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Afroz M, Bhuia MS, Rahman MA, Hasan R, Islam T, Islam MR, Chowdhury R, Khan MA, Antas E Silva D, Melo Coutinho HD, Islam MT. Anti-diarrheal effect of piperine possibly through the interaction with inflammation inducing enzymes: In vivo and in silico studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 965:176289. [PMID: 38158111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Piperine is a natural alkaloid that possesses a variety of therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticarcinogenic activities. The present study aims to assess the medicinal benefits of piperine as an anti-diarrheal agent in a chick model by utilizing in vivo and in silico techniques. For this, castor oil was administered orally to 2-day-old chicks to cause diarrhea. Bismuth subsalicylate (10 mg/kg), loperamide (3 mg/kg), and nifedipine (2.5 mg/kg) were used as positive controls, while the vehicle was utilized as a negative control. Two different doses (25 and 50 mg/kg b.w.) of the test sample (piperine) were administered orally, and the highest dose was tested with standards to investigate the synergistic activity of the test sample. In our findings, piperine prolonged the latent period while reducing the number of diarrheal feces in the experimental chicks during the monitoring period (4 h). At higher doses, piperine appears to reduce diarrheal secretion while increasing latency in chicks. Throughout the combined pharmacotherapy, piperine outperformed bismuth subsalicylate and nifedipine in terms of anti-diarrheal effects with loperamide. In molecular docking, piperine exhibited higher binding affinities towards different inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase 1 (-7.9 kcal/mol), cyclooxygenase 2 (-8.4 kcal/mol), nitric oxide synthases (-8.9 kcal/mol), and L-type calcium channel (-8.8 kcal/mol), indicating better interaction of PP with these proteins. In conclusion, piperine showed a potent anti-diarrheal effect in castor oil-induced diarrheal chicks by suppressing the inflammation and calcium ion influx induced by castor oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meher Afroz
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Shimul Bhuia
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Anisur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh.
| | - Rubel Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh.
| | - Tawhida Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Rakibul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh.
| | - Raihan Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh.
| | | | | | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh.
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Jayawardena D, Anbazhagan AN, Majumder A, Akram R, Nazmi A, Kaur R, Kumar A, Saksena S, Olivares-Villagómez D, Dudeja PK. Ion Transport Basis of Diarrhea, Paneth Cell Metaplasia, and Upregulation of Mechanosensory Pathway in Anti-CD40 Colitis Mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024:izae002. [PMID: 38300738 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-Cluster of differentiation (CD)-40-induced colitis, driven by innate inflammatory responses in the intestine, is a potent animal model exhibiting IBD pathophysiology including diarrhea. However, the ion transport basis of diarrhea and some key mucosal pathways (Paneth cells, stem cell niche, and mechanosensory) in this model have not been investigated. METHODS Mucosal scrapings and intestinal tissue from control and CD40 antibody (150 µg) treated Rag2-/- mice were examined for gut inflammation, Paneth cell numbers, expression of key transporters, tight/adherens junction proteins, stem cell niche, and mechanosensory pathway via hematoxylin and eosin staining, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. RESULTS Compared with control, anti-CD40 antibody treatment resulted in a significant loss of body weight (P < .05) and diarrhea at day 3 postinjection. Distal colonic tissues of anti-CD40 mice exhibited increased inflammatory infiltrates, higher claudin-2 expression, and appearance of Paneth cell-like structures indicative of Paneth cell metaplasia. Significantly reduced expression (P < .005) of downregulated in adenoma (key Cl- transporter), P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistantance-1 (MDR1, xenobiotic transporter), and adherens junction protein E-cadherin (~2-fold P < .05) was also observed in the colon of anti-CD40 colitis mice. Interestingly, there were also marked alterations in the stem cell markers and upregulation of the mechanosensory YAP-TAZ pathway, suggesting the activation of alternate regeneration pathway post-tissue injury in this model. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that the anti-CD40 colitis model shows key features of IBD observed in the human disease, hence making it a suitable model to investigate the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis (UC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulari Jayawardena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Apurba Majumder
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ramsha Akram
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ali Nazmi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Danyvid Olivares-Villagómez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Kim HJ, Hong JH. Multiple Regulatory Signals and Components in the Modulation of Bicarbonate Transporters. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:78. [PMID: 38258089 PMCID: PMC10820580 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bicarbonate transporters are responsible for the appropriate flux of bicarbonate across the plasma membrane to perform various fundamental cellular functions. The functions of bicarbonate transporters, including pH regulation, cell migration, and inflammation, are highlighted in various cellular systems, encompassing their participation in both physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focused on recently identified modulatory signaling components that regulate the expression and activity of bicarbonate transporters. Moreover, we addressed recent advances in our understanding of cooperative systems of bicarbonate transporters and channelopathies. This current review aims to provide a new, in-depth understanding of numerous human diseases associated with the dysfunction of bicarbonate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea;
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Martín-Rodríguez A, Redondo-Flórez L, Villanueva-Tobaldo CV, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Epithelial Transport in Disease: An Overview of Pathophysiology and Treatment. Cells 2023; 12:2455. [PMID: 37887299 PMCID: PMC10605148 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial transport is a multifaceted process crucial for maintaining normal physiological functions in the human body. This comprehensive review delves into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying epithelial transport and its significance in disease pathogenesis. Beginning with an introduction to epithelial transport, it covers various forms, including ion, water, and nutrient transfer, followed by an exploration of the processes governing ion transport and hormonal regulation. The review then addresses genetic disorders, like cystic fibrosis and Bartter syndrome, that affect epithelial transport. Furthermore, it investigates the involvement of epithelial transport in the pathophysiology of conditions such as diarrhea, hypertension, and edema. Finally, the review analyzes the impact of renal disease on epithelial transport and highlights the potential for future research to uncover novel therapeutic interventions for conditions like cystic fibrosis, hypertension, and renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Group de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-F.); (C.V.V.-T.)
| | - Carlota Valeria Villanueva-Tobaldo
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-F.); (C.V.V.-T.)
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile;
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Dengler F, Domenig O, Kather S, Burgener IA, Steiner JM, Heilmann RM. Dysregulation of intestinal epithelial electrolyte transport in canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy and the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1217839. [PMID: 37720474 PMCID: PMC10500592 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1217839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic diarrhea is a hallmark sign of canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE), leading to fluid and electrolyte losses. Electrolyte homeostasis is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), which might be involved in (counter-)regulating electrolyte losses in canine CIE. Whether and which electrolyte transporters are affected or if RAAS is activated in canine CIE is unknown. Thus, intestinal electrolyte transporters and components of the RAAS were investigated in dogs with CIE. Serum RAAS fingerprint analysis by mass spectrometry was performed in 5 CIE dogs and 5 healthy controls, and mRNA levels of intestinal electrolyte transporters and local RAAS pathway components were quantified by RT-qPCR in tissue biopsies from the ileum (7 CIE, 10 controls) and colon (6 CIE, 12 controls). Concentrations of RAAS components and mRNA expression of electrolyte transporters were compared between both groups of dogs and were tested for associations among each other. In dogs with CIE, associations with clinical variables were also tested. Components of traditional and alternative RAAS pathways were higher in dogs with CIE than in healthy controls, with statistical significance for Ang I, Ang II, and Ang 1-7 (all p < 0.05). Expression of ileal, but not colonic electrolyte transporters, such as Na+/K+-ATPase, Na+/H+-exchanger 3, Cl- channel 2, down-regulated in adenoma, and Na+-glucose-cotransporter (all p < 0.05) was increased in CIE. Our results suggest that the dys- or counter-regulation of intestinal electrolyte transporters in canine CIE might be associated with a local influence of RAAS. Activating colonic absorptive reserve capacities may be a promising therapeutic target in canine CIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefanie Kather
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Iwan A. Burgener
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
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6
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Heilmann RM, Csukovich G, Burgener IA, Dengler F. Time to eRAASe chronic inflammation: current advances and future perspectives on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system and chronic intestinal inflammation in dogs and humans. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1180125. [PMID: 37456955 PMCID: PMC10340121 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1180125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic idiopathic intestinal inflammation is an increasing worldwide problem that affects companion animals, especially dogs, and human patients. Although these disease entities have been intensely investigated recently, many questions remain, and alternative therapeutic options are needed. Diarrhea caused by dysregulation of intestinal electrolyte transport and subsequent fluid and electrolyte losses often leads to secondary consequences for the patient. Currently, it is not exactly clear which mechanisms are involved in the dysregulation of intestinal fluid absorption, but differences in intestinal electrolyte shifts between human and canine patients suggest species-specific regulatory or counterregulatory mechanisms. Several intestinal electrolyte transporters are differentially expressed in human patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), whereas there are virtually no studies on electrolyte transporters and their endocrine regulation in canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy. An important mechanism involved in regulating fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), which may affect intestinal Na+ transport. While RAAS has previously been considered a systemic regulator of blood pressure, additional complex roles of RAAS in inflammatory processes have been unraveled. These alternative RAAS pathways may pose attractive therapeutic targets to address diarrhea and, thus, electrolyte shifts in human IBD and canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy. This article comparatively summarizes the current knowledge about electrolyte transport in human IBD and canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy and the role of RAAS and offers perspectives for novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Csukovich
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A. Burgener
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Zhou Q, Yang L, Verne ML, Zhang BB, Fields J, Verne GN. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Loss Drives Cell-Specific Nociceptive Signaling via the Enteric Catechol-O-Methyltransferase/microRNA-155/Tumor Necrosis Factor α Axis. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:630-641.e34. [PMID: 36623778 PMCID: PMC10038873 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The etiology of abdominal pain in postinfectious, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS-D) is unknown, and few treatment options exist. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that inactivates and degrades biologically active catecholamines, plays an important role in numerous physiologic processes, including modulation of pain perception. Our objective was to determine the mechanism(s) of how decreased colonic COMT in PI-IBS-D patients contributes to the chronic abdominal pain phenotype after enteric infections. METHODS Colon neurons, epithelial cells, and macrophages were procured with laser capture microdissection from PI-IBS-D patients to evaluate cell-specific colonic COMT, microRNA-155 (miR-155), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α expression levels compared to recovered patients (infection cleared: did not develop PI-IBS-D) and control individuals. COMT-/-, colon-specific COMT-/-, and miR-155-/- mice and human colonoids were used to model phenotypic expression of COMT in PI-IBS-D patients and to investigate signaling pathways linking abdominal pain. Citrobacter rodentium and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid animal models were used to model postinflammatory changes seen in PI-IBS-D patients. RESULTS Colonic COMT levels were significantly decreased and correlated with increased visual analog scale abdominal pain ratings in PI-IBS-D patients compared to recovered patients and control individuals. Colonic miR-155 and TNF-α were increased in PI-IBS-D patients with diminished colonic COMT. COMT-/- mice had significantly increased expression of miR-155 and TNF-α in both colon tissues and dorsal root ganglia. Introduction of cV1q antibody (anti-TNF-α) into mice reversed visceral hypersensitivity after C rodentium and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. CONCLUSIONS Decreased colonic COMT in PI-IBS-D patients drives abdominal pain phenotypes via the COMT/miR-155/TNF-α axis. These important findings will allow new treatment paradigms and more targeted and personalized medicine approaches for gastrointestinal disorders after enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiQi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Meghan L Verne
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Benjamin B Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jeremy Fields
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - George Nicholas Verne
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Memphis, Tennessee.
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8
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Yang J, Pei G, Sun X, Xiao Y, Miao C, Zhou L, Wang B, Yang L, Yu M, Zhang ZS, Keller ET, Yao Z, Wang Q. RhoB affects colitis through modulating cell signaling and intestinal microbiome. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:149. [PMID: 36114582 PMCID: PMC9482252 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is multifactorial, and diagnostic and treatment strategies for IBD remain to be developed. RhoB regulates multiple cell functions; however, its role in colitis is unexplored. RESULTS Here, we found RhoB was dramatically increased in colon tissues of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and mice with DSS-induced colitis. Compared with wild type mice, RhoB+/- and RhoB-/- mice developed milder DSS-induced colitis and increased goblet cell numbers and IEC proliferation. Decreased RhoB promoted goblet cell differentiation and epithelial regeneration through inhibiting Wnt signaling pathway and activating p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, increased SCFA-producing bacteria and SCFA concentrations were detected in intestinal microbiome of both RhoB+/- and RhoB-/- mice and upregulated SCFA receptor expression was also observed. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, a higher level of RhoB is associated with UC, which also contributes to UC development through modulating cell signaling and altering intestinal bacterial composition and metabolites. These observations suggest that RhoB has potential as a biomarker and a treatment target for UC. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District 300070, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Geng Pei
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District 300070, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District 300070, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yawen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District 300070, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Chunhui Miao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District 300070, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University general hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University general hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District 300070, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Mingyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District 300070, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Zhi-Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District 300070, Tianjin, 300070, China
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District 300070, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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9
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Bogdanic E, Müller T, Heinz-Erian P, Garczarczyk-Asim D, Janecke AR, Rückel A. Further delineation of SLC9A3-related congenital sodium diarrhea. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e2000. [PMID: 35775128 PMCID: PMC9356552 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital sodium diarrhea (CSD) is a rare enteropathy displaying both broad variability in clinical severity and genetic locus and allelic heterogeneity. Eleven CSD patients were reported so far with SLC9A3 variants that impair the function of the encoded intestinal sodium-proton exchanger 3 (NHE3). METHODS We report a 4-year-old patient, born prematurely in the 35th week of gestation, with antenatal polyhydramnios and dilated intestinal loops, and with diarrhea of congenital onset, 2-6 times a day, and with polydipsia. She thrived age-appropriately under a normal family diet. Serum sodium levels were repeatedly normal but urinary sodium excretion was low. Exome sequencing revealed compound heterozygous variants in SLC9A3 as the likely cause of the congenital diarrhea. RESULTS While exome sequencing did not reveal pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in other genes that cause syndromic or non-syndromic forms of congenital and intractable diarrheas, we identified novel compound heterozygous variants in SLC9A3, a complex allele with two missense changes, NP_004165.2:p.[Ser331Leu;Val449Ile] and in-trans the missense variant p.(Phe451Ser). CONCLUSION The clinical phenotype here appears to localize to the milder end of the known CSD spectrum, and the identified variants suggest that this is the twelfth patient reported to date with CSD due to mutations in SLC9A3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Bogdanic
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Heinz-Erian
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Andreas R Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Division of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aline Rückel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Dong Y, Li H, Ilie A, Gao Y, Boucher A, Zhang XC, Orlowski J, Zhao Y. Structural basis of autoinhibition of the human NHE3-CHP1 complex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3925. [PMID: 35613257 PMCID: PMC9132474 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-proton exchanger 3 (NHE3/SLC9A3) located in the apical membrane of renal and gastrointestinal epithelia mediates salt and fluid absorption and regulates pH homeostasis. As an auxiliary regulatory factor of NHE proteins, calcineurin B homologous protein 1 (CHP1) facilitates NHE3 maturation, plasmalemmal expression, and pH sensitivity. Dysfunctions of NHE3 are associated with renal and digestive system disorders. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human NHE3-CHP1 complex in its inward-facing conformation. We found that a cytosolic helix-loop-helix motif in NHE3 blocks the intracellular cavity formed between the core and dimerization domains, functioning as an autoinhibitory element and hindering substrate transport. Furthermore, two phosphatidylinositol molecules are found to bind to the peripheric juxtamembrane sides of the complex, function as anchors to stabilize the complex, and may thus enhance its transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Dong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hang Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alina Ilie
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yiwei Gao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Annie Boucher
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xuejun Cai Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - John Orlowski
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yan Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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11
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Cil O, Chu QT, Lee S, Haggie PM, Verkman AS. Small molecule inhibitor of intestinal anion exchanger SLC26A3 for therapy of hyperoxaluria and nephrolithiasis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153359. [PMID: 35608921 PMCID: PMC9310519 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis is a common and recurrent disease affecting 9% of the US population. Hyperoxaluria is major risk factor for calcium oxalate kidney stones, which constitute two-thirds of all kidney stones. SLC26A3 (DRA, downregulated in adenoma) is an anion exchanger of chloride, bicarbonate, and oxalate thought to facilitate intestinal oxalate absorption, as evidenced by approximately 70% reduced urine oxalate excretion in knockout mice. We previously identified a small-molecule SLC26A3 inhibitor (DRAinh-A270) that selectively inhibited SLC26A3-mediated chloride/bicarbonate exchange (IC50 ~ 35 nM) and, as found here, oxalate/chloride exchange (IC50 ~ 60 nM). In colonic closed loops in mice, luminal DRAinh-A270 inhibited oxalate absorption by 70%. Following oral sodium oxalate loading in mice, DRAinh-A270 largely prevented the 2.5-fold increase in urine oxalate/creatinine ratio. In a mouse model of oxalate nephropathy produced by a high-oxalate low-calcium diet, vehicle-treated mice developed marked hyperoxaluria with elevated serum creatinine, renal calcium oxalate crystal deposition, and renal injury, which were largely prevented by DRAinh-A270 (10 mg/kg twice daily). DRAinh-A270 administered over 7 days to healthy mice did not show significant toxicity. Our findings support a major role of SLC26A3 in intestinal oxalate absorption and suggest the therapeutic utility of SLC26A3 inhibition for treatment of hyperoxaluria and prevention of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Cil
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Qi Tifany Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Peter M Haggie
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
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12
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Nikolovska K, Seidler UE, Stock C. The Role of Plasma Membrane Sodium/Hydrogen Exchangers in Gastrointestinal Functions: Proliferation and Differentiation, Fluid/Electrolyte Transport and Barrier Integrity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:899286. [PMID: 35665228 PMCID: PMC9159811 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.899286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The five plasma membrane Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) isoforms in the gastrointestinal tract are characterized by distinct cellular localization, tissue distribution, inhibitor sensitivities, and physiological regulation. NHE1 (Slc9a1) is ubiquitously expressed along the gastrointestinal tract in the basolateral membrane of enterocytes, but so far, an exclusive role for NHE1 in enterocyte physiology has remained elusive. NHE2 (Slc9a2) and NHE8 (Slc9a8) are apically expressed isoforms with ubiquitous distribution along the colonic crypt axis. They are involved in pHi regulation of intestinal epithelial cells. Combined use of a knockout mouse model, intestinal organoid technology, and specific inhibitors revealed previously unrecognized actions of NHE2 and NHE8 in enterocyte proliferation and differentiation. NHE3 (Slc9a3), expressed in the apical membrane of differentiated intestinal epithelial cells, functions as the predominant nutrient-independent Na+ absorptive mechanism in the gut. The new selective NHE3 inhibitor (Tenapanor) allowed discovery of novel pathophysiological and drug-targetable NHE3 functions in cystic-fibrosis associated intestinal obstructions. NHE4, expressed in the basolateral membrane of parietal cells, is essential for parietal cell integrity and acid secretory function, through its role in cell volume regulation. This review focuses on the expression, regulation and activity of the five plasma membrane Na+/H+ exchangers in the gastrointestinal tract, emphasizing their role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, or their impact on disease pathogenesis. We point to major open questions in identifying NHE interacting partners in central cellular pathways and processes and the necessity of determining their physiological role in a system where their endogenous expression/activity is maintained, such as organoids derived from different parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
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13
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Whittamore JM, Hatch M. Oxalate Flux Across the Intestine: Contributions from Membrane Transporters. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:2835-2875. [PMID: 34964122 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial oxalate transport is fundamental to the role occupied by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in oxalate homeostasis. The absorption of dietary oxalate, together with its secretion into the intestine, and degradation by the gut microbiota, can all influence the excretion of this nonfunctional terminal metabolite in the urine. Knowledge of the transport mechanisms is relevant to understanding the pathophysiology of hyperoxaluria, a risk factor in kidney stone formation, for which the intestine also offers a potential means of treatment. The following discussion presents an expansive review of intestinal oxalate transport. We begin with an overview of the fate of oxalate, focusing on the sources, rates, and locations of absorption and secretion along the GI tract. We then consider the mechanisms and pathways of transport across the epithelial barrier, discussing the transcellular, and paracellular components. There is an emphasis on the membrane-bound anion transporters, in particular, those belonging to the large multifunctional Slc26 gene family, many of which are expressed throughout the GI tract, and we summarize what is currently known about their participation in oxalate transport. In the final section, we examine the physiological stimuli proposed to be involved in regulating some of these pathways, encompassing intestinal adaptations in response to chronic kidney disease, metabolic acid-base disorders, obesity, and following gastric bypass surgery. There is also an update on research into the probiotic, Oxalobacter formigenes, and the basis of its unique interaction with the gut epithelium. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-41, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Whittamore
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marguerite Hatch
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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14
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Ran L, Yan T, Zhang Y, Niu Z, Kan Z, Song Z. The recycling regulation of sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform 3(NHE3) in epithelial cells. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:2565-2582. [PMID: 34822321 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.2005274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main exchanger of electroneutral NaCl absorption, sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) circulates in the epithelial brush border (BB) and intracellular compartments in a multi-protein complex. The size of the NHE3 complex changes during rapid regulation events. Recycling regulation of NHE3 in epithelial cells can be roughly divided into three stages. First, when stimulated by Ca2+, cGMP, and cAMP-dependent signaling pathways, NHE3 is converted from an immobile complex found at the apical microvilli (MV) into an easily internalized and mobile form that relocates to a compartment near the base of the MV. Second, NHE3 is internalized by clathrin and albumin-dependent pathways into cytoplasmic endosomal compartments, where the complex is reprocessed and reassembled. Finally, NHE3 is translocated from the recycling endosomes (REs) to the apex of epithelial cells, a process that can be stimulated by an increase in sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) activity, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, Ca2+ signaling, and binding to βPix and SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 2 (Shank2) proteins. This review describes the molecular steps and protein interactions involved in the recycling movement of NHE3 from the apex of epithelial cells, into vesicles, where it is reprocessed and reassembled, and returned to its original location on the plasma membrane, where it exerts its physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ran
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, China
| | - Zheng Niu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, China
| | - Zifei Kan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, China
| | - Zhenhui Song
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, China
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15
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Pathophysiological role of ion channels and transporters in gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8109-8125. [PMID: 34778915 PMCID: PMC8629801 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal diseases, including various types of gastritis, ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease and GI cancer, is increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new therapeutic targets. Ion channels/transporters are located on cell membranes, and tight junctions (TJs) affect acid–base balance, the mucus layer, permeability, the microbiota and mucosal blood flow, which are essential for maintaining GI mucosal integrity. As ion channel/transporter dysfunction results in various GI mucosal diseases, this review focuses on understanding the contribution of ion channels/transporters to protecting the GI mucosal barrier and the relationship between GI mucosal disease and ion channels/transporters, including Cl−/HCO3− exchangers, Cl− channels, aquaporins, Na+/H+ exchangers, and K+ channels. Here, we provide novel prospects for the treatment of GI mucosal diseases.
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16
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Heilmann RM, Becher A, Dengler F. Electrolyte imbalances in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 46:100597. [PMID: 34710633 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in humans are associated with electrolyte shifts and diarrhea. Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs produce inflammatory lesions usually located more diffusely throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of electrolyte imbalances in canine CIE is unknown. We retrospectively evaluated serum electrolyte (Na+, Cl-, corrected Cl-, and K+) concentrations in 37 dogs with CIE. Hypokalemia was the most frequent electrolyte abnormality, affecting 7 (19%) CIE dogs and with no difference between food-responsive and immunosuppressant-responsive (IRE) cases. Hyponatremia was less common (14%) and predominantly seen with IRE; serum Na+ concentration correlated with the severity of diarrhea and duodenal histologic lesions. Hypo- (5%) and hyperchloridemia (11%) were also detected. Electrolyte imbalances occur with equal frequency in canine CIE and human IBD. Increased K+ secretion might exceed compromised Na+/Cl- absorption or K+ shifts might be more pronounced in canine CIE. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying CIE-associated diarrhea warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany.
| | - Anja Becher
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Fremder M, Kim SW, Khamaysi A, Shimshilashvili L, Eini-Rider H, Park IS, Hadad U, Cheon JH, Ohana E. A transepithelial pathway delivers succinate to macrophages, thus perpetuating their pro-inflammatory metabolic state. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109521. [PMID: 34380041 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut metabolite composition determined by the microbiota has paramount impact on gastrointestinal physiology. However, the role that bacterial metabolites play in communicating with host cells during inflammatory diseases is poorly understood. Here, we aim to identify the microbiota-determined output of the pro-inflammatory metabolite, succinate, and to elucidate the pathways that control transepithelial succinate absorption and subsequent succinate delivery to macrophages. We show a significant increase of succinate uptake into pro-inflammatory macrophages, which is controlled by Na+-dependent succinate transporters in macrophages and epithelial cells. Furthermore, we find that fecal and serum succinate concentrations were markedly augmented in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and corresponded to changes in succinate-metabolizing gut bacteria. Together, our results describe a succinate production and transport pathway that controls the absorption of succinate generated by distinct gut bacteria and its delivery into macrophages. In IBD, this mechanism fails to protect against the succinate surge, which may result in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Fremder
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Seung Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahlam Khamaysi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Liana Shimshilashvili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hadar Eini-Rider
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - I Seul Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Uzi Hadad
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Ehud Ohana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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18
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Santos HO. Therapeutic supplementation with zinc in the management of COVID-19-related diarrhea and ageusia/dysgeusia: mechanisms and clues for a personalized dosage regimen. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:1086-1093. [PMID: 34338769 PMCID: PMC8385805 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc supplementation is indicated for diarrhea and taste disorders, which are both features of COVID-19. Nevertheless, this strategy has not been tested for the treatment of these secondary complications in the current pandemic. Through an updated review, a practical appraisal was considered as a means of providing a medical nexus of therapeutic zinc regimens as an adjunct in the management of COVID-19–related diarrhea and ageusia/dysgeusia. While diarrhea and taste disorders are consequences of COVID-19, zinc supplementation is useful for non–COVID-19 patients with these clinical problems. The overwhelming evidence for supplementing with zinc in diarrhea and pneumonia is associated with the treatment of children, while for taste disorders the use of supplementing with zinc is more examined in adults. Whereas COVID-19 is more prevalent in adults, precautions should be exercised not to translate the zinc dosage used for children with diarrhea and taste disorders into the current pandemic. Therapeutic doses of zinc used for adults (∼50–150 mg/day of elemental zinc) could be included in the treatment strategies for COVID-19, but this proposal should be examined through randomized studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor O Santos
- H.O. Santos is with the School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- H.O. Santos, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Para Street, 1720, Umuarama, Block 2H, Uberlandia, 38400-902 MG, Brazil. E-mail:
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19
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Bioactive Compounds in Food as a Current Therapeutic Approach to Maintain a Healthy Intestinal Epithelium. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081634. [PMID: 34442713 PMCID: PMC8401766 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium serves as an effective barrier against the external environment, hampering the passage of potentially harmful substances (such as pathogenic microbes) that could trigger an exacerbated host immune response. The integrity of this barrier is thus essential for the maintenance of proper intestinal homeostasis and efficient protective reactions against chemical and microbial challenges. The principal consequence of intestinal barrier defects is an increase in intestinal permeability, which leads to an increased influx of luminal stressors, such as pathogens, toxins, and allergens, which in turn trigger inflammation and immune response. The fine and fragile balance of intestinal homeostasis can be altered by multiple factors that regulate barrier function, many of which are poorly understood. This review will address the role of gut microbiota as well as food supplements (such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics) in modulating gut health and regulating intestinal barrier function. In particular, we will focus on three human pathologies: inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and food allergy.
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20
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Unique Regulation of Intestinal Villus Epithelial Cl -/HCO 3- Exchange by Cyclooxygenase Pathway Metabolites of Arachidonic Acid in a Mouse Model of Spontaneous Ileitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084171. [PMID: 33920650 PMCID: PMC8074161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolytes (NaCl) and fluid malabsorption cause diarrhea in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Coupled NaCl absorption, mediated by Na+/H+ and Cl-/HCO3- exchanges on the intestinal villus cells brush border membrane (BBM), is inhibited in IBD. Arachidonic acid metabolites (AAMs) formed via cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways are elevated in IBD. However, their effects on NaCl absorption are not known. We treated SAMP1/YitFc (SAMP1) mice, a model of spontaneous ileitis resembling human IBD, with Arachidonyl Trifluoro Methylketone (ATMK, AAM inhibitor), or with piroxicam or MK-886, to inhibit COX or LOX pathways, respectively. Cl-/HCO3- exchange, measured as DIDS-sensitive 36Cl uptake, was significantly inhibited in villus cells and BBM vesicles of SAMP1 mice compared to AKR/J controls, an effect reversed by ATMK. Piroxicam, but not MK-886, also reversed the inhibition. Kinetic studies showed that inhibition was secondary to altered Km with no effects on Vmax. Whole cell or BBM protein levels of Down-Regulated in Adenoma (SLC26A3) and putative anion transporter-1 (SLC26A6), the two key BBM Cl-/HCO3- exchangers, were unaltered. Thus, inhibition of villus cell Cl-/HCO3- exchange by COX pathway AAMs, such as prostaglandins, via reducing the affinity of the exchanger for Cl-, and thereby causing NaCl malabsorption, could significantly contribute to IBD-associated diarrhea.
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21
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Rahman MM, Afroz S, Arthur S, Sundaram U. Mast Cell Mediated Regulation of Small Intestinal Chloride Malabsorption in SAMP1/YitFc Mouse Model of Spontaneous Chronic Ileitis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030697. [PMID: 33801010 PMCID: PMC8004028 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), malabsorption of electrolytes (NaCl) results in diarrhea. Inhibition of coupled NaCl absorption, mediated by the dual operation of Na:H and Cl:HCO3 exchangers on the brush border membrane (BBM) of the intestinal villus cells has been reported in IBD. In the SAMP1/YitFcs (SAMP1) mice model of spontaneous ileitis, representing Crohn’s disease, DRA (Downregulated in Adenoma) mediated Cl:HCO3 exchange was shown to be inhibited secondary to diminished affinity of the exchanger for Cl. However, NHE3 mediated Na:H exchange remained unaffected. Mast cells and their secreted mediators are known to be increased in the IBD mucosa and can affect intestinal electrolyte absorption. However, how mast cell mediators may regulate Cl:HCO3 exchange in SAMP1 mice is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of mast cell mediators on the downregulation of DRA in SAMP1 mice. Mast cell numbers and their degranulation marker enzyme (β-hexosaminidase) levels were significantly increased in SAMP1 mice compared to control AKR mice. However, treatment of SAMP1 mice with a mast cell stabilizer, ketotifen, restored the β-hexosaminidase enzyme levels to normal in the intestine, demonstrating stabilization of mast cells by ketotifen. Moreover, downregulation of Cl:HCO3 exchange activity was restored in ketotifen treated SAMP1 mice. Kinetic studies showed that ketotifen restored the altered affinity of Cl:HCO3 exchange in SAMP1 mice villus cells thus reinstating its activity to normal. Further, RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence studies showed that the expression levels of DRA mRNA and BBM protein, respectively remained unaltered in all experimental conditions, supporting the kinetic data. Thus, inhibition of Cl:HCO3 exchange resulting in chloride malabsorption leading to diarrhea in IBD is likely mediated by mast cell mediators.
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22
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Kwon JM, Jung MS, Kim KH, Jo YY, Shin JH, Cho YH, Lee YJ, Ban JH, Jeon KH, Lee SY, Park J, Oh BH. Artificial intelligence for detecting electrolyte imbalance using electrocardiography. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2021; 26:e12839. [PMID: 33719135 PMCID: PMC8164149 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The detection and monitoring of electrolyte imbalance is essential for appropriate management of many metabolic diseases; however, there is no tool that detects such imbalances reliably and noninvasively. In this study, we developed a deep learning model (DLM) using electrocardiography (ECG) for detecting electrolyte imbalance and validated its performance in a multicenter study. Methods and Results This retrospective cohort study included two hospitals: 92,140 patients who underwent a laboratory electrolyte examination and an ECG within 30 min were included in this study. A DLM was developed using 83,449 ECGs of 48,356 patients; the internal validation included 12,091 ECGs of 12,091 patients. We conducted an external validation with 31,693 ECGs of 31,693 patients from another hospital, and the result was electrolyte imbalance detection. During internal, the area under the receiving operating characteristic curve (AUC) of a DLM using a 12‐lead ECG for detecting hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia were 0.945, 0.866, 0.944, 0.885, 0.905, and 0.901, respectively. The values during external validation of the AUC of hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia were 0.873, 0.857, 0.839, 0.856, 0.831, and 0.813 respectively. The DLM helped to visualize the important ECG region for detecting each electrolyte imbalance, and it showed how the P wave, QRS complex, or T wave differs in importance in detecting each electrolyte imbalance. Conclusion The proposed DLM demonstrated high performance in detecting electrolyte imbalance. These results suggest that a DLM can be used for detecting and monitoring electrolyte imbalance using ECG on a daily basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Myoung Kwon
- Medical Research Team, Medical AI Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea.,Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Research Center, Sejong Medical Research Institute, Bucheon, South Korea.,Department of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Mediplex Sejong Hospital, Incheon, South Korea.,Medical R&D Center, Bodyfriend Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Seung Jung
- Medical Research Team, Medical AI Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Research Center, Sejong Medical Research Institute, Bucheon, South Korea.,Division of Cardiology Cardiovascular Center, Mediplex Sejong Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Jo
- Medical Research Team, Medical AI Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Shin
- Medical Research Team, Medical AI Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hyeon Cho
- Medical Research Team, Medical AI Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Ji Lee
- Medical Research Team, Medical AI Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jang-Hyeon Ban
- Medical R&D Center, Bodyfriend Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Jeon
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Research Center, Sejong Medical Research Institute, Bucheon, South Korea.,Division of Cardiology Cardiovascular Center, Mediplex Sejong Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Soo Youn Lee
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Research Center, Sejong Medical Research Institute, Bucheon, South Korea.,Division of Cardiology Cardiovascular Center, Mediplex Sejong Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jinsik Park
- Division of Cardiology Cardiovascular Center, Mediplex Sejong Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Byung-Hee Oh
- Division of Cardiology Cardiovascular Center, Mediplex Sejong Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
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23
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Kumar A, Priyamvada S, Ge Y, Jayawardena D, Singhal M, Anbazhagan AN, Chatterjee I, Dayal A, Patel M, Zadeh K, Saksena S, Alrefai WA, Gill RK, Zadeh M, Zhao N, Mohamadzadeh M, Dudeja PK. A Novel Role of SLC26A3 in the Maintenance of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Integrity. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1240-1255.e3. [PMID: 33189700 PMCID: PMC7956241 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The down-regulated in adenoma (DRA) protein, encoded by SLC26A3, a key intestinal chloride anion exchanger, has recently been identified as a novel susceptibility gene for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility to inflammation induced by the loss of DRA remain elusive. Compromised barrier is a key event in IBD pathogenesis. The current studies were undertaken to elucidate the impact of DRA deficiency on epithelial barrier integrity and to define underlying mechanisms. METHODS Wild-type and DRA-knockout (KO) mice and crypt-derived colonoids were used as models for intestinal epithelial response. Paracellular permeability was measured by using fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran flux. Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation assays were performed. Gut microbiome analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of DRA deficiency on gut microbial communities. RESULTS DRA-KO mice exhibited an increased colonic paracellular permeability with significantly decreased levels of tight junction/adherens junction proteins, including ZO-1, occludin, and E-cadherin. A similar expression pattern of occludin and E-cadherin was observed in colonoids derived from DRA-KO mice and short hairpin RNA-mediated DRA knockdown in Caco-2 cells. Microbial analysis showed gut dysbiosis in DRA-KO mice. However, cohousing studies showed that dysbiosis played only a partial role in maintaining tight junction protein expression. Furthermore, our results showed increased binding of RNA-binding protein CUGBP1 with occludin and E-cadherin genes in DRA-KO mouse colon, suggesting that posttranscriptional mechanisms play a key role in gut barrier dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, our studies demonstrate a novel role of DRA in maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier function and potential implications of its dysregulation in IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Dulari Jayawardena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Megha Singhal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ishita Chatterjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aneal Dayal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mitul Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kimia Zadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Seema Saksena
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mojgan Zadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ni Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Lindinger MI, Cairns SP. Regulation of muscle potassium: exercise performance, fatigue and health implications. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:721-748. [PMID: 33392745 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review integrates from the single muscle fibre to exercising human the current understanding of the role of skeletal muscle for whole-body potassium (K+) regulation, and specifically the regulation of skeletal muscle [K+]. We describe the K+ transport proteins in skeletal muscle and how they contribute to, or modulate, K+ disturbances during exercise. Muscle and plasma K+ balance are markedly altered during and after high-intensity dynamic exercise (including sports), static contractions and ischaemia, which have implications for skeletal and cardiac muscle contractile performance. Moderate elevations of plasma and interstitial [K+] during exercise have beneficial effects on multiple physiological systems. Severe reductions of the trans-sarcolemmal K+ gradient likely contributes to muscle and whole-body fatigue, i.e. impaired exercise performance. Chronic or acute changes of arterial plasma [K+] (hyperkalaemia or hypokalaemia) have dangerous health implications for cardiac function. The current mechanisms to explain how raised extracellular [K+] impairs cardiac and skeletal muscle function are discussed, along with the latest cell physiology research explaining how calcium, β-adrenergic agonists, insulin or glucose act as clinical treatments for hyperkalaemia to protect the heart and skeletal muscle in vivo. Finally, whether these agents can also modulate K+-induced muscle fatigue are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Lindinger
- Research and Development, The Nutraceutical Alliance, Burlington, ON, L7N 2Z9, Canada
| | - Simeon P Cairns
- SPRINZ, School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, 1020, New Zealand.
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, 1020, New Zealand.
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25
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Lemay JA, Yamamoto M, Kroezen Z, Shanmuganathan M, Ly R, Hart L, Pai N, Britz-McKibbin P. Lyophilized fecal short-chain fatty acid and electrolyte determination by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection for assessment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 192:113658. [PMID: 33091761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and electrolytes are major constituents of human feces involved in maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis that underlie complex diet, host and microbiome interactions. Reliable quantification of SCFAs and electrolytes is challenging given the heterogeneity of stool specimens from pediatric patients with diarrhea-predominate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Herein, we introduce two validated methods for determination of 3 SCFAs and 5 electrolytes consistently quantified from fecal extracts when using capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection (CE-iUV), where concentrations are normalized to total dried weight (mmol/kg d.w.). Lyophilization facilitates sample handling and extraction of heterogeneous stool specimens (∼ 15 mg) from a cohort of children with Crohn's disease (CD, n = 12) and ulcerative colitis (UC, n = 10) treated with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) or corticosteroid (CS) therapy to induce remission, respectively. Good technical precision (mean CV = 13 %, n = 14) and accuracy (recovery from 84 to 116%) is demonstrated for SCFAs and electrolytes from freeze dried stool extracts using a modified Bligh-Dyer protocol with low micromolar detection limits (∼ 2-15 μM). Fecal butyrate is 2.6-fold higher in CD as compared to UC patients (effect size = 1.51; p = 0.00291), and there is a strong co-linearity between fecal butyrate and acetate (r = 0.835) unlike propionate, which is correlated with fecal calprotectin (r = 0.517), a protein biomarker of intestinal inflammation. Also, a longitudinal study of matching stool samples collected from a sub-set of IBD patients revealed about a 7-fold enrichment in magnesium and calcium following 4 weeks of EEN as compared to baseline (F > 4.1 ; p < 0.05) unlike the CS treatment arm with no changes in other fecal SCFAs and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, and ammonium. CE-iUV enables rapid fecal SCFA and electrolyte determination as required for new insights into the role of gut dysbiosis in IBD, as well as treatment monitoring of nutritional interventions that stabilize the disease course in affected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne Lemay
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mai Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Zachary Kroezen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Meera Shanmuganathan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ritchie Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lara Hart
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nikhil Pai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Shan W, Hu Y, Ding J, Yang X, Lou J, Du Q, Liao Q, Luo L, Xu J, Xie R. Advances in Ca 2+ modulation of gastrointestinal anion secretion and its dysregulation in digestive disorders (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:8. [PMID: 32934673 PMCID: PMC7471861 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) is a critical cell signaling component in gastrointestinal (GI) physiology. Cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt), as a secondary messenger, controls GI epithelial fluid and ion transport, mucus and neuropeptide secretion, as well as synaptic transmission and motility. The key roles of Ca2+ signaling in other types of secretory cell (including those in the airways and salivary glands) are well known. However, its action in GI epithelial secretion and the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained to be fully elucidated. The present review focused on the role of [Ca2+]cyt in GI epithelial anion secretion. Ca2+ signaling regulates the activities of ion channels and transporters involved in GI epithelial ion and fluid transport, including Cl- channels, Ca2+-activated K+ channels, cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator and anion/HCO3- exchangers. Previous studies by the current researchers have focused on this field over several years, providing solid evidence that Ca2+ signaling has an important role in the regulation of GI epithelial anion secretion and uncovering underlying molecular mechanisms. The present review is largely based on previous studies by the current researchers and provides an overview of the currently known molecular mechanisms of GI epithelial anion secretion with an emphasis on Ca2+-mediated ion secretion and its dysregulation in GI disorders. In addition, previous studies by the current researchers demonstrated that different regulatory mechanisms are in place for GI epithelial HCO3- and Cl- secretion. An increased understanding of the roles of Ca2+ signaling and its targets in GI anion secretion may lead to the development of novel strategies to inhibit GI diseases, including the enhancement of fluid secretion in CF and protection of the GI mucosa in ulcer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Shan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jianhong Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Qiushi Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Lihong Luo
- Department of Oncology and Geriatrics, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Chishui City, Guizhou 564700, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
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Ion Transport Basis of Diarrhea in a Mouse Model of Adoptive T Cell Transfer Colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:1700-1709. [PMID: 31741140 PMCID: PMC7230007 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea, a major pathological hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease, is characterized by a significant reduction in the expression and function of key intestinal ion transporters. The adoptive naïve CD4+ T cell transfer colitis is an immune-based, chronic colitis mouse model which resembles human Crohn's disease. Although mice with T cell transfer colitis demonstrate diarrhea, the ion transporter basis of this phenotype has not been explored. AIMS/METHODS In the current studies, we aimed to determine the mRNA and protein levels of the key NaCl transporters DRA and NHE3 along with the mRNA expression of other transporters in the inflamed intestine. RESULTS Naïve CD4+ T cells, transferred to Rag2 knockout mice, induced severe colonic inflammation characterized by histological damage and increased mRNA levels of cytokines in the colon with no effect in the ileum. Diarrheal phenotype was a key feature of the excised colons of mice where loose stools were evident. Our results demonstrated that the key chloride transporter DRA, mRNA, and protein levels were significantly reduced in the inflamed colon. However, expression of the key sodium hydrogen exchanger NHE3 was unaffected. The mRNA expression of other important transporters was also determined; in this regard, the sodium channel ENACα and the monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and SMCT1 mRNA levels were also significantly lower compared to control mice. However, CFTR mRNA was not altered in the colon or ileum. CONCLUSIONS The studies conducted herein for the first time demonstrate the downregulation of important intestinal ion transporters in proximal and distal colon in T cell transfer colitis mouse model, providing valuable evidence for the ion transporter basis of diarrhea in this chronic model of inflammation.
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28
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Colquhoun C, Duncan M, Grant G. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Host-Microbial-Environmental Interactions in Dysbiosis. Diseases 2020; 8:E13. [PMID: 32397606 PMCID: PMC7348996 DOI: 10.3390/diseases8020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) are world-wide health problems in which intestinal dysbiosis or adverse functional changes in the microbiome are causative or exacerbating factors. The reduced abundance and diversity of the microbiome may be a result of a lack of exposure to vital commensal microbes or overexposure to competitive pathobionts during early life. Alternatively, many commensal bacteria may not find a suitable intestinal niche or fail to proliferate or function in a protective/competitive manner if they do colonize. Bacteria express a range of factors, such as fimbriae, flagella, and secretory compounds that enable them to attach to the gut, modulate metabolism, and outcompete other species. However, the host also releases factors, such as secretory IgA, antimicrobial factors, hormones, and mucins, which can prevent or regulate bacterial interactions with the gut or disable the bacterium. The delicate balance between these competing host and bacteria factors dictates whether a bacterium can colonize, proliferate or function in the intestine. Impaired functioning of NOD2 in Paneth cells and disrupted colonic mucus production are exacerbating features of CD and UC, respectively, that contribute to dysbiosis. This review evaluates the roles of these and other the host, bacterial and environmental factors in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George Grant
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (C.C.); (M.D.)
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29
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von Volkmann HL, Brønstad I, Tronstad RR, Dizdar V, Nylund K, Hanevik K, Hausken T, Gilja OH, Fiskerstrand T. Plasma levels of guanylins are reduced in patients with Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:449-453. [PMID: 32306784 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2020.1748224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Guanylin (GN) and uroguanylin (UGN) are endogenous ligands for the intestinal receptor guanylate cyclase C (GC-C), an important regulator of intestinal fluid homeostasis. Gene expression and protein levels of GN are suppressed in inflamed intestinal tissue from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but knowledge about plasma levels of guanylins in these conditions is sparse. We aimed to investigate the fasting plasma levels of the prohormones proGN and proUGN in patients with Crohn's Disease (CD) and relate these to levels found in persons with other diarrheal conditions, as well as persons with normal bowel habits.Methods: Plasma from patients with CD, patients with Familial GUCY2C Diarrheal Disease (FGDS), diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) and healthy controls (HC) was analyzed using ELISA assays.Results: Significantly lower fasting plasma levels of proguanylins were found in CD and FGDS patients, compared to HC. In CD patients, plasma proGN levels correlated negatively with Harvey Bradshaw Index and with number of stools/24 h.Conclusion: Our data indicate that diarrhea may be a determinant for levels of proGN in plasma, and should be further explored in studies of different diarrheal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde L von Volkmann
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen
| | - Ingeborg Brønstad
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen
| | - Rune R Tronstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vernesa Dizdar
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital
| | - Kim Nylund
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trygve Hausken
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen
| | - Torunn Fiskerstrand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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30
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Priyamvada S, Anbazhagan AN, Kumar A, Chatterjee I, Borthakur A, Saksena S, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK. All-trans Retinoic Acid Counteracts Diarrhea and Inhibition of Downregulated in Adenoma Expression in Gut Inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:534-545. [PMID: 31634391 PMCID: PMC7456978 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal epithelial apical membrane Cl-/HCO3- exchanger DRA (downregulated in adenoma, SLC26A3) has emerged as an important therapeutic target for diarrhea, emphasizing the potential therapeutic role of agents that upregulate DRA. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a key vitamin A metabolite, was earlier shown by us to stimulate DRA expression in intestinal epithelial cells. However, its role in modulating DRA in gut inflammation has not been investigated. AIMS Our aim was to analyze the efficacy of ATRA in counteracting inflammation-induced decrease in DRA in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-treated Caco-2 cells and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated C57BL/6J mice served as in vitro and in vivo models of gut inflammation, respectively. The effect of ATRA on IFN-γ-mediated inhibition of DRA function, expression, and promoter activity were elucidated. In the DSS colitis model, diarrheal phenotype, cytokine response, in vivo imaging, myeloperoxidase activity, and DRA expression were measured in the distal colon. RESULTS All-trans retinoic acid (10 μM, 24 h) abrogated IFN-γ (30 ng/mL, 24 h)-induced decrease in DRA function, expression, and promoter activity in Caco-2 cells. All-trans retinoic acid altered IFN-γ signaling via blocking IFN-γ-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT-1. All-trans retinoic acid cotreatment (1 mg/kg BW, i.p. daily) of DSS-treated mice (3% in drinking water for 7 days) alleviated colitis-associated weight loss, diarrheal phenotype, and induction of IL-1β and CXCL1 and a decrease in DRA mRNA and protein levels in the colon. CONCLUSION Our data showing upregulation of DRA under normal and inflammatory conditions by ATRA demonstrate a novel role of this micronutrient in alleviating IBD-associated diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ishita Chatterjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alip Borthakur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seema Saksena
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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31
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What Is the Impact of Diet on Nutritional Diarrhea Associated with Gut Microbiota in Weaning Piglets: A System Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6916189. [PMID: 31976326 PMCID: PMC6949732 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6916189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Piglets experience severe growth challenges and diarrhea after weaning due to nutritional, social, psychological, environmental, and physiological changes. Among these changes, the nutritional factor plays a key role in postweaning health. Dietary protein, fibre, starch, and electrolyte levels are highly associated with postweaning nutrition diarrhea (PWND). In this review, we mainly discuss the high protein, fibre, resistant starch, and electrolyte imbalance in diets that induce PWND, with a focus on potential mechanisms in weaned piglets.
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32
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Ballout J, Diener M. Interactions between rat submucosal neurons and mast cells are modified by cytokines and neurotransmitters. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 864:172713. [PMID: 31586631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of mast cells during inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is discussed controversially. Whereas several studies report an increase in mast cell density during IBD, others found a decrease. Recently, we observed a reduced response to mast cell degranulation induced by antigen contact in a colitis model. As the effects of mast cell mediators on epithelial ion transport are mediated indirectly via stimulation of secretomotor neurons, we investigated in vitro whether proinflammatory cytokines change the response to mast cell degranulation. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and a mix of proinflammatory cytokines caused an increase of short-circuit current (Isc) and tissue conductance in rat colon. Anion secretion induced by histamine was downregulated in the presence of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and the cytokine mix, whereas the response to the mast cell stimulator compound 48/80 was not changed significantly. In a coculture of rat submucosal ganglionic cells with a mast cell line (RBL-2H3), TNFα preincubation for 1 d increased the percentage of neurons responding to mast cell degranulation with an increase of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and enhanced the amplitude of this response. Consequently, the downregulation of epithelial secretion is compensated by an increased sensitivity of secretomotor neurons leading to a constant response of the epithelium to compound 48/80. Furthermore, enteric neurons can modify mast cell functions as nicotine inhibited the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration of RBL-2H3 cells and the Isc evoked by compound 48/80. Consequently, these in vitro models deliver new insights into cellular interactions in the gut wall under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Ballout
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Diener
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
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33
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Rao MC. Physiology of Electrolyte Transport in the Gut: Implications for Disease. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:947-1023. [PMID: 31187895 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We now have an increased understanding of the genetics, cell biology, and physiology of electrolyte transport processes in the mammalian intestine, due to the availability of sophisticated methodologies ranging from genome wide association studies to CRISPR-CAS technology, stem cell-derived organoids, 3D microscopy, electron cryomicroscopy, single cell RNA sequencing, transgenic methodologies, and tools to manipulate cellular processes at a molecular level. This knowledge has simultaneously underscored the complexity of biological systems and the interdependence of multiple regulatory systems. In addition to the plethora of mammalian neurohumoral factors and their cross talk, advances in pyrosequencing and metagenomic analyses have highlighted the relevance of the microbiome to intestinal regulation. This article provides an overview of our current understanding of electrolyte transport processes in the small and large intestine, their regulation in health and how dysregulation at multiple levels can result in disease. Intestinal electrolyte transport is a balance of ion secretory and ion absorptive processes, all exquisitely dependent on the basolateral Na+ /K+ ATPase; when this balance goes awry, it can result in diarrhea or in constipation. The key transporters involved in secretion are the apical membrane Cl- channels and the basolateral Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter, NKCC1 and K+ channels. Absorption chiefly involves apical membrane Na+ /H+ exchangers and Cl- /HCO3 - exchangers in the small intestine and proximal colon and Na+ channels in the distal colon. Key examples of our current understanding of infectious, inflammatory, and genetic diarrheal diseases and of constipation are provided. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:947-1023, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini C Rao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Smart Model to Distinguish Crohn’s Disease from Ulcerative Colitis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9081650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is a term referring to chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal disease. It includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). It is undeniable that presenting features may be unclear and do not enable differentiation between disease types. Therefore, additional information, obtained during the analysis, can definitely provide a potential way to differentiate between UC and CD. For that reason, finding the optimal logistic model for further analysis of collected medical data, is a main factor determining the further precisely defined decision class for each examined patient. In our study, 152 patients with CD or UC were included. The collected data concerned not only biochemical parameters of blood but also very subjective information, such as data from interviews. The built-in logistics model with very high precision was able to assign patients to the appropriate group (sensitivity = 0.84, specificity = 0.74, AUC = 0.93). This model indicates factors differentiating between CD and UC and indicated odds ratios calculated for significantly different variables in these two groups. All obtained parameters of the model were checked for statistically significant. The constructed model was able to be distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
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Tronstad RR, Polushina T, Brattbakk HR, Stansberg C, von Volkmann HL, Hanevik K, Ellinghaus E, Jørgensen SF, Ersland KM, Pham KDC, Gilja OH, Hovdenak N, Hausken T, Vatn MH, Franke A, Knappskog PM, Le Hellard S, Karlsen TH, Fiskerstrand T. Genetic and transcriptional analysis of inflammatory bowel disease-associated pathways in patients with GUCY2C-linked familial diarrhea. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019; 53:1264-1273. [PMID: 30353760 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1521867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activating mutations in the GUCY2C gene, which encodes the epithelial receptor guanylate cyclase C, cause diarrhea due to increased loss of sodium chloride to the intestinal lumen. Patients with familial GUCY2C diarrhea syndrome (FGDS) are predisposed to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We investigated whether genes in the guanylate cyclase C pathway are enriched for association with IBD and reversely whether genetic or transcriptional changes associated with IBD are found in FGDS patients. METHODS (1) A set of 27 genes from the guanylate cyclase C pathway was tested for enrichment of association with IBD by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, using genome-wide association summary statistics from 12,882 IBD patients and 21,770 controls. (2) We genotyped 163 known IBD risk loci and sequenced NOD2 in 22 patients with FGDS. Eight of them had concomitant Crohn's disease. (3) Global gene expression analysis was performed in ileal tissue from patients with FGDS, Crohn's disease and healthy individuals. RESULTS The guanylate cyclase C gene set showed a significant enrichment of association in IBD genome-wide association data. Risk variants in NOD2 were found in 7/8 FGDS patients with concomitant Crohn's disease and in 2/14 FDGS patients without Crohn's disease. In ileal tissue, downregulation of metallothioneins characterized FGDS patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a role of guanylate cyclase C signaling and disturbed electrolyte homeostasis in development of IBD. Furthermore, downregulation of metallothioneins in the ileal mucosa of FGDS patients may contribute to IBD development, possibly alongside effects from NOD2 risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune R Tronstad
- a Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Paediatrics , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Tatiana Polushina
- c NORMENT- K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,d Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Hans-Richard Brattbakk
- c NORMENT- K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,d Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Christine Stansberg
- c NORMENT- K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,d Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Hilde Løland von Volkmann
- e Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,f Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- a Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Eva Ellinghaus
- g Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology , Christian Albrechts University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany.,h K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Silje Fjellgård Jørgensen
- h K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,i Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, Dermatology and Infectious Diseases , Oslo University Hospital , Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Kari Merete Ersland
- c NORMENT- K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,d Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Khanh D-C Pham
- f Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- e Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,j National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Nils Hovdenak
- f Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Trygve Hausken
- e Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,f Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Morten H Vatn
- k Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen), Division of Medicine , Akershus University Hospital and.,l Medical Clinic , Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Andre Franke
- g Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology , Christian Albrechts University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Per Morten Knappskog
- a Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,m Department of Medical Genetics , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- c NORMENT- K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,d Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Tom Hemming Karlsen
- h K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,n Research Institute of Internal Medicine , Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway.,o Norwegian PSC Research Centre at the Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer medicine, Surgery and Transplantation , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Torunn Fiskerstrand
- a Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,m Department of Medical Genetics , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
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Secombe KR, Ball IA, Shirren J, Wignall AD, Finnie J, Keefe D, Avogadri-Connors F, Olek E, Martin D, Moran S, Bowen JM. Targeting neratinib-induced diarrhea with budesonide and colesevelam in a rat model. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 83:531-543. [PMID: 30535958 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3756-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neratinib is an irreversible pan-ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the extended adjuvant treatment of early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer. Its use is associated with the development of severe diarrhea in up to 40% of patients in the absence of proactive management. We previously developed a rat model of neratinib-induced diarrhea and found inflammation and anatomical disruption in the ileum and colon. Here we tested whether anti-diarrheal interventions, budesonide and colesevelam, can reduce neratinib-induced diarrhea and intestinal pathology. METHODS Rats were treated with 50 mg/kg neratinib via oral gavage for 14 or 28 days (total n = 64). Body weight and diarrhea severity were recorded daily. Apoptosis was measured using immunohistochemistry for caspase-3. Inflammation was measured via a multiplex cytokine/chemokine assay. ErbB levels were measured using PCR and Western Blot. RESULTS Budesonide co-treatment caused rats to gain significantly less weight than neratinib alone from day 4 of treatment (P = 0.0418). Budesonide (P = 0.027) and colesevelam (P = 0.033) each reduced the amount of days with moderate diarrhea compared to neratinib alone. In the proximal colon, rats treated with neratinib had higher levels of apoptosis compared to controls (P = 0.0035). Budesonide reduced histopathological injury in the proximal (P = 0.0401) and distal colon (P = 0.027) and increased anti-inflammatory IL-4 tissue concentration (ileum; P = 0.0026, colon; P = 0.031) compared to rats treated with neratinib alone. In the distal ileum, while budesonide decreased ErbB1 mRNA expression compared to controls (P = 0.018) (PCR), an increase in total ErbB1 protein was detected (P = 0.0021) (Western Blot). CONCLUSION Both budesonide and colesevelam show potential as effective interventions against neratinib-induced diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate R Secombe
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Level 2 Helen Mayo Building South, Frome Rd, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - Imogen A Ball
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Level 2 Helen Mayo Building South, Frome Rd, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Joseph Shirren
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Level 2 Helen Mayo Building South, Frome Rd, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Anthony D Wignall
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Level 2 Helen Mayo Building South, Frome Rd, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - John Finnie
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dorothy Keefe
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Level 2 Helen Mayo Building South, Frome Rd, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Susan Moran
- Puma Biotechnology Inc, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Level 2 Helen Mayo Building South, Frome Rd, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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Kelly D, Kotliar M, Woo V, Jagannathan S, Whitt J, Moncivaiz J, Aronow BJ, Dubinsky MC, Hyams JS, Markowitz JF, Baldassano RN, Stephens MC, Walters TD, Kugathasan S, Haberman Y, Sundaram N, Rosen MJ, Helmrath M, Karns R, Barski A, Denson LA, Alenghat T. Microbiota-sensitive epigenetic signature predicts inflammation in Crohn's disease. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122104. [PMID: 30232290 PMCID: PMC6237229 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered response to the intestinal microbiota strongly associates with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, how commensal microbial cues are integrated by the host during the pathogenesis of IBD is not understood. Epigenetics represents a potential mechanism that could enable intestinal microbes to modulate transcriptional output during the development of IBD. Here, we reveal a histone methylation signature of intestinal epithelial cells isolated from the terminal ilea of newly diagnosed pediatric IBD patients. Genes characterized by significant alterations in histone H3-lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) showed differential enrichment in pathways involving immunoregulation, cell survival and signaling, and metabolism. Interestingly, a large subset of these genes was epigenetically regulated by microbiota in mice and several microbiota-sensitive epigenetic targets demonstrated altered expression in IBD patients. Remarkably though, a substantial proportion of these genes exhibited H3K4me3 levels that correlated with the severity of intestinal inflammation in IBD, despite lacking significant differential expression. Collectively, these data uncover a previously unrecognized epigenetic profile of IBD that can be primed by commensal microbes and indicate sensitive targets in the epithelium that may underlie how microbiota predispose to subsequent intestinal inflammation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kelly
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | | | - Vivienne Woo
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance
| | | | - Jordan Whitt
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance
| | | | - Bruce J. Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Marla C. Dubinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Hyams
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Robert N. Baldassano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael C. Stephens
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas D. Walters
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yael Haberman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated with the Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Nambirajan Sundaram
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, CCHMC and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Michael Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, CCHMC and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | - Artem Barski
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology and Human Genetics, and
| | - Lee A. Denson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance
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Haggie PM, Cil O, Lee S, Tan JA, Rivera AA, Phuan PW, Verkman AS. SLC26A3 inhibitor identified in small molecule screen blocks colonic fluid absorption and reduces constipation. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121370. [PMID: 30046015 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC26A3 (downregulated in adenoma; DRA) is a Cl-/anion exchanger expressed in the luminal membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, where it facilitates electroneutral NaCl absorption. SLC26A3 loss of function in humans or mice causes chloride-losing diarrhea. Here, we identified slc26a3 inhibitors in a screen of 50,000 synthetic small molecules done in Fischer rat thyroid (FRT) cells coexpressing slc26a3 and a genetically encoded halide sensor. Structure-activity relationship studies were done on the most potent inhibitor classes identified in the screen: 4,8-dimethylcoumarins and acetamide-thioimidazoles. The dimethylcoumarin DRAinh-A250 fully and reversibly inhibited slc26a3-mediated Cl- exchange with HCO3-, I-, and thiocyanate (SCN-), with an IC50 of ~0.2 μM. DRAinh-A250 did not inhibit the homologous anion exchangers slc26a4 (pendrin) or slc26a6 (PAT-1), nor did it alter activity of other related proteins or intestinal ion channels. In mice, intraluminal DRAinh-A250 blocked fluid absorption in closed colonic loops but not in jejunal loops, while the NHE3 (SLC9A3) inhibitor tenapanor blocked absorption only in the jejunum. Oral DRAinh-A250 and tenapanor comparably reduced signs of constipation in loperamide-treated mice, with additive effects found on coadministration. DRAinh-A250 was also effective in loperamide-treated cystic fibrosis mice. These studies support a major role of slc26a3 in colonic fluid absorption and suggest the therapeutic utility of SLC26A3 inhibition in constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onur Cil
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Alan S Verkman
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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Coffing H, Priyamvada S, Anbazhagan AN, Salibay C, Engevik M, Versalovic J, Yacyshyn MB, Yacyshyn B, Tyagi S, Saksena S, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK. Clostridium difficile toxins A and B decrease intestinal SLC26A3 protein expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G43-G52. [PMID: 29597352 PMCID: PMC6109705 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00307.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the primary cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the United States. Although C. difficile toxins A and B are the primary mediators of CDI, the overall pathophysiology underlying C. difficile-associated diarrhea remains poorly understood. Studies have shown that a decrease in both NHE3 (Na+/H+ exchanger) and DRA (downregulated in adenoma, Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchanger), resulting in decreased electrolyte absorption, is implicated in infectious and inflammatory diarrhea. Furthermore, studies have shown that NHE3 is depleted at the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells and downregulated in patients with CDI, but the role of DRA in CDI remains unknown. In the current studies, we examined the effects of C. difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB on DRA protein and mRNA levels in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Our data demonstrated that DRA protein levels were significantly reduced in response to TcdA and TcdB in IECs in culture. This effect was also specific to DRA, as NHE3 and PAT-1 (putative anion transporter 1) protein levels were unaffected by TcdA and TcdB. Additionally, purified TcdA and TcdA + TcdB, but not TcdB, resulted in a decrease in colonic DRA protein levels in a toxigenic mouse model of CDI. Finally, patients with recurrent CDI also exhibited significantly reduced expression of colonic DRA protein. Together, these findings indicate that C. difficile toxins markedly downregulate intestinal expression of DRA which may contribute to the diarrheal phenotype of CDI. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our studies demonstrate, for the first time, that C. difficile toxins reduce DRA protein, but not mRNA, levels in intestinal epithelial cells. These findings suggest that a downregulation of DRA may be a critical factor in C. difficile infection-associated diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Coffing
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christine Salibay
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melinda Engevik
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, Texas
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, Texas
| | - Mary Beth Yacyshyn
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department. of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bruce Yacyshyn
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department. of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sangeeta Tyagi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
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Priyadarshini M, Kotlo KU, Dudeja PK, Layden BT. Role of Short Chain Fatty Acid Receptors in Intestinal Physiology and Pathophysiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1091-1115. [PMID: 29978895 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing is a mechanism for organisms to sense their environment. In larger animals, including humans, the intestinal tract is a major site of nutrient sensing for the body, not surprisingly, as this is the central location where nutrients are absorbed. In the gut, bacterial fermentation results in generation of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), a class of nutrients, which are sensed by specific membrane bound receptors, FFA2, FFA3, GPR109a, and Olfr78. These receptors are expressed uniquely throughout the gut and signal through distinct mechanisms. To date, the emerging data suggests a role of these receptors in normal and pathological conditions. The overall function of these receptors is to regulate aspects of intestinal motility, hormone secretion, maintenance of the epithelial barrier, and immune cell function. Besides in intestinal health, a prominent role of these receptors has emerged in modulation of inflammatory and immune responses during pathological conditions. Moreover, these receptors are being revealed to interact with the gut microbiota. This review article updates the current body of knowledge on SCFA sensing receptors in the gut and their roles in intestinal health and disease as well as in whole body energy homeostasis. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1091-1115, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kumar U Kotlo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Thiagarajah JR, Kamin DS, Acra S, Goldsmith JD, Roland JT, Lencer WI, Muise AM, Goldenring JR, Avitzur Y, Martín MG. Advances in Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea in Infants. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:2045-2059.e6. [PMID: 29654747 PMCID: PMC6044208 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea is common in infants (children less than 2 years of age), usually acute, and, if chronic, commonly caused by allergies and occasionally by infectious agents. Congenital diarrheas and enteropathies (CODEs) are rare causes of devastating chronic diarrhea in infants. Evaluation of CODEs is a lengthy process and infrequently leads to a clear diagnosis. However, genomic analyses and the development of model systems have increased our understanding of CODE pathogenesis. With these advances, a new diagnostic approach is needed. We propose a revised approach to determine causes of diarrhea in infants, including CODEs, based on stool analysis, histologic features, responses to dietary modifications, and genetic tests. After exclusion of common causes of diarrhea in infants, the evaluation proceeds through analyses of stool characteristics (watery, fatty, or bloody) and histologic features, such as the villus to crypt ratio in intestinal biopsies. Infants with CODEs resulting from defects in digestion, absorption, transport of nutrients and electrolytes, or enteroendocrine cell development or function have normal villi to crypt ratios; defects in enterocyte structure or immune-mediated conditions result in an abnormal villus to crypt ratios and morphology. Whole-exome and genome sequencing in the early stages of evaluation can reduce the time required for a definitive diagnosis of CODEs, or lead to identification of new variants associated with these enteropathies. The functional effects of gene mutations can be analyzed in model systems such as enteroids or induced pluripotent stem cells and are facilitated by recent advances in gene editing procedures. Characterization and investigation of new CODE disorders will improve management of patients and advance our understanding of epithelial cells and other cells in the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R. Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel S. Kamin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sari Acra
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics and the Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey D. Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph T. Roland
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics and the Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wayne I. Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aleixo M. Muise
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Department of Paediatrics and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics and the Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yaron Avitzur
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Martín G. Martín
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases broadly categorized into Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with increasing prevalence worldwide. The etiology of the disease is complex and involves a combination of genetic, environmental, immunological and gut microbial factors. Recurring and bloody diarrhea is the most prevalent and debilitating symptom in IBD. The pathogenesis of IBD-associated diarrhea is multifactorial and is essentially an outcome of mucosal damage caused by persistent inflammation resulting in dysregulated intestinal ion transport, impaired epithelial barrier function and increased accessibility of the pathogens to the intestinal mucosa. Altered expression and/or function of epithelial ion transporters and channels is the principle cause of electrolyte retention and water accumulation in the intestinal lumen leading to diarrhea in IBD. Aberrant barrier function further contributes to diarrhea via leak-flux mechanism. Mucosal penetration of enteric pathogens promotes dysbiosis and exacerbates the underlying immune system further perpetuating IBD associated-tissue damage and diarrhea. Here, we review the mechanisms of impaired ion transport and loss of epithelial barrier function contributing to diarrhea associated with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
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SLC26A3 (DRA) prevents TNF-alpha-induced barrier dysfunction and dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis. J Transl Med 2018; 98:462-476. [PMID: 29330471 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-017-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC26A3 encodes a Cl-/HCO3- ion transporter that is also known as downregulated in adenoma (DRA) and is involved in HCO3-/mucus formation. The role of DRA in the epithelial barrier has not been previously established. In this study, we investigated the in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of DRA in the colon epithelial barrier. Immunofluorescence (IF) and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) studies reveal that DRA binds directly to tight junction (TJ) proteins and affects the expression of TJ proteins in polarized Caco-2BBe cells. Similarly, DRA colocalizes with ZO-1 in the intestinal epithelium. Knockdown or overexpression of DRA leads to alterations in TJ proteins and epithelial permeability. In addition, TNF-α treatment downregulates DRA by activating NF-кB and subsequently affecting intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Furthermore, overexpression of DRA partly reverses the TNF-α-induced damage by stabilizing TJ proteins. Neutralization of TNF-α in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice demonstrates improved the outcomes, and the therapeutic effect of the TNF-α neutralizing mAb is mediated in part by the preservation of DRA expression. These data suggest that DRA may be one of the therapeutic targets of TNF-α. Moreover, DRA delivered by adenovirus vector significantly prevents the exacerbation of colitis and improves epithelial barrier function by promoting the recovery of TJ proteins in DSS-treated mice. In conclusion, DRA plays a role in protecting the epithelial barrier and may be a therapeutic target in gut homeostasis.
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Xu H, Ghishan FK, Kiela PR. SLC9 Gene Family: Function, Expression, and Regulation. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:555-583. [PMID: 29687889 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Slc9 family of Na+ /H+ exchangers (NHEs) plays a critical role in electroneutral exchange of Na+ and H+ in the mammalian intestine as well as other absorptive and secretory epithelia of digestive organs. These transport proteins contribute to the transepithelial Na+ and water absorption, intracellular pH and cellular volume regulation as well as the electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid volume homeostasis at the systemic level. They also influence the function of other membrane transport mechanisms, affect cellular proliferation and apoptosis as well as cell migration, adherence to the extracellular matrix, and tissue repair. Additionally, they modulate the extracellular milieu to facilitate other nutrient absorption and to regulate the intestinal microbial microenvironment. Na+ /H+ exchange is inhibited in selected gastrointestinal diseases, either by intrinsic factors (e.g., bile acids, inflammatory mediators) or infectious agents and associated bacterial toxins. Disrupted NHE activity may contribute not only to local and systemic electrolyte imbalance but also to the disease severity via multiple mechanisms. In this review, we describe the cation proton antiporter superfamily of Na+ /H+ exchangers with a particular emphasis on the eight SLC9A isoforms found in the digestive tract, followed by a more integrative description in their roles in each of the digestive organs. We discuss regulatory mechanisms that determine the function of Na+ /H+ exchangers as pertinent to the digestive tract, their regulation in pathological states of the digestive organs, and reciprocally, the contribution of dysregulated Na+ /H+ exchange to the disease pathogenesis and progression. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:555-583, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Fayez K Ghishan
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Pawel R Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Kwon S, Hsieh YS, Shin YK, Kang P, Seol GH. Linalyl acetate prevents olmesartan-induced intestinal hypermotility mediated by interference of the sympathetic inhibitory pathway in hypertensive rat. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:362-368. [PMID: 29571021 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Olmesartan-associated enteropathy (OAE) is a life-threatening pathological condition, but its underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. Although intestinal hypermotility is frequently accompanied by chronic diarrhea, there have been no studies of olmesartan-induced hypermotility. Intestinal motility should be well regulated by the enteric nervous system, but degeneration of enteric neurons has been reported in patients with chronic diarrheal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome, suggesting a connection between OAE and intestinal hypermotility. In this study, interference with this inhibitory pathway was analyzed in a model of olmesartan-induced intestinal hypermotility (OIH) in rats with nicotine-induced hypertension exposed to chronic immobilizing stress. The effects of the potent inhibitory neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which act via different pathways, were assessed ex vivo, with only NE-modulated frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions found to be elevated in OIH rat jejunum. Clinical symptoms frequent in OAE, including atrophy of the intestinal epithelium and weight loss, were observed in these rats. Interestingly, olmesartan significantly elevated heart rate while lowering blood pressure in OIH rats. These abnormal conditions were prevented by adding linalyl acetate (LA), while the blood pressure-lowering effects of olmesartan were maintained. These findings suggest that olmesartan induces intestinal hypermotility by interfering with the sympathetic inhibitory pathway, and reduces epithelial cell size or body weight in hypertensive rats. As LA prevented these effects, combination treatment with olmesartan plus LA may provide better antihypertensive efficacy without inducing OAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonho Kwon
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, School of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Shan Hsieh
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, School of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - You Kyoung Shin
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, School of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Purum Kang
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, School of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Hee Seol
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, School of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Kumar A, Malhotra P, Coffing H, Priyamvada S, Anbazhagan AN, Krishnan HR, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Gavin DP, Pandey SC, Dudeja PK, Saksena S. Epigenetic modulation of intestinal Na +/H + exchanger-3 expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G309-G318. [PMID: 29167115 PMCID: PMC5899241 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00293.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchanger-3 (NHE3) is crucial for intestinal Na+ absorption, and its reduction has been implicated in infectious and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)-associated diarrhea. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation are involved in the pathophysiology of IBD. Whether changes in DNA methylation are involved in modulating intestinal NHE3 gene expression is not known. Caco-2 and HuTu 80 cells were used as models of human intestinal epithelial cells. Normal C57/BL6, wild-type, or growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45b (GADD45b) knockout (KO) mice were used as in vivo models. NHE3 gene DNA methylation levels were assessed by MBDCap (MethyMiner) assays. Results demonstrated that in vitro methylation of NHE3 promoter construct (p-1509/+127) cloned into a cytosine guanine dinucleotide-free lucia vector decreased the promoter activity in Caco-2 cells. DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine (10 μM, 24 h) caused a significant decrease in DNA methylation of the NHE3 gene and concomitantly increased NHE3 expression in Caco-2 cells. Similarly, 5-azacytidine treatment increased NHE3 mRNA levels in HuTu 80 cells. 5-Azacytidine treatment for 3 wk (10 mg/kg body wt ip, 3 times/wk) also resulted in an increase in NHE3 expression in the mouse ileum and colon. Small-interfering RNA knockdown of GADD45b (protein involved in DNA demethylation) in Caco-2 cells decreased NHE3 mRNA expression. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in NHE3 mRNA and protein expression in the ileum and colon of GADD45b KO mice. Our findings demonstrate that NHE3 gene expression is regulated by changes in its DNA methylation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our studies for the first time demonstrate that Na+/H+ exchanger-3 gene expression is regulated by an epigenetic mechanism involving DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pooja Malhotra
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hayley Coffing
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Harish R Krishnan
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - David P Gavin
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Subhash C Pandey
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
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47
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Ding X, Li D, Li M, Tian D, Yu H, Yu Q. Tumor necrosis factor-α acts reciprocally with solute carrier family 26, member 3, (downregulated-in-adenoma) and reduces its expression, leading to intestinal inflammation. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1224-1232. [PMID: 29286110 PMCID: PMC5819926 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier family 26, member 3 (Slc26a3), also termed downregulated-in-adenoma (DRA) is a member of the Slc26 family of anion transporters and is mutated in congenital chloride diarrhea. Our previous study demonstrated that DRA deficiency is associated with severely reduced colonic HCO3‑ secretion, a loss of colonic fluid absorption, a lack of a firmly adherent mucus layer and a severely reduced colonic mucosal resistance to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) damage. However, the direct effect of mediators that trigger intestinal inflammatory factors on DRA has not been fully investigated. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α is a central mediator of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease. However, to the best of our knowledge, whether TNF‑α acts reciprocally with DRA leading to the development of gut inflammation in IBD has not been reported. The present study identified that the expression level of DRA was reduced in active UC patients and DSS‑induced colitis mice with high expression levels of TNF‑α identified in the peripheral blood serum. In addition, TNF‑α may affect the expression level of DRA in human colonic Caco2BBE cells in a dose‑dependent manner, including in DRA overexpressed Caco2BBE cells. Furthermore, knockdown of TNF‑α in Caco2BBE cells led to a higher expression level of DRA and a markedly reduced secretion of TNF‑α in the culture media. In addition, knockdown of DRA in Caco2BBE cells led to a higher secretion of TNF‑α in the culture media compared with the control cells, which could be reversed by overexpression of DRA. Overall, these results indicate that TNF‑α may act reciprocally with DRA, leading to the development of intestinal inflammation. Based on the pivotal position of TNF‑α in IBD, DRA is hypothesized to have therapeutic potential against colitis serving as an important target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Mengke Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital and The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Anzoise ML, Basso AR, Del Mauro JS, Carranza A, Ordieres GL, Gorzalczany S. Potential usefulness of methyl gallate in the treatment of experimental colitis. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:839-849. [PMID: 29116460 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methyl gallate is a gallotannin widely distributed in nature. Previous studies have demonstrated its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-tumor activities. In the present study, the activity of methyl gallate on experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease has been investigated. Experimental colitis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats through the intracolonic instillation of an acetic acid solution (2 mL, 4% v/v). Methyl gallate (100 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) and the reference drug mesalazine (100 mg/kg, p.o.) were tested. Methyl gallate induced a significant reduction in the colon weight/length ratio and macroscopic lesion score. Besides, the malondialdehyde content and the GSSG/GSH ratio were remarkably decreased. Furthermore, the administration of methyl gallate reduced the expression of COX2, IL-6, TNFα and the severity of microscopic tissue damage induced by acetic acid, while the mean goblet cell density was significantly higher in both the group treated with methyl gallate and the one treated with mesalazine, in comparison with untreated animals. The Na+K+ATPase pump activity was recovered in treated groups (control: 827.2 ± 59.6, colitis: 311.6 ± 54.8, methyl gallate 100 mg/kg: 642.2 ± 175.0, methyl gallate 300 mg/kg: 809.7 ± 100.6, mesalazine: 525.3 ± 81.7). Methyl gallate was also found to induce a significant reduction in the castor oil-induced intestinal motility in Swiss mice, decreasing the peristalsis by 74.5 and 58.82% at 100 and 300 mg/kg p.o., respectively. This compound also antagonized the jejunum contractions induced by Ach and CaCl2. This study demonstrates that methyl gallate exerts beneficial effects in a preclinical model of intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Anzoise
- Pharmacology Chair, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angeles Rodríguez Basso
- Pharmacology Chair, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Sofía Del Mauro
- Pharmacology Chair, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Carranza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, M T de Alvear 2270, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela López Ordieres
- Pharmacology Chair, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Gorzalczany
- Pharmacology Chair, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kumar A, Chatterjee I, Gujral T, Alakkam A, Coffing H, Anbazhagan AN, Borthakur A, Saksena S, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK. Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB by Tumor Necrosis Factor in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Mouse Intestinal Epithelia Reduces Expression of the Chloride Transporter SLC26A3. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1338-1350.e3. [PMID: 28823863 PMCID: PMC5669803 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel diseases has been associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The intestinal mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases has reduced expression of solute carrier family 26 member 3 (SLC26A3, also called DRA). We investigated whether TNF directly affects expression of DRA in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and in the intestines of mice, and studied the mechanisms of these effects. METHODS We performed quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and immunoblot analyses in Caco-2, HT-29, and T-84 cells human IECs cultured in 2 or 3 dimensions with or without TNF (50 ng/mL for 6-24 hours). We purified nuclear extracts and quantified nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and DNA binding. We isolated intestinal crypts from C57BL/6 mice, cultured enteroids, incubated these with TNF (50 ng/mL, 24 hours), and quantified messenger RNAs. DRA-mediated exchange of Cl- for HCO3- was measured by uptake of 125I. Expression of the NF-κB inhibitor α (IkBa) was knocked down in Caco-2 cells with small interfering RNAs. Activation of NF-κB in response to TNF was measured by luciferase reporter assays; binding of the NF-κB subunit p65 in cells was analyzed in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. DRA promoter activity was measured in a luciferase reporter assay. C57BL/6 mice were injected with TNF (5 μg/mouse for 3-6 hours) or vehicle (control); intestines were collected and analyzed by immunofluorescence, or RNA and protein were collected from the mucosa. RESULTS Incubation of IECs with TNF reduced expression of DRA. Knockdown of NF-κB inhibitor α in IECs led to nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunit p65 and reduced levels of DRA messenger RNA and protein. Expression of a transgene encoding p65 or p50 in IECs led to significant reductions in the promoter activity of DRA and its expression. In chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, p65 bound directly to the promoter of DRA, at the regions of -935 to -629 and -375 to -84. Injection of mice with TNF or incubation of crypt-derived enteroids with TNF reduced their expression of DRA messenger RNA and protein. CONCLUSIONS In human IECs and intestinal tissues from mice, we found TNF to activate NF-κB, which reduced expression of the Cl- / HCO3- exchanger DRA (SLC26A3), via direct binding to the promoter of DRA. This pathway is an important therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ishita Chatterjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tarunmeet Gujral
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anas Alakkam
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hayley Coffing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alip Borthakur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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50
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Jayawardena D, Anbazhagan AN, Guzman G, Dudeja PK, Onyuksel H. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Nanomedicine for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3698-3708. [PMID: 28991483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing disorder of the intestine, with increasing incidence worldwide. At present, the management of IBD is an unmet medical need due to the ineffectiveness of currently available drugs in treating all patients, and there is strong demand for novel therapeutics. In this regard, vasoactive intestinal peptide, a potent anti-inflammatory endogenous hormone, has shown promise in managing multiple immune disorders in animal models. However, when administered in the free form, VIP undergoes rapid degradation in vivo, and with continuous infusion, it causes severe dose limiting side effects. To overcome these barriers, we have developed a superior mode to deliver VIP in its native form, using sterically stabilized micelles (VIP-SSM). Our previous studies demonstrated that, VIP, when administered in SSM, prevented joint damage and inflammation in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis at a significantly lower dose than the free peptide, completely abrogating the serious side effect of hypotension associated with VIP. In the current study, we demonstrate the therapeutic benefit of VIP-SSM over free peptide in reversing severe colitis associated with IBD. First, we conducted preliminary studies with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis in mice, to determine the effectiveness of VIP administered on alternate days in reducing disease severity. Thereafter, a single intra peritoneal injection of VIP-SSM or the free peptide was used to determine its therapeutic effect on the reversal of colitis and associated diarrhea. The results demonstrated that when administered on alternate days, both VIP-SSM and VIP were capable of alleviating DSS colitis in mice. However, when administered as a single dose, in a therapeutic setting, VIP-SSM showed superior benefits compared to the free peptide in ameliorating colitis phenotype. Namely, the loss of solid fecal pellets and increased fluid accumulation in colon resulting from DSS insult was abrogated in VIP-SSM treated mice and not with free VIP. Furthermore, reduced protein and mRNA levels of the major chloride bicarbonate exchanger, down regulated in adenoma (DRA), seen with DSS was reversed with VIP-SSM, but not with the free peptide. Similarly, VIP-SSM treatment significantly reduced the elevated mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and showed significant histologic recovery when compared to mice treated with free VIP. Therefore, these results demonstrated that as a single dose, the anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal effects of VIP can be achieved effectively when administered as a nanomedicine. Therefore, we propose VIP-SSM to be developed as a potential therapeutic tool for treating ulcerative colitis, a type of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago Illinois 60612, United States
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