in Barcelona. We also invited all the patients that had been followed by General Practitioners (GPs). For both populations, we used COVID-19 rapid lateral flow immunoassays, which qualitatively assess the presence of patient-generated Immunoglobulins G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM). RESULTS Three hundred and eleven asymptomatic individuals from the randomly selected sample participated in the study. The mean age was 43.7 years [standard deviation (SD) = 21.79] and 55% were women. Seventeen individuals were seropositive for IgM and/or IgG, resulting in an overall prevalence of 5.47% (95% confidence interval = 3.44-8.58). Six hundred and thirty-four symptomatic patients were followed up by GPs. The mean age was 46.97 years (SD = 20.05) and 57.73% were women. Of these, 244 patients (38.49%) were seropositive. Results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio for a positive test was significantly increased in patients who had fever, ageusia and contact with a patient diagnosed with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among possible cases was lower than expected. Approximately, 40% of the symptomatic patients followed up by GPs during the peak months of the pandemic were positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Montenegro
- Research Unit, Sardenya Primary Health Care Center (EAP Sardenya), Barcelona
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona
| | - Carlos Brotons
- Research Unit, Sardenya Primary Health Care Center (EAP Sardenya), Barcelona
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona
| | | | - Diana Fernández
- Research Unit, Sardenya Primary Health Care Center (EAP Sardenya), Barcelona
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona
| | | | - Begoña Ichazo
- Research Unit, Sardenya Primary Health Care Center (EAP Sardenya), Barcelona
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona
| | | | - Irene Moral
- Research Unit, Sardenya Primary Health Care Center (EAP Sardenya), Barcelona
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona
| | | | - Marc Pitarch
- Research Unit, Sardenya Primary Health Care Center (EAP Sardenya), Barcelona
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona
| | - Mireia Puig
- Research Unit, Sardenya Primary Health Care Center (EAP Sardenya), Barcelona
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona
| | - M Teresa Vilella
- Research Unit, Sardenya Primary Health Care Center (EAP Sardenya), Barcelona
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona
| | - Jaume Sellarès
- Research Unit, Sardenya Primary Health Care Center (EAP Sardenya), Barcelona
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona
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16
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Šmigelskas K, Petrikonis K, Kasiulevičius V, Kalėdienė R, Jakaitienė A, Kaselienė S, Sauliūnė S, Beržanskytė A, Stankūnas M. SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Lithuania: Results of National Population Survey. Acta Med Litu 2021; 28:48-58. [PMID: 34393628 PMCID: PMC8311832 DOI: 10.15388/amed.2020.28.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY BACKGROUND Betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has spread in early 2020 worldwide just in several months. The official statistics are consistently collected, but this is mainly based on symptomatic reports. This study was aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Lithuanian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study was conducted during August-September 2020 in 6 municipalities of Lithuania. The sample comprised 3087 adult participants from the general population (mean age 53.7 years, 64% female). SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were assessed using AMP IgM/IgG Rapid Test, other data were based on self-report. Seroprevalence was assessed as a crude estimate and as adjusted by sensitivity-specificity of the test. RESULTS The crude seroprevalence in the total sample was 1.9%, the adjusted - 1.4%, ranging from 0.8% to 2.4% across municipalities. Among seroprevalent cases, 67.2% had IgG, 29.3% had IgM, and 3.5% had both IgG and IgM. An increased risk for seropositive test was observed among people who reported having had close contacts with SARS-CoV-2 positives (OR=5.49, p<0.001). At the borderline significance were female gender (OR=1.75, p=0.082) and non-smoking status (OR=2.95, p=0.072). Among the seropositive participants, 69.0% reported having had no COVID-19 symptoms since 1 March 2020, while 31.0% reported having had at least one of the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Lithuanian sample in August-September 2020 was 1.4%, ranging from 0.8% to 2.4% across municipalities. Given the overall official data, by the end of study (11 September 2020) the total COVID-19 rate in Lithuania was 117.5 per 100,000 population or 0.12%. This suggests more than 10 times higher prevalence of virus across the population than the official estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kastytis Šmigelskas
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kęstutis Petrikonis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Ramunė Kalėdienė
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audronė Jakaitienė
- Institute of Data Science and Digital Technologies, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Snieguolė Kaselienė
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Skirmantė Sauliūnė
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Beržanskytė
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Stankūnas
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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17
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Vilibic-Cavlek T, Barbic L, Mrzljak A, Brnic D, Klobucar A, Ilic M, Janev-Holcer N, Bogdanic M, Jemersic L, Stevanovic V, Tabain I, Krcmar S, Vucelja M, Prpic J, Boljfetic M, Jelicic P, Madic J, Ferencak I, Savic V. Emerging and Neglected Viruses of Zoonotic Importance in Croatia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010073. [PMID: 33467617 PMCID: PMC7829938 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several arboviruses have emerged in Croatia in recent years. Tick-borne encephalitis is endemic in continental counties; however, new natural micro-foci have been detected. Two autochthonous dengue cases were reported in 2010. West Nile virus emerged in 2012, followed by emergence of Usutu virus in 2013. Although high seroprevalence rates of Toscana virus have been detected among residents of Croatian littoral, the virus remains neglected, with only a few clinical cases of neuroinvasive infections reported. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is a neglected neuroinvasive rodent-borne virus. So far, there are no reports on human clinical cases; however, the seroprevalence studies indicate the virus presence in the Croatian mainland. Puumala and Dobrava hantaviruses are widely distributing rodent-borne viruses with sporadic and epidemic occurrence. Hepatitis E virus is an emerging food-borne virus in Croatia. After the emergence in 2012, cases were regularly recorded. Seropositivity varies greatly by region and population group. Rotaviruses represent a significant healthcare burden since rotavirus vaccination is not included in the Croatian national immunization program. Additionally, rotaviruses are widely distributed in the Croatian ecosystem. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in February 2020 and spread rapidly throughout the country. This review focuses on emerging and neglected viruses of zoonotic importance detected in Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (I.F.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.B.); (V.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Anna Mrzljak
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dragan Brnic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (L.J.); (J.P.)
| | - Ana Klobucar
- Department of Epidemiology, Andrija Stampar Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Maja Ilic
- Department of Epidemiology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Natasa Janev-Holcer
- Environmental Health Department, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.J.-H.); (P.J.)
| | - Maja Bogdanic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Lorena Jemersic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (L.J.); (J.P.)
| | - Vladimir Stevanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.B.); (V.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Irena Tabain
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Stjepan Krcmar
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Marko Vucelja
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Jelena Prpic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (L.J.); (J.P.)
| | - Marko Boljfetic
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Pavle Jelicic
- Environmental Health Department, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.J.-H.); (P.J.)
| | - Josip Madic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.B.); (V.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Ivana Ferencak
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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18
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Rafael RDMR, Correia LM, Mello ASD, Prata JA, Gallasch CH, Pérez Junior EF, Silva FVCE, Penna LHG, Morera JC, Breda KL, David HMSL. Segurança e educação durante a COVID-19: prevalência, fatores associados e planos de reabertura da Faculdade de Enfermagem. ESCOLA ANNA NERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2020-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivo analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados à triagem da COVID-19 e propor as estratégias necessárias para a reabertura das Escolas de Enfermagem universitárias para as aulas presenciais. Métodos um estudo transversal foi projetado a partir da linha de base de uma pesquisa longitudinal baseada na Internet de uma Escola Brasileira de Enfermagem. Com o resultado ordinal (classificação operacional COVID-19), a análise de dados foi conduzida usando um modelo de regressão multinomial. Resultados um total de 498 participantes foi incluído na análise e revelou 67,27% de casos suspeitos e 11,65% de casos confirmados de COVID-19. O uso de máscaras, o transporte público e fazer parte da linha de frente dos trabalhadores da saúde foram estatisticamente associados a um histórico positivo para a COVID-19. Conclusão os planos de reabertura de Escolas de Enfermagem devem integrar o uso de equipamentos de proteção pessoal, o transporte público e a triagem da COVID-19 na educação.
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19
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Ioannidis JPA. Infection fatality rate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data. Bull World Health Organ 2021; 99:19-33F. [PMID: 33716331 PMCID: PMC7947934 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.265892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the infection fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from seroprevalence data. METHODS I searched PubMed and preprint servers for COVID-19 seroprevalence studies with a sample size ≥ 500 as of 9 September 2020. I also retrieved additional results of national studies from preliminary press releases and reports. I assessed the studies for design features and seroprevalence estimates. I estimated the infection fatality rate for each study by dividing the cumulative number of COVID-19 deaths by the number of people estimated to be infected in each region. I corrected for the number of immunoglobin (Ig) types tested (IgG, IgM, IgA). FINDINGS I included 61 studies (74 estimates) and eight preliminary national estimates. Seroprevalence estimates ranged from 0.02% to 53.40%. Infection fatality rates ranged from 0.00% to 1.63%, corrected values from 0.00% to 1.54%. Across 51 locations, the median COVID-19 infection fatality rate was 0.27% (corrected 0.23%): the rate was 0.09% in locations with COVID-19 population mortality rates less than the global average (< 118 deaths/million), 0.20% in locations with 118-500 COVID-19 deaths/million people and 0.57% in locations with > 500 COVID-19 deaths/million people. In people younger than 70 years, infection fatality rates ranged from 0.00% to 0.31% with crude and corrected medians of 0.05%. CONCLUSION The infection fatality rate of COVID-19 can vary substantially across different locations and this may reflect differences in population age structure and case-mix of infected and deceased patients and other factors. The inferred infection fatality rates tended to be much lower than estimates made earlier in the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P A Ioannidis
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, 1265 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305, United States of America
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20
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Meyerowitz-Katz G, Merone L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of published research data on COVID-19 infection fatality rates. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 101:138-148. [PMID: 33007452 PMCID: PMC7524446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An important unknown during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been the infection fatality rate (IFR). This differs from the case fatality rate (CFR) as an estimate of the number of deaths and as a proportion of the total number of cases, including those who are mild and asymptomatic. While the CFR is extremely valuable for experts, IFR is increasingly being called for by policy makers and the lay public as an estimate of the overall mortality from COVID-19. METHODS Pubmed, Medline, SSRN, and Medrxiv were searched using a set of terms and Boolean operators on 25/04/2020 and re-searched on 14/05/2020, 21/05/2020 and 16/06/2020. Articles were screened for inclusion by both authors. Meta-analysis was performed in Stata 15.1 by using the metan command, based on IFR and confidence intervals extracted from each study. Google/Google Scholar was used to assess the grey literature relating to government reports. RESULTS After exclusions, there were 24 estimates of IFR included in the final meta-analysis, from a wide range of countries, published between February and June 2020. The meta-analysis demonstrated a point estimate of IFR of 0.68% (0.53%-0.82%) with high heterogeneity (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of published evidence on COVID-19 until July 2020, the IFR of the disease across populations is 0.68% (0.53%-0.82%). However, due to very high heterogeneity in the meta-analysis, it is difficult to know if this represents a completely unbiased point estimate. It is likely that, due to age and perhaps underlying comorbidities in the population, different places will experience different IFRs due to the disease. Given issues with mortality recording, it is also likely that this represents an underestimate of the true IFR figure. More research looking at age-stratified IFR is urgently needed to inform policymaking on this front.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Merone
- James Cook University, Australia; Tropical Public Health Service, Cairns, Australia
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21
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Peirlinck M, Linka K, Costabal FS, Bhattacharya J, Bendavid E, Ioannidis JPA, Kuhl E. Visualizing the invisible: The effect of asymptomatic transmission on the outbreak dynamics of COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.05.23.20111419. [PMID: 32869035 PMCID: PMC7457606 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.23.20111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the outbreak dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic has important implications for successful containment and mitigation strategies. Recent studies suggest that the population prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, a proxy for the number of asymptomatic cases, could be an order of magnitude larger than expected from the number of reported symptomatic cases. Knowing the precise prevalence and contagiousness of asymptomatic transmission is critical to estimate the overall dimension and pandemic potential of COVID-19. However, at this stage, the effect of the asymptomatic population, its size, and its outbreak dynamics remain largely unknown. Here we use reported symptomatic case data in conjunction with antibody seroprevalence studies, a mathematical epidemiology model, and a Bayesian framework to infer the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19. Our model computes, in real time, the time-varying contact rate of the outbreak, and projects the temporal evolution and credible intervals of the effective reproduction number and the symptomatic, asymptomatic, and recovered populations. Our study quantifies the sensitivity of the outbreak dynamics of COVID-19 to three parameters: the effective reproduction number, the ratio between the symptomatic and asymptomatic populations, and the infectious periods of both groups For nine distinct locations, our model estimates the fraction of the population that has been infected and recovered by Jun 15, 2020 to 24.15% (95% CI: 20.48%-28.14%) for Heinsberg (NRW, Germany), 2.40% (95% CI: 2.09%-2.76%) for Ada County (ID, USA), 46.19% (95% CI: 45.81%-46.60%) for New York City (NY, USA), 11.26% (95% CI: 7.21%-16.03%) for Santa Clara County (CA, USA), 3.09% (95% CI: 2.27%-4.03%) for Denmark, 12.35% (95% CI: 10.03%-15.18%) for Geneva Canton (Switzerland), 5.24% (95% CI: 4.84%-5.70%) for the Netherlands, 1.53% (95% CI: 0.76%-2.62%) for Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), and 5.32% (95% CI: 4.77%-5.93%) for Belgium. Our method traces the initial outbreak date in Santa Clara County back to January 20, 2020 (95% CI: December 29, 2019 - February 13, 2020). Our results could significantly change our understanding and management of the COVID-19 pandemic: A large asymptomatic population will make isolation, containment, and tracing of individual cases challenging. Instead, managing community transmission through increasing population awareness, promoting physical distancing, and encouraging behavioral changes could become more relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Peirlinck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Kevin Linka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Francisco Sahli Costabal
- Department of Mechanical and Metallurgical Engineering and Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Biology and Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jay Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Eran Bendavid
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Ellen Kuhl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California, United States
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