Inflammatory Bowel Disease is Similar in Patients with Older Onset and Younger Onset

Inflammation and aging-related disease: A transdisciplinary inflammaging framework

Inflammaging, a state of chronic, progressive low-grade inflammation during aging, is associated with several adverse clinical outcomes, including frailty, disability, and death. Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of aging and is linked to the pathogenesis of many aging-related diseases. Anti-inflammatory therapies are also increasingly being studied as potential anti-aging treatments, and clinical trials have shown benefits in selected aging-related diseases. Despite promising advances, significant gaps remain in defining, measuring, treating, and integrating inflammaging into clinical geroscience research. The Clin-STAR Inflammation Research Interest Group was formed by a group of transdisciplinary clinician-scientists with the goal of advancing inflammaging-related clinical research and improving patient-centered care for older adults. Here, we integrate insights from nine medical subspecialties to illustrate the widespread impact of inflammaging on diseases linked to aging, highlighting the extensive opportunities for targeted interventions. We then propose a transdisciplinary approach to enhance understanding and treatment of inflammaging that aims to improve comprehensive care for our aging patients.

Frailty: An Underappreciated Risk Factor for IBD Complications

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The prevalence of IBD in older adults is rapidly growing. Older adults with IBD are underrepresented in research and clinical trials and yet at great risk for adverse events. Therefore, understanding advanced aged associated constructs in older adults can be critical to improving the management of older adults with IBD.

RECENT FINDINGS

In this review, we present recent studies on frailty in IBD. We identify 4 major themes in the literature: studies that describe frailty in patients with IBD, studies that report on consequences of frailty, studies of frailty as a risk stratification modality, and studies of frailty as an exposure and outcome. In reviewing the literature, we discuss the heterogeneity that exists and outline future directions to ensure appropriate applications for frailty in the field of IBD.

IBD Is Like a Tree: Reflections From Older Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

BACKGROUND

Despite the growing proportion of older adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), their lived experience is not well understood. IBD literature is generally focused on younger adults, and few studies are qualitative. Older adults may report well-being differently than younger adults, so it is important that we learn about their goals and priorities with a chronic disease.

OBJECTIVE

The study sought to understand the lived experience of older adults with IBD and explore their perceptions and priorities.

METHODS

We conducted in-depth interviews with patients ≥60 years of age with IBD to evaluate the impact and perception of IBD in the context their overall health and life. We used a hybrid inductive-deductive thematic analysis of our transcripts to identify underlying patterns.

RESULTS

We achieved thematic saturation after 22 interviews. We produced 4 major themes: (1) having IBD at an older age, (2) financial ramifications of IBD at an older age, (3) expectations for a meaningful life, and (4) unmet needs. Prominent subthemes included (1) ageism, loss of autonomy, and barriers to healthcare; (2) retirement and insurance issues; (3) redefining quality of life and gratitude; and (4) social isolation and navigating daily life with IBD.

CONCLUSIONS

Having IBD later in life presents unique challenges. Physicians treating older patients should consider age-sensitive communication, susceptibility to social isolation, and practices for healthy aging in the context of IBD. Patient priorities for further investigation include more representation in the media and educational material tailored for older adults with IBD.

Managing the older adult with inflammatory bowel disease: is age just a number?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review summarizes the most recent literature on older adults with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Additionally, we review geriatric syndromes that may be pertinent to the management of older adults with IBD.

RECENT FINDINGS

Traditionally chronological age has been used to risk stratify older adults with IBD, however physiologic status, including comorbidities, frailty, and sarcopenia, are more closely associated with clinical outcomes for older adults. Delaying care for and undertreating older adults with IBD based upon advanced chronologic age alone is associated with worse outcomes, including increased mortality. Treatment decisions should be made considering physiologic status, with an understanding of the differential risks associated with both ongoing disease and treatment. As such, there is an increasing recognition of the impact geriatric syndromes have on older adults with IBD, which need to be further explored.

SUMMARY

Older adults with IBD are less likely to receive advanced therapies and timely surgery. They are also more likely to have adverse outcomes despite having similar disease courses to younger adults with IBD. Focusing on biological age as opposed to chronological age can shift this trajectory and improve quality of care for this growing population of patients with IBD.

Elderly Patients with Moderate-To-Severe Ulcerative Colitis Are More Likely to Have Treatment Failure and Adverse Outcome

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The aim of this study was to compare therapeutic responses and prognosis between elderly and nonelderly ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with moderate-to-severe activity.

METHODS

148 UC patients with moderate-to-severe activity hospitalized between 2000 and 2019 were enrolled consecutively, including 74 patients with the age of diagnosis over 60 years and 74 patients diagnosed less than 60 years. Patients were matched by gender, duration (±15%), disease activity, and admission time (±1 year). They were followed up until the latest medical record or December 2019. The primary outcome was UC-related colectomy or death.

RESULTS

148 patients were followed over median 37.5 months. For steroid use, 76.8% of elderly UC patients were responsive, lower than that in adult group (85.7%). A decreased level of clinical activity index (2.0 [-1.5 to 4.00] vs. 6.0 [3.0-8.0], p < 0.001), reduction of C-reactive protein (23.9 [3.5-65.5] vs. 27.8 [9.7-58.1] mg/L), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (9.0 [-1.3 to 30.5] vs. 15.5 [3.8-36.5] mm/h) at 4 weeks after steroid induction was less obvious in the elderly. More elderly patients manifested steroid dependence and resistance. 28.4% of elderly UC patients took colectomy, remarkably more than adult patients (12.2%), which also occurred earlier (8.0 [0.5-44.75] vs. 39.5 [12-57.38] months, p = 0.001). Aging (hazard ratio [HR] 2.868, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.290-6.375, p = 0.01), male, steroid resistance, and occurrence of complications were independently related to colectomy. The rate of serious infections was significantly higher in the elderly (55.4% vs. 35.1%, p = 0.013), mainly including cytomegalovirus infection, bacterial infection, and extraintestinal infection. Aging (odds ratio [OR] 2.774, 95% CI: 1.355-5.675, p = 0.015), extensive colonic involvement, steroid resistance, and biologics usage were independently associated with a high risk of concomitant infections.

CONCLUSION

Elderly patients with moderate-to-severe UC experienced more treatment failure and increased risk of UC-related colectomy, mortality, and severe infections, predicting demand for more strict and individualized management.

Effectiveness and Safety of Ustekinumab in Elderly Patients with Crohn's Disease: Real World Evidence From the ENEIDA Registry

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Clinical trials and real-life studies with ustekinumab in Crohn's disease [CD] have revealed a good efficacy and safety profile. However, these data are scarcely available in elderly patients. Therefore, we aim to assess the effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab in elderly patients with CD.

METHODS

Elderly patients [>60 years old] from the prospectively maintained ENEIDA registry treated with ustekinumab due to CD were included. Every patient was matched with two controls under 60 years of age, according to anti-tumour necrosis factor use and smoking habit. Values for the Harvey-Bradshaw Index [HBI], endoscopic activity, C-reactive protein [CRP] and faecal calprotectin [FC] were recorded at baseline and at weeks 16, 32 and 54.

RESULTS

In total, 648 patients were included, 212 of whom were elderly. Effectiveness was similar between young and elderly patients during the follow-up. Steroid-free remission was similar at week 16 [54.6 vs 51.4%, p = 0.20], 32 [53.0% vs 54.5%, p = 0.26] and 54 [57.8% vs 51.1%, p = 0.21]. Persistence of ustekinumab as maintenance therapy was similar in both age groups [log-rank test; p = 0.91]. There was no difference in the rate of adverse effects [14.2% vs 11.2%, p = 0.350], including severe infections [7.1% vs 7.3%, p = 1.00], except for the occurrence of de novo neoplasms, which was higher in older patients [0.7% vs 4.3%, p = 0.003].

CONCLUSIONS

Ustekinumab is as effective in elderly patients with CD as it is in non-elderly patients. The safety profile also seems to be similar except for a higher rate of de novo neoplasms, probably related to the age of the elderly patients.

Older Adult Patients Use More Aminosalicylate Monotherapy Compared With Younger Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: TARGET-IBD

GOAL

The goal of this study was to describe medication utilization patterns in older inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients.

BACKGROUND

Despite a growing population of older patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), questions remain regarding medication utilization patterns in comparison to younger populations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We collected data from the 34 sites in TARGET-IBD, a multicenter, observational cohort. The primary outcome in this study was the IBD-specific therapy utilized among older patients with IBD compared with younger age groups. Therapy use was analyzed using pairwise comparisons and then the odds of IBD-specific therapy use among patients older than age 65 were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression models.

RESULTS

We identified 2980 patients with IBD (61% CD). In multivariable analysis, younger patients with UC were significantly less likely to utilize aminosalicylate monotherapy when compared with patients above 65 years [age 18 to 29: adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33-0.78]. In patients with CD, younger patients were significantly less likely to use aminosalicylate monotherapy when compared with patients above 65 (greatest difference age 18 to 29: aOR=0.31, 95% CI: 0.18-0.52). Younger patients with CD and UC were significantly more likely to use anti-tumor necrosis factor monotherapy than patients above 65 years (age 18 to 29: aOR=3.87, 95% CI: 2.47-6.06 and aOR=2.68, 95% CI: 1.29-5.58, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Older patients with IBD demonstrate significant differences in medication utilization, including more aminosalicylate monotherapy and less anti-tumor necrosis factor monotherapy compared with younger age groups. Given the aging population in the United States, these utilization patterns may have long-term implications for disease control.

Crohn's Disease of the Elderly: Unique Biology and Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety

The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing in the elderly population. Compared with patients with onset during younger years, patients with elderly-onset IBD have a distinct clinical presentation, disease phenotype, and natural history. Genetics contribute less to pathogenesis of disease, whereas aging-related biological changes, such as immunosenescence and dysbiosis, are associated with elderly-onset IBD. Frailty is an increasingly recognized predictor of adverse outcomes. As an increasingly wider array of biologic and small molecule therapeutic options becomes available, data regarding efficacy and safety of these agents in patients are paramount given the unique characteristics of this population.

Is it time to include older adults in inflammatory bowel disease trials? A call for action

The therapeutic management of older patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is challenging, particularly because of the absence of evidence-based guidelines for these patients, who seem to frequently be excluded from clinical trials. In this systematic review we investigated the exclusion of older patients with IBD from phase 3 studies registered on PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov, by assessing the upper limit of age exclusion criteria and the percentage of patients older than 65 years included in the trials. Exclusion criteria other than age were also recorded, and comorbidities were analysed separately. Our review of 222 phase 3 studies shows that older patients are frequently excluded from IBD clinical trials because of their age, which was used as an exclusion criterion in 129 (58%) of the 222 assessed trials. Of the 32 trials that detailed the percentage of included patients who were 65 years or older, only 763 (5·4%) patients of the 14 124 patients included were older than 65 years. In addition to age, patients were also excluded because of comorbidities (mainly renal, hepatic, and cardiovascular, and used as an exclusion criterion in 76% of trials), a history of dysplasia (45% of trials), and previous treatment for IBD (19% of trials). We propose a three-step process that should enable the inclusion of all older patients in IBD clinical trials, regardless of their age, comorbidities, and frailty.

The elderly IBD patient in the modern era: changing paradigms in risk stratification and therapeutic management

The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising in the elderly population. Compared with patients with onset during their younger years, patients with elderly onset IBD have a distinct clinical presentation, disease phenotype, and natural history. Genetics contribute less to pathogenesis of disease, whereas biological changes associated with aging including immunosenescence, dysbiosis, and frailty have a greater impact on disease outcomes. With the advent of an increasingly wider array of biologic and small-molecule therapeutic options, data regarding efficacy and safety of these agents in elderly IBD patients specifically are paramount, given the unique characteristics of this population.

Pretreatment Frailty Is Independently Associated With Increased Risk of Infections After Immunosuppression in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Infections are an important adverse effect of immunosuppression for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). However, risk of infection cannot be sufficiently determined based on patients' ages or comorbidities. Frailty has been associated with outcomes of patients with other inflammatory diseases. We aimed to determine the association between frailty and risk of infections after immunosuppression for IBD.

METHODS

We performed a cohort study of 11,001 patients with IBD, using a validated frailty definition based on International Classification of Disease codes to identify patients who were frail vs fit in the 2 years before initiation of an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or immunomodulator therapy, from 1996 through 2010. Our primary outcome was an infection in the first year after treatment. We constructed multivariable logistic regression models, adjusting for clinically pertinent confounders (age, comorbidities, steroid use, and combination therapy) to determine the association between frailty and posttreatment infections.

RESULTS

There were 1299 patients treated with an anti-TNF agent and 2676 patients treated with an immunomodulator. In this cohort, 5% of patients who received anti-TNF therapy and 7% of patients who received an immunomodulator were frail in the 2 years before immunosuppression. Frail patients were older and had more comorbidities. Higher proportions of frail patients developed infections after treatment (19% after TNF and 17% after immunomodulators) compared with fit patients (9% after TNF and 7% after immunomodulators; P < .01 for frail vs fit in both groups). Frail patients had an increased risk of infection after we adjusted for age, comorbidities, and concomitant medications (anti-TNF adjusted odds ratio, 2.05 [95% confidence interval, 1.07-3.93] and immunomodulator adjusted odds ratio, 1.81 [95% confidence interval, 1.22-2.70]).

CONCLUSIONS

Frailty was associated with infections after immunosuppression in patients with IBD after we adjust for age and comorbidities. Systematic assessment and strategies to improve frailty might reduce infection risk in patients with IBD.

Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology over two decades

BACKGROUND

The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has been rising in the overall population as well as in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the incidence of CDI in IBD may be changing owing to alterations in medical therapies.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to establish the incidence of CDI in IBD over the past two decades and compare risk factors, disease characteristics and outcomes between IBD and non-IBD patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this retrospective case-control study, the incidence of CDI in IBD was followed for 18 years. The electronic database of our centre was reviewed for all stool samples received from patients admitted to gastroenterology wards or visiting the outpatient clinic. Diagnosis of CDI was based on diagnostic criteria that evolved throughout the years.

RESULTS

IBD patients (n=44) with CDI were found to be younger (P=0.0001), have less cardiovascular comorbidity (P=0.023), fewer prior hospitalizations (P=0.009) and fewer prior antibiotic use (P=0.005). More IBD patients were on biologic therapy (P=0.0001) or steroids (P=0.001) but less likely taking proton pump inhibitors (P=0.001). The number of stool testing per year increased as well as the median number of positive stool samples for CDI (2% in 2000-2008 to 3% in 2009-2017, P=0.032). Pseudomembranes were only seen in non-IBD patients (28%, P=0.048). There was no difference in the choice of antibiotics between IBD and non-IBD patients [metronidazole (36 vs. 51%) and vancomycin (36 vs. 26%), P=0.090 and 0.190]. The 1-year mortality rate was lower in IBD patients compared with non-IBD patients (0 vs. 32%, P=0.0001).

CONCLUSION

In the past two decades, the incidence of CDI in IBD and non-IBD patients has increased. However, the overall outcome of CDI in IBD patients was favourable compared with non-IBD patients.

Iranian Registry of Crohn's and Colitis: study profile of first nation-wide inflammatory bowel disease registry in Middle East

Background/Aims

A recent study revealed increasing incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Iran. The Iranian Registry of Crohn’s and Colitis (IRCC) was designed recently to answer the needs. We reported the design, methods of data collection, and aims of IRCC in this paper.

Methods

IRCC is a multicenter prospective registry, which is established with collaboration of more than 100 gastroenterologists from different provinces of Iran. Minimum data set for IRCC was defined according to an international consensus on standard set of outcomes for IBD. A pilot feasibility study was performed on 553 IBD patients with a web-based questionnaire. The reliability of questionnaire evaluated by Cronbach’s α.

Results

All sections of questionnaire had Cronbach’s α of more than 0.6. In pilot study, 312 of participants (56.4%) were male and mean age was 38 years (standard deviation=12.8) and 378 patients (68.35%) had ulcerative colitis, 303 subjects (54,7%) had college education and 358 patients (64.74%) were of Fars ethnicity. We found that 68 (12.3%), 44 (7.9%), and 13 (2.3%) of participants were smokers, hookah and opium users, respectively. History of appendectomy was reported in 58 of patients (10.48%). The most common medication was 5-aminosalicylate (94.39%).

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, IRCC is the first national IBD registry in the Middle East and could become a reliable infrastructure for national and international research on IBD. IRCC will improve the quality of care of IBD patients and provide national information for policy makers to better plan for controlling IBD in Iran.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Baby to Baby Boomer: Pediatric and Elderly Onset of IBD

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Early- and late-onset of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may perhaps be etiologically distinct and potentially attributed to genetics, environmental or microbial factors. We review disease factors and clinical characteristics, as well as unique management and treatment strategies to consider when caring for the "baby" or "baby boomer" with IBD.

RECENT FINDINGS

Around 25% of cases of initial diagnosis of IBD is made before the age of 18 years old, and another 15-20% made after the age of 60. Crohn's disease (CD) typically presents as ileocolonic and stricturing or penetrating phenotype among early-onset, whereas among late-onset, it is mainly colonic and inflammatory. Pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) is mostly pan-colonic versus primarily left-sided among the elderly. Treatment goal for both age groups is primarily symptom control, with growth and development also considered among pediatric patients. Due to alterations in pharmacokinetics, careful monitoring and reduced dose should be considered. A multidisciplinary care team is necessary to ensure better clinical outcomes. Onset of disease at either spectrum of age requires careful management and treatment, with both unique disease- and age-appropriate factors carefully considered.

Large Registry Epidemiology in IBD

There are different types of large registries which can be harnessed for inflammatory bowel disease research. Not one registry can answer all types of research questions. It is important for both the researchers using the registries and readers of the reports generated, to be aware of the different strengths and weaknesses of each registry and whether the questions posed can reliably be answered. In this review, the use of large administrative databases/registries are discussed in the context of studying descriptive epidemiology, outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease, pharmacoepidemiology, and etiologic research.