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Xue S, Li D, Zhou P, Lu X, Bai Q, Zhang L, Liu X, Lou J, Li X, Wang R. A sodium alginate intervention strategy to enhance therapeutic effects of bone-targeted alpha therapy via remodeling 223RaCl 2 distribution. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129364. [PMID: 38219927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Radium-223 dichloride is the first approved alpha particle-emitting radiopharmaceutical for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer with symptomatic bone metastases and no known visceral metastases. A large percentage of intestinal enrichment and a slow clearance rate were the main causes of gastrointestinal adverse events after 223RaCl2 administration. The molecular weight of sodium alginate in aqueous solution was determined to be 656 kDa. Sodium alginate exhibits a higher affinity for adsorbing Ra2+ compared to other metal ions belonging to the second main group. Sodium alginate as low as 0.5 g/rat reduced intestinal damage by remodeling 223RaCl2 distribution without affecting bone resorption. Intestinal villi were preserved and enterocyte activity was maintained after sodium alginate intervention. Sodium alginate reduced DNA oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation and maintained endogenous antioxidant status by increasing superoxide dismutase levels and total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, sodium alginate treatment mitigated DNA damage and apoptosis. The administration of sodium alginate effectively maintained the integrity of the intestinal microbiota, which had undergone perturbations due to radiation exposure. This study demonstrated that sodium alginate could be applied to reduce the adverse effects caused by radiation exposure to the intestine during 223RaCl2-treated and reduced intestinal damage resulted from 223RaCl2 accumulation without affecting bone uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China; School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi 336000, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Pan Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi 336000, China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Qingyun Bai
- School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi 336000, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Xingdang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Jingjing Lou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Ruizhi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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Siddiqui R, Qaisar R, Al-Dahash K, Altelly AH, Elmoselhi AB, Khan NA. Cardiovascular changes under the microgravity environment and the gut microbiome. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 40:89-96. [PMID: 38245353 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
In view of the critical role the gut microbiome plays in human health, it has become clear that astronauts' gut microbiota composition changes after spending time in space. Astronauts are exposed to several risks in space, including a protracted period of microgravity, radiation, and mechanical unloading of the body. Several deleterious effects of such an environment are reported, including orthostatic intolerance, cardiovascular endothelial dysfunction, cellular and molecular changes, and changes in the composition of the gut microbiome. Herein, the correlation between the gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease in a microgravity environment is evaluated. Additionally, the relationship between orthostatic hypotension, cardiac shrinkage and arrhythmias during spaceflight, and cellular alterations during spaceflight is reviewed. Given its impact on human health in general, modifying the gut microbiota may significantly promote astronaut health and performance. This is merited, given the prospect of augmented human activities in future space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rizwan Qaisar
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khulood Al-Dahash
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Hashem Altelly
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adel B Elmoselhi
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey.
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Klos B, Steinbach C, Ketel J, Lambert C, Penders J, Doré J, Enck P, Mack I. Effects of isolation and confinement on gastrointestinal microbiota-a systematic review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1214016. [PMID: 37492598 PMCID: PMC10364611 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1214016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem whose composition and function are influenced by many internal and external factors. Overall, the individual GI microbiota composition appears to be rather stable but can be influenced by extreme shifts in environmental exposures. To date, there is no systematic literature review that examines the effects of extreme environmental conditions, such as strict isolation and confinement, on the GI microbiota. Methods We conducted a systematic review to examine the effects of isolated and confined environments on the human GI microbiota. The literature search was conducted according to PRISMA criteria using PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. Relevant studies were identified based on exposure to isolated and confined environments, generally being also antigen-limited, for a minimum of 28 days and classified according to the microbiota analysis method (cultivation- or molecular based approaches) and the isolation habitat (space, space- or microgravity simulation such as MARS-500 or natural isolation such as Antarctica). Microbial shifts in abundance, alpha diversity and community structure in response to isolation were assessed. Results Regardless of the study habitat, inconsistent shifts in abundance of 40 different genera, mainly in the phylum Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) were reported. Overall, the heterogeneity of studies was high. Reducing heterogeneity was neither possible by differentiating the microbiota analysis methods nor by subgrouping according to the isolation habitat. Alpha diversity evolved non-specifically, whereas the microbial community structure remained dissimilar despite partial convergence. The GI ecosystem returned to baseline levels following exposure, showing resilience irrespective of the experiment length. Conclusion An isolated and confined environment has a considerable impact on the GI microbiota composition in terms of diversity and relative abundances of dominant taxa. However, due to a limited number of studies with rather small sample sizes, it is important to approach an in-depth conclusion with caution, and results should be considered as a preliminary trend. The risk of dysbiosis and associated diseases should be considered when planning future projects in extreme environments. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022357589.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bea Klos
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christina Steinbach
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Ketel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claude Lambert
- CIRI–Immunology Lab University Hospital, Saint-Étienne, France
- LCOMS/ENOSIS Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - John Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Maastricht University Medical Center, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Maastricht University Medical Center, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joël Doré
- UMR Micalis Institut, INRA, Paris-Saclay University, Jouy-En-Josas, France
| | - Paul Enck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Mack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Mahdavi R, Faramarzi E, Nikniaz Z, FarshiRadvar F. Role of Probiotics and Synbiotics in Preventing Chemoradiotherapy-Associated Toxicity in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 48:110-117. [PMID: 36895464 PMCID: PMC9989248 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2022.92793.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous studies found that the use of probiotics may have a protective effect on chemotherapy-associated toxicity in cancer patients. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the effect of probiotics and synbiotics on chemoradiotherapy-associated toxicity in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Methods A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to assess the effect of probiotics and synbiotics in CRC patients undergoing chemotherapy. All RCTs in English, up to January 2021, were included through a literature search in Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed (PMC Central, MEDLINE), ClinicalTrials.gov, and ProQuest databases. The impact of probiotics and synbiotics on the side effects associated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and chemoradiotherapy in CRC patients was evaluated. The quality of the RTCs was independently assessed by two reviewers. EndNote X8 software was used to manage the search results. Results Of the 904 identified articles, three studies finally met the inclusion criteria and were systematically reviewed. Two studies reported that patients who received probiotics had less abdominal discomfort and required less bowel toxicity-related hospital care. Although probiotic supplementation lowered radiation-associated diarrhea, it had no significant effect when anti-diarrheal drugs were used. Another study reported that synbiotic supplementation improved quality of life and marginally reduced diarrhea and serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9). Conclusion Probiotics and synbiotics do not have a significant effect on reducing chemotherapy-associated toxicity and diarrhea in CRC patients. These findings should be substantiated by further RCTs with rigorous placebo-controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mahdavi
- Department of Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Faramarzi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Nikniaz
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Yu I, Wu R, Tokumaru Y, Terracina KP, Takabe K. The Role of the Microbiome on the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225685. [PMID: 36428777 PMCID: PMC9688177 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has long been known to play a role in various aspects of health modulation, including the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). With immunotherapy recently emerging as a successful treatment in microsatellite instability high (MSI-high) CRC, and with a newly demonstrated involvement of the gut microbiome in the modulation of therapeutic responses, there has been an explosion of research into the mechanisms of microbial effects on CRC. Harnessing and reprogramming the microbiome may allow for the expansion of these successes to broader categories of CRC, the prevention of CRC in high-risk patients, and the enhancement of standard treatments. In this review, we pull together both well-documented phenomena and recent discoveries that pertain to the microbiome and CRC. We explore the microbial mechanisms associated with CRC pathogenesis and progression, recent advancements in CRC systemic therapy, potential options for diagnosis and prevention, as well as directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rongrong Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yoshihisa Tokumaru
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | | | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-716-845-5128
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Lu Y, Luo X, Yang D, Li Y, Gong T, Li B, Cheng J, Chen R, Guo X, Yuan W. Effects of probiotic supplementation on related side effects after chemoradiotherapy in cancer patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1032145. [PMID: 36387216 PMCID: PMC9650500 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1032145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chemotherapy and radiotherapy generally cause serious adverse side effects in cancer patients, thereby affecting subsequent treatment. Numerous studies have shown that taking probiotics is an option for preventing and treating these side effects. In this investigation, a meta-analysis of the effects of oral probiotics on side effects brought on by radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy treatment will be carried out. METHODS Two researchers independently and carefully reviewed all pertinent studies that were published before June 30, 2022 and were accessible on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science. Moreover, the Cochrane Collaboration's Tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias. Utilizing Review Manager software version 5.4, data were retrieved from eligible studies to evaluate their merits and determine odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (RevMan 5.4). RESULTS 2 097 patients from 16 randomized controlled trials were extracted, and standard meta-analysis methods were used to examine the data. Compared with the placebo groups, oral probiotics significantly reduced the side effects caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy on various types of cancer, such as head and neck cancer, pelvic and abdominal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, etc. (OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.20 - 0.48; P < 0.005). Further analysis found that the incidence of diarrhea in patients with pelvic and abdominal cancers (OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.16 - 0.65; P < 0.005) and the frequency of oral mucositis in patients with head and neck tumors were also significantly lower (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.18 - 0.43; P < 0.005) after the oral administration of probiotics. This suggests that probiotics have a positive influence on the treatment of side effects after chemoradiotherapy. Additionally, a funnel plot revealed that there was no significant publication bias in this study. CONCLUSIONS Probiotics may help to reduce the occurrence of cancer therapy-related side effects, especially oral mucositis in head and neck tumors and diarrhea in patients with pelvic and abdominal tumors. However, given the small number of clinical trials involved, additional randomized, double-blind, multicentric trials in a larger population are required. This paper may assist researchers in improving trial design in the selection of probiotic strains and selecting appropriate patients who may benefit from probiotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkai Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoqin Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tuotuo Gong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Binglin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xi'an Central Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xi'an Central Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruijuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xi'an Central Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Kumar R, Sood U, Kaur J, Anand S, Gupta V, Patil KS, Lal R. The rising dominance of microbiology: what to expect in the next 15 years? Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:110-128. [PMID: 34713975 PMCID: PMC8719816 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
What microbiology beholds after a decade and a half in the future requires a vision based on the facts and ongoing trends in research and technological advancements. While the latter, assisted by microbial dark matter, presents a greater potential of creating an upsurge in in-situ and ex-situ rapid microbial detection techniques, this anticipated change will also set forth a revolution in microbial cultivation and diversity analyses. The availability of a microbial genetic toolbox at the expanse will help complement the current understanding of the microbiome and assist in real-time monitoring of the dynamics for detecting the health status of the host with utmost precision. Alongside, in light of the emerging infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and social demands for safer and better health care alternatives, microbiology laboratories are prospected to drift in terms of the volume and nature of research and outcomes. With today's microbiological lens, one can predict with certainty that in the years to come, microbes will play a significant role in therapeutic treatment and the designing of novel diagnostic techniques. Another area where the scope of microbial application seems to be promising is the use of novel probiotics as a method to offer health benefits whilst promoting metabolic outputs specific for microbiome replenishment. Nonetheless, the evolution of extraterrestrial microbes or the adaptation of earth microbes as extraterrestrial residents are also yet another prominent microbial event one may witness in the upcoming years. But like the two sides of the coin, there is also an urgent need to dampen the bloom of urbanization, overpopulation and global trade and adopting sustainable approaches to control the recurrence of epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Kumar
- Post‐Graduate Department of ZoologyMagadh UniversityBodh GayaBihar824234India
| | - Utkarsh Sood
- The Energy and Resources InstituteDarbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi RoadNew Delhi110003India
| | - Jasvinder Kaur
- Department of ZoologyGargi CollegeUniversity of DelhiSiri Fort RoadNew Delhi110049India
| | - Shailly Anand
- Department of ZoologyDeen Dayal Upadhyaya CollegeUniversity of DelhiDwarkaNew Delhi110078India
| | - Vipin Gupta
- Indira Paryavaran BhawanMinistry of Environment, Forest and Climate ChangeLodi ColonyNew Delhi110003India
| | - Kishor Sureshbhai Patil
- Department of Biological SciencesP. D. Patel Institute of Applied SciencesCharotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT)ChangaGujarat388421India
| | - Rup Lal
- The Energy and Resources InstituteDarbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi RoadNew Delhi110003India
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Pan W, Zhao J, Zhang S, Chen X, Liang W, Li Q. Towards exertion of immunotherapeutics in the treatment of colorectal cancer; adverse sides, challenges, and future directions. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108337. [PMID: 34775366 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has growingly been prosperous as a promising therapeutic option for several kinds of solid tumors, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), subsequent to initial successful outcomes in the treatment of melanoma. The use of immunotherapy, like nivolumab and pembrolizumab (which are monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death 1) has shown prosperous outcomes in a group of CRC patients who represent mismatch-repair-deficient and microsatellite instability-high (dMMR-MSI-H). However, a successful outcome of treatment by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has not been observed in all of the metastatic CRC patients with dMMR-MSI-H tumors. ICIs are able to block the co-inhibitory signaling transduced in T cells, resulting in increased cytotoxic activity of T cells and efficient killing of tumor cells. In spite of availability of diverse immunotherapeutics in treatment of advanced CRC, a poor survival rate of such approaches has been reported along with challenges in the clinical practice. It is necessary to identify novel biomarkers and molecular signatures to approximate the outcome of ICI therapy in the metastatic CRC patients with dMMR-MSI-H tumors. Here we tried to clarify the current line of evidence regarding immunotherapeutics in the treatment of CRC, and discuss the challenges and hurdles in the management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihuo Pan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, PR China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, PR China
| | - Songou Zhang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, PR China
| | - Xiaozhen Chen
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, PR China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- Medical Research Center, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316000, PR China.
| | - Qingping Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316000, PR China.
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9
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Hollingsworth BA, Cassatt DR, DiCarlo AL, Rios CI, Satyamitra MM, Winters TA, Taliaferro LP. Acute Radiation Syndrome and the Microbiome: Impact and Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:643283. [PMID: 34084131 PMCID: PMC8167050 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of the human microbiota has been a centuries-long endeavor, but since the inception of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Human Microbiome Project in 2007, research has greatly expanded, including the space involving radiation injury. As acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is multisystemic, the microbiome niches across all areas of the body may be affected. This review highlights advances in radiation research examining the effect of irradiation on the microbiome and its potential use as a target for medical countermeasures or biodosimetry approaches, or as a medical countermeasure itself. The authors also address animal model considerations for designing studies, and the potential to use the microbiome as a biomarker to assess radiation exposure and predict outcome. Recent research has shown that the microbiome holds enormous potential for mitigation of radiation injury, in the context of both radiotherapy and radiological/nuclear public health emergencies. Gaps still exist, but the field is moving forward with much promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynn A Hollingsworth
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - David R Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Andrea L DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Carmen I Rios
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Merriline M Satyamitra
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Thomas A Winters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Lanyn P Taliaferro
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
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10
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Cao Q, Ren L. A commentary on "The efficacy and safety of probiotics for prevention of chemoradiotherapy-induced diarrhea in people with abdominal and pelvic cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on 23 randomized studies" (Int J Surg 2020; 84:69-77). Int J Surg 2021; 89:105955. [PMID: 33930569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinxue Cao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan, 475000, China
| | - Lu Ren
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan, 475000, China.
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11
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Xu X, Qian J. A commentary on "The efficacy and safety of probiotics for prevention of chemoradiotherapy-induced diarrhea in people with abdominal and pelvic cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on 23 randomized studies". Int J Surg 2021; 88:105913. [PMID: 33705982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xirong Xu
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, 22600, China
| | - Junbo Qian
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, 22600, China.
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12
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Joukar F, Mavaddati S, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Samadani AA. Gut Microbiota as a Positive Potential Therapeutic Factor in Carcinogenesis: an Overview of Microbiota-Targeted Therapy. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 51:363-378. [PMID: 31025167 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer therapeutic methods comprising chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are so routine in cancer treatment. Remarkably, there are several personal features which affect the effectiveness of such treatments including nutrition, microbiome diversity, and physical activity which has distinct significant roles during and after therapies along with their bilateral connections. In this way, the ability of gut microbiota36 in modulating the efficacy of chemotherapeutic medications in cancer and other types of disorders is of great importance. In addition, the role of dietary, probiotic, and synthetically engineered bacteria in manipulating and optimizing the gut microbiota is of interest. Conspicuously, the correlation between the commensal microbiota and also host can regulate the physiological activities comprising the immunity system and inflammatory agents and it is scanned in the category of cancers. Bacterial species have been employed in cancer therapy; commensal microbes posse a key beneficial role in this field. Practically, the microbiota has this potential to accelerate and modulates a certain response by priming in order to release the pro-inflammatory agents. We would like to discuss these vital factors in this review as gut microbiota has the potential to be the main option for personalized cancer treatment strategies in the future. Meaning, this novel data present clinical promising feasibilities of modulating cancer therapy with using microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Joukar
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sara Mavaddati
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Samadani
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. .,Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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13
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Morgan RN, Farrag HA, Aboulwafa MM, Saleh SE. "Effect of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Some Antibiotics and Low Doses of Gamma Radiation on the Cytotoxicity and Expression of Colibactin by an Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolate". Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:544-557. [PMID: 33388934 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Colibactin and cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (Cnf 1) are cyclomodulins secreted by uropathogenic E. coli. In this study, uropathogenic E. coli expressing colibactin and Cnf 1 was exposed to antibiotics subMICs and gamma radiation to investigate their effects on its cytotoxicity and expression of colibactin. The test isolate was exposed to three subMIC levels of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ceftriaxone and irradiated with gamma rays at 10 and 24.4 Gy. The cytotoxicity for either antibiotic or gamma rays treated cultures was measured using MTT assay and the expression of colibactin encoding genes was determined by RT-PCR. Treatment with fluoroquinolones nearly abolished the cytotoxicity of E. coli isolate and significantly downregulated clbA gene expression at the tested subMICs (P ≤ 0.05) while trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole treated cultures exerted significant downregulation of clbA and clbQ genes at 0.5 MIC only (P ≤ 0.05). Ceftriaxone treated cultured exhibited reduction in the cytotoxicity and insignificant effects on expression of clbA, clbQ and clbM genes. On contrast, significant upregulation in the expression of clbA and clbQ genes was observed in irradiated cultures (P ≤ 0.05). Fluoroquinolones reduced both the cytotoxicity of UPEC isolate and colibactin expression at different subMICs while ceftriaxone at subMICs failed to suppress the expression of genotoxin, colibactin, giving an insight to the risks associated upon their choice for UTI treatment. Colibactin expression was enhanced by gamma irradiation at doses resembling these received during pelvic radiotherapy which might contribute to post-radiotherapy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa N Morgan
- National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Drug Radiation Research Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Ahmed El-Zomor Street, Nasr city, Cairo, 11787, Egypt
| | - Hala A Farrag
- National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Drug Radiation Research Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Ahmed El-Zomor Street, Nasr city, Cairo, 11787, Egypt
| | - Mohammad M Aboulwafa
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African union organization Street, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Ras-Sedr, Egypt.
| | - Sarra E Saleh
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African union organization Street, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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14
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Cheng Y, Ling Z, Li L. The Intestinal Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:615056. [PMID: 33329610 PMCID: PMC7734048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota, composed of a large population of microorganisms, is often considered a “forgotten organ” in human health and diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is closely related to colorectal cancer (CRC). The roles for intestinal microorganisms that initiated and facilitated the CRC process are becoming increasingly clear. Hypothesis models have been proposed to illustrate the complex relationship between the intestinal microbiota and CRC. Recent studies have identified Streptococcus bovis, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius as CRC candidate pathogens. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms involved in microbiota-related colorectal carcinogenesis, including inflammation, pathogenic bacteria, and their virulence factors, genotoxins, oxidative stress, bacterial metabolites, and biofilm. We also described the clinical values of intestinal microbiota and novel strategies for preventing and treating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Mao A, Sun C, Katsube T, Wang B. A Minireview on Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Radiosusceptibility. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820963859. [PMID: 33239996 PMCID: PMC7672743 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820963859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota maintains a symbiotic relationship with the host and plays a key role in modulating many important biological processes and functions of the host, such as metabolism, inflammation, immune and stress response. It is becoming increasingly apparent that GI microbiota is susceptible to a wide range of environmental factors and insults, for examples, geographic location of birth, diet, use of antibiotics, and exposure to radiation. Alterations in GI microbiota link to various diseases, including radiation-induced disorders. In addition, GI microbiota composition could be used as a biomarker to estimate radiosusceptibility and radiation health risk in the host. In this minireview, we summarized the documented studies on radiation-induced alterations in GI microbiota and the relationship between GI microbiota and radiosusceptibility of the host, and mainly discussed the possible mechanisms underlying GI microbiota influencing the outcome of radiation response in humans and animal models. Furthermore, we proposed that GI microbiota manipulation may be used to reduce radiation injury and improve the health of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Mao
- Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Takanori Katsube
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bing Wang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Koliarakis I, Athanasakis E, Sgantzos M, Mariolis-Sapsakos T, Xynos E, Chrysos E, Souglakos J, Tsiaoussis J. Intestinal Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer Surgery. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3011. [PMID: 33081401 PMCID: PMC7602998 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota consists of numerous microbial species that collectively interact with the host, playing a crucial role in health and disease. Colorectal cancer is well-known to be related to dysbiotic alterations in intestinal microbiota. It is evident that the microbiota is significantly affected by colorectal surgery in combination with the various perioperative interventions, mainly mechanical bowel preparation and antibiotic prophylaxis. The altered postoperative composition of intestinal microbiota could lead to an enhanced virulence, proliferation of pathogens, and diminishment of beneficial microorganisms resulting in severe complications including anastomotic leakage and surgical site infections. Moreover, the intestinal microbiota could be utilized as a possible biomarker in predicting long-term outcomes after surgical CRC treatment. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these interactions will further support the establishment of genomic mapping of intestinal microbiota in the management of patients undergoing CRC surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Koliarakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Elias Athanasakis
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece; (E.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Markos Sgantzos
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41334 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Theodoros Mariolis-Sapsakos
- Surgical Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agioi Anargyroi General and Oncologic Hospital of Kifisia, 14564 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evangelos Xynos
- Department of Surgery, Creta Interclinic Hospital of Heraklion, 71305 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Emmanuel Chrysos
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece; (E.A.); (E.C.)
| | - John Souglakos
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
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17
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Gupta N, Kainthola A, Tiwari M, Agrawala PK. Gut microbiota response to ionizing radiation and its modulation by HDAC inhibitor TSA. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1560-1570. [PMID: 33001776 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1830317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Trichostatin A (TSA) has been shown to mitigate whole body γ-radiation-induced morbidity and mortality. The current study aimed at studying the effects of TSA post-irradiation treatment on gut-microbiota, especially the translocation of the microbes from the intestine to other organs in C57 Bl/6 mice model. MATERIALS AND METHODS On 1st, 3rd 5th 7th 9th 12th and 14th days after various treatments bacteria were isolated from the intestine and nearby organs (mesenteric lymph node, spleen and liver) for further analysis. The jejunum part of all animals was processed for histological analysis. RESULTS The group radiation + drug showed reduced susceptibility to radiation injury as well as microbiota related anomalies compared to the irradiated alone group. This was described by increased microflora in different parts of the GI tract in the radiation + drug group compared to the irradiated group and reduced histopathological damages in the jejunum. Also, a reduced percentage of translocated bacteria were found in different organs of radiation + drug group animals. CONCLUSION TSA treatment post-irradiation could effectively control bacterial translocation as well as GI injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noopur Gupta
- Department of Radiation Genetics and Epigenetics, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India.,Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anup Kainthola
- Department of Radiation Genetics and Epigenetics, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Tiwari
- Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Paban K Agrawala
- Department of Radiation Genetics and Epigenetics, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
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18
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Rosli D, Shahar S, Manaf ZA, Lau HJ, Yusof NYM, Haron MR, Majid HA. Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect of Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum Supplementation on Diarrhea Frequency and Gut Microbiome Count Among Pelvic Radiation Patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 45:277-286. [DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dzairudzee Rosli
- Hospital Tawau Ministry of Health Malaysia 67, Peti Surat Tawau Sabah 91007 Malaysia
- Dietetic Programme, Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz Kuala Lumpur 50300 Malaysia
| | - Suzana Shahar
- Dietetic Programme, Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz Kuala Lumpur 50300 Malaysia
| | - Zahara Abdul Manaf
- Dietetic Programme, Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz Kuala Lumpur 50300 Malaysia
| | - Hui Jin Lau
- Nutrition Programme, Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz Kuala Lumpur 50300 Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Roslan Haron
- Hospital Sultan Ismail Ministry of Health Malaysia Jalan Mutiara Emas Utama Johor 81100 Malaysia
| | - Hazreen Abdul Majid
- Centre for Population Health and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University Malaya Jalan Universiti Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health Universitas Airlangga Surabaya Indonesia
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19
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Siddiqui R, Akbar N, Khan NA. Gut microbiome and human health under the space environment. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:14-24. [PMID: 32692438 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is well recognized to have a pivotal role in regulation of the health and behaviour of the host, affecting digestion, metabolism, immunity, and has been linked to changes in bones, muscles and the brain, to name a few. However, the impact of microgravity environment on gut bacteria is not well understood. In space environments, astronauts face several health issues including stress, high iron diet, radiation and being in a closed system during extended space missions. Herein, we discuss the role of gut bacteria in the space environment, in relation to factors such as microgravity, radiation and diet. Gut bacteria may exact their effects by synthesis of molecules, their absorption, and through physiological effects on the host. Moreover we deliberate the role of these challenges in the dysbiosis of the human microbiota and possible dysregulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - N Akbar
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - N A Khan
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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20
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The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer Development and Therapy Response. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061406. [PMID: 32486066 PMCID: PMC7352899 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota can alter CRC susceptibility and progression by modulating mechanisms such as inflammation and DNA damage, and by producing metabolites involved in tumor progression or suppression. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota has been observed in patients with CRC, with a decrease in commensal bacterial species (butyrate-producing bacteria) and an enrichment of detrimental bacterial populations (pro-inflammatory opportunistic pathogens). CRC is characterized by altered production of bacterial metabolites directly involved in cancer metabolism including short-chain fatty acids and polyamines. Emerging evidence suggests that diet has an important impact on the risk of CRC development. The intake of high-fiber diets and the supplementation of diet with polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols and probiotics, which are known to regulate gut microbiota, could be not only a potential mechanism for the reduction of CRC risk in a primary prevention setting, but may also be important to enhance the response to cancer therapy when used as adjuvant to conventional treatment for CRC. Therefore, a personalized modulation of the pattern of gut microbiome by diet may be a promising approach to prevent the development and progression of CRC and to improve the efficacy of antitumoral therapy.
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21
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Castellanos N, Diez GG, Antúnez-Almagro C, Bailén M, Bressa C, González Soltero R, Pérez M, Larrosa M. A Critical Mutualism - Competition Interplay Underlies the Loss of Microbial Diversity in Sedentary Lifestyle. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3142. [PMID: 32038575 PMCID: PMC6987436 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise improves the overall health status by preventing the development of several diseases. In recent years, it has been observed that physical exercise impacts gut microbiota by increasing the presence of beneficial bacteria and microbial diversity. In contrast, a sedentary lifestyle increases the incidence of chronic diseases that often have an associated loss of microbial diversity. The gut microbiota is a vast ecosystem in which microorganisms interact with each other in different ways; however, microbial ecosystem interactions are scarcely studied. The goal of this study was to determine whether individuals with a sedentary lifestyle have lower diversity in their gut microbiota and how microbial diversity is associated with changes in bacterial network interactions. For that purpose, diet, body composition, physical activity, and sedentarism behavior were characterized for individuals who did or did not comply with the World Health Organization recommendations for physical activity. The composition of the gut microbiome was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Reorganization of microbial structure with lifestyle was approached from network analysis, where network complexity and the topology of positive and negative interdependences between bacteria were compared and correlated with microbial diversity. Sedentary lifestyle was significantly associated with a diet low in fiber and rich in sugars and processed meat, as well as with high visceral and total corporal fat composition. The diversity (phylogenic diversity, Chao, observed species, and Shannon’s index) and network complexity of the gut microbiota were significantly lower in sedentary compared to active individuals. Whereas mutualism or co-occurrence interactions were similar between groups, competitiveness was significantly higher in the active lifestyle group. The mutualism-competition ratio was moderate and positively associated with diversity in sedentary individuals, but not in active individuals. This finding indicates that there is a critical point in this ratio beyond which the stability of the microbial community is lost, inducing a loss of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo G Diez
- Nirakara Lab, Institute of Research and Cognitive Science, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Bailén
- Masmicrobiota Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlo Bressa
- Masmicrobiota Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío González Soltero
- Masmicrobiota Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Pérez
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Larrosa
- Masmicrobiota Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Jones CB, Davis CM, Sfanos KS. The Potential Effects of Radiation on the Gut-Brain Axis. Radiat Res 2020; 193:209-222. [DOI: 10.1667/rr15493.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine M. Davis
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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23
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Gonzalez VJ, Beckstead J, Groer M, McMillan S, Ortiz D, Marrero S, Saligan LN. Exploring the Relationship between Diarrhea and Fatigue that can occur during Cancer Treatment: Using Structural Equation Modeling. PUERTO RICO HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2019; 38:81-86. [PMID: 31260550 PMCID: PMC6719553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship of the symptoms of diarrhea and fatigue by testing a model that included multiple dimensions of the cancer related-symptom experience. METHODS A secondary data analysis was conducted on data from the self-reports of 102 cancer patients co experiencing diarrhea and fatigue during treatment at a comprehensive cancer center in the Southeastern United States. Structural equational modeling was employed to examine the relationship between the 2variables. Fatigue and diarrhea were assessed using items from the Cancer Symptom Scale. RESULTS The structural model results showed that (a) the model fit was adequate (b) diarrhea explained 7% of the variance in fatigue, and (c) the structural or path coefficient between diarrhea and fatigue was significant (0.267; p<0.05). Diarrhea had the strongest effect on fatigue interference (0.251). CONCLUSION Diarrhea is a potential contributing factor to the symptom of fatigue and a potential target for interventions to prevent and ameliorate fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velda J Gonzalez
- Postdoctoral Fellow, College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; UPR/MDACC Partnership for Excellence in Cancer Research U54 CA096297
| | - Jason Beckstead
- Associate Professor, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Maureen Groer
- Gordon Keller Professor, College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL United States
| | - Susan McMillan
- Distinguished Professor and Thompson Professor of Oncology Nursing and Quality of Life, College of Nursing,University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Desiree Ortiz
- Medical student, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Sara Marrero
- Student, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Leorey N Saligan
- Tenure-Track Investigator and Chief of Symptom Biology Unit, NINR/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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24
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Riehl TE, Alvarado D, Ee X, Zuckerman A, Foster L, Kapoor V, Thotala D, Ciorba MA, Stenson WF. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG protects the intestinal epithelium from radiation injury through release of lipoteichoic acid, macrophage activation and the migration of mesenchymal stem cells. Gut 2019; 68:1003-1013. [PMID: 29934438 PMCID: PMC7202371 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), a probiotic, given by gavage is radioprotective of the mouse intestine. LGG-induced radioprotection is toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent and is associated with the migration of COX-2+mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the lamina propria of the villus to the lamina propria near the crypt epithelial stem cells. Our goals were to define the mechanism of LGG radioprotection including identification of the TLR2 agonist, and the mechanism of the MSC migration and to determine the safety and efficacy of this approach in models relevant to clinical radiation therapy. DESIGN Intestinal radioprotection was modelled in vitro with cell lines and enteroids as well as in vivo by assaying clinical outcomes and crypt survival. Fractionated abdominal and single dose radiation were used along with syngeneic CT26 colon tumour grafts to assess tumour radioprotection. RESULTS LGG with a mutation in the processing of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a TLR2 agonist, was not radioprotective, while LTA agonist and native LGG were. An agonist of CXCR4 blocked LGG-induced MSC migration and LGG-induced radioprotection. LGG given by gavage induced expression of CXCL12, a CXCR4 agonist, in pericryptal macrophages and depletion of macrophages by clodronate liposomes blocked LGG-induced MSC migration and radioprotection. LTA effectively protected the normal intestinal crypt, but not tumours in fractionated radiation regimens. CONCLUSIONS LGG acts as a 'time-release capsule' releasing radioprotective LTA. LTA then primes the epithelial stem cell niche to protect epithelial stem cells by triggering a multicellular, adaptive immune signalling cascade involving macrophages and PGE2 secreting MSCs. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01790035; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence E. Riehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - David Alvarado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Xueping Ee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Aaron Zuckerman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Lynn Foster
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Vaishali Kapoor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Dinesh Thotala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Matthew A. Ciorba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - William F. Stenson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
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25
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Wardill HR, Van Sebille YZA, Ciorba MA, Bowen JM. Prophylactic probiotics for cancer therapy-induced diarrhoea: a meta-analysis. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2019; 12:187-197. [PMID: 29547491 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Strong preclinical data support prophylactic probiotics as an effective preventive strategy for diarrhoea secondary to anticancer therapies. To determine the composite evidence that this approach translates to the clinic, we performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of prophylactic probiotics for the prevention of cancer therapy-induced diarrhoea. RECENT FINDINGS A three-step search strategy was used to identify relevant studies (1 June 2000-1 June 2017) investigating probiotic intervention for diarrhoea secondary to any cancer therapy (cytotoxic, targeted and immunotherapies). RCTs across PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and CENTRAL were assessed for eligibility and assessed using RevMan 5.3 (The Cochrane Collaboration). Seven trials with a total of 1091 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, prophylactic probiotics did not prevent or reduce the overall incidence of diarrhoea or severe CTCAE Grade at least 3 diarrhoea [relative risk (RR) = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.60-1.09, Z = 1.41, P = 0.16; RR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.25-1.16, Z = 1.58, P = 0.11], nor did it influence the use of rescue medication (RR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.53-1.65, Z = 0.24, P = 0.81). SUMMARY Current evidence does not support widespread implementation of probiotics for diarrhoea secondary to cytotoxic therapy and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, dacomitinib. Research efforts should be diverted to pair specific forms of gastrointestinal toxicity and their unique microbial phenotype to develop the ideal microbial protectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Wardill
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide.,Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Ysabella Z A Van Sebille
- Division of Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Kiang JG, Olabisi AO. Radiation: a poly-traumatic hit leading to multi-organ injury. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:25. [PMID: 30911370 PMCID: PMC6417034 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The range of radiation threats we face today includes everything from individual radiation exposures to mass casualties resulting from a terrorist incident, and many of these exposure scenarios include the likelihood of additional traumatic injury as well. Radiation injury is defined as an ionizing radiation exposure inducing a series of organ injury within a specified time. Severity of organ injury depends on the radiation dose and the duration of radiation exposure. Organs and cells with high sensitivity to radiation injury are the skin, the hematopoietic system, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, spermatogenic cells, and the vascular system. In general, acute radiation syndrome (ARS) includes DNA double strand breaks (DSB), hematopoietic syndrome (bone marrow cells and circulatory cells depletion), cutaneous injury, GI death, brain hemorrhage, and splenomegaly within 30 days after radiation exposure. Radiation injury sensitizes target organs and cells resulting in ARS. Among its many effects on tissue integrity at various levels, radiation exposure results in activation of the iNOS/NF-kB/NF-IL6 and p53/Bax pathways; and increases DNA single and double strand breaks, TLR signaling, cytokine concentrations, bacterial infection, cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytoplasm, and possible PARP-dependent NAD and ATP-pool depletion. These alterations lead to apoptosis and autophagy and, as a result, increased mortality. In this review, we summarize what is known about how radiation exposure leads to the radiation response with time. We also describe current and prospective countermeasures relevant to the treatment and prevention of radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann G. Kiang
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Ayodele O. Olabisi
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA
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Abstract
Literature has recently highlighted the enormous scientific interest on the relationship between the gut microbiota and colon cancer, and how the use of some selected probiotics can have a future impact on the adverse events which occur during this disease. Although there is no clear evidence to claim that probiotics are effective in people with cancer, recent reviews have found that probiotics can significantly reduce the incidence of diarrhea and the average frequency of daily bowel movements. However, most of this evidence needs to be more clinically convincing and further discussed. Undoubtedly, some probiotics, when properly dosed and administered, can have a strong rebalance effect on the gut microbiota and as a consequence a possible positive action on immune modulation of the gastrointestinal tract and on inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Many recent findings indeed support the hypothesis that the daily use of some selected probiotics can be a feasible approach to effectively protect patients against the risk of some severe consequences due to radiation therapy or chemotherapy. This paper aims to review the most recent articles in order to consider a possible adjuvant approach for the use of certain well-balanced probiotics to help prevent colon cancer and the adverse effects caused by related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Drago
- Clinical Microbiology, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy.
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Inglis JE, Lin PJ, Kerns SL, Kleckner IR, Kleckner AS, Castillo DA, Mustian KM, Peppone LJ. Nutritional Interventions for Treating Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Qualitative Review. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:21-40. [PMID: 30688088 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1513046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a debilitating syndrome that persists for many cancer survivors for years after treatment. Symptoms include early and persistent fatigue, functional decline, depression, and cognitive difficulties. Inflammation, assessed using pro-inflammatory biomarkers, is increased in cancer survivors with fatigue and treatments for fatigue are often aimed at reducing inflammation. Additionally, cancer and its treatment lead to nutritional complications, changes in body composition, and nutritional deficiencies that potentially weaken the cancer survivor and impact CRF. We conducted a qualitative review of clinical trials that assessed nutritional interventions for preventing and treating CRF. Further studies were examined that used nutritional interventions to address inflammation and fatigue, due to the dearth of nutrition research directly related to CRF. Dietary intake prior to, during, and after cancer treatment appears to affect fatigue levels. Increased protein intake may help preserve lean mass and body composition. Dietary patterns that reduce inflammation, such as the Mediterranean diet and other plant-based diets, appear tolerable to cancer survivors and may reduce fatigue. Supplementation with ginseng, ginger, or probiotics may improve cancer survivors' energy levels. Nutritional interventions, alone or in combination with other interventions should be considered as therapy for fatigue in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Inglis
- a Department of Surgery , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Po-Ju Lin
- a Department of Surgery , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Sarah L Kerns
- b Department of Radiation Oncology , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Ian R Kleckner
- a Department of Surgery , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Amber S Kleckner
- a Department of Surgery , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Daniel A Castillo
- c Edward G. Miner Library, University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Karen M Mustian
- a Department of Surgery , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Luke J Peppone
- a Department of Surgery , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
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Gaines S, Shao C, Hyman N, Alverdy JC. Gut microbiome influences on anastomotic leak and recurrence rates following colorectal cancer surgery. Br J Surg 2018; 105:e131-e141. [PMID: 29341151 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of colorectal cancer recurrence after a curative resection remains poorly understood. A yet-to-be accounted for variable is the composition and function of the microbiome adjacent to the tumour and its influence on the margins of resection following surgery. METHODS PubMed was searched for historical as well as current manuscripts dated between 1970 and 2017 using the following keywords: 'colorectal cancer recurrence', 'microbiome', 'anastomotic leak', 'anastomotic failure' and 'mechanical bowel preparation'. RESULTS There is a substantial and growing body of literature to demonstrate the various mechanisms by which environmental factors act on the microbiome to alter its composition and function with the net result of adversely affecting oncological outcomes following surgery. Some of these environmental factors include diet, antibiotic use, the methods used to prepare the colon for surgery and the physiological stress of the operation itself. CONCLUSION Interrogating the intestinal microbiome using next-generation sequencing technology has the potential to influence cancer outcomes following colonic resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gaines
- Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 6090 Chicago, Illinois 60025, USA
| | - C Shao
- Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 6090 Chicago, Illinois 60025, USA
| | - N Hyman
- Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 6090 Chicago, Illinois 60025, USA
| | - J C Alverdy
- Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 6090 Chicago, Illinois 60025, USA
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Hendler R, Zhang Y. Probiotics in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E101. [PMID: 30205429 PMCID: PMC6164107 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiome plays many roles in inflammation, drug metabolism, and even the development of cancer that we are only beginning to understand. Colorectal cancer has been a focus for study in this field as its pathogenesis and its response to treatment have both been linked to the functioning of microbiota. This literature review evaluates the animal and human studies that have explored this relationship. By manipulating the microbiome with interventions such as probiotic administration, we may be able to reduce colorectal cancer risk and improve the safety and effectiveness of cancer therapy even though additional clinical research is still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hendler
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA.
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Ding C, Tang W, Fan X, Wu G. Intestinal microbiota: a novel perspective in colorectal cancer biotherapeutics. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4797-4810. [PMID: 30147331 PMCID: PMC6097518 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s170626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is believed that genetic factors, immune system dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and intestinal microbiota (IM) dysbiosis contribute to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The beneficial role played by the direct regulation of IM in inflammatory bowel disease treatment is identified by the decreased growth of harmful bacteria and the increased production of anti-inflammatory factors. Interestingly, gut microbiota has been proven to inhibit tumor formation and progression in inflammation/carcinogen-induced CRC mouse models. Recently, evidence has indicated that IM is involved in the negative regulation of tumor immune response in tumor microenvironment, which then abolishes or accelerates anticancer immunotherapy in several tumor animals. In clinical trials, a benefit of IM-based CRC therapies in improving the intestinal immunity balance, epithelial barrier function, and quality of life has been reported. Meanwhile, specific microbiota signature can modulate host's sensitivity to chemo-/radiotherapy and the prognosis of CRC patients. In this review, we aim to 1) summarize the potential methods of IM-based therapeutics according to the recent results; 2) explore its roles and underlying mechanisms in combination with other therapies, especially in biotherapeutics; 3) discuss its safety, deficiency, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbo Ding
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China,
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wendong Tang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaobo Fan
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Guoqiu Wu
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China,
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China,
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Janec KJ, Yuan H, Norton JE, Kelner RH, Hirt CK, Betensky RA, Guinan EC. rBPI 21 (Opebacan) Promotes Rapid Trilineage Hematopoietic Recovery in a Murine Model of High-Dose Total Body Irradiation. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:10.1002/ajh.25136. [PMID: 29752735 PMCID: PMC6230507 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of providing adequate care after radiation exposure has drawn increasing attention. While most therapeutic development has focused on improving survival at lethal radiation doses, acute hematopoietic syndrome (AHS) occurs at substantially lower exposures. Thus, it is likely that a large proportion of such a radiation-exposed population will manifest AHS of variable degree and that the medical and socioeconomic costs of AHS will accrue. Here, we examined the potential of rBPI21 (opebacan), used without supportive care, to accelerate hematopoietic recovery after radiation where expected survival was substantial (42-75%) at 30 days). rBPI21 administration was associated with accelerated recovery of hematopoietic precursors and normal marrow cellularity, with increases in megakaryocyte numbers particularly marked. This translated into attaining normal trilineage peripheral blood counts 2-3 weeks earlier than controls. Elevations of hematopoietic growth factors observed in plasma and the marrow microenvironment suggest the mechanism is likely multifactorial and not confined to known endotoxin-neutralizing and cytokine down-modulating activities of rBPI21 . These observations deserve further exploration in radiation models and other settings where inadequate hematopoiesis is a prominent feature. These experiments also model the potential of therapeutics to limit the allocation of scarce resources after catastrophic exposures as an endpoint independent of lethality mitigation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J. Janec
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | - Huaiping Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | - James E. Norton
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | - Rowan H. Kelner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | - Christian K. Hirt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | - Rebecca A. Betensky
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA
| | - Eva C. Guinan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
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Guipaud O, Jaillet C, Clément-Colmou K, François A, Supiot S, Milliat F. The importance of the vascular endothelial barrier in the immune-inflammatory response induced by radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20170762. [PMID: 29630386 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered by ionising radiation, the vascular network is considered as a prime target to limit normal tissue damage and improve tumour control in radiotherapy (RT). Irradiation damages and/or activates endothelial cells, which then participate in the recruitment of circulating cells, especially by overexpressing cell adhesion molecules, but also by other as yet unknown mechanisms. Radiation-induced lesions are associated with infiltration of immune-inflammatory cells from the blood and/or the lymph circulation. Damaged cells from the tissues and immune-inflammatory resident cells release factors that attract cells from the circulation, leading to the restoration of tissue balance by fighting against infection, elimination of damaged cells and healing of the injured area. In normal tissues that surround the tumours, the development of an immune-inflammatory reaction in response to radiation-induced tissue injury can turn out to be chronic and deleterious for the organ concerned, potentially leading to fibrosis and/or necrosis of the irradiated area. Similarly, tumours can elicit an immune-inflammation reaction, which can be initialised and amplified by cancer therapy such as radiotherapy, although immune checkpoints often allow many cancers to be protected by inhibiting the T-cell signal. Herein, we have explored the involvement of vascular endothelium in the fate of healthy tissues and tumours undergoing radiotherapy. This review also covers current investigations that take advantage of the radiation-induced response of the vasculature to spare healthy tissue and/or target tumours better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Guipaud
- 1 Human Health Department, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SERAMED, LRMed , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Cyprien Jaillet
- 1 Human Health Department, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SERAMED, LRMed , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Karen Clément-Colmou
- 2 Département de Radiothérapie, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest , Nantes St-Herblain , France.,3 Oncology and New Concept in Oncology Department, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes-Angers (CRCiNA), Unité U1232, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l'Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Agnès François
- 1 Human Health Department, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SERAMED, LRMed , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Stéphane Supiot
- 2 Département de Radiothérapie, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest , Nantes St-Herblain , France.,3 Oncology and New Concept in Oncology Department, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes-Angers (CRCiNA), Unité U1232, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l'Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Fabien Milliat
- 1 Human Health Department, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SERAMED, LRMed , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
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Effect of Probiotics for the Prevention of Acute Radiation-Induced Diarrhoea Among Cervical Cancer Patients: a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 11:638-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Moussa L, Usunier B, Demarquay C, Benderitter M, Tamarat R, Sémont A, Mathieu N. Bowel Radiation Injury: Complexity of the Pathophysiology and Promises of Cell and Tissue Engineering. Cell Transplant 2018; 25:1723-1746. [PMID: 27197023 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is effective to treat malignant pelvic cancers, but the toxicity to surrounding healthy tissue remains a substantial limitation. Early and late side effects not only limit the escalation of the radiation dose to the tumor but may also be life-threatening in some patients. Numerous preclinical studies determined specific mechanisms induced after irradiation in different compartments of the intestine. This review outlines the complexity of the pathogenesis, highlighting the roles of the epithelial barrier in the vascular network, and the inflammatory microenvironment, which together lead to chronic fibrosis. Despite the large number of pharmacological molecules available, the studies presented in this review provide encouraging proof of concept regarding the use of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy to treat radiation-induced intestinal damage. The therapeutic efficacy of MSCs has been demonstrated in animal models and in patients, but an enormous number of cells and multiple injections are needed due to their poor engraftment capacity. Moreover, it has been observed that although MSCs have pleiotropic effects, some intestinal compartments are less restored after a high dose of irradiation. Future research should seek to optimize the efficacy of the injected cells, particularly with regard to extending their life span in the irradiated tissue. Moreover, improving the host microenvironment, combining MSCs with other specific regenerative cells, or introducing new tissue engineering strategies could be tested as methods to treat the severe side effects of pelvic radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Moussa
- Institut de Radioprotection et de SÛreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM/SRBE/LR2I, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Benoît Usunier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de SÛreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM/SRBE/LR2I, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christelle Demarquay
- Institut de Radioprotection et de SÛreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM/SRBE/LR2I, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marc Benderitter
- Institut de Radioprotection et de SÛreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM/SRBE/LR2I, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Radia Tamarat
- Institut de Radioprotection et de SÛreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM/SRBE/LR2I, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Alexandra Sémont
- Institut de Radioprotection et de SÛreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM/SRBE/LR2I, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Noëlle Mathieu
- Institut de Radioprotection et de SÛreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM/SRBE/LR2I, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Miousse IR, Pathak R, Garg S, Skinner CM, Melnyk S, Pavliv O, Hendrickson H, Landes RD, Lumen A, Tackett AJ, Deutz NE, Hauer-Jensen M, Koturbash I. Short-term dietary methionine supplementation affects one-carbon metabolism and DNA methylation in the mouse gut and leads to altered microbiome profiles, barrier function, gene expression and histomorphology. GENES & NUTRITION 2017; 12:22. [PMID: 28904640 PMCID: PMC5588631 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine, a central molecule in one-carbon metabolism, is an essential amino acid required for normal growth and development. Despite its importance to biological systems, methionine is toxic when administered at supra-physiological levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term methionine dietary modulation on the proximal jejunum, the section of the gut specifically responsible for amino acid absorption, in a mouse model. Eight-week-old CBA/J male mice were fed methionine-adequate (MAD; 6.5 g/kg) or methionine-supplemented (MSD; 19.5 g/kg) diets for 3.5 or 6 days (average food intake 100 g/kg body weight). The study design was developed in order to address the short-term effects of the methionine supplementation that corresponds to methionine dietary intake in Western populations. Biochemical indices in the blood as well as metabolic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, metagenomic, and histomorphological parameters in the gut were evaluated. RESULTS By day 6, feeding mice with MSD (protein intake <10% different from MAD) resulted in increased plasma (2.3-fold; p < 0.054), but decreased proximal jejunum methionine concentrations (2.2-fold; p < 0.05) independently of the expression of neutral amino acid transporters. MSD has also caused small bowel bacteria colonization, increased the abundance of pathogenic bacterial species Burkholderiales and decreased the gene expression of the intestinal transmembrane proteins-Cldn8 (0.18-fold, p < 0.05), Cldn9 (0.24-fold, p < 0.01) and Cldn10 (0.05-fold, p < 0.05). Feeding MSD led to substantial histomorphological alterations in the proximal jejunum exhibited as a trend towards decreased plasma citrulline concentrations (1.8-fold, p < 0.07), as well as loss of crypt depth (by 28%, p < 0.05) and mucosal surface (by 20%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Together, these changes indicate that short-term feeding of MSD substantially alters the normal gut physiology. These effects may contribute to the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammatory diseases and/or sensitize the gut to exposure to other stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R. Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Str., Slot 820-11, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199 USA
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Sarita Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Charles M. Skinner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Str., Slot 820-11, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199 USA
| | - Stepan Melnyk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Oleksandra Pavliv
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Howard Hendrickson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Reid D. Landes
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Annie Lumen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR USA
| | - Alan J. Tackett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Nicolaas E.P. Deutz
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Center for Translational Research on Aging and Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Str., Slot 820-11, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199 USA
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Zhao M, Lau KK, Zhou X, Wu J, Yang J, Wang C. Urinary metabolic signatures and early triage of acute radiation exposure in rat model. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:756-766. [PMID: 28225098 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00785f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
After a large-scale radiological accident, early-response biomarkers to assess radiation exposure over a broad dose range are not only the basis of rapid radiation triage, but are also the key to the rational use of limited medical resources and to the improvement of treatment efficiency. Because of its high throughput, rapid assays and minimally invasive sample collection, metabolomics has been applied to research into radiation exposure biomarkers in recent years. Due to the complexity of radiobiological effects, most of the potential biomarkers are both dose-dependent and time-dependent. In reality, it is very difficult to find a single biomarker that is both sensitive and specific in a given radiation exposure scenario. Therefore, a multi-parameters approach for radiation exposure assessment is more realistic in real nuclear accidents. In this study, untargeted metabolomic profiling based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and targeted amino acid profiling based on LC-MS/MS were combined to investigate early urinary metabolite responses within 48 h post-exposure in a rat model. A few of the key early-response metabolites for radiation exposure were identified, which revealed the most relevant metabolic pathways. Furthermore, a panel of potential urinary biomarkers was selected through a multi-criteria approach and applied to early triage following irradiation. Our study suggests that it is feasible to use a multi-parameters approach to triage radiation damage, and the urinary excretion levels of the relevant metabolites provide insights into radiation damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Zhao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Industrial Park Ren'ai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Kim Kt Lau
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou Industrial Park Ren'ai Road 111, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xian Zhou
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Industrial Park Ren'ai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Jianfang Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou Industrial Park Ren'ai Road 111, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Chang Wang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Industrial Park Ren'ai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
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Probiotics for prevention of radiation-induced diarrhea: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178870. [PMID: 28575095 PMCID: PMC5456391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is commonly used for abdominal or pelvic cancer, and patients receiving radiotherapy have a high risk developing to an acute radiation-induced diarrhea. Several previous studies have discussed the effect of probiotics on prevention of radiation-induced diarrhea, but the results are still inconsistent. Objective We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy of probiotic supplementation for prevention the radiation-induced diarrhea. Methods Relevant RCTs studies assessing the effect of probiotic supplementation on clinical outcomes compared with placebo were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases (up to March 30 2016). Heterogeneity was assessed with I2 and H2, and publication bias was evaluated using sensitive analysis. Results Six trials, a total of 917 participants (490 participants received prophylactic probiotics and 427 participants received placebo), were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, probiotics were associated with a lower incidence of radiation-induced diarrhea (RR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.34–0.88; P = 0.01; I2: 87%; 95% CI: 75%-94%; H2: 2.8; 95% CI: 2.0–4.0). However, there is no significant difference in the anti-diarrheal medication use (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.40–1.14; P = 0.14) or bristol scale on stool form (RR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.35–1.17; P = 0.14). Conclusion Probiotics may be beneficial to prevent radiation-induced diarrhea in patients who suffered from abdominal or pelvic cancers during radiotherapy period.
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Abstract
AbstractBackgroundIn those receiving radiotherapy for pelvic cancers, up to 80% develop gastrointestinal symptoms, with dietary interventions recommended to reduce these symptoms. However, research outlining the current dietary support provided to patients undergoing radiotherapy for pelvic cancer is lacking.AimTo identify the gastrointestinal symptoms experienced by those undergoing pelvic radiotherapy and to identify the dietary support provided to these patients.Methods and materialsA service evaluation was undertaken in one NHS Trust hospital whereby patients undergoing radical pelvic radiotherapy during a 15-week recruitment period were invited to complete an anonymous questionnaire. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling and the data were analysed descriptively using SPSS.ResultsIn total, 31 patients responded achieving a response rate of 48%. The most frequent reported gastrointestinal symptoms were gas and flatulence followed by diarrhoea, nausea and abdominal pain. The main dietary changes implemented by the respondents and recommended by health care professionals included reducing fibre intake, reducing certain vegetables, reducing caffeine and increasing water.FindingsThe results illustrate the impact of gastrointestinal side effects on patients’ dietary intake. The results highlight that nutritional guidance need to be standardised, especially for the management of diarrhoea and gas and flatulence as these were the most common occurring side effects. With radiographers most frequently giving nutritional advice they must be provided with guidance to support those undergoing pelvic radiotherapy.
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Zhang FF, Ojha RP, Krull KR, Gibson TM, Lu L, Lanctot J, Chemaitilly W, Robison LL, Hudson MM. Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer Have Poor Adherence to Dietary Guidelines. J Nutr 2016; 146:2497-2505. [PMID: 27798341 PMCID: PMC5118766 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.238261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor nutritional intake can exacerbate the chronic disease burden in childhood cancer survivors, whereas a healthful diet serves a protective function. Few studies have provided detailed evaluations of the diet of childhood cancer survivors. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate diet quality and dietary intakes of key food groups and nutrients in a large cohort of childhood cancer survivors and whether cancer and treatment characteristics have an impact on survivors' long-term intake. METHODS Diet was assessed in 2570 adult survivors of childhood cancer enrolled in the St. Jude Lifetime cohort (mean age = 32.3 y) by using the Block food-frequency questionnaire. The Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) was calculated to quantify diet quality. Cancer diagnosis and treatment exposure were abstracted from medical records. Differences in HEI-2010 by patient characteristics and treatment exposure were examined by using ANCOVA. RESULTS The mean ± SD HEI-2010 in childhood cancer survivors was 57.9 ± 12.4 of a maximum score of 100. Referenced to Dietary Reference Intakes, survivors consumed inadequate amounts of vitamin D, vitamin E, potassium, fiber, magnesium, and calcium (27%, 54%, 58%, 59%, 84%, and 90% of the recommended intakes) but excessive amounts of sodium and saturated fat (155% and 115% of the recommended intakes) from foods. Survivors diagnosed when <5 y of age had a lower diet quality than did those diagnosed when ≥5 y of age (mean HEI-2010 score: 56.9 compared with 58.2; P = 0.046). Survivors who received higher radiation doses to the abdomen had a lower diet quality than those who received lower doses (mean HEI-2010 scores = 58.9, 57.2, 56.7, and 56.1 for doses of 0, 1-19.9, 20-29.9, and ≥30 Gy, respectively; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Long-term childhood cancer survivors have poor adherence to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Findings reinforce the need to incorporate nutrition into cancer care to improve diet quality and to reduce morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang Zhang
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy and
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA; and
| | | | | | | | - Lu Lu
- Departments of Epidemiology and Cancer Control
| | | | | | | | - Melissa M Hudson
- Departments of Epidemiology and Cancer Control
- Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Probiotics to prevent gastrointestinal toxicity from cancer therapy: an interpretive review and call to action. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2016; 9:157-62. [PMID: 25872116 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is currently an unmet need for agents that can prevent the gastrointestinal toxicity (mucositis and enteritis) associated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy of abdominal and pelvic cancers. Herein we provide an overview of how manipulation of the gut microbiota by probiotic administration affects these gastrointestinal symptoms. We focus this review on published human trials and also provide suggestions on how the field can move forward. RECENT FINDINGS Several clinical trials of varying design, patient populations and probiotic products have been reported. Lactobacillus probiotics of adequate dosage demonstrate a potential to reduce gastrointestinal toxicity when administered prophylactically. Common study limitations prevent the widespread adoption of this practice at this point but are informative for rational design of future trials. SUMMARY No single probiotic strain or product has emerged from human clinical trials for this indication. Further human studies are required to address limitations in the current literature. Preclinical model data should be used to inform the rational design of these new clinical trials to adequately address this important question.
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Goldsmith JR, Tomkovich S, Jobin C. A Rapid Screenable Assay for Compounds That Protect Against Intestinal Injury in Zebrafish Larva. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1422:281-93. [PMID: 27246041 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3603-8_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes a method to assay compounds modulating NSAID-induced intestinal injury in zebrafish larvae. The assay employs the NSAID glafenine, which causes intestinal epithelial cell damage and death by inducing organelle stress responses (endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial) and blocking the unfolded protein response pathway. This epithelial damage includes sloughing of intestinal cells into the lumen and out the cloaca of the zebrafish larvae. Exposing larvae to acridine orange highlights this injury when visualized under fluorescence microscope; injured fish develop intensely red-staining intestines, as well as a "tube" or cord of red color extending through the intestine and out the cloaca. Using this rapid visually screenable method, various candidate compounds were successfully tested for their ability to prevent glafenine-induced intestinal injury. Because this assay involves examination of larval zebrafish intestinal pathology, we have also included our protocol for preparation and analysis of zebrafish histology. The protocol includes numerous steps to generate high-quality zebrafish histology slides, as well as protocols to establish accurate anatomic localization of any given tissue cross-section-processes that are made technically difficult by the small size of zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Goldsmith
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Tomkovich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27713, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, CGRC, 2033 Mowry Rd, Office 461, P.O. Box 103633, 32610, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0882, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, CGRC, 2033 Mowry Rd, Office 461, P.O. Box 103633, 32610, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0882, USA.
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Frazzoni L, La Marca M, Guido A, Morganti AG, Bazzoli F, Fuccio L. Pelvic radiation disease: Updates on treatment options. World J Clin Oncol 2015; 6:272-280. [PMID: 26677440 PMCID: PMC4675912 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v6.i6.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pelvic cancers are among the most frequently diagnosed neoplasms and radiotherapy represents one of the main treatment options. The irradiation field usually encompasses healthy intestinal tissue, especially of distal large bowel, thus inducing gastrointestinal (GI) radiation-induced toxicity. Indeed, up to half of radiation-treated patients say that their quality of life is affected by GI symptoms (e.g., rectal bleeding, diarrhoea). The constellation of GI symptoms - from transient to long-term, from mild to very severe - experienced by patients who underwent radiation treatment for a pelvic tumor have been comprised in the definition of pelvic radiation disease (PRD). A correct and evidence-based therapeutic approach of patients experiencing GI radiation-induced toxicity is mandatory. Therapeutic non-surgical strategies for PRD can be summarized in two broad categories, i.e., medical and endoscopic. Of note, most of the studies have investigated the management of radiation-induced rectal bleeding. Patients with clinically significant bleeding (i.e., causing chronic anemia) should firstly be considered for medical management (i.e., sucralfate enemas, metronidazole and hyperbaric oxygen); in case of failure, endoscopic treatment should be implemented. This latter should be considered the first choice in case of acute, transfusion requiring, bleeding. More well-performed, high quality studies should be performed, especially the role of medical treatments should be better investigated as well as the comparative studies between endoscopic and hyperbaric oxygen treatments.
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Zheng J, Wang J, Pouliot M, Authier S, Zhou D, Loose DS, Hauer-Jensen M. Gene expression profiling in non-human primate jejunum, ileum and colon after total-body irradiation: a comparative study of segment-specific molecular and cellular responses. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:984. [PMID: 26589571 PMCID: PMC4654820 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although extensive studies have investigated radiation-induced injuries in particular gastrointestinal (GI) segments, a systematic comparison among the different segments on the basis of mode, magnitude and mechanism has not been reported. Here, a comparative study of segment-specific molecular and cellular responses was performed on jejunum, ileum and colon obtained at three time points (4, 7 and 12 days after irradiation) from non-human primate (Rhesus macaque) models exposed to 6.7 Gy or 7.4 Gy total body irradiation (TBI). Results Pathway analysis on the gene expression profiles identified radiation-induced time-, dose- and segment-dependent activation of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) cascade, tight junction, apoptosis, cell cycle control/DNA damage repair and coagulation system signaling. Activation of these signaling pathways suggests that colon sustained the severest mucosal barrier disruption and inflammation, and jejunum the greatest DNA damage, apoptosis and endothelial dysfunction. These more pronounced alterations correlate with the high incidence of macroscopic pathologies that are observed in the colon after TBI. Compared to colon and jejunum, ileum was resistant to radiation injury. In addition to the identification a marked increase of TNFα cascade, this study also identified radiation induced strikingly up-regulated tight junction gene CLDN2 (196-fold after 7.4-Gy TBI), matrix degradation genes such as MMP7 (increased 11- and 41-fold after 6.7-Gy and 7.4-Gy TBI), and anoikis mediated gene EDA2R that mediate mucosal shedding and barrier disruption. Conclusions This is the first systematic comparative study of the molecular and cellular responses to radiation injury in jejunum, ileum and colon. The strongest activation of TNFα cascades and the striking up-regulation of its down-stream matrix-dissociated genes suggest that TNFα modulation could be a target for mitigating radiation-induced mucosal barrier disruption. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2168-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Zheng
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA.
| | - Junru Wang
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA.
| | | | - Simon Authier
- CiToxLAB North America, Laval, Quebec, Canada, H7V 4B3.
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA.
| | - David S Loose
- Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA. .,Surgical Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA.
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Chang PY, Qu YQ, Wang J, Dong LH. The potential of mesenchymal stem cells in the management of radiation enteropathy. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1840. [PMID: 26247725 PMCID: PMC4558492 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although radiotherapy is effective in managing abdominal and pelvic malignant tumors, radiation enteropathy is still unavoidable. This disease severely affects the quality of life of cancer patients due to some refractory lesions, such as intestinal ischemia, mucositis, ulcer, necrosis or even perforation. Current drugs or prevailing therapies are committed to alleviating the symptoms induced by above lesions. But the efficacies achieved by these interventions are still not satisfactory, because the milieus for tissue regeneration are not distinctly improved. In recent years, regenerative therapy for radiation enteropathy by using mesenchymal stem cells is of public interests. Relevant results of preclinical and clinical studies suggest that this regenerative therapy will become an attractive tool in managing radiation enteropathy, because mesenchymal stem cells exhibit their pro-regenerative potentials for healing the injuries in both epithelium and endothelium, minimizing inflammation and protecting irradiated intestine against fibrogenesis through activating intrinsic repair actions. In spite of these encouraging results, whether mesenchymal stem cells promote tumor growth is still an issue of debate. On this basis, we will discuss the advances in anticancer therapy by using mesenchymal stem cells in this review after analyzing the pathogenesis of radiation enteropathy, introducing the advances in managing radiation enteropathy using regenerative therapy and exploring the putative actions by which mesenchymal stem cells repair intestinal injuries. At last, insights gained from the potential risks of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for radiation enteropathy patients may provide clinicians with an improved awareness in carrying out their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-Y Chang
- 1] Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China [2] Electrochemical State Key Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Academy of Science, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Y-Q Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - J Wang
- Electrochemical State Key Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Academy of Science, Changchun 130021, China
| | - L-H Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Ritchie LE, Taddeo SS, Weeks BR, Lima F, Bloomfield SA, Azcarate-Peril MA, Zwart SR, Smith SM, Turner ND. Space Environmental Factor Impacts upon Murine Colon Microbiota and Mucosal Homeostasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125792. [PMID: 26083373 PMCID: PMC4470690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Astronaut intestinal health may be impacted by microgravity, radiation, and diet. The aim of this study was to characterize how high and low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, microgravity, and elevated dietary iron affect colon microbiota (determined by 16S rDNA pyrosequencing) and colon function. Three independent experiments were conducted to achieve these goals: 1) fractionated low LET γ radiation (137Cs, 3 Gy, RAD), high Fe diet (IRON) (650 mg/kg diet), and a combination of low LET γ radiation and high Fe diet (IRON+RAD) in male Sprague-Dawley rats; 2) high LET 38Si particle exposure (0.050 Gy), 1/6 G partial weight bearing (PWB), and a combination of high LET38Si particle exposure and PWB in female BalbC/ByJ mice; and 3) 13 d spaceflight in female C57BL/6 mice. Low LET radiation, IRON and spaceflight increased Bacteroidetes and decreased Firmicutes. RAD and IRON+RAD increased Lactobacillales and lowered Clostridiales compared to the control (CON) and IRON treatments. Low LET radiation, IRON, and spaceflight did not significantly affect diversity or richness, or elevate pathogenic genera. Spaceflight increased Clostridiales and decreased Lactobacillales, and similar trends were observed in the experiment using a ground-based model of microgravity, suggesting altered gravity may affect colonic microbiota. Although we noted no differences in colon epithelial injury or inflammation, spaceflight elevated TGFβ gene expression. Microbiota and mucosal characterization in these models is a first step in understanding the impact of the space environment on intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Ritchie
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stella S. Taddeo
- Nutrition & Food Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brad R. Weeks
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Florence Lima
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Susan A. Bloomfield
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara R. Zwart
- Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Smith
- Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nancy D. Turner
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Nutrition & Food Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Maier I, Schiestl RH. Evidence from Animal Models: Is a Restricted or Conventional Intestinal Microbiota Composition Predisposing to Risk for High-LET Radiation Injury? Radiat Res 2015; 183:589-93. [PMID: 26010710 DOI: 10.1667/rr13837.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota affect cell responses to ionizing radiation at the molecular level and can be linked to the development of the immune system, controlled cell death or apoptosis. We have developed a microbiota mouse model and report here that high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation induced the repair of chromosomal DNA lesions more efficiently in conventional than in restricted intestinal microbiota mice. Based on different phylotype densities after whole-body irradiation, bacterial indicator phylotypes were found to be more abundant in restricted in microbiota than in conventional microbiota. Genotoxic phenotypes of irradiated restricted and conventional microbiota mice were compared with ataxia telangiectasia-deficient restricted and conventional microbiota mice, respectively. Those indicator phylotypes, including Bacteroides (Gram-negative bacterium cTPY-13), Barnesiella intestinihominis and others, which were identified in nonirradiated restricted microbiota mice, increase in radiation-exposed conventional microbiota along with a reduction of persistent DNA double-strand breaks in blood lymphocytes. The dynamic change of phylotype abundances elucidated a feedback mechanism and effect of intestinal microbiota composition on the adaptive response to high-LET radiation. Several other bacterial phylotypes ( Helicobacter hepaticus , Helicobacter spp and others) were found to be more abundant in conventional than restricted microbiota. In this commentary, mouse models used in cancer research and radiotherapy for the study on the effects of intestinal microbiota composition on normal tissue radiation response are characterized and discussed. Highlights of this commentary: 1. Restricted microbiota phylotypes were correlated with persistent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and were found to orchestrate onco-protective controlled cell death after radiation; 2. Restricted microbiota composition reduced proinflammatory extracellular-stimulated immune responses, but specifically increased anti-neoplastic cytolytic memory CD8(+) T cells by low taxonomic diversity and 3. DNA damage repair efficiency induced by a model of conventional microbiota most likely initiates an adaptive response to radiation through microbiota-induced intestinal sub-symptomatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maier
- a Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, and
| | - Robert H Schiestl
- a Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, and.,b Department of Pathology, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Kim YS, Kim J, Park SJ. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals alterations of mouse intestinal microbiota after radiotherapy. Anaerobe 2015; 33:1-7. [PMID: 25600706 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbors a highly complex microbial community that comprises hundreds of different types of bacterial cells. The gastrointestinal microbiota plays an important role in the function of the host intestine. Most cancer patients undergoing pelvic irradiation experience side effects such as diarrhea; however, little is currently known about the effects of irradiation on the microorganisms colonizing the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gamma irradiation on the compositions of the large and small intestinal microbiotas. The gut microbiotas in control mice and mice receiving irradiation treatment were characterized by high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Irradiation treatment induced significant alterations in the bacterial compositions of the large and small intestines at the genus level. Unexpectedly, irradiation treatment increased the number of operational taxonomic units in the small intestine but not the large intestine. In particular, irradiation treatment increased the level of the genera Alistipes in the large intestine and increased the level of the genus Corynebacterium in the small intestine. By contrast, compared with that in the corresponding control group, the level of the genera Prevotella was lower in the irradiated large intestine, and the level of the genera Alistipes was lower in the irradiated small intestine. Overall, the data presented here reveal the potential microbiological effects of pelvic irradiation on the gastrointestinal tracts of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Suk Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jeju National University Hospital, Aran 13gil 15, Jeju 650-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinu Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Jeju National University School of Medicine, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju 650-756, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Drug Development, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju 650-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Je Park
- Department of Biology, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju 650-756, Republic of Korea.
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Sun L, Miyoshi H, Origanti S, Nice TJ, Barger AC, Manieri NA, Fogel LA, French AR, Piwnica-Worms D, Piwnica-Worms H, Virgin HW, Lenschow DJ, Stappenbeck TS. Type I interferons link viral infection to enhanced epithelial turnover and repair. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:85-97. [PMID: 25482432 PMCID: PMC4297260 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The host immune system functions constantly to maintain chronic commensal and pathogenic organisms in check. The consequences of these immune responses on host physiology are as yet unexplored, and may have long-term implications in health and disease. We show that chronic viral infection increases epithelial turnover in multiple tissues, and the antiviral cytokines type I interferons (IFNs) mediate this response. Using a murine model with persistently elevated type I IFNs in the absence of exogenous viral infection, the Irgm1(-/-) mouse, we demonstrate that type I IFNs act through nonepithelial cells, including macrophages, to promote increased epithelial turnover and wound repair. Downstream of type I IFN signaling, the highly related IFN-stimulated genes Apolipoprotein L9a and b activate epithelial proliferation through ERK activation. Our findings demonstrate that the host immune response to chronic viral infection has systemic effects on epithelial turnover through a myeloid-epithelial circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sofia Origanti
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexandra C Barger
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas A Manieri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Leslie A Fogel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anthony R French
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Helen Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Perez-Chanona E, Mühlbauer M, Jobin C. The microbiota protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced intestinal injury through nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2965-75. [PMID: 25204845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, induces autophagy on detection of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a component of microbial cell walls. The role of bacteria and NOD2 signaling toward ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced intestinal injury response is unknown. Herein, we report that I/R-induced intestinal injury in germ-free (GF) C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice is worse than in conventionally derived mice. More important, microbiota-mediated protection against I/R-induced intestinal injury is abrogated in conventionally derived Nod2(-/-) mice and GF Nod2(-/-) mice. Also, WT mice raised in specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions fared better against I/R-induced injury than SPF Nod2(-/-) mice. Moreover, SPF WT mice i.p. administered 10 mg/kg MDP were protected against injury compared with mice administered the inactive enantiomer, l-MDP, an effect lost in Nod2(-/-) mice. However, MDP administration failed to protect GF mice from I/R-induced intestinal injury compared with control, a phenomenon correlating with undetectable Nod2 mRNA level in the epithelium of GF mice. More important, the autophagy-inducer rapamycin protected Nod2(-/-) mice against I/R-induced injury and increased the levels of LC3(+) puncta in injured tissue of Nod2(-/-) mice. These findings demonstrate that NOD2 protects against I/R and promotes wound healing, likely through the induction of the autophagy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Perez-Chanona
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Marcus Mühlbauer
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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