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Khongphithakskul P, Tangbubpha N, Khlangtan T, Kadegasem P, Songdej D, Sirachainan N. One-step amplification refractory mutation system-PCR/high-resolution melting curve assay for carrier detection of red blood cell membranopathy caused by common SPTB mutations. Int J Lab Hematol 2024; 46:375-382. [PMID: 37904725 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP) is the most common cause of non-thalassemic severe inherited hemolytic anemia in Thai population. Up to 90% of affected patients harbor biallelic mutations of SPTB Providence (SPTB c.6055T>C), SPTB Buffalo (SPTB c.6074T>G), and SPTB Chiang Mai (SPTB c.6224A>G). This study aimed to develop a simple assay for mass screening of the three common SPTB mutations and to study their carrier frequencies in a healthy Thai population. METHODS We combined multiplex amplification refractory mutation system-PCR (ARMS-PCR) and high-resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis to create a one-step single-tube assay. The primers were designed to generate products with different melting temperatures in the presence of 6055C, 6074G, and 6224G. Internal control primers were added for quality control. Residual samples from blood donors and healthy adolescents were collected and tested for the three common SPTB mutations using the newly developed assay. RESULTS Optimized multiplex ARMS-PCR/HRM curve assay yielded well-separated melt curves to detect the three SPTB mutations with 4-h turnaround time. The assay was validated in screening of 2261 non-repetitive blood donors and 89 adolescents, in which 10 (0.43%), 2 (0.09%), and 3 (0.13%) individuals were identified as carriers of SPTB Providence, SPTB Buffalo, and SPTB Chiang Mai, respectively. All mutated SPTB and 20 random wild-type samples were confirmed using Sanger sequencing with 100% accuracy. CONCLUSION The novel ARMS-PCR/HRM curve assay is simple, accurate, and time-effective for mass screening of the common SPTB mutations. This can be employed to prevent HPP birth in a Thai population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnavit Khongphithakskul
- Pediatrics Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Noppawan Tangbubpha
- Pediatrics Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanyanee Khlangtan
- Pediatrics Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Praguywan Kadegasem
- Pediatrics Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duantida Songdej
- Pediatrics Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nongnuch Sirachainan
- Pediatrics Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Songdej D, Surapolchai P, Komwilaisak P, Sripornsawan P, Lauhasurayotin S, Teawtrakul N, Rungjirajittranon T, Tantiworawit A, Sinlapamongkolkul P, Torcharus K, Sutcharitchan P, Pongtanakul B, Sirachainan N, Charoenkwan P. Molecular characteristics of hereditary red blood cell membrane disorders in Thailand: a multi-center registry. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:385-393. [PMID: 37996759 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) membrane disorders represent a significant category of hereditary hemolytic anemia; however, information from Southeast Asia is limited. We established a national registry aiming to characterize RBC membrane disorders and their molecular features in Thailand. A total of 100 patients (99 kindreds) diagnosed with RBC membrane disorders between 2011 and 2020 from seven university hospitals were enrolled. The most prevalent disorders observed were hereditary elliptocytosis (HE; n=33), hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP; n=28), hereditary spherocytosis (HS; n=19), Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO; n=10 of 9 kindreds), and two cases of homozygous SAO. The remaining cases were grouped as unclassified membrane disorder. Seventy-six patients (76%) were molecularly confirmed by PCR, direct DNA sequencing, or hi-throughput sequencing. The primary causative gene for HE and HPP was SPTB, accounting for 28 out of 29 studied alleles for HE and 56 of 56 studied alleles for HPP. In the case of HS, dominant sporadic mutations in the ANK1 gene (n=4) and SPTB gene (n=3) were identified as the underlying cause. Notably, the four most common variants causing HE and HPP were SPTB Providence (c.6055 T>C), SPTB Buffalo (c.6074 T>G), SPTB Chiang Mai (c.6224 A>G), and SPTB c.6171__82delins TGCCCAGCT. These recurrent SPTB mutations accounted for 79 out of 84 mutated SPTB alleles (94%). In summary, HE and hereditary HPP associated with recurrent SPTB mutations are the predominant types of RBC membrane disorders observed in Thailand. These findings have significant implications for the clinical management and future research of RBC membrane disorders in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duantida Songdej
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pacharapan Surapolchai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Komwilaisak
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pornpun Sripornsawan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Supanun Lauhasurayotin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Teawtrakul
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tarinee Rungjirajittranon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adisak Tantiworawit
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Thalassemia and Hematology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phakatip Sinlapamongkolkul
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kitti Torcharus
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pranee Sutcharitchan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bunchoo Pongtanakul
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nongnuch Sirachainan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimlak Charoenkwan
- Thalassemia and Hematology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawarorot road, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Shih YH, Huang YC, Lin CY, Lin HY, Kuo SF, Lin JS, Shen MC. A large family of hereditary spherocytosis and a rare case of hereditary elliptocytosis with a novel SPTA1 mutation underdiagnosed in Taiwan: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32708. [PMID: 36705355 PMCID: PMC9875991 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) has a defect in the vertically connected proteins on the cell membrane of red blood cells (RBC). Hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) has a defect in proteins that connect the cell membrane horizontally. We reported two families of RBC membrane disorders in Taiwanese, one was HS and the other was HE. PATIENT CONCERNS Case 1. A 19-year-old male student with chronic jaundice and splenomegaly. His mother, maternal uncle, grandmother, and many members of older generations also had splenomegaly and underwent splenectomy. Case 2. A 40-year-old man has experienced pallor and jaundice since the age of 20 and was found to have splenomegaly, and gall bladder stones in the older age. His younger sister also had pallor and jaundice for a long time. DIAGNOSES In case 1, a peripheral blood smear showed 20% spherocytes. Eosin-5-maleimide labeled RBC by flow cytometry showed a result of 30.6 MCF (cutoff value: 45.5 MCF). He was diagnosed with HS. The gene analysis identified a heterozygous mutation with c.166A > G (p.Lys56Glu) in the SLC4A1 gene in this proband, his mother, and maternal uncle. In case 2, more than 40% of ellipsoid RBC present in the peripheral blood smear. He was diagnosed with HE. Genetic analysis of the SPTA1 gene identified a novel heterozygous exon2, c.86A > C, p.Gln29Prol mutation. INTERVENTIONS The two patients had compensated anemia, clinical follow-up instead of splenectomy was done. OUTCOMES The two patients had normal daily activities and lives. LESSONS We reported two Taiwanese families, one was hereditary spherocytosis affected by a heterozygous mutation with c.166A > G (p.Lys56Glu) in SLC4A1, and the other was hereditary elliptocytosis caused by a novel heterozygous SPTA1 gene mutation, c. 86A > C, p.Gln29Prol. These 2 seemingly common hereditary red blood cell membrane protein defects induced by hemolysis are usually underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hung Shih
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Huang
- Department of Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yeh Lin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Lin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
| | - Su-Feng Kuo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Shiou Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ching Shen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * Correspondence: Ming-Ching Shen, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135, Nanxiao Street, Changhua City, Changhua County 500209, Taiwan (e-mail: )
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Unravelling the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of SPTA1 gene variants in Hereditary Elliptocytosis and Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis patients using next-generation sequencing. Gene 2022; 843:146796. [PMID: 35961434 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary Elliptocytosis (HE) and Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis (HPP) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous red cell membranopathies that result from the defects in the horizontal linkage between RBC (red blood cell) membrane and cytoskeletal proteins affecting its mechanical stability and deformability thereby reducing its lifespan. The principal defect in HE and HPP is due to dysfunction or deficiency of RBC cytoskeletal proteins namely, α-spectrin (SPTA1), β-spectrin (SPTB) and protein 4.1R (EPB41R). This study reports the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of 10 Indian patients (5 with HE and 5 with HPP)harboringSPTA1 gene variants. We used targeted next-generation sequencing (t-NGS) to characterize the causative genetic variants in 10 HE/HPP suspected patients and studied the correlation between the identified variants with their corresponding phenotypic features.t-NGS detected 12 SPTA1 variants, out of which 8 are novel. Nearly all of the detected variants have a damaging effect on the protein stability and function, as shown by the insilico analysis. The possible effect of the detected variants on the protein structure was studied using the HOPE software and DynaMut tools wherever possible. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on HE/HPP cases confirmed by a genetic study from India. To conclude, HE is caused by monoallelic mutations while HPP, the more severe form, is typically caused by biallelic (homozygous or compound heterozygous) mutations justifying the phenotypic heterogeneity associated with patients. Moreover, analysis at the molecular level by NGS permits diagnosis in these disorders with highly variable heterogeneity requiring regular transfusions and may facilitate prognostic contemplations.
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Nowak RB, Alimohamadi H, Pestonjamasp K, Rangamani P, Fowler VM. Nanoscale Dynamics of Actin Filaments in the Red Blood Cell Membrane Skeleton. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar28. [PMID: 35020457 PMCID: PMC9250383 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-03-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) shape and deformability are supported by a planar network of short actin filament (F-actin) nodes (∼37 nm length, 15–18 subunits) interconnected by long spectrin strands at the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Spectrin-F-actin network structure underlies quantitative modeling of forces controlling RBC shape, membrane curvature, and deformation, yet the nanoscale organization and dynamics of the F-actin nodes in situ are not well understood. We examined F-actin distribution and dynamics in RBCs using fluorescent-phalloidin labeling of F-actin imaged by multiple microscopy modalities. Total internal reflection fluorescence and Zeiss Airyscan confocal microscopy demonstrate that F-actin is concentrated in multiple brightly stained F-actin foci ∼200–300 nm apart interspersed with dimmer F-actin staining regions. Single molecule stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy imaging of Alexa 647-phalloidin-labeled F-actin and computational analysis also indicates an irregular, nonrandom distribution of F-actin nodes. Treatment of RBCs with latrunculin A and cytochalasin D indicates that F-actin foci distribution depends on actin polymerization, while live cell imaging reveals dynamic local motions of F-actin foci, with lateral movements, appearance and disappearance. Regulation of F-actin node distribution and dynamics via actin assembly/disassembly pathways and/or via local extension and retraction of spectrin strands may provide a new mechanism to control spectrin-F-actin network connectivity, RBC shape, and membrane deformability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta B Nowak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Haleh Alimohamadi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411
| | - Kersi Pestonjamasp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411
| | - Velia M Fowler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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Ebel ER, Kuypers FA, Lin C, Petrov DA, Egan ES. Common host variation drives malaria parasite fitness in healthy human red cells. eLife 2021; 10:e69808. [PMID: 34553687 PMCID: PMC8497061 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication of Plasmodium falciparum parasites within red blood cells (RBCs) causes severe disease in humans, especially in Africa. Deleterious alleles like hemoglobin S are well-known to confer strong resistance to malaria, but the effects of common RBC variation are largely undetermined. Here, we collected fresh blood samples from 121 healthy donors, most with African ancestry, and performed exome sequencing, detailed RBC phenotyping, and parasite fitness assays. Over one-third of healthy donors unknowingly carried alleles for G6PD deficiency or hemoglobinopathies, which were associated with characteristic RBC phenotypes. Among non-carriers alone, variation in RBC hydration, membrane deformability, and volume was strongly associated with P. falciparum growth rate. Common genetic variants in PIEZO1, SPTA1/SPTB, and several P. falciparum invasion receptors were also associated with parasite growth rate. Interestingly, we observed little or negative evidence for divergent selection on non-pathogenic RBC variation between Africans and Europeans. These findings suggest a model in which globally widespread variation in a moderate number of genes and phenotypes modulates P. falciparum fitness in RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Ebel
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Frans A Kuypers
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research InstituteOaklandUnited States
| | - Carrie Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Elizabeth S Egan
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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Cao M, Huang Z, Zhou H, Lin J, Zhang D. Clinical and molecular genetic analysis of a Chinese family with hereditary elliptocytosis caused by a novel mutation in the EPB41 gene. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23781. [PMID: 33942936 PMCID: PMC8183902 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) is a heterogeneous red blood cell membrane disorder characterized by the presence of elliptocytes on a peripheral blood smear. Clinical manifestations of HE vary widely from asymptomatic carriers to patients with severe transfusion-dependent anemia. Most patients are asymptomatic or have mild anemia, which hinders diagnosis. The proband in this case had mild anemia and jaundice over a period of 4 years, the etiology of which was unclear. Hence, he was admitted to our hospital for further diagnosis. METHODS Peripheral blood smears and routine blood tests were performed and biochemical parameters of the proband, and his family members were determined. To confirm the diagnosis, gene mutations were screened in the proband using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and verified by Sanger sequencing in other family members. RESULTS A novel mutation (c.1294delA, p.Ser432 fs) in exon 15 of the EPB41 gene was detected in the proband and his family members. This mutation results in a frameshift and a premature stop codon at position 455, encoding a truncated protein. The variant was likely pathogenic according to the criteria of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. SWISS-MODEL protein structure prediction indicated partial loss of the spectrin and actin binding and C-terminal domains. CONCLUSION A heterozygous mutation 1294delA in exon 15 of the EPB41 gene was identified using NGS and Sanger sequencing in members of a Chinese family. This identification expands the spectrum of EPB41 mutations and contributes to the genetic diagnosis of families with HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxiong Cao
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouP.R. China
| | - Zhanqin Huang
- Department of PharmacologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouP.R. China
| | - Huanbing Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouP.R. China
| | - Jinghua Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouP.R. China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouP.R. China
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Reticulocytosis As a Whistleblower: A Rare Case of Acquired Elliptocytosis in a Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patient With Trisomy 8. Hemasphere 2021; 5:e517. [PMID: 33458593 PMCID: PMC7806241 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Dosunmu A, Uche E, Osikomaiya B, Ismail A, Akinbami A, Akanmu A. Red cell membrane protein abnormalities as defined by sds-page among patients with anemia in a West African region hospital practice. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2020; 11:283-289. [PMID: 32874435 PMCID: PMC7442468 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.11.3.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Erythrocytes require an ability to deform and withstand shear stress while negotiating microcirculation. These properties are largely due to their excess surface area per volume and the characteristics of the membrane’s protein. Deficiencies of these proteins are associated with chronic hemolysis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study aimed at determining the prevalence of red cell membrane protein abnormalities as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) among patients with anemia attending the outpatient clinics of the hospital. Results: A total of 823 participants were recruited into the study with a mean age of 34±14 years. There were 410 (49.8%) participants with hematocrit ≥ 36% and 413 with hematocrit ≤ 35.9% of which 192 participants (23.3%) had abnormal red cell indices. Following SDS-PAGE, 21 (10.9%) of the 192 participants had deficient PAGE tracing. Abnormal spectrin band was observed in 17 (81%) of the 21 participants. The hematocrit was significantly lower while the reticulocyte count and red cell distribution width were higher in participants with red cell membrane abnormalities. Conclusion: One in ten patients with mild anemia and abnormal red cell indices in clinical practice may be having hereditary red cell membrane protein defect. Presence of raised reticulocyte count, family history of mild anemia, increased red cell distribution width and red cell morphology may be used to screen for membrane deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedoyin Dosunmu
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ebele Uche
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Bodunrin Osikomaiya
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, General Hospital, Gbagada, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ayobami Ismail
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Akinsegun Akinbami
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Alani Akanmu
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
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Tang F, Chen D, Zhang S, Hu W, Chen J, Zhou H, Zeng Z, Wang X. Elastic hysteresis loop acts as cell deformability in erythrocyte aging. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183309. [PMID: 32298678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The decrease in cellular deformability shows strong correlation with erythrocyte aging. Cell deformation can be divided into passive deformation and active deformation; however, the active deformation has been ignored in previous studies. In this work, Young's moduli of age-related erythrocytes were tested by atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, the deformation and passive and active deformation values were calculated by respective areas. Our results showed that erythrocytes in the densest fraction had the highest values of the Young's modulus, deformation, and active deformation, but the lowest values of passive deformation. Moreover, values of the deformation and active deformation both increased gradually with erythrocyte aging. The present data indicate that the elastic hysteresis loop between the approach and the retract curve could be regarded as erythrocyte deformability, and cellular deformability could be characterized by energy states. In addition, active deformation might be a crucial mechanical factor for clearing aged erythrocytes. This could provide an important information on erythrocyte biomechanics in the removal of aged cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhou Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medica University, Guizhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shichao Zhang
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medica University, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jin Chen
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medica University, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Houming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China.
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11
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Sironi M, Forni D, Clerici M, Cagliani R. Genetic conflicts with Plasmodium parasites and functional constraints shape the evolution of erythrocyte cytoskeletal proteins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14682. [PMID: 30279439 PMCID: PMC6168477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites exerted a strong selective pressure on primate genomes and mutations in genes encoding erythrocyte cytoskeleton proteins (ECP) determine protective effects against Plasmodium infection/pathogenesis. We thus hypothesized that ECP-encoding genes have evolved in response to Plasmodium-driven selection. We analyzed the evolutionary history of 15 ECP-encoding genes in primates, as well as of their Plasmodium-encoded ligands (KAHRP, MESA and EMP3). Results indicated that EPB42, SLC4A1, and SPTA1 evolved under pervasive positive selection and that episodes of positive selection tended to occur more frequently in primate species that host a larger number of Plasmodium parasites. Conversely, several genes, including ANK1 and SPTB, displayed extensive signatures of purifying selection in primate phylogenies, Homininae lineages, and human populations, suggesting strong functional constraints. Analysis of Plasmodium genes indicated adaptive evolution in MESA and KAHRP; in the latter, different positively selected sites were located in the spectrin-binding domains. Because most of the positively selected sites in alpha-spectrin localized to the domains involved in the interaction with KAHRP, we suggest that the two proteins are engaged in an arms-race scenario. This observation is relevant because KAHRP is essential for the formation of “knobs”, which represent a major virulence determinant for P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090, Milan, Italy.,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
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Abstract
Cell dehydration is a distinguishing characteristic of sickle cell disease and an important contributor to disease pathophysiology. Due to the unique dependence of Hb S polymerization on cellular Hb S concentration, cell dehydration promotes polymerization and sickling. In double heterozygosis for Hb S and C (SC disease) dehydration is the determining factor in disease pathophysiology. Three major ion transport pathways are involved in sickle cell dehydration: the K-Cl cotransport (KCC), the Gardos channel (KCNN4) and Psickle, the polymerization induced membrane permeability, most likely mediated by the mechano-sensitive ion channel PIEZO1. Each of these pathways exhibit unique characteristics in regulation by oxygen tension, intracellular and extracellular environment, and functional expression in reticulocytes and mature red cells. The unique dependence of K-Cl cotransport on intracellular Mg and the abnormal reduction of erythrocyte Mg content in SS and SC cells had led to clinical studies assessing the effect of oral Mg supplementation. Inhibition of Gardos channel by clotrimazole and senicapoc has led to Phase 1,2,3 trials in patients with sickle cell disease. While none of these studies has resulted in the approval of a novel therapy for SS disease, they have highlighted the key role played by these pathways in disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brugnara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Erythrocyte β spectrin can be genetically targeted to protect mice from malaria. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2624-2636. [PMID: 29296915 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017009274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite hijacks host erythrocytes to shield itself from the immune system and proliferate. Red blood cell abnormalities can provide protection from malaria by impeding parasite invasion and growth within the cell or by compromising the ability of parasites to avoid host clearance. Here, we describe 2 N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mouse lines, SptbMRI26194 and SptbMRI53426 , containing single-point mutations in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton gene, β spectrin (Sptb), which exhibit microcytosis but retain a relatively normal ratio of erythrocyte surface area to volume and are highly resistant to rodent malaria. We propose the major factor responsible for malaria protection is the specific clearance of mutant erythrocytes, although an enhanced clearance of uninfected mutant erythrocytes was also observed (ie, the bystander effect). Using an in vivo erythrocyte tracking assay, we established that this phenomenon occurs irrespective of host environment, precluding the involvement of nonerythrocytic cells in the resistance mechanism. Furthermore, we recapitulated this phenotype by disrupting the interaction between ankyrin-1 and β spectrin in vivo using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology, thereby genetically validating a potential antimalarial target. This study sheds new light on the role of β spectrin during Plasmodium infection and highlights how changes in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton can substantially influence malaria susceptibility with minimal adverse consequences for the host.
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14
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Ebel ER, Telis N, Venkataram S, Petrov DA, Enard D. High rate of adaptation of mammalian proteins that interact with Plasmodium and related parasites. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007023. [PMID: 28957326 PMCID: PMC5634635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites, along with their Piroplasm relatives, have caused malaria-like illnesses in terrestrial mammals for millions of years. Several Plasmodium-protective alleles have recently evolved in human populations, but little is known about host adaptation to blood parasites over deeper evolutionary timescales. In this work, we analyze mammalian adaptation in ~500 Plasmodium- or Piroplasm- interacting proteins (PPIPs) manually curated from the scientific literature. We show that (i) PPIPs are enriched for both immune functions and pleiotropy with other pathogens, and (ii) the rate of adaptation across mammals is significantly elevated in PPIPs, compared to carefully matched control proteins. PPIPs with high pathogen pleiotropy show the strongest signatures of adaptation, but this pattern is fully explained by their immune enrichment. Several pieces of evidence suggest that blood parasites specifically have imposed selection on PPIPs. First, even non-immune PPIPs that lack interactions with other pathogens have adapted at twice the rate of matched controls. Second, PPIP adaptation is linked to high expression in the liver, a critical organ in the parasite life cycle. Finally, our detailed investigation of alpha-spectrin, a major red blood cell membrane protein, shows that domains with particularly high rates of adaptation are those known to interact specifically with P. falciparum. Overall, we show that host proteins that interact with Plasmodium and Piroplasm parasites have experienced elevated rates of adaptation across mammals, and provide evidence that some of this adaptation has likely been driven by blood parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Ebel
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ERE); (DE)
| | - Natalie Telis
- Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Venkataram
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Dmitri A. Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - David Enard
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ERE); (DE)
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15
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Goheen MM, Campino S, Cerami C. The role of the red blood cell in host defence against falciparum malaria: an expanding repertoire of evolutionary alterations. Br J Haematol 2017; 179:543-556. [PMID: 28832963 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite has co-evolved with its human host as each organism struggles for resources and survival. The scars of this war are carried in the human genome in the form of polymorphisms that confer innate resistance to malaria. Clinical, epidemiological and genome-wide association studies have identified multiple polymorphisms in red blood cell (RBC) proteins that attenuate malaria pathogenesis. These include well-known polymorphisms in haemoglobin, intracellular enzymes, RBC channels, RBC surface markers, and proteins impacting the RBC cytoskeleton and RBC morphology. A better understanding of how changes in RBC physiology impact malaria pathogenesis may uncover new strategies to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Goheen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susana Campino
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Carla Cerami
- MRC International Nutrition Group at Keneba, MRC Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
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16
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Kim Y, Park J, Kim M. Diagnostic approaches for inherited hemolytic anemia in the genetic era. Blood Res 2017; 52:84-94. [PMID: 28698843 PMCID: PMC5503903 DOI: 10.5045/br.2017.52.2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited hemolytic anemias (IHAs) are genetic diseases that present with anemia due to the increased destruction of circulating abnormal RBCs. The RBC abnormalities are classified into the three major disorders of membranopathies, hemoglobinopathies, and enzymopathies. Traditional diagnosis of IHA has been performed via a step-wise process combining clinical and laboratory findings. Nowadays, the etiology of IHA accounts for germline mutations of the responsible genes coding for the structural components of RBCs. Recent advances in molecular technologies, including next-generation sequencing, inspire us to apply these technologies as a first-line approach for the identification of potential mutations and to determine the novel causative genes in patients with IHAs. We herein review the concept and strategy for the genetic diagnosis of IHAs and provide an overview of the preparations for clinical applications of the new molecular technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Schmitt DM, Barnes R, Rogerson T, Haught A, Mazzella LK, Ford M, Gilson T, Birch JWM, Sjöstedt A, Reed DS, Franks JM, Stolz DB, Denvir J, Fan J, Rekulapally S, Primerano DA, Horzempa J. The Role and Mechanism of Erythrocyte Invasion by Francisella tularensis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:173. [PMID: 28536678 PMCID: PMC5423315 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is an extremely virulent bacterium that can be transmitted naturally by blood sucking arthropods. During mammalian infection, F. tularensis infects numerous types of host cells, including erythrocytes. As erythrocytes do not undergo phagocytosis or endocytosis, it remains unknown how F. tularensis invades these cells. Furthermore, the consequence of inhabiting the intracellular space of red blood cells (RBCs) has not been determined. Here, we provide evidence indicating that residing within an erythrocyte enhances the ability of F. tularensis to colonize ticks following a blood meal. Erythrocyte residence protected F. tularensis from a low pH environment similar to that of gut cells of a feeding tick. Mechanistic studies revealed that the F. tularensis type VI secretion system (T6SS) was required for erythrocyte invasion as mutation of mglA (a transcriptional regulator of T6SS genes), dotU, or iglC (two genes encoding T6SS machinery) severely diminished bacterial entry into RBCs. Invasion was also inhibited upon treatment of erythrocytes with venom from the Blue-bellied black snake (Pseudechis guttatus), which aggregates spectrin in the cytoskeleton, but not inhibitors of actin polymerization and depolymerization. These data suggest that erythrocyte invasion by F. tularensis is dependent on spectrin utilization which is likely mediated by effectors delivered through the T6SS. Our results begin to elucidate the mechanism of a unique biological process facilitated by F. tularensis to invade erythrocytes, allowing for enhanced colonization of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Schmitt
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty UniversityWest Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Rebecca Barnes
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty UniversityWest Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Taylor Rogerson
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty UniversityWest Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Ashley Haught
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty UniversityWest Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Leanne K Mazzella
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty UniversityWest Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Matthew Ford
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty UniversityWest Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Tricia Gilson
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty UniversityWest Liberty, WV, USA
| | - James W-M Birch
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty UniversityWest Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Anders Sjöstedt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology, and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Douglas S Reed
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Center for Vaccine Research, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Franks
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James Denvir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall UniversityHuntington, WV, USA
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall UniversityHuntington, WV, USA
| | - Swanthana Rekulapally
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall UniversityHuntington, WV, USA
| | - Donald A Primerano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall UniversityHuntington, WV, USA
| | - Joseph Horzempa
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty UniversityWest Liberty, WV, USA
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18
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Delalande O, Czogalla A, Hubert JF, Sikorski A, Le Rumeur E. Dystrophin and Spectrin, Two Highly Dissimilar Sisters of the Same Family. Subcell Biochem 2017; 82:373-403. [PMID: 28101868 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49674-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dystrophin and Spectrin are two proteins essential for the organization of the cytoskeleton and for the stabilization of membrane cells. The comparison of these two sister proteins, and with the dystrophin homologue utrophin, enables us to emphasise that, despite a similar topology with common subdomains and a common structural basis of a three-helix coiled-coil, they show a large range of dissimilarities in terms of genetics, cell expression and higher level structural organisation. Interactions with cellular partners, including proteins and membrane phospholipids, also show both strikingly similar and very different behaviours. The differences between dystrophin and spectrin are also illustrated by the large variety of pathological anomalies emerging from the dysfunction or the absence of these proteins, showing that they are keystones in their function of providing a scaffold that sustains cell structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Delalande
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6290, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Biotechnology Faculty, Department of Cytobiochemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jean-François Hubert
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6290, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Aleksander Sikorski
- Biotechnology Faculty, Department of Cytobiochemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elisabeth Le Rumeur
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6290, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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19
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Abstract
The red blood cell or erythrocyte is easily purified, readily available, and has a relatively simple structure. Therefore, it has become a very well studied cell in terms of protein composition and function. RBC proteomic studies performed over the last five years, by several laboratories, have identified 751 proteins within the human erythrocyte. As RBCs contain few internal structures, the proteome will contain far fewer proteins than nucleated cells. In this minireview, we summarize the current knowledge of the RBC proteome, discuss alterations in this partial proteome in varied human disease states, and demonstrate how in silico studies of the RBC interactome can lead to considerable insight into disease diagnosis, severity, and drug or gene therapy response. To make these latter points we focus on what is known concerning changes in the RBC proteome in Sickle Cell Disease.
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20
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Abstract
Primary abnormalities of the erythrocyte membrane are characterized by clinical, laboratory, and genetic heterogeneity. Among this group, hereditary spherocytosis patients are more likely to experience symptomatic anemia. Treatment of hereditary spherocytosis with splenectomy is curative in most patients. Growing recognition of the long-term risks of splenectomy has led to re-evaluation of the role of splenectomy. Management guidelines acknowledge these considerations and recommend discussion between health care providers, patient, and family. The hereditary elliptocytosis syndromes are the most common primary disorders of erythrocyte membrane proteins. However, most elliptocytosis patients are asymptomatic and do not require therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital/blood
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital/complications
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital/surgery
- Elliptocytosis, Hereditary/blood
- Elliptocytosis, Hereditary/complications
- Elliptocytosis, Hereditary/surgery
- Erythrocyte Membrane/metabolism
- Erythrocytes
- Humans
- Spherocytosis, Hereditary/blood
- Spherocytosis, Hereditary/genetics
- Spherocytosis, Hereditary/surgery
- Splenectomy/adverse effects
- Splenectomy/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Gallagher
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA.
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21
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Da Costa L, Galimand J, Fenneteau O, Mohandas N. Hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, and other red cell membrane disorders. Blood Rev 2013; 27:167-78. [PMID: 23664421 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis are the two most common inherited red cell membrane disorders resulting from mutations in genes encoding various red cell membrane and skeletal proteins. Red cell membrane, a composite structure composed of lipid bilayer linked to spectrin-based membrane skeleton is responsible for the unique features of flexibility and mechanical stability of the cell. Defects in various proteins involved in linking the lipid bilayer to membrane skeleton result in loss in membrane cohesion leading to surface area loss and hereditary spherocytosis while defects in proteins involved in lateral interactions of the spectrin-based skeleton lead to decreased mechanical stability, membrane fragmentation and hereditary elliptocytosis. The disease severity is primarily dependent on the extent of membrane surface area loss. Both these diseases can be readily diagnosed by various laboratory approaches that include red blood cell cytology, flow cytometry, ektacytometry, electrophoresis of the red cell membrane proteins, and mutational analysis of gene encoding red cell membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Da Costa
- AP-HP, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital R. Debré, Paris, F-75019, France.
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22
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Anaplasma phagocytophilum inhibits apoptosis and promotes cytoskeleton rearrangement for infection of tick cells. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2415-25. [PMID: 23630955 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00194-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Infection with this zoonotic pathogen affects gene expression in both the vertebrate host and the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. Here, we identified new genes, including spectrin alpha chain or alpha-fodrin (CG8) and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel or mitochondrial porin (T2), that are involved in A. phagocytophilum infection/multiplication and the tick cell response to infection. The pathogen downregulated the expression of CG8 in tick salivary glands and T2 in both the gut and salivary glands to inhibit apoptosis as a mechanism to subvert host cell defenses and increase infection. In the gut, the tick response to infection through CG8 upregulation was used by the pathogen to increase infection due to the cytoskeleton rearrangement that is required for pathogen infection. These results increase our understanding of the role of tick genes during A. phagocytophilum infection and multiplication and demonstrate that the pathogen uses similar strategies to establish infection in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
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23
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Shi H, Liu Z, Li A, Yin J, Chong AGL, Tan KSW, Zhang Y, Lim CT. Life cycle-dependent cytoskeletal modifications in Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61170. [PMID: 23585879 PMCID: PMC3621960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection of human erythrocytes is known to result in the modification of the host cell cytoskeleton by parasite-coded proteins. However, such modifications and corresponding implications in malaria pathogenesis have not been fully explored. Here, we probed the gradual modification of infected erythrocyte cytoskeleton with advancing stages of infection using atomic force microscopy (AFM). We reported a novel strategy to derive accurate and quantitative information on the knob structures and their connections with the spectrin network by performing AFM-based imaging analysis of the cytoplasmic surface of infected erythrocytes. Significant changes on the red cell cytoskeleton were observed from the expansion of spectrin network mesh size, extension of spectrin tetramers and the decrease of spectrin abundance with advancing stages of infection. The spectrin network appeared to aggregate around knobs but also appeared sparser at non-knob areas as the parasite matured. This dramatic modification of the erythrocyte skeleton during the advancing stage of malaria infection could contribute to the loss of deformability of the infected erythrocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Nano Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Infrastructure System Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ang Li
- Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Yin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alvin G. L. Chong
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin S. W. Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Zhang
- Nano Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Nano Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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24
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Machnicka B, Grochowalska R, Bogusławska DM, Sikorski AF, Lecomte MC. Spectrin-based skeleton as an actor in cell signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 69:191-201. [PMID: 21877118 PMCID: PMC3249148 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent advances in functions of spectrins in non-erythroid cells. We discuss new data concerning the commonly known role of the spectrin-based skeleton in control of membrane organization, stability and shape, and tethering protein mosaics to the cellular motors and to all major filament systems. Particular effort has been undertaken to highlight recent advances linking spectrin to cell signaling phenomena and its participation in signal transduction pathways in many cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Machnicka
- University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
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25
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Lalle M, Currà C, Ciccarone F, Pace T, Cecchetti S, Fantozzi L, Ay B, Breton CB, Ponzi M. Dematin, a component of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton, is internalized by the malaria parasite and associates with Plasmodium 14-3-3. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1227-36. [PMID: 21084299 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.194613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite invades the terminally differentiated erythrocytes, where it grows and multiplies surrounded by a parasitophorous vacuole. Plasmodium blood stages translocate newly synthesized proteins outside the parasitophorous vacuole and direct them to various erythrocyte compartments, including the cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane. Here, we show that the remodeling of the host cell directed by the parasite also includes the recruitment of dematin, an actin-binding protein of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton and its repositioning to the parasite. Internalized dematin was found associated with Plasmodium 14-3-3, which belongs to a family of conserved multitask molecules. We also show that, in vitro, the dematin-14-3-3 interaction is strictly dependent on phosphorylation of dematin at Ser(124) and Ser(333), belonging to two 14-3-3 putative binding motifs. This study is the first report showing that a component of the erythrocyte spectrin-based membrane skeleton is recruited by the malaria parasite following erythrocyte infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lalle
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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26
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Méndez D, Hernáez ML, Diez A, Puyet A, Bautista JM. Combined Proteomic Approaches for the Identification of Specific Amino Acid Residues Modified by 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal under Physiological Conditions. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5770-81. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100555v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darío Méndez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain, The Proteomics Unit UCM-Parque Científico de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Hernáez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain, The Proteomics Unit UCM-Parque Científico de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Diez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain, The Proteomics Unit UCM-Parque Científico de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Puyet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain, The Proteomics Unit UCM-Parque Científico de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Bautista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain, The Proteomics Unit UCM-Parque Científico de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Reduced cellular redox status induces 4-hydroxynonenal-mediated caspase 3 activation leading to erythrocyte death during chronic arsenic exposure in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 244:315-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Maier AG, Cooke BM, Cowman AF, Tilley L. Malaria parasite proteins that remodel the host erythrocyte. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009; 7:341-54. [PMID: 19369950 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exported proteins of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum interact with proteins of the erythrocyte membrane and induce substantial changes in the morphology, physiology and function of the host cell. These changes underlie the pathology that is responsible for the deaths of 1-2 million children every year due to malaria infections. The advent of molecular transfection technology, including the ability to generate deletion mutants and to introduce fluorescent reporter proteins that track the locations and dynamics of parasite proteins, has increased our understanding of the processes and machinery for export of proteins in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes and has provided us with insights into the functions of the parasite protein exportome. We review these developments, focusing on parasite proteins that interact with the erythrocyte membrane skeleton or that promote delivery of the major virulence protein, PfEMP1, to the erythrocyte membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Maier
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
As a result of natural selection driven by severe forms of malaria, 1 in 6 humans in the world, more than 1 billion people, are affected by red cell abnormalities, making them the most common of the inherited disorders. The non-nucleated red cell is unique among human cell type in that the plasma membrane, its only structural component, accounts for all of its diverse antigenic, transport, and mechanical characteristics. Our current concept of the red cell membrane envisions it as a composite structure in which a membrane envelope composed of cholesterol and phospholipids is secured to an elastic network of skeletal proteins via transmembrane proteins. Structural and functional characterization of the many constituents of the red cell membrane, in conjunction with biophysical and physiologic studies, has led to detailed description of the way in which the remarkable mechanical properties and other important characteristics of the red cells arise, and of the manner in which they fail in disease states. Current studies in this very active and exciting field are continuing to produce new and unexpected revelations on the function of the red cell membrane and thus of the cell in health and disease, and shed new light on membrane function in other diverse cell types.
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