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Rydzik Ł, Obmiński Z, Wąsacz W, Kopańska M, Kubacki R, Bagińska M, Tota Ł, Ambroży T, Witkowski K, Pałka T. The effect of physical exercise during competitions and in simulated conditions on hormonal-neurophysiological relationships in kickboxers. Biol Sport 2024; 41:61-68. [PMID: 38952906 PMCID: PMC11167460 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.133662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
K1-format kickboxing is a widely followed combat sport that requires intense physical exercise. However, research into the body's response to this type of combat is sparse. This study aims to assess the alterations in hormone levels and brain activity in elite kickboxers following an actual K1 bout and compare these changes with those observed in a control group engaged in a simulated fight exercise with a punchbag. The study included 100 male professional kickboxers, randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (K1 fight) and a control group (simulated fight with a punchbag). Blood samples were obtained before and after exercise to evaluate testosterone (T) and cortisol concentrations (C). Concurrently, brain activity was recorded using quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG). After the activity in the experimental group mean testosterone level slightly, non-significantly decreased from 13.7 nmol/l to 12.4 nmol/l, while mean cortisol significantly (p < 0.001) increased from 313 to 570 nmol/l. In the control group after the exertion against a punchbag mean cortisol significantly (p < 0.001) increased from 334 to 452 nmol/l and testosterone increased non-significantly, from 15.1 to 16.3 nmol/l. In both groups, the testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C ratio) showed significantly lower levels after the intervention (p < 0.001 and p < 0.032) in the experimental and control group respectively. The comparison of groups after exercise revealed significantly higher cortisol levels (experimental group x = 570 nmol/l; control group x = 452 nmol/l) and a significantly lower T/C ratio (experimental group x = 2.7; control group x = 3.9), (p = 0.001) in the experimental group. Significantly higher brain activity was found in selected leads after a bout (experimental group). Furthermore, in the experimental group, significant associations of weak to moderate strength were found between hormone fluctuations and selected areas of brain activity (p < 0.05). K1-format kickboxing induces a stress response, evident in the sharp changes in cortisol and testosterone levels. A notable observation was the inverse direction of changes in both hormones. Brain activity analysis indicated the potential influence of raised cortisol concentrations on specific brain areas. This study augments our understanding of the physiological responses during K1 kickboxing bouts and may inform the future evolution of this sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Obmiński
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Sport—National Research Institute, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wąsacz
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Kopańska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Rafał Kubacki
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bagińska
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Tota
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Witkowski
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
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Bacadini França A, Samra R, Magalhães Vitorino L, Waltz Schelini P. The Relationship Between Mental health, Metacognition, and Emotion Regulation in Older People. Clin Gerontol 2024; 47:298-306. [PMID: 37393562 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2023.2231456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is unclear if using emotion regulation strategies can help manage the effects of anxiety and depression on metacognitive strategies in older people. This study aimed to verify the effect of emotion regulation in the interaction between mental disorders and metacognition. METHODS A mediation analysis was performed to assess the role of emotion regulation in the interaction between mental disorders and metacognition in older people. RESULTS Without mediator control, higher scores indicating mental disorder are associated with reduced metacognition scores. When mediators are added to the model, the mediation effect was significant. An indirect effect of anxiety and depression on metacognition was mediated by cognitive reappraisal to a greater extent than emotional suppression. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive reappraisal reduced the impact of anxiety and depression on metacognition in older adults. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Including cognitive reappraisal techniques in anxiety and depression intervention plans can be beneficial for improving older people's metacognition functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bacadini França
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Laboratory of Human Development and Cognition - LADHECO, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rajvinder Samra
- School of Health, Wellbeing and Social Care, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Patrícia Waltz Schelini
- Laboratory of Human Development and Cognition - LADHECO, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Andrade A, D’Oliveira A, dos Santos KM, Bastos ACRDF, Corrado S, Vilarino GT, Diotaiuti P. Impact of social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the mood profile of active and sedentary older adults: physical activity as a protective factor. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1221142. [PMID: 37849723 PMCID: PMC10578610 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1221142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has changed our habits and lifestyle due to social isolation and mobility restrictions. This new scenario, together with the fear of contracting the coronavirus, influenced mental health, especially among older adults, who presented reductions in social contact and physical activity (PA). Thus, the objective of the study was to analyze the impact caused by social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic on the mood states of active and sedentary older adults. Methods This is an observational study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Older adults aged over 60 years, who were registered in the database of the Secretariat for the Promotion of Citizenship from a city in southern Brazil, participated in the research. An online questionnaire was applied with questions about sociodemographic characteristics, level of PA, confinement, and mood states in two periods: May 2020 and June 2021. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the mood states of active and inactive individuals during the pandemic. Results One hundred and fifty participants answered the questionnaire, of which 80 (53.3%) reported practicing PA. More active older adults suffered fewer changes in mood when compared to inactive older adults, with lower levels of confusion (p = 0.035), depression (p = 0.002), and fatigue (p = 0.000). Older adults confined for more than 50 days were more likely to develop depression. In addition, the mood state correlated with the variable fear of contracting the coronavirus; the greater the fear, the greater the mental confusion, depression, fatigue, and tension, and the lower the vigor in the older adults. The practice of PA is also correlated with the mood state; the greater the number of hours dedicated to PA, the lower the confusion, depression, fatigue, and tension of the older adults. Conclusion The practice of PA positively influenced the mental health of older adults during periods of isolation and social restrictions. PA has a protective factor for the development of mental health problems and improves mood states, with greater time performing PA leading to more benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro Andrade
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Department of Physical Education, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Anderson D’Oliveira
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Department of Physical Education, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Keyla Mara dos Santos
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Department of Physical Education, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Stefano Corrado
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Guilherme Torres Vilarino
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Department of Physical Education, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Pierluigi Diotaiuti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio, Cassino, Italy
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Sibilia F, Sheikh-Bahaei N, Mack WJ, Choupan J. Perivascular spaces in Alzheimer's disease are associated with inflammatory, stress-related, and hypertension biomarkers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.02.543504. [PMID: 37333097 PMCID: PMC10274635 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular spaces (PVS) are fluid-filled spaces surrounding the brain vasculature. Literature suggests that PVS may play a significant role in aging and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cortisol, a stress hormone, has been implicated in the development and progression of AD. Hypertension, a common condition in older adults, has been found to be a risk factor for AD. Hypertension may contribute to PVS enlargement, impairing the clearance of waste products from the brain and promoting neuroinflammation. This study aims to understand the potential interactions between PVS, cortisol, hypertension, and inflammation in the context of cognitive impairment. Using MRI scans acquired at 1.5T, PVS were quantified in a cohort of 465 individuals with cognitive impairment. PVS was calculated in the basal ganglia and centrum semiovale using an automated segmentation approach. Levels of cortisol and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (an indicator of hypertension) were measured from plasma. Inflammatory biomarkers, such as cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, were analyzed using advanced laboratory techniques. Main effect and interaction analyses were performed to examine the associations between PVS severity, cortisol levels, hypertension, and inflammatory biomarkers. In the centrum semiovale, higher levels of inflammation reduced cortisol associations with PVS volume fraction. For ACE, an inverse association with PVS was seen only when interacting with TNFr2 (a transmembrane receptor of TNF). There was also a significant inverse main effect of TNFr2. In the PVS basal ganglia, a significant positive association was found with TRAIL (a TNF receptor inducing apoptosis). These findings show for the first time the intricate relationships between PVS structure and the levels of stress-related, hypertension, and inflammatory biomarkers. This research could potentially guide future studies regarding the underlying mechanisms of AD pathogenesis and the potential development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting these inflammation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sibilia
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Wendy J Mack
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeiran Choupan
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- NeuroScope Inc. Scarsdale, New York
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Sun Y, Zhao J, Rong J. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant activities of herbal medicines through the comprehensive review of the recent literatures. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1054726. [PMID: 36620687 PMCID: PMC9813794 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1054726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is clinically defined as a mood disorder with persistent feeling of sadness, despair, fatigue, and loss of interest. The pathophysiology of depression is tightly regulated by the biosynthesis, transport and signaling of neurotransmitters [e.g., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)] in the central nervous system. The existing antidepressant drugs mainly target the dysfunctions of various neurotransmitters, while the efficacy of antidepressant therapeutics is undermined by different adverse side-effects. The present review aimed to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant activities of herbal medicines toward the development of effective and safe antidepressant drugs. Our strategy involved comprehensive review and network pharmacology analysis for the active compounds and associated target proteins. As results, 45 different antidepressant herbal medicines were identified from various in vivo and in vitro studies. The antidepressant mechanisms might involve multiple signaling pathways that regulate neurotransmitters, neurogenesis, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, endocrine, and microbiota. Importantly, herbal medicines could modulate broader spectrum of the cellular pathways and processes to attenuate depression and avoid the side-effects of synthetic antidepressant drugs. The present review not only recognized the antidepressant potential of herbal medicines but also provided molecular insights for the development of novel antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Sun
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Karpodini CC, Dinas PC, Angelopoulou E, Wyon MA, Haas AN, Bougiesi M, Papageorgiou SG, Koutedakis Y. Rhythmic cueing, dance, resistance training, and Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:875178. [PMID: 36034281 PMCID: PMC9413961 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.875178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize evidence associated with the functional and clinical effectiveness of rhythmic cueing, dance, or resistance training (RT) on motor and non-motor parameters in Parkinson's Disease patients, and to provide a comparative perspective not offered by existing systematic reviews. Methodology Eligibility criteria for selecting studies retained no restrictions in methodological design and included interventions of rhythmic cueing, dance, RT, and measurements of motor and non-motor parameters. Animal studies, reviews, editorials, conferences, magazines, and gray literature articles were excluded. Two independent investigators searched Cochrane Library, Medline, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus from the date of their inception until 1 June 2021. The ROBINS-I tool was employed for the non-randomized controlled trials, and the updated for Risk of Bias 2 tool of Cochrane Library used for randomized controlled trials. For meta-analyses, the RevMan 5.4.13 software was used. For incompatible meta-analysis studies, a narrative data synthesis was conducted. Results A total of 49 studies included in the systematic review involving 3767 PD participants. Meta-analyses revealed that rhythmic cueing training assists gait velocity (p = 0.01), stride length (p = 0.01), and motor symptoms (p = 0.03). Similarly, dance training benefits stride length (p = 0.05), lower extremity function-TUG (p = 0.01), and motor symptoms (p = 0.01), whilst RT improves lower extremity function-TUG (p = 0.01), quality of life (p = 0.01), knee flexion (p = 0.02), and leg press (p = 0.01). Subgroup analyses have shown non-significant differences in gait velocity (p = 0.26), stride length (p = 0.80), functional mobility-TUG (p = 0.74), motor symptoms-UPDRS-III (p = 0.46), and quality of life-PDQ39 (p = 0.44). Conclusion Rhythmic cueing, dance, or RT positively affect the examined outcomes, with rhythmic cueing to be associated with three outcomes (Gait, Stride, and UPDRS-III), dance with three outcomes (TUG, Stride, and UPDRS-III), and RT with two outcomes (TUG and PDQ-39). Subgroup analyses confirmed the beneficial effects of these forms of exercise. Clinicians should entertain the idea of more holistic exercise protocols aiming at improving PD manifestations.International Prospective Register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) (registration number: CRD42020212380).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Chrysanthi Karpodini
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Petros C. Dinas
- Functional Architecture of Mammals in their Environment Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- First Department of Neurology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Matthew A. Wyon
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aline Nogueira Haas
- School of Physical Education Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Bougiesi
- Functional Architecture of Mammals in their Environment Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Sokratis G. Papageorgiou
- First Department of Neurology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Yiannis Koutedakis
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- Functional Architecture of Mammals in their Environment Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
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Melino S, Mormone E. On the Interplay Between the Medicine of Hildegard of Bingen and Modern Medicine: The Role of Estrogen Receptor as an Example of Biodynamic Interface for Studying the Chronic Disease's Complexity. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:745138. [PMID: 35712451 PMCID: PMC9196248 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.745138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) interpreted the origins of chronic disease highlighting and anticipating, although only in a limited fashion, the importance that complex interactions among numerous genetic, internal milieu and external environmental factors have in determining the disease phenotype. Today, we recognize those factors, capable of mediating the transmission of messages between human body and environment and vice versa, as biodynamic interfaces. Aim We analyzed, in the light of modern scientific evidence, Hildegard of Bingen's medical approach and her original humoral theory in order to identify possible insights included in her medicine that could be referred to in the context of modern evidence-based medicine. In particular, the abbess's humoral theory suggests the identification of biodynamic interfaces with sex hormones and their receptors. Findings We found that the Hildegardian holistic vision of the organism-environment relationship can actually represent a visionary approach to modern endocrinology and that sex hormones, in particular estrogens, could represent an example of a biodynamic interface. Estrogen receptors are found in regions of the brain involved in emotional and cognitive regulation, controlling the molecular mechanism of brain function. Estrogen receptors are involved in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and in the epigenetic regulation of responses to physiological, social, and hormonal stimuli. Furthermore, estrogen affects gene methylation on its own and related receptor promoters in discrete regions of the developing brain. This scenario was strikingly perceived by the abbess in the XIIth century, and depicted as a complex interplay among different humors and flegmata that she recognized to be sex specific and environmentally regulated. Viewpoint Considering the function played by hormones, analyzed through the last scientific evidence, and scientific literature on biodynamic interfaces, we could suggest Hildegardian insights and theories as the first attempt to describe the modern holistic, sex-based medicine. Conclusion Hildegard anticipated a concept of pathogenesis that sees a central role for endocrinology in sex-specific disease. Furthermore, estrogens and estrogen receptors could represent a good example of molecular interfaces capable of modulating the interaction between the organism internal milieu and the environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Melino
- Research Unit of Philosophy of Science and Human Development, Faculty of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mormone
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, Foggia, Italy
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Ganguli S, Chavali PL. Intrauterine Viral Infections: Impact of Inflammation on Fetal Neurodevelopment. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:771557. [PMID: 34858132 PMCID: PMC8631423 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.771557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine viral infections during pregnancy by pathogens such as Zika virus, Cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Herpes Simplex virus can lead to prenatal as well as postnatal neurodevelopmental disorders. Although maternal viral infections are common during pregnancy, viruses rarely penetrate the trophoblast. When they do cross, viruses can cause adverse congenital health conditions for the fetus. In this context, maternal inflammatory responses to these neurotropic pathogens play a significant role in negatively affecting neurodevelopment. For instance, intrauterine inflammation poses an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as microcephaly, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy and epilepsy. Severe inflammatory responses have been linked to stillbirths, preterm births, abortions and microcephaly. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic basis of how immune system shapes the landscape of the brain and how different neurotropic viral pathogens evoke inflammatory responses. Finally, we list the consequences of neuroinflammation on fetal brain development and discuss directions for future research and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Ganguli
- CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcCSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pavithra L Chavali
- CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcCSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Gómez IF, Rosende VC, Alejandro Juárez RP. [Salivary cortisol concentrations according to gender in the different stages of human development. A review of the literature]. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA ODONTOLÓGICA 2021; 9:e074. [PMID: 38464851 PMCID: PMC10919834 DOI: 10.21142/2523-2754-0903-2021-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary cortisol secretion (Corts) is an individual adaptation reflex to internal / external stressors, which involves several biological and social factors. The aim of this study was to perform a review on variations in Corts concentrations in relation to biological differences of sex and gender socialization in the different stages of human development. MEDLINE / PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search for scientific evidence. 20 original English-language articles published from 2010-2020 were selected, including clinical trials and observational studies. The relationship between Corts and gender was historically discussed considering evolutionary and biological aspects. However, it cannot be explained as a cause-effect view and depends on unique sociocultural factors, which in sensitive periods of human development alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and condition coping with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Francisco Gómez
- Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo: Saliva como Fluido Diagnóstico, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Corrientes, Argentina. , , Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo: Saliva como Fluido Diagnóstico Facultad de Odontología Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Corrientes Argentina
| | - Virginia Cecilia Rosende
- Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo: Saliva como Fluido Diagnóstico, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Corrientes, Argentina. , , Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo: Saliva como Fluido Diagnóstico Facultad de Odontología Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Corrientes Argentina
| | - Rolando Pablo Alejandro Juárez
- Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo: Saliva como Fluido Diagnóstico, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Corrientes, Argentina. , , Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo: Saliva como Fluido Diagnóstico Facultad de Odontología Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Corrientes Argentina
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Susanty E, Sijbrandij M, Srisayekti W, Huizink AC. Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) to reduce posttraumatic stress disorder-related stress reactivity in Indonesia PTSD patients: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:181. [PMID: 33663549 PMCID: PMC7931595 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop after exposure to a traumatic event. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an evidence-based psychological treatment for PTSD. It is yet unclear whether eye movements also reduce stress reactivity in PTSD patients. This study aims to test whether eye movements, as provided during Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD), are more effective in reducing stress reactivity in PTSD patients as compared to a retrieval-only control condition. Methods The study includes participants who meet criteria of PTSD of the public psychological services in Jakarta and Bandung, Indonesia. One hundred and ten participants are randomly assigned to either an (1) Eye Movement Desensitization group (n = 55) or (2) retrieval-only control group (n = 55). Participants are assessed at baseline (T0), post-treatment (T1), 1 month (T2), and at 3 months follow-up (T3). Participants are exposed to a script-driven imagery procedure at T0 and T1. The primary outcome is heart rate variability (HRV) stress reactivity during script-driven imagery. Secondary outcomes include heart rate (HR), pre-ejection period (PEP), saliva cortisol levels, PTSD symptoms, neurocognitive functioning, symptoms of anxiety and depression, perceived stress level, and quality of life. Discussion If the EMD intervention is effective in reducing stress reactivity outcomes, this would give us more insight into the underlying mechanisms of EMDR’s effectiveness in PTSD symptom reduction. Trial registration ISRCTN registry ISRCTN55239132. Registered on 19 December 2017. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05100-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eka Susanty
- Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, Indonesia. .,Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marit Sijbrandij
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilis Srisayekti
- Department of General and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Anja C Huizink
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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El Mlili N, Ahabrach H, Cauli O. Hair Cortisol Concentration as a Biomarker of Sleep Quality and Related Disorders. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020081. [PMID: 33499247 PMCID: PMC7911396 DOI: 10.3390/life11020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is the end product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and its production is increased mainly in stressful situations or in chronic disorders accompanied by stress enhancement. Altered cortisol concentrations have been reported in a number of neuropsychiatric diseases and sleep disorders. Cortisol concentrations have been measured using several methods, and in several matrixes, such as blood, saliva, and urine. However, lately, hair cortisol, for several reasons, has emerged as a promising biomarker of long-term retrospective HPA activation. Several experimental approaches for cortisol measurement with the corresponding concentration reference ranges and a summary of findings from scientific literature on this field are presented. There is evidence of a close relationship between HPA functional alteration and the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Sleep disorders are the most common manifestation in several neuropsychiatric conditions, and have also been associated to cortisol alterations in both adults and children. Many studies indicate that hair cortisol constitutes a valuable tool for further contributing to existing data on salivary, plasma, or urinary cortisol concentrations in patients with sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrin El Mlili
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques (ISPITS), 93000 Tetouan, Morocco; (N.E.M.); (H.A.)
- Department of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, University Abdelmalek Essâadi, 93000 Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Hanan Ahabrach
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques (ISPITS), 93000 Tetouan, Morocco; (N.E.M.); (H.A.)
- Department of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, University Abdelmalek Essâadi, 93000 Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Omar Cauli
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Group (FROG), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Chair of Healthy, Active and Participatory Aging, Valencia City Council, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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The effects of childhood trauma on the onset, severity and improvement of depression: The role of dysfunctional attitudes and cortisol levels. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:402-410. [PMID: 32871670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma is an important early social risk factor for the development of the major depressive disorder (MDD). Both childhood trauma and depression are associated with dysfunctional attitudes and dysregulation in stress hormones. We aimed to clarify the path from childhood trauma to depression and identify potential predictors of antidepressant treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVES One hundred and thirty-nine MDD patients and 112 healthy controls were included at baseline. Depressive symptoms were assessed with both self-reported and expert-rated scales. Childhood trauma and dysfunctional attitudes were evaluated and blood cortisol levels were assayed. Patients received an open-label antidepressant trial with paroxetine and their depressive symptoms were monitored by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) during 6 months of treatment. After 6 months, 94 patients received the same assessments as the baseline. RESULTS At baseline, the influence of childhood trauma on depression diagnosis was mediated by dysfunctional attitudes. In patients with MDD, the influence of childhood trauma on depression severity was mediated by both dysfunctional attitudes and cortisol levels. Baseline childhood trauma predicted the antidepressant treatment outcome during early treatment phase and baseline cortisol levels predicted the antidepressant treatment outcome at later treatment phase. After 6-month antidepressant treatment, a significant remission by time effect was found on dysfunctional attitudes and depression severity but not on cortisol levels. CONCLUSION Effect of childhood trauma on depression onset was mediated by dysfunctional attitudes. The relationship between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms was mediated by dysfunctional attitudes and cortisol levels in MDD patients. Baseline childhood trauma and cortisol levels may be moderators for antidepressant treatment response at different treatment phase.
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Piotrowicz Z, Chalimoniuk M, Płoszczyca K, Czuba M, Langfort J. Exercise-Induced Elevated BDNF Level Does Not Prevent Cognitive Impairment Due to Acute Exposure to Moderate Hypoxia in Well-Trained Athletes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155569. [PMID: 32759658 PMCID: PMC7432544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to acute hypoxia causes a detrimental effect on the brain which is also manifested by a decrease in the ability to perform psychomotor tasks. Conversely, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), whose levels are elevated in response to exercise, is a well-known factor in improving cognitive function. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether the exercise under hypoxic conditions affects psychomotor performance. For this purpose, 11 healthy young athletes performed a graded cycloergometer exercise test to volitional exhaustion under normoxia and acute mild hypoxia (FiO2 = 14.7%). Before, immediately after exercise and after a period of recovery, choice reaction time (CRT) and number of correct reactions (NCR) in relation to changes in serum BDNF were examined. Additionally, other selected factors which may modify BDNF production, i.e., cortisol (C), nitrite, catecholamines (adrenalin-A, noradrenaline-NA, dopamine-DA, serotonin-5-HT) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), were also measured. Exercise in hypoxic conditions extended CRT by 13.8% (p < 0.01) and decreased NCR (by 11.5%) compared to rest (p < 0.05). During maximal workload, NCR was lower by 9% in hypoxia compared to normoxia (p < 0.05). BDNF increased immediately after exercise in normoxia (by 29.3%; p < 0.01), as well as in hypoxia (by 50.0%; p < 0.001). There were no differences in BDNF between normoxia and hypoxia. Considering the fact that similar levels of BDNF were seen in both conditions but cognitive performance was suppressed in hypoxia, acute elevation of BDNF did not compensate for hypoxia-induced cognition impairment. Moreover, neither potentially negative effects of C nor positive effects of A, DA and NO on the brain were observed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Piotrowicz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Małgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Department of Tourism and Health in Biała Podlaska, The Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Kamila Płoszczyca
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute of Sport, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute of Sport, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.C.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Józef Langfort
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
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