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Min EJ, Park E, Park JB. Milk Consumption and Its Association with Dental Caries: Gender-Specific Insights from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015). MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:967. [PMID: 38929584 PMCID: PMC11205343 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aims to bridge these gaps by utilizing data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015), examining the nuanced associations between milk consumption's quantity, frequency, and type and the prevalence of dental caries. Materials and Methods: Utilizing data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015), this study explores the association between milk consumption and the prevalence of dental caries in a sample of 4843 subjects (weighted n = 15,581), including 2856 males and 1987 females; weighted sample sizes were 6656 and 8925 for men and women, respectively. The prevalence of dental caries was assessed by evaluating the number of decayed, filled, and missing teeth. Results: The analysis demonstrated a significant positive association between increased milk consumption and the risk of developing dental caries, with an overall odds ratio of 1.653 (95% CI: 1.153-2.370, p < 0.05). The association was more pronounced in females, exhibiting an odds ratio of 1.865 (95% CI: 1.157-3.006, p < 0.05), and age was identified as a significant variable, particularly among participants aged 50 and above. In contrast, the relationship among the male group, though positive (odds ratio: 1.613, 95% CI: 0.991-2.625), was not statistically significant (p = 0.054). Conclusion: These findings suggest that milk consumption may be a potential risk indicator for dental caries, particularly among women, emphasizing the need for targeted dietary recommendations in dental health practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Min
- Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
| | - EunKyung Park
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jun-Beom Park
- Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Dental Implantology, Graduate School of Clinical Dental Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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2
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Yuan C, Jing P, Jian Z, Wei X. Association between urinary sodium and circulating lipid levels: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1189473. [PMID: 38093964 PMCID: PMC10716694 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1189473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary sodium was indicated to be associated with dyslipidemia, but inconsistent conclusions for this association exist across the present observational studies. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the causal association between urinary sodium and circulating lipid levels [low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)] through Mendelian randomization. Methods Univariable Mendelian randomization (UVMR) and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) with pleiotropy-resistant methods were performed. Data for urinary sodium were obtained from the genome-wide association study (GWAS) from 446,237 European individuals. Data for lipid profiles were extracted from GWAS based on the UK Biobank (for the discovery analysis) and the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium (for the replication analysis). Results In the discovery analysis, UVMR provided evidence that per 1-unit log-transformed genetically increased urinary sodium was associated with a lower level of HDL-C level (beta = -0.32; 95% CI: -0.43, -0.20; p = 7.25E-08), but not with LDL-C and triglycerides. This effect was still significant in the further MVMR when considering the effect of BMI or the other two lipid contents. In contrast, higher genetically predicted triglycerides could increase urinary sodium in both UVMR (beta = 0.030; 95% CI: 0.020, -0.039; p = 2.12E-10) and MVMR analyses (beta = 0.029; 95% CI: 0.019, 0.037; p = 8.13E-10). Similar results between triglycerides and urinary sodium were found in the replication analysis. Conclusion Increased urinary sodium may have weak causal effects on decreased circulating HDL-C levels. Furthermore, genetically higher triglyceride levels may have independent causal effects on increased urinary sodium excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peijia Jing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongyu Jian
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Kang M, Choi SY, Jung M. Dietary intake and nutritional status of Korean children and adolescents: a review of national survey data. Clin Exp Pediatr 2021; 64:443-458. [PMID: 33445834 PMCID: PMC8426097 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2020.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In Korea, several national cross-sectional surveys monitor the diet, nutritional status, and health status of children. This continual dedicated national surveillance system contributes to the identification of nutritional and health issues, establishment of public health policies, and development of nutrition recommendations. This paper provides recent information about the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey and describes key nationwide survey findings published in the last 5 years on infant feeding practices and the dietary intake and nutritional status of Korean infants, children, and adolescents. There have been increasing trends in children, and teenagers who skip breakfast, eat fast food, consume sugary drinks, have vitamin D deficiency, and are obese. This review will inform pediatricians, nutritionists, and other health care practitioners who track children's growth and development. It may also help researchers and policymakers identify diet-related policies and strategies for chronic disease prevention in Korean infants, children, and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kang
- BK21 FOUR Education and Research Team for Sustainable Food & Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yoon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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4
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Naser AM, Rahman M, Unicomb L, Doza S, Selim S, Chaity M, Luby SP, Anand S, Staimez L, Clasen TF, Gujral UP, Gribble MO, Narayan KMV. Past Sodium Intake, Contemporary Sodium Intake, and Cardiometabolic Health in Southwest Coastal Bangladesh. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014978. [PMID: 32875927 PMCID: PMC7727005 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background We compared the relationship of past and contemporary sodium (Na) intake with cardiometabolic biomarkers. Methods and Results A total of 1191 participants' data from a randomized controlled trial in coastal Bangladesh were analyzed. Participants provided 24-hour urine Na (24UNa) data for 5 monthly visits. Their fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, blood pressure, and 24-hour urine protein were measured at the fifth visit. Participants' mean 24UNa over the first 4 visits was the past Na, and 24UNa of the fifth visit was the contemporary Na intake. We estimated the prevalence ratios of elevated cardiometabolic biomarkers and metabolic syndrome across 24UNa tertiles by multilevel logistic regression using participant-, household-, and community-level random intercepts. Models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, sleep hours, religion, and household wealth. Compared with participants in tertile 1 of past urine Na, those in tertile 3 had 1.46 (95% CI, 1.08-1.99) times higher prevalence of prediabetes or diabetes mellitus, 5.49 (95% CI, 2.73-11.01) times higher prevalence of large waist circumference, and 1.60 (95% CI, 1.04-2.46) times higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Compared with participants in tertile 1 of contemporary urine Na, those in tertile 3 had 1.93 (95% CI, 1.24-3.00) times higher prevalence of prediabetes or diabetes mellitus, 3.14 (95% CI, 1.45-6.83) times higher prevalence of proteinuria, and 2.23 (95% CI, 1.34-3.71) times higher prevalence of large waist circumference. Conclusions Both past and contemporary Na intakes were associated with higher cardiometabolic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Mohd Naser
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center Hubert Department of Global Health Rollins School of Public HealthEmory University Atlanta GA
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchBangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchBangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Solaiman Doza
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchBangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Shahjada Selim
- Department of Endocrinology Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Dhaka Bangladesh
| | | | - Stephen P Luby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic MedicineStanford University Stanford CA
| | - Shuchi Anand
- Division of Nephrology School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA
| | - Lisa Staimez
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center Hubert Department of Global Health Rollins School of Public HealthEmory University Atlanta GA
| | - Thomas F Clasen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health Sciences Rollins School of Public HealthEmory University Atlanta GA
| | - Unjali P Gujral
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center Hubert Department of Global Health Rollins School of Public HealthEmory University Atlanta GA
| | - Matthew O Gribble
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health Sciences Rollins School of Public HealthEmory University Atlanta GA.,Department of Epidemiology Rollins School of Public HealthEmory University Atlanta GA
| | - K M Venkat Narayan
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center Hubert Department of Global Health Rollins School of Public HealthEmory University Atlanta GA
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Overwyk KJ, Quader ZS, Maalouf J, Bates M, Webster J, George MG, Merritt RK, Cogswell ME. Dietary Sodium Intake and Health Indicators: A Systematic Review of Published Literature between January 2015 and December 2019. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1174-1200. [PMID: 32449929 PMCID: PMC7490163 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As the science surrounding population sodium reduction evolves, monitoring and evaluating new studies on intake and health can help increase our understanding of the associated benefits and risks. Here we describe a systematic review of recent studies on sodium intake and health, examine the risk of bias (ROB) of selected studies, and provide direction for future research. Seven online databases were searched monthly from January 2015 to December 2019. We selected human studies that met specified population, intervention, comparison, outcome, time, setting/study design (PICOTS) criteria and abstracted attributes related to the study population, design, intervention, exposure, and outcomes, and evaluated ROB for the subset of studies on sodium intake and cardiovascular disease risks or indicators. Of 41,601 abstracts reviewed, 231 studies were identified that met the PICOTS criteria and ROB was assessed for 54 studies. One hundred and fifty-seven (68%) studies were observational and 161 (70%) focused on the general population. Five types of sodium interventions and a variety of urinary and dietary measurement methods were used to establish and quantify sodium intake. Five observational studies used multiple 24-h urine collections to assess sodium intake. Evidence mainly focused on cardiovascular-related indicators (48%) but encompassed an assortment of outcomes. Studies varied in ROB domains and 87% of studies evaluated were missing information on ≥1 domains. Two or more studies on each of 12 outcomes (e.g., cognition) not previously included in systematic reviews and 9 new studies at low ROB suggest the need for ongoing or updated systematic reviews of evidence on sodium intake and health. Summarizing evidence from assessments on sodium and health outcomes was limited by the various methods used to measure sodium intake and outcomes, as well as lack of details related to study design and conduct. In line with research recommendations identified by the National Academies of Science, future research is needed to identify and standardize methods for measuring sodium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Overwyk
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
- IHRC, Inc. Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zerleen S Quader
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
- IHRC, Inc. Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joyce Maalouf
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marlana Bates
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jacqui Webster
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mary G George
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert K Merritt
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary E Cogswell
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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Kim MJ, Lee KJ. Analysis of the dietary factors associated with suspected pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and potential liver fibrosis: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014-2017. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:121. [PMID: 32171275 PMCID: PMC7071743 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased as the obese pediatric population has increased. NAFLD causes progressive liver injury and the only effective treatment is lifestyle modifications. However, few studies have examined the dietary risk factors for pediatric NAFLD or liver fibrosis. Here, we evaluated the dietary factors associated with suspected NAFLD and potential liver fibrosis in Korean children. Methods Data collected from 1674 children and adolescents aged 10–18 years during the 2014–2017 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys analyzed. The 24-h recall method measured the food consumed 1 day before the survey. The “suspected NAFLD” group included excessive body mass index (BMI) subjects ≥ 85th percentile) with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels exceeding the upper normal limit (24.1 U/L for boys and 17.7 U/L for girls); the “healthy control” group included subjects with a BMI and ALT level below these thresholds. Sodium intake was assessed by the urinary sodium-to-urinary specific gravity unit ratio (U-Na-to-SGU ratio). A pediatric NAFLD index (PNFI) higher than 3 indicated potential liver fibrosis. Results The overall prevalence of suspected NAFLD and potential liver fibrosis was 8.2 and 4.5%, respectively. The suspected NAFLD group had a larger proportion of males and subject with a greater height, BMI standard deviation score (BMI-SDS), systolic and diastolic blood pressure SDS, waist circumference, hemoglobin A1c, and levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and ALT than the control group. The suspected NAFLD group presented significantly higher U-Na-to-SGU ratios and cholesterol intake. The PNFI > 3 subgroup included a significantly larger proportion of males and subjects with higher BMI-SDS, AST and ALT values, and intake of water, carbohydrate, protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamin B2. After adjusting for confounders, male, BMI-SDS, AST, and protein and carbohydrate intake were independent risk factors for potential liver fibrosis. Niacin intake was an independent protective factor for potential liver fibrosis. Conclusions Children with suspected NAFLD had higher urinary sodium level and cholesterol intake than healthy controls. Protein and carbohydrate intake were independent risk factors for potential liver fibrosis; niacin was an independent protective factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jae Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Leyvraz M, Chatelan A, da Costa BR, Taffé P, Paradis G, Bovet P, Bochud M, Chiolero A. Sodium intake and blood pressure in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental and observational studies. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 47:1796-1810. [PMID: 29955869 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High sodium intake is a cause of elevated blood pressure in adults. In children and adolescents, less evidence is available and findings are equivocal. We systematically reviewed the evidence from experimental and observational studies on the association between sodium intake and blood pressure in children and adolescents. Methods A systematic search of the Medline, Embase, CINAHL and CENTRAL databases up to March 2017 was conducted and supplemented by a manual search of bibliographies and unpublished studies. Experimental and observational studies involving children or adolescents between 0 and 18 years of age were included. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed by pooling data across all studies, separately for experimental and observational studies, and restricting to studies with sodium intake and blood pressure measurement methods of high quality. Subgroup meta-analyses, sensitivity analyses and meta-regressions were conducted to investigate sources of heterogeneity and confounding. The dose-response relationship was also investigated. Results Of the 6572 publications identified, 85 studies (14 experimental; 71 observational, including 60 cross-sectional, 6 cohort and 5 case-control studies) with 58 531 participants were included. In experimental studies, sodium reduction interventions decreased systolic blood pressure by 0.6 mm Hg [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.5, 0.8] and diastolic blood pressure by 1.2 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.4, 1.9). The meta-analysis of 18 experimental and observational studies (including 3406 participants) with sodium intake and blood pressure measurement methods of high quality showed that, for every additional gram of sodium intake per day, systolic blood pressure increased by 0.8 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.4, 1.3) and diastolic blood pressure by 0.7 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.0, 1.4). The association was stronger among children with overweight and with low potassium intake. A quasi-linear relationship was found between sodium intake and blood pressure. Conclusions Sodium intake is positively associated with blood pressure in children and adolescents, with consistent findings in experimental and observational studies. Since blood pressure tracks across the life course, our findings support the reduction of sodium intake during childhood and adolescence to lower blood pressure and prevent the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Leyvraz
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angeline Chatelan
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno R da Costa
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Taffé
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Paradis
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pascal Bovet
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Chiolero
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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8
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Seah JYH, Koh WP, Yuan JM, van Dam RM. Rice intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:3349-3360. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Park YM, Kwock CK, Park S, Eicher-Miller HA, Yang YJ. An association of urinary sodium-potassium ratio with insulin resistance among Korean adults. Nutr Res Pract 2018; 12:443-448. [PMID: 30323912 PMCID: PMC6172169 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2018.12.5.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium-potassium ratio on insulin resistance and sensitivity in Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS Subjects were 3,722 adults (1,632 men and 2,090 women) aged 40-69 years participating in the Korean genome and epidemiology study_Ansan and Ansung study. Insulin resistance was assessed using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HoMA-IR) and fasting insulin, and insulin sensitivity was assessed by using the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). The 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion were estimated from spot urinary samples using the Tanaka formula. The generalized linear model was applied to determine the association between urinary sodium-potassium ratio and insulin resistance. RESULTS HoMA-IR (P-value = 0.029, P-trend = 0.008) and fasting insulin (P-value = 0.017, P-trend = 0.005) levels were positively associated with 24-h estimated urinary sodium-potassium ratio in the multivariable model. QUICKI was inversely associated with 24-h estimated urinary sodium-potassium ratio in all models (P-value = 0.0002, P-trend < 0.0001 in the multivariate model). CONCLUSION The present study suggests that high sodium-potassium ratio is related to high insulin resistance and low insulin sensitivity. Decreasing sodium intake and increasing potassium intake are important for maintaining insulin sensitivity. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Mi Park
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, 60, Hwarang-ro 13-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02748, Korea
| | - Chang Keun Kwock
- Nutrition and Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea
| | - Seyeon Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Korea
| | - Heather A Eicher-Miller
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yoon Jung Yang
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, 60, Hwarang-ro 13-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02748, Korea.,Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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10
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Han SY, Kim NH, Kim DH, Han K, Kim SM. Relationship between urinary sodium-creatinine ratios and insulin resistance in Korean children and adolescents with obesity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018. [PMID: 29543590 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of childhood obesity has significantly increased in Korea. This study aimed to use data from the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to investigate the association between sodium (Na) intake and insulin resistance in children and adolescents with obesity. METHODS The study population consisted of 578 adolescents aged 12-18 years who were enrolled in the 2010 KNHANES. Subjects were classified into the following four groups based on their body mass index (BMI) and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values: normal BMI and HOMA-IR (Group 1), normal BMI and ≥75% HOMA-IR (Group 2), ≥85% BMI and normal HOMA-IR (Group 3) and ≥85% BMI and ≥75% HOMA-IR (Group 4). The groups were further divided into four quartiles (Q1-Q4) based on urinary sodium-creatinine ratios (UNa/Cr) to analyze the association between obesity and metabolic abnormality as a result of increased Na intake. RESULTS There were significant differences among the four groups in terms of abdominal obesity (p<0.000), waist circumference (WC) (p<0.000) blood glucose levels (p<0.000), insulin levels (p<0.000) and UNa/Cr, with Groups 2, 3 and 4 having significantly higher UNa/Cr than Group 1 (p=0.002). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between UNa/Cr and obesity (Q1=1 vs. Q4=3.23, p=0.019) and metabolic abnormality (Q1=1 vs. Q4=2.25, p=0.167). CONCLUSIONS Increased Na intake showed a positive statistical correlation with insulin resistance and is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance and other metabolic abnormalities in obese children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yoon Han
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Biostatistics, Catholic University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon Mee Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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So CH, Jeong HR, Shim YS. Association of the urinary sodium to urinary specific gravity ratio with metabolic syndrome in Korean children and adolescents: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2013. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189934. [PMID: 29253859 PMCID: PMC5734790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the association between sodium intake and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean boys. Methods A total of 1,738 boys aged 10–18 years were included in this study from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) during the years 2010–2013. Sodium intake was assessed using the urinary sodium excretion to urinary specific gravity ratio (U-Na to U-SG ratio). Results The median U-Na to U-SG ratio was 133.27 mmol/L (interquartile range: 95.66–178.50 mmol/L). Significant positive associations were found between the U-Na to U-SG ratio and the TG (P = 0.001 for trend) and TG concentrations, and these concentrations were significantly higher in boys with a U-Na to U-SG ratio in the highest quartile compared with those with a ratio in the lowest (P = 0.001) and second (P = 0.033) quartiles, as demonstrated through analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after adjustment for possible confounders, including age, BMI standard deviation score, ferritin, vitamin D, house income, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, season, total intake, total energy intake, protein intake, fat intake, carbohydrate intake, and water intake. Significant inverse associations were found for the U-Na to U-SG ratio with the HDL-C (P = 0.033 for trend) and HDL-C levels, and these values were significantly lower in boys with a ratio in the highest quartile compared with those with a ratio in the second quartile (P = 0.020), as demonstrated through an ANCOVA. Although the trends did not reach statistical significance, a higher U-Na to U-SG ratio tended to be associated with higher SBP (P = 0.086 for trend), DBP (P = 0.063 for trend), and glucose levels (P = 0.099 for trend), as illustrated through ANCOVA. Boys with a ratio in the highest quartile exhibited a 1.73-fold increased risk for elevated TG (95% CI, 1.19–2.51) and a 2.66-fold increased risk for MetS (95% CI, 1.11–6.35) compared with those with a ratio in the lowest quartile, as demonstrated through multivariate logistic regression analyses after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions Our results suggest that high sodium intake may be significantly independently associated with MetS in Korean boys aged 10–18 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Hwan So
- Department of Pediatrics, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwal Rim Jeong
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Suk Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Arcand J, Wong MM, Santos JA, Leung AA, Trieu K, Thout SR, Webster J, Campbell NR. More evidence that salt increases blood pressure and risk of kidney disease from the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (April-July 2016). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19:813-823. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- JoAnne Arcand
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Ontario Institute of Technology; Oshawa Ontario Canada
| | - Michelle M.Y. Wong
- Department of Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Joseph Alvin Santos
- The George Institute for Global Health; The University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | | | - Kathy Trieu
- The George Institute for Global Health; The University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | | | - Jacqui Webster
- The George Institute for Global Health; The University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Norm R.C. Campbell
- Department of Medicine; Physiology and Pharmacology and Community Health Sciences; O'Brien Institute for Public Health and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
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