1
|
Zamboni F, Ferrari P, Cazzoletti L, Setti A, Bertoldo F, Dalle Carbonare LG, Danese E, Tardivo S, Crisafulli E, Ferrari M. Bone Mineral Density in Mountain, Road Cyclists and Untrained Controls: Exercise, Diet and Hormones. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:423-430. [PMID: 37540285 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2242417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine (LSBMD) and the femoral neck (FBMD) in male road cyclists (RC n = 39), mountain cyclists (MC n = 30) and controls (C n = 27) and to determine the factors associated with BMD in the same group of participants. Methods: BMD, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured using DXA. Calcium intake (Cal), exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and energy availability (EA) were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Samples for circulating hormones were also obtained. VO2max was estimated by a cycloergometric test. Results: After adjustment for body mass, in cyclists LSBMD (RC 0.98 ± 0.12; MC 0.98 ± 0.10 g/cm2) was significantly lower than in C (1.11 ± 0.10; p < .001), while FBMD resulted in no significant difference in cyclists compared to C (p = 0.213). EA (kcal/FFM/day) was different in cyclists and in C (p < .05). In C, EEE and EA were positively associated with LSBMD (R = 0.561, R = 0.656, respectively, p < .01), whereas only EA was associated with FBMD (R = 0.554, p < .05); a positive association between EA and FBMD was found in MC (R = 0.464, p < .05). A negative relationship between VO2max and LSBMD in RC (R = -0.418, p < .05) and a positive one between EEE and LSBMD in MC were found (R = 0.605, p < .001). CaI, free testosterone and cortisol were unrelated to BMD. Conclusion: Both the RC and MC had lower LSBMD than C, whereas no difference was found between the two groups of cyclists. The factors associated with BMD are manifold, vary in relation to the measurement site and are likely different in RC, MC and C.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei H, Zhao Y, Xiang L. Bone health in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:921-935. [PMID: 37589220 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2248874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease characterized by the presence of systemic inflammation, manifesting not only as gastrointestinal symptoms but also as extraintestinal bone complications, including osteopenia and osteoporosis. However, the association between IBD and osteoporosis is complex, and the presence of multifactorial participants in the development of osteoporosis is increasingly recognized. Unlike in adults, delayed puberty and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis abnormalities are essential risk factors for osteoporosis in pediatric patients with IBD. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the potential pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to osteoporosis in adult and pediatric patients with IBD and provides evidence for effective prevention and treatment, focusing on pediatric patients with IBD. A search was performed from PubMed and Web of Science inception to February 2023 to identify articles on IBD, osteoporosis, pediatric, and fracture risk. EXPERT OPINION A comprehensive treatment pattern based on individualized principles can be used to manage pediatric IBD-related osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei
- Thoracic Oncology Ward, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yihan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lisha Xiang
- Thoracic Oncology Ward, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patalong-Wójcik M, Golara A, Sokołowska A, Zając K, Kozłowski M, Krzyścin M, Brodowska A, Syrenicz I, Cymbaluk-Płoska A, Sowińska-Przepiera E. Associations of Hormonal and Metabolic Parameters with Bone Mineralization in Young Adult Females. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112482. [PMID: 37299445 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by impaired bone mineralization and microarchitecture. An important protective factor is a high peak bone mass (PBM), attained in the second and third decade of life. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of hormonal and metabolic parameters on bone mineralization in young adult female patients. A total of 111 participants qualified for the study. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and whole skeleton was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Hormonal parameters were determined: the concentrations of androstendione, dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate, testosterone, sex hormone binding protein, 17-OH-progesterone, folliculotropic hormone, estradiol, thyrotropic hormone, free thyroxine and cortisol. Metabolic parameters were also examined. The study showed a statistically significant correlation between bone mineral density and estradiol concentration and a negative relationship between cortisol concentration and the bone mineral density (BMD) Z-score of the lumbar spine. Sclerostin measurements taken during this study were not related to bone mineral density. It has been shown that the concentration of the hormones tested, even within the reference range, may affect bone mineralization. We suggest observing the follow-up of the menstrual cycles, as well as analyzing the results of test patients in an annual examination system. However, each clinical case should be considered individually. The sclerostin test is currently not useful in the clinical evaluation of bone mineralization in young adult women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Patalong-Wójcik
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic and Internal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Golara
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Alicja Sokołowska
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zając
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kozłowski
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariola Krzyścin
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic and Internal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Brodowska
- Department of Gynecology, Endocrinology and Gynecological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Igor Syrenicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic and Internal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aneta Cymbaluk-Płoska
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Sowińska-Przepiera
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic and Internal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
- Pediatric, Adolescent Gynecology Clinic, Department of Gynecology, Endocrinology and Gynecological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Poulsen R, Jackman SH, Hansen M, Helbing CC. Relationship between serum thyroid hormones and their associated metabolites, and gene expression bioindicators in the back skin of Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana tadpoles and frogs during metamorphosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1103051. [PMID: 36743912 PMCID: PMC9889540 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1103051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Anuran metamorphosis is characterized by profound morphological changes including remodeling of tissues and organs. This transition is initiated by thyroid hormones (THs). However, the current knowledge of changing levels of THs during metamorphosis relies on pooled samples using methods known for high variability with sparse reporting of measured variation. Moreover, establishing a clear linkage between key gene expression bioindicators and TH levels throughout the metamorphic process is needed. Using state-of-the-art ultra-high performance liquid chromatography isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry, we targeted 12 THs and metabolites in the serum of Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana (n=5-10) across seven distinct postembryonic stages beginning with premetamorphic tadpoles (Gosner stage 31-33) and continuing through metamorphosis to a juvenile frog (Gosner stage 46). TH levels were related to TH-relevant gene transcripts (thra, thrb, and thibz) in back skin of the same individual animals. Significant increases from basal levels were observed for thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) at Gosner stage 41, reaching maximal levels at Gosner stage 44 (28 ± 10 and 2.3 ± 0.5 ng/mL, respectively), and decreasing to basal levels in juvenile frogs. In contrast, 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2) increased significantly at Gosner stage 40 and was maintained elevated until stage 44. While thra transcript levels remained constant and then decreased at the end of metamorphic climax, thrb and thibz were induced to maximal levels at Gosner stage 41, followed by a decrease to basal levels in the froglet. This exemplifies the exquisite timing of events during metamorphosis as classic early response genes are transcribed in anticipation of peak TH concentrations. The distinct T2 concentration profile suggests a biological role of this biomolecule in anuran postembryonic development and an additional aspect that may be a target of anthropogenic chemicals that can disrupt anuran metamorphosis and TH signalling. Hence, as a second aim of the study, we set out to find additional bioindicators of metamorphosis, which can aid future investigations of developmental disruption. Using a sensitive nanoLC-Orbitrap system an untargeted analysis workflow was applied. Among 6,062 endogenous metabolites, 421 showed metamorphosis-dependent concentration dynamics. These potential bioindicators included several carnitines, prostaglandins and some steroid hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Poulsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Shireen H. Jackman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Hansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Caren C. Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu D, Cline-Smith A, Shashkova E, Perla A, Katyal A, Aurora R. T-Cell Mediated Inflammation in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687551. [PMID: 34276675 PMCID: PMC8278518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease that affects half the women in the sixth and seventh decade of life. Osteoporosis is characterized by uncoupled bone resorption that leads to low bone mass, compromised microarchitecture and structural deterioration that increases the likelihood of fracture with minimal trauma, known as fragility fractures. Several factors contribute to osteoporosis in men and women. In women, menopause - the cessation of ovarian function, is one of the leading causes of primary osteoporosis. Over the past three decades there has been growing appreciation that the adaptive immune system plays a fundamental role in the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis, both in humans and in mouse models. In this review, we highlight recent data on the interactions between T cells and the skeletal system in the context of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Finally, we review recent studies on the interventions to ameliorate osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wrzosek M, Woźniak J, Włodarek D. The causes of adverse changes of testosterone levels in men. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2020; 15:355-362. [PMID: 33076711 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2020.1813020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As men age, progressive testosterone deficiency syndrome becomes an increasingly common problem. However, the decreased testosterone levels are not only the result of advanced age. AREAS COVERED PubMed search of published data on testosterone, nutritional deficiency, stress, sleep, and obesity. Many factors impact the male HPG axis (the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal), including body weight, calorific and nutritional value of a diet, the amount and quality of sleep, as well as the level of stress. In the case of persons of healthy weight, a below-average calorific value of a diet may decrease the levels of testosterone in men. On the other hand, the same caloric deficiency in obese persons may result in a neutral or positive impact on testosterone levels. EXPERT OPINION Many factors, including external, environmental and internal factors, influence testosterone levels. Undoubtedly, nutritional deficiency, and particularly of such nutrients as zinc, magnesium, vitamin D, together with low polyphenols intake, affects the HPG axis. The levels of mental and oxidative stress can also adversely impact the axis. Hence, a diagnosis of the cause of disturbance in testosterone levels depends on many factors and requires a broad range of research, as well as a change of patients' lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wrzosek
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS - SGGW) , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Woźniak
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS - SGGW) , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Włodarek
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS - SGGW) , Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salah M, Abdelsamie AS, Frotscher M. Inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, 2 and 14: Structures, biological activities and future challenges. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:66-81. [PMID: 30336189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the past 25 years, the modulation of estrogen action by inhibition of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 (17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD2), respectively, has been pursued intensively. In the search for novel treatment options for estrogen-dependent diseases (EDD) and in order to explore estrogenic signaling pathways, a large number of steroidal and nonsteroidal inhibitors of these enzymes has been described in the literature. The present review gives a survey on the development of inhibitor classes as well as the structural formulas and biological properties of their most interesting representatives. In addition, rationally designed dual inhibitors of both 17β-HSD1 and steroid sulfatase (STS) as well as the first inhibitors of 17β-HSD14 are covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salah
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ahmed S Abdelsamie
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E81, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Konings G, Brentjens L, Delvoux B, Linnanen T, Cornel K, Koskimies P, Bongers M, Kruitwagen R, Xanthoulea S, Romano A. Intracrine Regulation of Estrogen and Other Sex Steroid Levels in Endometrium and Non-gynecological Tissues; Pathology, Physiology, and Drug Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:940. [PMID: 30283331 PMCID: PMC6157328 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the intracrine (or local) regulation of estrogen and other steroid synthesis and degradation expanded in the last decades, also thanks to recent technological advances in chromatography mass-spectrometry. Estrogen responsive tissues and organs are not passive receivers of the pool of steroids present in the blood but they can actively modify the intra-tissue steroid concentrations. This allows fine-tuning the exposure of responsive tissues and organs to estrogens and other steroids in order to best respond to the physiological needs of each specific organ. Deviations in such intracrine control can lead to unbalanced steroid hormone exposure and disturbances. Through a systematic bibliographic search on the expression of the intracrine enzymes in various tissues, this review gives an up-to-date view of the intracrine estrogen metabolisms, and to a lesser extent that of progestogens and androgens, in the lower female genital tract, including the physiological control of endometrial functions, receptivity, menopausal status and related pathological conditions. An overview of the intracrine regulation in extra gynecological tissues such as the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, brain, colon and bone is given. Current therapeutic approaches aimed at interfering with these metabolisms and future perspectives are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonda Konings
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Linda Brentjens
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bert Delvoux
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Karlijn Cornel
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Marlies Bongers
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Roy Kruitwagen
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sofia Xanthoulea
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Romano
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The bone remodelling cycle replaces old and damaged bone and is a highly regulated, lifelong process essential for preserving bone integrity and maintaining mineral homeostasis. During the bone remodelling cycle, osteoclastic resorption is tightly coupled to osteoblastic bone formation. The remodelling cycle occurs within the basic multicellular unit and comprises five co-ordinated steps; activation, resorption, reversal, formation and termination. These steps occur simultaneously but asynchronously at multiple different locations within the skeleton. Study of rare human bone disease and animal models have helped to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the bone remodelling cycle. The key signalling pathways controlling osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation are receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK)/RANK ligand/osteoprotegerin and canonical Wnt signalling. Cytokines, growth factors and prostaglandins act as paracrine regulators of the cycle, whereas endocrine regulators include parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin, growth hormone, glucocorticoids, sex hormones, and thyroid hormone. Disruption of the bone remodelling cycle and any resulting imbalance between bone resorption and formation leads to metabolic bone disease, most commonly osteoporosis. The advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying bone remodelling have also provided targets for pharmacological interventions which include antiresorptive and anabolic therapies. This review will describe the remodelling process and its regulation, discuss osteoporosis and summarize the commonest pharmacological interventions used in its management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Kenkre
- 1 Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jhd Bassett
- 2 Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leblanc DR, Schneider M, Angele P, Vollmer G, Docheva D. The effect of estrogen on tendon and ligament metabolism and function. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28629994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments are crucial structures inside the musculoskeletal system. Still many issues in the treatment of tendon diseases and injuries have yet not been resolved sufficiently. In particular, the role of estrogen-like compound (ELC) in tendon biology has received until now little attention in modern research, despite ELC being a well-studied and important factor in the physiology of other parts of the musculoskeletal system. In this review we attempt to summarize the available information on this topic and to determine many open questions in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Leblanc
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - M Schneider
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Angele
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - G Vollmer
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - D Docheva
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plodiv, Plodiv, Bulgaria.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A Case of Male Osteoporosis: A 37-Year-Old Man with Multiple Vertebral Compression Fractures. Case Rep Endocrinol 2017; 2017:6328524. [PMID: 28791186 PMCID: PMC5534275 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6328524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While the contributing role of testosterone to bone health is rather modest compared to other factors such as estradiol levels, male hypogonadism is associated with low bone mass and fragility fractures. Along with stimulating physical puberty by achieving virilization and a normal muscle mass and improving psychosocial wellbeing, the goals of testosterone replacement therapy in male hypogonadism also include attainment of age-specific bone mineral density. We report on a 37-year-old man who presented with multiple vertebral compression fractures several years following termination of testosterone replacement therapy for presumed constitutional delay in growth and puberty. Here, we discuss the management of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with hyposmia (Kallmann syndrome), with which the patient was ultimately diagnosed, the role of androgens in the acquisition of bone mass during puberty and its maintenance thereafter, and outline specific management strategies for patients with hypogonadism and high risk for fragility fractures.
Collapse
|
12
|
Meta-analysis identifies novel risk loci and yields systematic insights into the biology of male-pattern baldness. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14694. [PMID: 28272467 PMCID: PMC5344973 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Male-pattern baldness (MPB) is a common and highly heritable trait characterized by androgen-dependent, progressive hair loss from the scalp. Here, we carry out the largest GWAS meta-analysis of MPB to date, comprising 10,846 early-onset cases and 11,672 controls from eight independent cohorts. We identify 63 MPB-associated loci (P<5 × 10-8, METAL) of which 23 have not been reported previously. The 63 loci explain ∼39% of the phenotypic variance in MPB and highlight several plausible candidate genes (FGF5, IRF4, DKK2) and pathways (melatonin signalling, adipogenesis) that are likely to be implicated in the key-pathophysiological features of MPB and may represent promising targets for the development of novel therapeutic options. The data provide molecular evidence that rather than being an isolated trait, MPB shares a substantial biological basis with numerous other human phenotypes and may deserve evaluation as an early prognostic marker, for example, for prostate cancer, sudden cardiac arrest and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
13
|
Armakolas N, Armakolas A, Antonopoulos A, Dimakakos A, Stathaki M, Koutsilieris M. The role of the IGF-1 Ec in myoskeletal system and osteosarcoma pathophysiology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 108:137-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
14
|
Gargano EM, Allegretta G, Perspicace E, Carotti A, Van Koppen C, Frotscher M, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Hartmann RW. 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Inhibition: Discovery of Selective and Metabolically Stable Compounds Inhibiting Both the Human Enzyme and Its Murine Ortholog. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134754. [PMID: 26230928 PMCID: PMC4521925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Design and synthesis of a new class of inhibitors for the treatment of osteoporosis and its comparative h17β-HSD2 and m17β-HSD2 SAR study are described. 17a is the first compound to show strong inhibition of both h17β-HSD2 and m17β-HSD2, intracellular activity, metabolic stability, selectivity toward h17β-HSD1, m17β-HSD1 and estrogen receptors α and β as well as appropriate physicochemical properties for oral bioavailability. These properties make it eligible for pre-clinical animal studies, prior to human studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele M. Gargano
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Allegretta
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Enrico Perspicace
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Angelo Carotti
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Martin Frotscher
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sandrine Marchais-Oberwinkler
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- * E-mail: (RWH); (SMO)
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- * E-mail: (RWH); (SMO)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gargano EM, Perspicace E, Hanke N, Carotti A, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Hartmann RW. Metabolic stability optimization and metabolite identification of 2,5-thiophene amide 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:203-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
16
|
Targeting androgen receptor/Src complex impairs the aggressive phenotype of human fibrosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76899. [PMID: 24130806 PMCID: PMC3793924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hormones and growth factors influence the proliferation and invasiveness of human mesenchymal tumors. The highly aggressive human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line harbors classical androgen receptor (AR) that responds to androgens triggering cell migration in the absence of significant mitogenesis. As occurs in many human cancer cells, HT1080 cells also express epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Experimental Findings: We report that the pure anti-androgen Casodex inhibits the growth of HT1080 cell xenografts in immune-depressed mice, revealing a novel role of AR in fibrosarcoma progression. In HT1080 cultured cells EGF, but not androgens, robustly increases DNA synthesis. Casodex abolishes the EGF mitogenic effect, implying a crosstalk between EGFR and AR. The mechanism underlying this crosstalk has been analyzed using an AR-derived small peptide, S1, which prevents AR/Src tyrosine kinase association and androgen-dependent Src activation. Present findings show that in HT1080 cells EGF induces AR/Src Association, and the S1 peptide abolishes both the assembly of this complex and Src activation. The S1 peptide inhibits EGF-stimulated DNA synthesis, cell matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) secretion and invasiveness of HT1080 cells. Both Casodex and S1 peptide also prevent DNA synthesis and migration triggered by EGF in various human cancer-derived cells (prostate, breast, colon and pancreas) that express AR. Conclusion This study shows that targeting the AR domain involved in AR/Src association impairs EGF signaling in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. The EGF-elicited processes inhibited by the peptide (DNA synthesis, MMP-9 secretion and invasiveness) cooperate in increasing the aggressive phenotype of HT1080 cells. Therefore, AR represents a new potential therapeutic target in human fibrosarcoma, as supported by Casodex inhibition of HT1080 cell xenografts. The extension of these findings in various human cancer-derived cell lines highlights the conservation of this process across divergent cancer cells and identifies new potential targets in the therapeutic approach to human cancers.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kalb S, Mahan MA, Elhadi AM, Dru A, Eales J, Lemos M, Theodore N. Pharmacophysiology of bone and spinal fusion. Spine J 2013; 13:1359-69. [PMID: 23972627 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT In recent years, the number of complex spinal surgeries has increased significantly in the elderly population, where the prevalence of low bone density is highest. Consequently, spine surgeons often treat osteoporotic patients who are associated with higher rates of instrumentation failure. Therefore, establishing a successful fusion requires an appropriate substrate for bone formation and local bone remodeling. The fusion process can be supported by therapies that seek to shift the balance of bone homeostasis to increased formation and reduced resorption. PURPOSE Thorough understanding of the physiology of bone formation and adjunctive therapies can help improve fusion rates. Therefore, we present a thorough review of the latest pharmacologic agents used to enhance bone strength and surgical spinal fusion. METHODS Systematic review of literature. RESULTS Current knowledge on bone physiology has led to the development of several pharmacologic agents that enhance bone formation and strengthen the human skeleton. At present, natural supplements of vitamin D and calcium or synthetic medications like bisphosphonates are widely used before and after spine surgeries to enhance bone fusion. Additional physiologic agents, including testosterone, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and growth hormone, have been shown to improve bone mass density or spinal fusion in both animal and human studies. As in other medical fields, gene therapy has shown viability and promise with the use of both viral and nonviral vectors. CONCLUSIONS Through the understanding of bone physiology, numerous natural and synthetic pharmacologic agents have been developed to enhance the body's skeleton and to improve outcomes of spinal fusion surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kalb
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W. Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ludwig SKJ, Smits NGE, Cannizzo FT, Nielen MWF. Potential of treatment-specific protein biomarker profiles for detection of hormone abuse in cattle. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4514-4519. [PMID: 23582010 DOI: 10.1021/jf4004972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein biomarker profiling is suggested as a fast screening approach for detection of illegal hormone treatment in meat production. The advantage of using biomarkers is that they mark the biological response and, thus, are responsive to a panel of substances with similar effects. In a preliminary feasibility study, a 4-plex protein biomarker flow cytometric immunoassay (FCIA) previously developed for the detection of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) was applied to cattle treated with steroids, such as estradiol, dexamethasone, and prednisolone. Each treatment resulted in a specific plasma biomarker profile for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF binding protein 2, osteocalcin, and anti-rbST antibodies, which could be distinguished from the profile of untreated animals. In summary, the 4-plex biomarker FCIA is, apart from rbST, also capable of detecting treatment with other growth-promoting agents and therefore clearly shows the potential of biomarker profiling as a screening method in veterinary control. It is proposed to perform additional validation studies covering high numbers of treated and untreated animals to support inclusion or adaptation of protein biomarker approaches in future monitoring regulations.
Collapse
|
19
|
Elliott JA, Fibuch EE. Endocrine effects of chronic opioid therapy: implications for clinical management. Pain Manag 2013; 3:237-46. [DOI: 10.2217/pmt.13.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Over the past few decades, the use of opioids in the management of chronic pain conditions has greatly increased. As opioid utilization has expanded, so has the recognition of associated hormonal derangements. These hormonal disturbances involve disruption, predominantly of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, and can affect both men and women treated with opioids. The best recognized of these hormonal disorders is opioid-associated androgen deficiency. Opioid-associated androgen deficiency is most likely to occur with prolonged, high-dose opioid therapy and may be associated with the development of other conditions such as depression, osteoporosis and possible hyperalgesia. Once identified, opioid-associated androgen deficiency should be managed with appropriate hormonal replacement therapy and patients should be closely monitored for adequacy of treatment and treatment-associated adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Elliott
- University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine, 215 W 43rd Street, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA.
| | - Eugene E Fibuch
- University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine, 215 W 43rd Street, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Funaro M, Bolyakov A, Gimenez E, Herman M, Paduch DA. Low Testosterone—An Important Predictor of Low Mineral Bone Density in Young Men—Our Own Experience and a Review of Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/asm.2013.33a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Xu K, Wetzel M, Perspicace E, Negri M, Meyer A, Odermatt A, Möller G, Adamski J, Hartmann RW. Structural Optimization of 2,5-Thiophene Amides as Highly Potent and Selective 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Osteoporosis. J Med Chem 2012; 56:167-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3014053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuiying Xu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66041
Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marie Wetzel
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66041
Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Enrico Perspicace
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66041
Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias Negri
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Arne Meyer
- Division of Molecular and Systems
Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, CH-4056 Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems
Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, CH-4056 Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Genome Analysis
Center, Institute
of Experimental Genetic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Genome Analysis
Center, Institute
of Experimental Genetic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle
Genetik, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66041
Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
da Costa KJR, Passos JJ, Gomes ADM, Sinisterra RD, Lanza CRM, Cortés ME. Effect of testosterone incorporation on cell proliferation and differentiation for polymer-bioceramic composites. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:2751-2759. [PMID: 22886580 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we characterized the polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) composites coated with testosterone propionate (T) using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Osteoblastic cells were seeded with PCL/BCP, PCL/BCP/T, PLGA/PCL/BCP and PLGA/PCL/BCP/T scaffolds, and cell viability, proliferation, differentiation and adhesion were analyzed. The results of physic-chemical experiments showed no displacements or suppression of bands in the FTIR spectra of scaffolds. The XRD patterns of the scaffolds showed an amorphous profile. The osteoblastic cells viability and proliferation increased in the presence of composites with testosterone over 72 h, and were significantly greater when PLGA/PCL/BCP/T scaffold was tested against PCL/BCP/T. Furthermore alkaline phosphatase production was significantly greater in the same group. In conclusion, the PLGA/PCL/BCP scaffold with testosterone could be a promising option for bone tissue applications due to its biocompatibility and its stimulatory effect on cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelen Jorge Rodrigues da Costa
- Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Miyajima T, Kim YT, Oda H. A study of changes in bone metabolism in cases of gender identity disorder. J Bone Miner Metab 2012; 30:468-73. [PMID: 22222419 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-011-0342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of increasing estrogen and decreasing androgen in males and increasing androgen and decreasing estrogen in females on bone metabolism in patients with gender identity disorder (GID). We measured and examined bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism markers retrospectively in GID patients who were treated in our hospital. In addition, we studied the effects of treatment on those who had osteoporosis. Patients who underwent a change from male to female (MtF) showed inhibition of bone resorption and increased L2-4 BMD whereas those who underwent a change from female to male (FtM) had increased bone resorption and decreased L2-4 BMD. Six months after administration of risedronate to FtM patients with osteoporosis, L2-4 BMD increased and bone resorption markers decreased. These results indicate that estrogen is an important element with regard to bone metabolism in males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Miyajima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongou, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0451, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pohjanvirta R, Miettinen H, Sankari S, Hegde N, Lindén J. Unexpected gender difference in sensitivity to the acute toxicity of dioxin in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 262:167-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
25
|
Al-Soud YA, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Frotscher M, Hartmann RW. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Phenyl Substituted 1H-1,2,4-Triazoles as Non-Steroidal Inhibitors of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 345:610-21. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
26
|
Benvenuti S, Cellai I, Luciani P, Deledda C, Saccardi R, Mazzanti B, Dal Pozzo S, Serio M, Peri A. Androgens and estrogens prevent rosiglitazone-induced adipogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:365-71. [PMID: 21597316 DOI: 10.3275/7739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZD), a class of anti-diabetic drugs, determine bone loss and increase fractures particularly in post-menopausal women, thus suggesting a protective role of sex steroids. We have previously demonstrated that the TZD rosiglitazone (RGZ) negatively affects bone mass by inhibiting osteoblastogenesis, yet inducing adipogenesis, in bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). The aim of this study was to determine whether estrogens and androgens are able to revert the effects of RGZ on bone. hMSC express estrogen receptor α and β and the androgen receptor. We found that 17β-estradiol (10 nM), the phytoestrogen genistein (10 nM), testosterone (10 nM) and the non-aromatizable androgens dihydrotestosterone (10 nM) and methyltrienolone (10 nM) effectively counteracted the adipogenic effect of RGZ (1 μM) in hMSC induced to differentiate into adipocytes, as determined by evaluating the expression of the adipogenic marker peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and the percentage of fat cells. Furthermore, when hMSC were induced to differentiate into osteoblasts, all the above-mentioned molecules and also quercetin, another phytoestrogen, significantly reverted the inhibitory effect of RGZ on the expression of the osteogenic marker osteocalcin and decreased the number of fat cells observed after RGZ exposure. Our study represents, to our knowledge, the first demonstration in hMSC that androgens, independently of their aromatization, and estrogens are able to counteract the negative effects of RGZ on bone. Our data, yet preliminary, suggest the possibility to try to prevent the negative effects of TZD on bone, using steroid receptor modulators, such as plant-derived phytoestrogens, which lack evident adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Benvenuti
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the literature on hypogonadism in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). RECENT FINDINGS COPD is a systemic disease with effects beyond the lungs. Many prior studies have shown that middle-aged and elderly COPD patients may develop hypogonadism. Prevalence of hypogonadism in men with COPD can range from 22 to 69% and has been associated with several other systemic manifestations including osteoporosis, depression, and muscle weakness. Recent studies have revealed conflicting results with regards to these previous perceptions. The discrepancies in the findings can be mainly attributed to small sample size, differences in patient selection, and inconsistent findings. Testosterone replacement therapy may result in modest improvements in fat-free mass and limb muscle strength but its therapeutic efficacy in COPD patients still remains controversial. SUMMARY The relationship between hypogonadism and COPD still remains poorly understood. The current literature is at best circumstantial.
Collapse
|
28
|
Pagonis T, Givissis P, Ditsios K, Pagonis A, Petsatodis G, Christodoulou A. The effect of steroid-abuse on anatomic reinsertion of ruptured distal biceps brachii tendon. Injury 2011; 42:1307-12. [PMID: 21481384 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an increase in the number of anabolic-steroid (AS)-abusing trainees, who suffer from sports injuries, needing reconstruction surgery. Rupture of the distal biceps brachii tendon is a common injury in this group. PURPOSE The study aimed to investigate the effect of AS abuse in the anatomic reconstruction of the ruptured distal biceps brachii tendon along with an immediate range-of-motion postoperative protocol. METHODS We conducted an observation study of 17 male athletes suffering from distal biceps tendon ruptures. Six of them reported that they abused AS (group A), whereas the non-users comprised group B (n=11). Both groups were treated with the modified single-incision technique with two suture anchors and an immediate active range-of-motion protocol postoperatively. Follow-up was at 4, 16 and 52 weeks postoperatively, with a final follow-up at 24 months. RESULTS Follow-up at 4, 16 and 52 weeks postoperatively showed a statistical significance in favour of group A for therapeutic outcomes concerning flexion, supination, pronation, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Disability Symptom Scores, Mayo Elbow Performance Elbow Scores and isometric muscle strength tests for both flexion and supination. Twenty-four months postoperatively, statistical significance in favour of group A was recorded in isometric muscle strength tests for both flexion and supination and also in DASH Disability Symptom Score. DISCUSSION The results of our study suggest that there is a correlation between the effect of AS and the quicker and better recuperation and rehabilitation observed in group A. Nonetheless, these results must be interpreted with caution, and further in vivo research is needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pagonis
- 1st Orthopaedic Clinic of Aristotle's University of Thessaloniki, G.U.H.G. Papanikolaou, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xu K, Al-Soud YA, Wetzel M, Hartmann RW, Marchais-Oberwinkler S. Triazole ring-opening leads to the discovery of potent nonsteroidal 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5978-90. [PMID: 22037253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2) catalyzes the oxidation of the highly potent steroids: the estrogen estradiol (E2) and the androgen testosterone (T) to the less active estrone and androstenedione, respectively. Inhibition of this enzyme may help maintain the local E2 level in bone tissue when the circulating E2 level drops and is therefore a novel and promising approach for the treatment of osteoporosis. In this work, a series of new nonsteroidal and achiral 17β-HSD2 inhibitors, namely N-benzyl-diphenyl-3(or 4)-carboxamide and N-benzyl-5-phenyl-thiophene-2-carboxamide was designed and the compounds were synthesized in a two to three steps reaction. A small library was built applying parallel synthesis. Highly potent 17β-HSD2 inhibitors could be identified in the thiophene-2-carboxamide class with IC(50) in the low nanomolar range. These compounds also showed a good selectivity profile toward 17β-HSD1 and toward the estrogen receptors α and β. The most interesting 17β-HSD2 inhibitor identified in this study is the 5-(2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-N-methylthiophene-2-carboxamide 6w displaying an IC(50) of 61 nM and a selectivity factor of 73 toward 17β-HSD1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuiying Xu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wiren KM, Hashimoto JG, Semirale AA, Zhang XW. Bone vs. fat: embryonic origin of progenitors determines response to androgen in adipocytes and osteoblasts. Bone 2011; 49:662-72. [PMID: 21704206 PMCID: PMC3167018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although androgen is considered an anabolic hormone, the consequences of androgen receptor (AR) overexpression in skeletally-targeted AR-transgenic lines highlight the detrimental effect of enhanced androgen sensitivity on cortical bone quality. A compartment-specific anabolic response is observed only in male and not in female AR3.6-transgenic (tg) mice, with increased periosteal bone formation and calvarial thickening. To identify anabolic signaling cascades that have the potential to increase bone formation, qPCR array analysis was employed to define expression differences between AR3.6-tg and wild-type (WT) periosteal tissue. Notably, categories that were significantly different between the two genotypes included axonal guidance, CNS development and negative regulation of Wnt signaling with a node centered on stem cell pathways. Further, fine mapping of AR3.6-tg calvaria revealed that anabolic thickening in vivo is not uniform across the calvaria, occurring only in frontal and in not parietal bones. Multipotent fraction 1 progenitor populations from both genotypes were cultured separately as frontal bone neural crest stem-like cells (fNCSC) and parietal bone mesenchymal stem-like cells (pMSC). Both osteoblastic and adipogenic differentiation in these progenitor populations was influenced by embryonic lineage and by genotype. Adipogenesis was enhanced in WT fNCSC compared to pMSC, but transgenic cultures showed strong suppression of lipid accumulation only in fNCSC cells. Osteoblastogenesis was significantly increased in transgenic fNCSC cultures compared to WT, with elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and induction of mineralization and nodule formation assessed by alizarin red and von Kossa staining. Osteocalcin (OC) and ALP mRNA levels were also increased in fNCSC cultures from AR3.6-tg vs. WT, but in pMSC cultures ALP mRNA levels, mineralization and nodule formation were decreased in AR3.6-tg cells. Expression differences identified by array in long bone periosteal tissue from AR3.6-tg vs. WT were recapitulated in the fNCSC samples while pMSC profiles reflected cortical expression. These observations reveal the opposing effects of androgen signaling on lineage commitment and osteoblast differentiation that is enhanced in cells derived from a neural crest origin but inhibited in cells derived from a mesodermal origin, consistent with in vivo compartment-specific responses to androgen. Combined, these results highlight the complex action of androgen in the body that is dependent on the embryonic lineage and developmental origin of the cell. Further, these data these data suggest that the periosteum surrounding long bone is derived from neural crest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Wiren
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rogers RS, Dawson AW, Wang Z, Thyfault JP, Hinton PS. Acute response of plasma markers of bone turnover to a single bout of resistance training or plyometrics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1353-60. [PMID: 21868687 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00333.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The time course of changes in plasma bone turnover markers following an acute bout of resistance training (RT) or plyometrics (PLY) has not been well characterized. This study is the first to compare the acute response of bone formation and resorption markers to a single bout of RT or PLY. Using a partially randomized, cross-over study design, 12 recreationally active men, aged 43 ± 5 yr, each completed four exercise trials: RT (Fed/Fasted) and PLY (Fed/Fasted). In addition to the RT and PLY trials, 5 of the original 12 participants also completed a fasted, no-exercise control trial to examine time-of-day variation. For each trial, blood was drawn immediately before exercise (PRE), immediately following exercise, and 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 24 h following PRE for determination of plasma bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), osteocalcin (OC), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b), COOH-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), testosterone, parathyroid hormone, and cortisol. A one-factor repeated-measures ANOVA was performed for each trial to detect changes in bone markers during the 2 h following RT or PLY. TRAP5b transiently decreased during the 2 h following all exercise trials (main effect for time, P < 0.05), but returned to PRE concentrations 2 h postexercise. BAP, CTX, and OC remained unchanged, except for reductions in BAP and CTX following PLY-Fasted and PLY-Fed, respectively. During the control trial, BAP decreased, while TRAP5b, CTX, and OC remained unchanged. In general, plasma hormone concentrations decreased during the 2 h following PLY or RT, and cumulative decreases in TRAP5b during the 2 h following exercise were positively correlated with cumulative decreases in parathyroid hormone. The results of the present study suggest that the timing of the measurement of bone turnover markers relative to the last exercise bout is important for detection of exercise-associated changes in bone turnover markers, as the markers returned to preexercise values within 2 h of RT or PLY.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Rogers
- Dept. of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED Different mechanisms in Klinefelter syndrome contribute to reduced bone mass and osteoporosis, which have a precocious onset and are detected in up to 40% of patients, irrespectively of testosterone levels. Androgen receptor, X chromosome inactivation and INSL3 levels are hypothesized to cooperate with and modulate the effect of testosterone on the bone. CONCLUSION New perspectives on genetic topics are opening exciting areas of research on the pathophysiology of reduced bone mass in Klinefelter patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ferlin
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Clinical Pathology & Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ferlin A, Schipilliti M, Vinanzi C, Garolla A, Di Mambro A, Selice R, Lenzi A, Foresta C. Bone mass in subjects with Klinefelter syndrome: role of testosterone levels and androgen receptor gene CAG polymorphism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E739-45. [PMID: 21270324 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a chromosomal alteration characterized by supernumerary X-chromosome(s), primary hypogonadism, decreased pubertal peak bone mineral density (BMD), and accelerated bone loss during adulthood. Decreased bone mass has been traditionally related to low testosterone levels. However, testosterone replacement therapy does not necessarily increase bone mass in these patients, and low BMD can be observed also in patients with normal testosterone levels. The androgen receptor (AR) gene CAG polymorphism seems to modulate the sensitivity to testosterone and previous studies have related it to some clinical aspects of KS, to include BMD, gynecomastia, testes and prostate volume, and hemoglobin concentration. OBJECTIVE To analyze the relation between bone mass, testosterone, and AR CAG polymorphism in men with KS. DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort study. SETTING University department. PATIENTS One hundred twelve consecutive treatment-naïve 47,XXY Klinefelter patients (mean age 33.5 ± 4.7 yr) and 51 age-matched normal male controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, CAG repeat length polymorphism, X-chromosome inactivation, and testosterone levels. RESULTS Forty-nine of 112 KS subjects (42.5%) had low bone mass (osteopenia or osteoporosis). Lumbar and/or femoral T-scores were lower in KS patients compared with controls. No significant relationship was observed between testosterone levels and bone parameters, and the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis was similar in subjects with normal and low testosterone levels (43.7% and 40.5%, respectively). The mean CAG repeat length calculated after X-chromosome inactivation analysis showed no differences between patients with normal and low bone mass. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone levels and AR CAG polymorphism are not associated with bone mass phenotype in KS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Histology, Section of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, University of Padova,35121 Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chymkowitch P, Le May N, Charneau P, Compe E, Egly JM. The phosphorylation of the androgen receptor by TFIIH directs the ubiquitin/proteasome process. EMBO J 2010; 30:468-79. [PMID: 21157430 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to hormonal stimuli, a cascade of hierarchical post-translational modifications of nuclear receptors are required for the correct expression of target genes. Here, we show that the transcription factor TFIIH, via its cdk7 kinase, phosphorylates the androgen receptor (AR) at position AR/S515. Strikingly, this phosphorylation is a key step for an accurate transactivation that includes the cyclic recruitment of the transcription machinery, the MDM2 E3 ligase, the subsequent ubiquitination of AR at the promoter of target genes and its degradation by the proteasome machinery. Impaired phosphorylation disrupts the transactivation, as observed in cells either overexpressing the non-phosphorylated AR/S515A, isolated from xeroderma pigmentosum patient (bearing a mutation in XPD subunit of TFIIH), or in which cdk7 kinase was silenced. Indeed, besides affecting the cyclic recruitment of the transcription machinery, the AR phosphorylation defect favourizes to the recruitment of the E3 ligase CHIP instead of MDM2, at the PSA promoter, that will further attract the proteasome machinery. These observations illustrate how the TFIIH phosphorylation might participate to the transactivation by regulating the nuclear receptors turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Chymkowitch
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Svoboda M, Hamilton G, Thalhammer T. Steroid hormone metabolizing enzymes in benign and malignant human bone tumors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:427-37. [PMID: 20102288 DOI: 10.1517/17425251003592129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED IMPORTANCE IN THE FIELD: Primary bone tumors are considered as (sex steroid) hormone-dependent tumors. Osteosarcoma, osteoblastoma and bone cysts are preferentially found in males, while giant cell tumors are more common in females. Indeed, bone tumor development and progression are influenced by sex steroid hormones derived from in situ synthesis in bone cells. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review describes intracrine mechanisms for local formation of the biologically most active estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2), from circulating steroid precursors through the 'aromatase' (aromatization of androgens) and the 'sulfatase' (conversion of inactive estrone-sulfate) pathway. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader gains knowledge on both pathways and the enzymes, which contribute to the in situ availability of active hormones, namely 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, aromatase, steroid sulfatases and sulfotransferases. An overview is given and the expression and function of these enzymes in bone tumors are discussed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Knowledge on pathways for the in situ formation of E2 in bone cells may allow the identification of potential targets for i) novel endocrine therapeutic options in primary bone tumors and ii) future preventive interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Svoboda
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ferlin A, Schipilliti M, Di Mambro A, Vinanzi C, Foresta C. Osteoporosis in Klinefelter's syndrome. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:402-10. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
|
37
|
Smith EP, Specker B, Korach KS. Recent experimental and clinical findings in the skeleton associated with loss of estrogen hormone or estrogen receptor activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 118:264-72. [PMID: 19900547 PMCID: PMC4782142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies on rodent models and rare human disorders of estrogen production or response have revealed an increased complexity of the actions of estrogen on bone. ERalpha disruption in human males results in delayed epiphyseal maturation, tall stature, trabecular thinning, marked cortical thinning, genu valgum and significantly reduced cortical vBMD, but trabecular number is preserved and there is normal to increased periosteal expansion. Aromatase deficiency results overall in a similar phenotype, although less is known about skeletal architecture. Importantly, estrogen replacement in these individuals, even if provided late in the third decade, may normalize aBMD. Less certain is whether there is complete recovery of normal skeletal architecture and strength. Rodent models, in general, are consistent with the human phenotype but are confounded by inherent differences between mouse and human physiology and issues regarding the completeness of the different knock-out lines. Both human and rodent studies suggest that residual effects of estrogen through ERbeta, truncated ERalpha forms or nonclassical estrogen receptors might account for different phenotypes in the hERKO man, aromatase deficient subjects and rodents. Importantly, androgen, particularly by preserving trabecular number and augmenting both periosteal and epiphyseal growth, also has significant actions on bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Taes Y, Lapauw B, Vandewalle S, Zmierczak H, Goemaere S, Vanderschueren D, Kaufman JM, T'Sjoen G. Estrogen-specific action on bone geometry and volumetric bone density: longitudinal observations in an adult with complete androgen insensitivity. Bone 2009; 45:392-7. [PMID: 19376280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.04.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sex steroids have distinct effects on bone growth and maintenance in men and women, mediated through their respective steroid receptors. Though most evidence is derived from animal studies, several concepts have been confirmed in humans by detection of specific mutations. In this report we describe changes in bone size and volumetric bone density in a complete androgen insensitive subject (CAIS) due to a mutation in the androgen receptor during 5 years of estrogen treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We present a case report of a 31 year old XY female with CAIS with a longitudinal follow-up for 5 years of areal and volumetric bone parameters. Areal and volumetric bone parameters were determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Sex steroids, LH, FSH and IGF-I were determined by immunoassay. RESULTS Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome was genetically confirmed by detection of the mutation Asp767Tyr in the androgen receptor gene. Bone size at presentation was found to be intermediate between male and female reference values. Low areal and volumetric bone density (both trabecular and cortical) was observed at baseline and improved gradually with estrogen treatment (+2% to 6.5%). Upon estrogen treatment, endosteal contraction (-1%) was demonstrated, with increasing cortical thickness (+3%), cortical area (+5%) and unchanged periosteal circumference. CONCLUSIONS During adult life, estrogens mediate endosteal bone apposition and volumetric bone density, without marked influence on periosteal bone apposition. The finding of a bone size intermediate between male and female supports testosterone as an essential mediator for periosteal bone expansion, but not as the sole stimulus for bone expansion during growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youri Taes
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Van Tongeren LS, Duncan GG, Kendler DL, Pai H. Implementation of osteoporosis screening guidelines in prostate cancer patients on androgen ablation. J Clin Densitom 2009; 12:287-91. [PMID: 19546019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Androgen ablation (AA) therapy is one of the modalities used to treat prostate cancer. It is well known that AA therapy increases the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. In 2004, the British Columbia Cancer Agency published guidelines regarding bone health in these patients. A key recommendation was to arrange for bone mineral density (BMD) testing if AA was to be used for 6 mo or longer. Our objective was to evaluate how well these guidelines were implemented by reviewing the number of BMDs performed in patients who had been treated at one of the 4 cancer centers in British Columbia. We found that the overall number of BMDs documented after the implementation of the guidelines was significantly greater than the number documented before (25% vs 7.5%, p value < 0.0001). There appeared to be regional differences in implementation, with the greatest effect seen at the Vancouver center, which serves as the chief academic center for the province. The greater effect of guidelines at this center suggests a need for more effective dissemination peripherally. The care gap remaining at even the most impacted center indicates a need for greater efforts to both implement guidelines and monitor their implementation over time.
Collapse
|
40
|
Li J, Al-Azzawi F. Mechanism of androgen receptor action. Maturitas 2009; 63:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
41
|
Abstract
Androgens exert effects on virtually all bodily tissues, and have a multitude of physiological roles in health. Testosterone, the predominant androgen in men, when deficient (hypogonadism), leads to a multiplicity of symptoms and signs that are corrected with physiological substitution. The impact of hypogonadism depends on the age at which it occurs. In any case, when testosterone replacement is initiated close monitoring for efficacy and safety is advised. The relation of ageing, the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, obesity and survival with plasma testosterone has been closely examined in recent studies. However, the effect of testosterone replacement therapy on the above clinical states needs to be clarified in large long-term duration/outcome studies. Recent research has shed light on possible molecular testosterone targets. Based on those research outcomes, drugs targeting the androgen receptor, which spare androgenic effects and preserve anabolic tissue effects, called selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMS), are under clinical trials. The role of testosterone in regulating erectile function has been studied in animal models and critical tissue testosterone targets have been elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Theodoraki
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Royal Free Campus, University College Medical School, London, UK
| | - Pierre-Marc Bouloux
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Royal Free Campus, University College Medical School, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Teplyuk NM, Zhang Y, Lou Y, Hawse JR, Hassan MQ, Teplyuk VI, Pratap J, Galindo M, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ. The osteogenic transcription factor runx2 controls genes involved in sterol/steroid metabolism, including CYP11A1 in osteoblasts. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:849-61. [PMID: 19342447 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones including (1,25)-dihydroxyvitamin D3, estrogens, and glucocorticoids control bone development and homeostasis. We show here that the osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 controls genes involved in sterol/steroid metabolism, including Cyp11a1, Cyp39a1, Cyp51, Lss, and Dhcr7 in murine osteoprogenitor cells. Cyp11a1 (P450scc) encodes an approximately 55-kDa mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes side-chain cleavage of cholesterol and is rate limiting for steroid hormone biosynthesis. Runx2 is coexpressed with Cyp11a1 in osteoblasts as well as nonosseous cell types (e.g. testis and breast cancer cells), suggesting a broad biological role for Runx2 in sterol/steroid metabolism. Notably, osteoblasts and breast cancer cells express an approximately 32-kDa truncated isoform of Cyp11a1 that is nonmitochondrial and localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses and gel shift assays show that Runx2 binds to the Cyp11a1 gene promoter in osteoblasts, indicating that Cyp11a1 is a direct target of Runx2. Specific Cyp11a1 knockdown with short hairpin RNA increases cell proliferation, indicating that Cyp11a1 normally suppresses osteoblast proliferation. We conclude that Runx2 regulates enzymes involved in sterol/steroid-related metabolic pathways and that activation of Cyp11a1 by Runx2 may contribute to attenuation of osteoblast growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya M Teplyuk
- Department of Cell Biology, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cacciatore G, Eisenberg SW, Situ C, Mooney MH, Delahaut P, Klarenbeek S, Huet AC, Bergwerff AA, Elliott CT. Effect of growth-promoting 17β-estradiol, 19-nortestosterone and dexamethasone on circulating levels of nine potential biomarker candidates in veal calves. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 637:351-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
44
|
A 12-Month Evaluation of Nitrite Oxide Metabolism Around Immediate and Conventionally Loaded Dental Implants. IMPLANT DENT 2009; 18:27-37. [DOI: 10.1097/id.0b013e318195aaa3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|