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Nie CX, Du XK, Yang LN, Li MJ, Liu L, Chen Y, Yang Q, Weng XG, Cai WY, Dong Y, Zhu XX, Li Q. Shenlian extract protected ox-LDL-loaded macrophages against ER stress by promoting LAL-LXRα mediated cholesterol flux. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116721. [PMID: 37315648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shenlian (SL) extract is consisted of extracts from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, two herbs commonly used in Chinese clinical formula to treat atherosclerosis by removing blood stasis and clearing away heat. Pharmacologically, the anti-atherosclerotic effects of these two herbs are related to unresolved inflammation and the macrophage anergy or apoptosis in lesions led by the lipid flux blockage and ER stress. However, the deeper understanding of SL extract in protecting macrophage in plaques remains unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of SL extract in protecting ER-stressed macrophages from apoptosis in atherosclerosis. METHODS The ApoE-/- atherosclerotic mice model and ox-LDL loaded macrophages model were established to assess the effect of SL extract on ER stress in vivo and in vitro. Key markers related to ER stress in plaque were determined by immunohistochemical staining. Proteins involved in apoptosis and ER stress in macrophages loaded by ox-LDL were assessed by Western blot. ER morphology was observed by electron microscope. Lipid flux was temporally and quantitatively depicted by Oil red staining. The LAL and LXRα were blocked by lalistat and Gsk 2033 respectively to investigate whether SL extract protected the function of macrophages by the activation of LAL-LXRα axis. RESULTS Our study reported that, in ApoE-/- atherosclerotic mice, SL extract effectively relieved ER stress of carotid artery plaque. In lipid-overloaded macrophage models, SL extract significantly alleviated ER stress by promoting cholesterol degradation and efflux, which finally prevented apoptosis of foam cells induced by ox-LDL. Blockage of ER stress by 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an inhibitor of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress, largely attenuated the protective effects of SL extract on macrophage. By utilizing the selective antagonists against both LAL and LXRα, this study further revealed that the beneficial effects of SL extract in macrophages was dependent on the proper functionalization of LAL-LXRα axis. CONCLUSIONS By highlighting the therapeutic significance of macrophage protection in resolving atherosclerosis inflammation, our study pharmacologically provided convincing mechanistic evidence of SL extract in the activation LAL-LXRα axis and revealed its promising potential in the promotion of cholesterol turnover and prevention of ER stress induced apoptosis in lipid-loaded macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xia Nie
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xin-Ke Du
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Li-Na Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Man-Jing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Weng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wei-Yan Cai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yu Dong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Xiao-Xin Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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2
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Wu J, Li Z, Deng Y, Lu X, Luo C, Mu X, Zhang T, Liu Q, Tang S, Li J, An Q, Fan D, Xiang Y, Wu X, Hu Y, Du Q, Xu J, Xie R. Function of TRP channels in monocytes/macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1187890. [PMID: 37404813 PMCID: PMC10315479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1187890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential channel (TRP channel) family is a kind of non- specific cation channel widely distributed in various tissues and organs of the human body, including the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, immune system, etc. It has been reported that various TRP channels are expressed in mammalian macrophages. TRP channels may be involved in various signaling pathways in the development of various systemic diseases through changes in intracellular concentrations of cations such as calcium and magnesium. These TRP channels may also intermingle with macrophage activation signals to jointly regulate the occurrence and development of diseases. Here, we summarize recent findings on the expression and function of TRP channels in macrophages and discuss their role as modulators of macrophage activation and function. As research on TRP channels in health and disease progresses, it is anticipated that positive or negative modulators of TRP channels for treating specific diseases may be promising therapeutic options for the prevention and/or treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ya Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xianmin Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xingyi Mu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Siqi Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiajing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qimin An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dongdong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yiwei Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xianli Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yanxia Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Zhang XH, Li Y, Zhou L, Tian GP. Interleukin-38 in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 536:86-93. [PMID: 36150521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation caused by immune cells and their mediators is a characteristic of atherosclerosis. Interleukin-38 (IL-38), a member of the IL-1 family, exerts multiple anti-inflammatory effects via specific ligand-receptor interactions. Upon recognizing a specific receptor, IL-38 restrains mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa B (NK-κB), or other inflammation-related signaling pathways in inflammatory disease. Further research has shown that IL-38 also displays anti-atherosclerotic effects and reduces the occurrence and risk of cardiovascular events. On the one hand, IL-38 can regulate innate and adaptive immunity to inhibit inflammation, reduce pathological neovascularization, and inhibit apoptosis. On the other hand, it can curb obesity, reduce hyperlipidemia, and restrain insulin resistance to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Therefore, this article expounds on the vital function of IL-38 in the development of atherosclerosis to provide a theoretical basis for further in-depth studies of IL-38 and insights on the prophylaxis and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Southwest University Public Health Hospital, Chongqing 400036, China.
| | - Guo-Ping Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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4
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Zou T, Gao S, Yu Z, Zhang F, Yao L, Xu M, Li J, Wu Z, Huang Y, Wang S. Salvianolic acid B inhibits RAW264.7 cell polarization towards the M1 phenotype by inhibiting NF-κB and Akt/mTOR pathway activation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13857. [PMID: 35974091 PMCID: PMC9381594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
M1 macrophages secrete a large number of proinflammatory factors and promote the expansion of atherosclerotic plaques and processes. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) exerts anti-inflammatory, antitumor and other effects, but no study has addressed whether Sal B can regulate the polarization of macrophages to exert these anti-atherosclerotic effects. Therefore, we investigated the inhibition of Sal B in M1 macrophage polarization and the underlying mechanism. The effects of different treatments on cell viability, gene expression and secretion of related proteins, phenotypic markers and cytokines were detected by MTT and western blot assays, RT‒qPCR and ELISAs. Cell viability was not significantly changed when the concentration of Sal B was less than 200 μM, and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/mL) + interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (2.5 ng/mL) successfully induced M1 polarization. RT‒qPCR and ELISAs indicated that Sal B can downregulate M1 marker (Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6)) and upregulate M2 marker (Arginase-1 (Arg-1) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10)) expression. Western blotting was performed to measure the expression of Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), p-Akt, p-mTOR, LC3-II, Beclin-1, and p62, and the results suggested that Sal B inhibits the M1 polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages by promoting autophagy via the NF-κB signalling pathway. The study indicated that Sal B inhibits M1 macrophage polarization by inhibiting NF-κB signalling pathway activation and downregulating Akt/mTOR activation to promote autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Zhaolan Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Fuyong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, 618000, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Mengyao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Junxin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zhigui Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yilan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Shurong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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5
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An R, Wang P, Guo H, Liuyu T, Zhong B, Zhang ZD. USP2 promotes experimental colitis and bacterial infections by inhibiting the proliferation of myeloid cells and remodeling the extracellular matrix network. CELL INSIGHT 2022; 1:100047. [PMID: 37192862 PMCID: PMC10120320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is closely associated with dysregulation of genetic factors and microbial environment. Here, we report a susceptible role of ubiquitin-specific protease 2 (USP2) in experimental colitis and bacterial infections. USP2 is upregulated in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients and in the colon of mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS). Knockout or pharmacologic inhibition of USP2 promotes the proliferation of myeloid cells to activate IL-22 and IFNγ production of T cells. In addition, knockout of USP2 in myeloid cells inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines to relieve the dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) network and promote the gut epithelial integrity after DSS treatment. Consistently, Lyz2-Cre;Usp2fl/fl mice exhibit hyper-resistance to DSS-induced colitis and Citrobacter rodentium infections compared to Usp2fl/fl mice. These findings highlight an indispensable role of USP2 in myeloid cells to modulate T cell activation and epithelial ECM network and repair, indicating USP2 as a potential target for therapeutic intervention of IBD and bacterial infections in the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran An
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, College of Life Sciences, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, College of Life Sciences, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, College of Life Sciences, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tianzi Liuyu
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, College of Life Sciences, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhi-Dong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, College of Life Sciences, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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6
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de Juan A, Lavin Plaza B. Isolation and Culturing of Primary Mouse and Human Macrophages. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2419:113-124. [PMID: 35237961 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are mature immune cells involved in the defense of the organism. Since their discovery, the main function attributed to macrophages has been phagocytosis. However, in recent years, several new functions such as angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, clearance of apoptotic cells, pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and tumor growth have been attributed to macrophages. To perform such varied functions, macrophages acquire specific phenotypes in response to external signals. The possibility of replicating these phenotypes in vitro represents a cutting-edge tool to understand potential macrophage functions in vivo. This chapter outlines protocols used to isolate and culture murine bone marrow-derived and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Furthermore, macrophage polarization processes into different phenotypes, with special relevance to atherosclerosis, are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba de Juan
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, Paris, France
| | - Begoña Lavin Plaza
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences,, King's College London, London, UK. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Macrophage accumulation within atherosclerotic plaque is a primary driver of disease progression. However, recent advances in both phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of these cells have allowed for improved insight into potential regulation of macrophage function within lesions. In this review, we will discuss recent insights on macrophage heterogeneity, lipid processing, metabolism, and proliferation in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we will identify outstanding questions in the field that are pertinent to future studies. RECENT FINDINGS With the recent development of single-cell RNA sequencing, several studies have highlighted the diverse macrophage populations within plaques, including pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, lipid loaded and tissue resident macrophages. Furthermore, new data has suggested that differential activation of metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, may play a key role in determining function. Recent works have highlighted that different populations retain varying capacity to undergo proliferation; regulating the proliferation pathway may be highly effective in reducing plaque in advanced lesions. SUMMARY Macrophage populations within atherosclerosis are highly heterogeneous; differences in cytokine production, lipid handling, metabolism, and proliferation are seen between subpopulations. Understanding the basic cellular mechanisms that drive this heterogeneity will allow for the development of highly specific disease modulating agents to combat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse W Williams
- Center for Immunology
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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8
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Zykov MV, Barbarash OL. Inflammation and Comorbidity. Are There any Chances to Improve the Prognosis in Patients with Extremely High Cardiovascular Risk? RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CARDIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2021-08-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The review contains actual data on possible approaches aimed at improving the prognosis in a special category of patients with extremely high cardiovascular risk, as well as in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome combined with comorbidity, including multifocal atherosclerosis. Currently, there are no class I recommendations for such patients aimed at reducing the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. It is suggested that suppression of inflammation may be a new therapeutic goal in this category of patients. Given the importance of inflammation in the development and course of atherosclerosis, in recent years there have been repeated attempts to influence the various components of the pro-inflammatory cascade involved in atherogenesis, but not all of them have been successful. Special attention is given to the anti-inflammatory effects of colchicine, a drug that can improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with proven atherosclerosis. The review provides numerous pathogenetic and clinical evidence for the effectiveness of colchicine in patients with various manifestations of atherosclerosis. It is concluded that colchicine is the most promising anti-inflammatory drug that can improve the outcome of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, there is a need to initiate new clinical trial protocols aimed at studying the anti-inflammatory potential of this drug in patients with extreme cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. V. Zykov
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - O. L. Barbarash
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases
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9
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Status of biomarkers for the identification of stable or vulnerable plaques in atherosclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1981-1997. [PMID: 34414413 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a systemic inflammation of the arteries characterized by atherosclerotic plaque due to the accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, apoptotic cells, calcium and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Stable plaques present a chronic inflammatory infiltration, whereas vulnerable plaques present an 'active' inflammation involved in the thinning of the fibrous cap that predisposes to plaque rupture. Several complex biological cellular processes lead plaques to evolve from stable to vulnerable predisposing them to rupture and thrombosis. In this review, we analyze some emerging circulating biomarkers related to inflammation, ECM and lipid infiltration, angiogenesis, metalloproteinases and microRNA (miRNA), as possible diagnostic and prognostic indicators of plaque vulnerability.
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10
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Kumar A, Mahajan A, Salazar EA, Pruitt K, Guzman CA, Clauss MA, Almodovar S, Dhillon NK. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on pulmonary vascular disease. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2021; 2021:e202112. [PMID: 34285903 PMCID: PMC8272407 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2021.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of anti-retroviral therapy, non-AIDS-related comorbidities have increased in people living with HIV. Among these comorbidities, pulmonary hypertension (PH) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality. Although chronic HIV-1 infection is independently associated with the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension, PH in people living with HIV may also be the outcome of various co-morbidities commonly observed in these individuals including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, left heart disease and co-infections. In addition, the association of these co-morbidities and other risk factors, such as illicit drug use, can exacerbate the development of pulmonary vascular disease. This review will focus on these complex interactions contributing to PH development and exacerbation in HIV patients. We also examine the interactions of HIV proteins, including Nef, Tat, and gp120 in the pulmonary vasculature and how these proteins alter the endothelial and smooth muscle function by transforming them into susceptible PH phenotype. The review also discusses the available infectious and non-infectious animal models to study HIV-associated PAH, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each model, along with their ability to mimic the clinical manifestations of HIV-PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Aatish Mahajan
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Ethan A Salazar
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Christian Arce Guzman
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthias A Clauss
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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11
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Berberine-induced TFEB deacetylation by SIRT1 promotes autophagy in peritoneal macrophages. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7096-7119. [PMID: 33639613 PMCID: PMC7993719 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that commonly affects the elderly and is characterized by vascular damage, macrophage infiltration, and plaque formation. Moreover, it increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves an interplay between macrophage autophagy and apoptosis. A recently discovered transcription factor, transcription factor EB (TFEB) is known to activate autophagy in macrophages. Sirtuin deacetylase 1 (SIRT1), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylase, activates several transcription factors, including TFEB. We studied the effects of berberine on the NAD+ synthesis pathway and interactions between SIRT1 and TFEB. We also studied the effects of berberine-induced TFEB activation via SIRT1 on autophagy and apoptosis of peritoneal macrophages. We found that berberine promoted autophagy of peritoneal macrophages by activating SIRT1 via the NAD+ synthesis pathway and, in turn, promoting TFEB nuclear translocation and deacetylation. The functional regulation of SIRT1 and TFEB by berberine could be exploited as a potential therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis.
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12
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Wang S, Li P, Jiang G, Guan J, Chen D, Zhang X. Long non-coding RNA LOC285194 inhibits proliferation and migration but promoted apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells via targeting miR-211/PUMA and TGF-β1/S100A4 signal. Bioengineered 2020; 11:718-728. [PMID: 32619136 PMCID: PMC8291892 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1788354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA LOC285194 (LOC285194) has reported to regulate vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Here we aimed to determine the role of LOC285194 in the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of VSMCs and its underlying mechanisms. A7r5 cells were transfected with Lv-LOC285194 or control Lv-NC for 24-72 h, or small interfering RNA targeting S100A4 (S100A4 siRNA) for 24-48 h, or co-transfected with Lv-LOC285194 and PUMA siRNA for 72 h, or treated with miR-211 inhibitor or co-transfected with Lv-LOC285194 and miR-211 mimics for 72 h. A7r5 cells were also treated with transforming growth factor - β(TGF-β) (5 ng/ml) after Lv-LOC285194 transfection for 24 h. The relationship between LOC285194 and TGF-β was confirmed using luciferase reporter assay. Cell proliferation and cell apoptosis were analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, ELISA and TUNEL staining. LOC285194 and miR-211 expression were detected by qPCR assay. S100A4, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic protein were detected by Western blot assay. LOC285194 inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and migration and promoted cell apoptosis accompanied by upregulation of PUMA and downregulation of miR-211 and S100A4. Targeting PUMA reversed the effect of LOC285194 on cell apoptosis and proliferation. miR-211 mimic inhibited LOC285194-induced PUMA upregulation and decreased LOC285194-induced cell apoptosis. TGF-β (5 ng/ml) treatment reversed S100A4 siRNA or LOC285194-induced S100A4 expression. Luciferase reporter assay showed that TGF-β was the target of LOC285194. LOC285194 inhibits proliferation and promoted apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells via targeting miR-211/PUMA signal; In addition, LOC285194 decreased cell invasion and migration by targeting TGF-β1/S100A4 signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochun Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Li
- Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Gang Jiang
- Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jinping Guan
- Emergency Surgery, Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Chen
- General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Khanahmadi M, Manafi B, Tayebinia H, Karimi J, Khodadadi I. Downregulation of Sirt1 is correlated to upregulation of p53 and increased apoptosis in epicardial adipose tissue of patients with coronary artery disease. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1387-1398. [PMID: 33250679 PMCID: PMC7689241 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The higher expression level of p53 in epithelial adipose tissue (EAT) has previously been reported in atherosclerosis. Since we hypothesized that the expression of p53 is modulated by Sirt1, the aim of this study was to determine the expression levels of Sirt1 and p53 and to investigate their correlation to apoptosis in EAT of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Thirty-five patients with more than 50 % stenosis in at least one of the main coronary arteries were considered as CAD group while 29 patients with no clinical signs of atherosclerosis who underwent open-heart surgery for valve replacement were classified as control group. EAT biopsy samples were collected from all participants during surgery. Sirt1, p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 gene expression levels were determined in EAT by qRT-PCR and Western blotting was carried out to assess Sirt1 and p53 protein levels. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for histopathological analysis. mRNA and protein levels of Sirt1 in EAT were significantly lower in patients with CAD compared with control group, whereas CAD patients showed greater p53 gene and protein expressions. In addition, inverse correlations were observed between Sirt1 and p53 at both mRNA and protein levels. The Bax and ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 gene expressions were higher in CAD group, but no difference was observed in Bcl-2 expression. Histopathological analysis showed apoptotic bodies and infiltrated immune cells in EAT of CAD group. Our results suggest that the Sirt1-p53 axis may involve in atherosclerosis by promotion of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Khanahmadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Babak Manafi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heidar Tayebinia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Karimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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14
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Fan Q, Liu Y, Rao J, Zhang Z, Xiao W, Zhu T, Chai X, Ye K, Ning N, Yin Z, Chai Y, Xu Y, Lan R, Verkhratsky A, Nie H. Anti-Atherosclerosis Effect of Angong Niuhuang Pill via Regulating Th17/Treg Immune Balance and Inhibiting Chronic Inflammatory on ApoE -/- Mice Model of Early and Mid-Term Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1584. [PMID: 32082145 PMCID: PMC7005527 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Angong Niuhuang Pill (ANP) is a well-known patented Chinese medicine which is used for hundreds of years for treating the central nervous system diseases. Atherosclerosis is a poly-aetiological chronic inflammatory vascular disease. Preventing inflammation is fundamental for treating atherosclerosis in early stages. In this study, we investigated the protective effects and possible mechanisms of ANP action on a high-fat diet induced early and mid-term atherosclerosis ApoE-/- mice. The effects of ANP were compared with accepted drug simvastatin. Twelve male C57BL/6J mice were used as the control group, and 60 male ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into five groups: Model group, Simvastatin group, Low-, Medium-, and High-dose ANP group these groups received, respectively, saline, simvastatin (3.0mg/kg), low-dose ANP (0.25 g/kg), medium-dose ANP (0.50 g/kg), and high-dose ANP (1.0 g/kg), once every other day for 10 weeks. After administration, serum biochemical indices were detected by the automatic biochemical analyzer, the concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 in the serum were assayed by ELISA, expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-2, MMP-9, CCL2, and its receptor CCR2 in the full-length aorta, and expression levels of transcription factors Foxp3, RORγt in the spleen were assayed via western blotting and RT-qPCR. Flow cytometry was used to analyze Th17 cells and Treg cells. Pathological and histological analysis was completed on aortic root. ANP decreased LDL/HDL ratio, concentrations of IL-6 while increased IL-10 in serum. Moreover, ANP down-regulated the expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-2, MMP-9, CCL2, and CCR2 receptor in the full-length aorta. In addition, ANP decreased Th17 cells and expression levels of transcription factor RORγt, increased Treg cells and expression levels of transcription factor Foxp3. ANP decreased content of collagen fibers and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the aortic root. In conclusion, we demonstrated that ANP has anti-atherosclerosis effects on a high-fat diet induced ApoE-/- mice early and mid-term AS model via regulating Th17/Treg balance, inhibiting chronic inflammation, reducing plaque collagen fibers, and reducing inflammatory cells infiltration, to exert its multi-channel multi-target anti-early and mid-term AS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Fan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujuan Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyu Rao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Chai
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaihe Ye
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Ning
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yin
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yushuang Chai
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yimin Xu
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruirui Lan
- International Department, The Affiliated High School of SCNU, Guangzhou, China
| | - A Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Bäck M, Yurdagul A, Tabas I, Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 16:389-406. [PMID: 30846875 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima in which the balance of pro-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving mechanisms dictates the final clinical outcome. Intimal infiltration and modification of plasma-derived lipoproteins and their uptake mainly by macrophages, with ensuing formation of lipid-filled foam cells, initiate atherosclerotic lesion formation, and deficient efferocytotic removal of apoptotic cells and foam cells sustains lesion progression. Defective efferocytosis, as a sign of inadequate inflammation resolution, leads to accumulation of secondarily necrotic macrophages and foam cells and the formation of an advanced lesion with a necrotic lipid core, indicative of plaque vulnerability. Resolution of inflammation is mediated by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids or arachidonic acid and by relevant proteins and signalling gaseous molecules. One of the major effects of inflammation resolution mediators is phenotypic conversion of pro-inflammatory macrophages into macrophages that suppress inflammation and promote healing. In advanced atherosclerotic lesions, the ratio between specialized pro-resolving mediators and pro-inflammatory lipids (in particular leukotrienes) is strikingly low, providing a molecular explanation for the defective inflammation resolution features of these lesions. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms of the formation of clinically dangerous atherosclerotic lesions and the potential of pro-resolving mediator therapy to inhibit this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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16
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Etosis, rather than apoptosis or cell proliferation, typifies thrombus progression - An immunohistochemical study of coronary aspirates. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2019; 26:100439. [PMID: 32140545 PMCID: PMC7046519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Coronary thrombosis is a process with unpredictable clinical outcome. Changes of thrombus composition overtime influence tissue repair and stabilization. We investigated rates of cell deaths and cell proliferation at different time points after initiation of thrombosis. Methods Thrombectomy aspirates of 55 myocardial infarction patients were selected and histomorphologically classified as fresh (25), lytic (25), partially fibrocellular (10), completely fibrocellular (10). Paraffin sections were immunostained with anti-(cleaved) caspase-3/Casp3 (apoptosis), Citrullinated histone/CitH 3 (etosis), C-reactive protein/CRP and Ki67 (proliferation) in combination with either Feulgen counterstaining (DNA) or cell markers for granulocytes, macrophages, SMCs, platelets and endothelium. Rates of apoptosis, etosis and proliferation were measured as a percentage of total number of immunopositive pixels versus total number of DNA positive pixels, while co-localization with cell markers was assessed by digital image analysis. Results Positive staining of CitH3 was observed more frequently (93%) than Casp3 (70%), Ki67 (79%) or CRP (59%) (p < 0.05). Moreover, rate of etosis, found in granulocytes and macrophages, differed significantly among thrombi of different age, being higher in lytic (12.82) than in fresh (8.52) and late-organized (2.75) (p < 0.05). Such differences were not observed for the rates of apoptosis or cell proliferation related to thrombus age. CRP staining was present in fresh, lytic and organized thrombi, but did not reliably identify necrotic areas. Conclusions Different patterns of cell death and cell proliferation are noticed during progression of coronary thrombus overtime, but with significant differences for only etosis. Etosis could potentially serve as a biomarker for thrombus instability with clinical significance.
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17
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Un-JAMming atherosclerotic arteries: JAM-L as a target to attenuate plaque development. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1581-1585. [PMID: 31331991 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and a major driver of heart attack and stroke. Atherosclerosis development is driven by the infiltration of leukocytes, including monocytes and neutrophils, among other inflammatory cells into the artery wall, monocyte differentiation to macrophages and uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein. Macrophage activation and inflammatory cytokine production are major factors which drive ongoing inflammation and plaque development. Identification of novel pathways driving this on-going inflammatory process may provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In their article published in Clinical Science (2019) (vol 133, 1215-1228), Sun and colleagues demonstrate a novel role for the junction adhesion molecule-like (JAML) protein in driving on-going atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and plaque development. They report that JAML is expressed in macrophages and other cells in atherosclerotic plaques in both humans and mice, and that silencing JAML expression attenuates atherosclerotic plaque progression in mouse models of early and late stage plaque development. They demonstrate that JAML is required for oxidized-low density lipoprotein (OxLDL)-induced up-regulation of inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages, pointing to it as a potential therapeutic target for reducing ongoing plaque inflammation.
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18
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Zhou PL, Li M, Han XW, Bi YH, Zhang WG, Wu ZY, Wu G. Perilipin 5 deficiency promotes atherosclerosis progression through accelerating inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19107-19123. [PMID: 31297870 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Excessive plasma triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels promote the progression of several prevalent cardiovascular risk factors, including atherosclerosis, which is a leading death cause. Perilipin 5 (Plin5), an important perilipin protein, is abundant in tissues with very active lipid catabolism and is involved in the regulation of oxidative stress. Although inflammation and oxidative stress play a critical role in atherosclerosis development, the underlying mechanisms are complex and not completely understood. In the present study, we demonstrated the role of Plin5 in high-fat-diet-induced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E null (ApoE-/- ) mice. Our results suggested that Plin5 expressions increased in the artery tissues of ApoE-/- mice. ApoE/Plin5 double knockout (ApoE-/- Plin5-/- ) exacerbated severer atherogenesis, accompanied with significantly disturbed plasma metabolic profiles, such as elevated TG, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents. ApoE-/- Plin5-/- exhibited a higher number of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils, as well as overexpression of cytokines and chemokines linked with an inflammatory response. Consistently, the IκBα/nuclear factor kappa B pathway was strongly activated in ApoE-/- Plin5-/- . Notably, apoptosis was dramatically induced by ApoE-/- Plin5-/- , as evidenced by increased cleavage of Caspase-3 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-2. In addition, ApoE-/- Plin5-/- contributed to oxidative stress generation in the aortic tissues, which was linked with the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways. In vitro, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) increased Plin5 expression in RAW264.7 cells. Its knockdown enhanced inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation, while promotion of Plin5 markedly reduced all the effects induced by ox-LDL in cells. These studies strongly supported that Plin5 could be a new regulator against atherosclerosis, providing new insights on therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Li Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xin-Wei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yong-Hua Bi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wen-Guang Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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19
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Reiss AB, Silverman A, Khalfan M, Vernice NA, Kasselman LJ, Carsons SE, De Leon J. Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Mechanisms and Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:969-986. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190430113212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune inflammatory disorder that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. There is accumulating evidence that the RA disease state accelerates the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Treatments for RA improve joint symptomatology and may reduce inflammation, but consideration of their effects on the cardiovascular system is generally low priority.Objective:Since cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in RA patients, the impact of RA therapies on atherosclerosis is an area in need of attention and the focus of this review.Results:The drugs used to treat RA may be analgesics, conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, and/or biologics, including antibodies against the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. Pain relievers such as nonselective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase inhibitors may adversely affect lipid metabolism and cyclooxygenase inhibitors have been associated with increased adverse cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Methotrexate, the anchor disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug in RA treatment has multiple atheroprotective advantages and is often combined with other therapies. Biologic inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-α may be beneficial in preventing cardiovascular disease because tumor necrosis factor-α promotes the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. However, some studies show a worsening of the lipid profile in RA with blockade of this cytokine, leading to higher total cholesterol and triglycerides.Conclusion:Greater understanding of the pharmacologic activity of RA treatments on the atherosclerotic process may lead to improved care, addressing both damages to the joints and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Reiss
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Andrew Silverman
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Muhammed Khalfan
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Vernice
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Lora J. Kasselman
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Steven E. Carsons
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Joshua De Leon
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
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20
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LncRNA MALAT1 protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells against ox-LDL triggered cell death through regulation of MGP. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Liu JX, Li X, Ji WJ, Yan LF, Li T, Li YX, Xu ZW, Yang GH, Li YM, Zhao JH, Zhou X. The Dynamics of Circulating Monocyte Subsets and Intra-Plaque Proliferating Macrophages during the Development of Atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- Mice. Int Heart J 2019; 60:746-755. [PMID: 31019169 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.17-681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To detect the development of monocytes and proliferative macrophages in atherosclerosis of ApoE-/- mice, we randomly assigned 84 ApoE-/- mice fed western diet or chow diet. On weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 after fed high-fat diet or normal chow diet, animals were euthanized (n = 7 for each group at each time point). Flow cytometry methods were used to analyze the proportions of circulation monocyte subsets. The macrophage and proliferative macrophage accumulation within atherosclerotic plaques was estimated by confocal florescence microscopy. Plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride were measured by ELISA kit. The plaques of aortic sinus were stained with Oil Red O. The percent of Ly6Chi circulation monocyte, the density of proliferation macrophage, the total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, the lesion area of ApoE-/- mice were consistently elevated in chow diet throughout the trial. The total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, the lesion area were elevated in western diet group with age, and they were always higher than the chow diet group. The Ly6Chi monocytes and proliferative macrophages reached a plateau at 8 weeks and 6 weeks; despite continued high-triglyceride high-cholesterol diet the percent did not significantly change. Interestingly, the density of macrophage did not change significantly over age in western and chow diet groups. Our results provide a dynamic view of Ly6Chi monocyte subset, the density of macrophage and proliferation macrophage change during the development and progression of atherosclerosis, which is relevant for designing new treatment strategies targeting mononuclear phagocytes in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF
| | | | - Wen-Jie Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF
| | - Li-Fang Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF
| | - Tan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF
| | - Yu-Xiu Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF
| | - Zhong-Wei Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF
| | - Guo-Hong Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF
| | - Yu-Ming Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF
| | - Ji-Hong Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF
| | - Xin Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF
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22
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Anand AR, Rachel G, Parthasarathy D. HIV Proteins and Endothelial Dysfunction: Implications in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:185. [PMID: 30619892 PMCID: PMC6305718 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), a dramatic decrease in viral burden and opportunistic infections and an increase in life expectancy has been observed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. However, it is now clear that HIV- infected individuals have enhanced susceptibility to non-AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)-related complications such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVDs such as atherosclerosis have become a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with HIV infection. Though studies indicate that ART itself may increase the risk to develop CVD, recent studies suggest a more important role for HIV infection in contributing to CVD independently of the traditional risk factors. Endothelial dysfunction triggered by HIV infection has been identified as a critical link between infection, inflammation/immune activation, and atherosclerosis. Considering the inability of HIV to actively replicate in endothelial cells, endothelial dysfunction depends on both HIV-encoded proteins as well as inflammatory mediators released in the microenvironment by HIV-infected cells. Indeed, the HIV proteins, gp120 (envelope glycoprotein) and Tat (transactivator of transcription), are actively secreted into the endothelial cell micro-environment during HIV infection, while Nef can be actively transferred onto endothelial cells during HIV infection. These proteins can have significant direct effects on the endothelium. These include a range of responses that contribute to endothelial dysfunction, including enhanced adhesiveness, permeability, cell proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress as well as activation of cytokine secretion. This review summarizes the current understanding of the interactions of HIV, specifically its proteins with endothelial cells and its implications in cardiovascular disease. We analyze recent in vitro and in vivo studies examining endothelial dysfunction in response to HIV proteins. Furthermore, we discuss the multiple mechanisms by which these viral proteins damage the vascular endothelium in HIV patients. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HIV protein associated endothelial dysfunction leading to cardiovascular disease is likely to be pivotal in devising new strategies to treat and prevent cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appakkudal R Anand
- L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.,Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Gladys Rachel
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Durgadevi Parthasarathy
- L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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Mohammadi A, Sharifi A, Pourpaknia R, Mohammadian S, Sahebkar A. Manipulating macrophage polarization and function using classical HDAC inhibitors: Implications for autoimmunity and inflammation. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 128:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exert Diverse Effects on Different Macrophage Subsets. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:8348121. [PMID: 30140291 PMCID: PMC6081573 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8348121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secreted molecules have shown great potential for tissue regeneration and the treatment of inflammation and autoimmune diseases. However, they can also be associated with therapeutic failure or even side effects. Possible causes for this could include the state of the stem cells themselves and the influence of the local microenvironment, wherein macrophages play important roles. As such, we utilized conditioned medium from bone marrow-derived MSCs (MSC-CM) and studied its effect on different macrophage subsets. Effects on macrophage proliferation, apoptosis, polarization, and phagocytosis were determined, and it was discovered that MSC-CM had no significant effect on macrophage proliferation but inhibited M0 macrophage apoptosis and marginally induced M1 macrophage apoptosis. MSC-CM was shown to reduce CD80 expression on the surface of M1 macrophages. Moreover, it promoted and inhibited CD163 expression on the surface of M0 and M1 macrophages, respectively. However, MSC-CM tended to initially promote CD163 expression on M2 macrophages but inhibited expression of this marker after additional incubation time. Unlike MSCs, MSC-CM had no significant effect on the expression of TNF-α and IL-10 in macrophages. Thus, the effect of MSC-CM on different types of macrophages is different, and after stem cells are implanted, their effects on the local immune microenvironment are closely related to the original immune status of the implantation site. Therefore, we suggest that when utilizing stem cells for therapeutics, the immune status of the treatment site should be fully elucidated.
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Andrés-Blasco I, Vinué À, Herrero-Cervera A, Martínez-Hervás S, Nuñez L, Piqueras L, Ascaso JF, Sanz MJ, Burks DJ, González-Navarro H. Hepatic lipase inactivation decreases atherosclerosis in insulin resistance by reducing LIGHT/Lymphotoxin β-Receptor pathway. Thromb Haemost 2018; 116:379-93. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-10-0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SummaryCoexistence of insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Genetic studies in diabetes have linked Hepatic Lipase (HL) to an enhanced risk of CVD while others indicate a role of HL in inflammatory cells. Thus, we explored the role of HL on atherosclerosis and inflammation in a mouse model of MetS/IR, (apoE-/-Irs2+/- mice) and in patients with MetS and IR. HL-deficiency in apoE-/-Irs2+/- mice reduced atheroma size, plaque vulnerability, leukocyte infiltration and macrophage proliferation. Compared with apoE-/-Irs2+/-HL+/+ mice, MCP1, TNFa and IL6 plasma levels, pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes and activated(CD69+)-T lymphocytes were also decreased in apoE-/-Irs2+/-HL-/- mice. The LIGHT (Tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14, TNFSF14)/ Lymphotoxin β-Receptor(LTβ-R) pathway, which is involved in T-cell and macrophage activation, was diminished in plasma and in apoE-/-Irs2+/-HL-/- mouse atheromas. Treatment of apoE-/-Irs2+/-HL-/- mice with LIGHT increased the number of Ly6Chi-monocytes and lesion size. Acutely LIGHT-treated apoE-/- mice displayed enhanced proliferating Ly6Chi-monocytes and increased activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, suggesting that LIGHT/LTβ-R axis might promote atherogenesis by increasing proinflammatory monocytes and proliferation. Notably, MetS-IR subjects with increased atherosclerosis displayed up-regulation of the LIGHT/LTβ-R axis, enhanced inflammatory monocytes and augmented HL mRNA expression in circulating leukocytes. Thus, HL-deficiency decreases atherosclerosis in MetS/IR states by reducing inflammation and macrophage proliferation which are partly attributed to reduced LIGHT/LTβ-R pathway. These studies identify the LIGHT/LTβ-R axis as a main pathway in atherosclerosis and suggest that its inactivation might ameliorate inflammation and macrophage proliferation associated with atherosclerosis burden in MetS/IR.Supplementary Material to this article is available at www.thrombosis-online.com.
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Hamczyk MR, Villa-Bellosta R, Gonzalo P, Andrés-Manzano MJ, Nogales P, Bentzon JF, López-Otín C, Andrés V. Vascular Smooth Muscle-Specific Progerin Expression Accelerates Atherosclerosis and Death in a Mouse Model of Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome. Circulation 2018; 138:266-282. [PMID: 29490993 PMCID: PMC6075893 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.030856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Progerin, an aberrant protein that accumulates with age, causes the rare genetic disease Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). Patients who have HGPS exhibit ubiquitous progerin expression, accelerated aging and atherosclerosis, and die in their early teens, mainly of myocardial infarction or stroke. The mechanisms underlying progerin-induced atherosclerosis remain unexplored, in part, because of the lack of appropriate animal models. Methods: We generated an atherosclerosis-prone model of HGPS by crossing apolipoprotein E–deficient (Apoe–/–) mice with LmnaG609G/G609G mice ubiquitously expressing progerin. To induce progerin expression specifically in macrophages or vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), we crossed Apoe–/–LmnaLCS/LCS mice with LysMCre and SM22αCre mice, respectively. Progerin expression was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. Cardiovascular alterations were determined by immunofluorescence and histology in male mice fed normal chow or a high-fat diet. In vivo low-density lipoprotein retention was assessed by intravenous injection of fluorescently labeled human low-density lipoprotein. Cardiac electric defects were evaluated by electrocardiography. Results: Apoe–/–LmnaG609G/G609G mice with ubiquitous progerin expression exhibited a premature aging phenotype that included failure to thrive and shortened survival. In addition, high-fat diet–fed Apoe–/–LmnaG609G/G609G mice developed a severe vascular pathology, including medial VSMC loss and lipid retention, adventitial fibrosis, and accelerated atherosclerosis, thus resembling most aspects of cardiovascular disease observed in patients with HGPS. The same vascular alterations were also observed in Apoe–/–LmnaLCS/LCSSM22αCre mice expressing progerin specifically in VSMCs, but not in Apoe–/–LmnaLCS/LCSLysMCre mice with macrophage-specific progerin expression. Moreover, Apoe–/–LmnaLCS/LCSSM22αCre mice had a shortened lifespan despite the lack of any overt aging phenotype. Aortas of ubiquitously and VSMC-specific progerin-expressing mice exhibited increased retention of fluorescently labeled human low-density lipoprotein, and atheromata in both models showed vulnerable plaque features. Immunohistopathological examination indicated that Apoe–/–LmnaLCS/LCSSM22αCre mice, unlike Apoe–/–LmnaG609G/G609G mice, die of atherosclerosis-related causes. Conclusions: We have generated the first mouse model of progerin-induced atherosclerosis acceleration, and demonstrate that restricting progerin expression to VSMCs is sufficient to accelerate atherosclerosis, trigger plaque vulnerability, and reduce lifespan. Our results identify progerin-induced VSMC death as a major factor triggering atherosclerosis and premature death in HGPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda R Hamczyk
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (M.R.H., R.V.-B., P.G., M.J.A.-M., P.N., J.F.B., V.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain (M.R.H., M.J.A.-M., V.A.)
| | - Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (M.R.H., R.V.-B., P.G., M.J.A.-M., P.N., J.F.B., V.A.)
| | - Pilar Gonzalo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (M.R.H., R.V.-B., P.G., M.J.A.-M., P.N., J.F.B., V.A.)
| | - María J Andrés-Manzano
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (M.R.H., R.V.-B., P.G., M.J.A.-M., P.N., J.F.B., V.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain (M.R.H., M.J.A.-M., V.A.)
| | - Paula Nogales
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (M.R.H., R.V.-B., P.G., M.J.A.-M., P.N., J.F.B., V.A.)
| | - Jacob F Bentzon
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (M.R.H., R.V.-B., P.G., M.J.A.-M., P.N., J.F.B., V.A.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark (J.F.B.)
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Spain (C.L.-O.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain (C.L.-O.). The present affiliation for Dr Villa-Bellosta is Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FIIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (M.R.H., R.V.-B., P.G., M.J.A.-M., P.N., J.F.B., V.A.).
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain (M.R.H., M.J.A.-M., V.A.)
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Szpak D, Izem L, Verbovetskiy D, Soloviev DA, Yakubenko VP, Pluskota E. α Mβ 2 Is Antiatherogenic in Female but Not Male Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2426-2438. [PMID: 29459405 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory process characterized by monocyte recruitment into the arterial wall, their differentiation into macrophages, and lipid accumulation. Because integrin αMβ2 (CD11b/CD18) mediates multiple diverse functions of leukocytes, we examined its role in atherogenesis. αM-/-/ApoE-/- and ApoE-/- mice were fed a control or high fat diet for 3 or 16 wk to induce atherogenesis. Unexpectedly, αM deficiency accelerated development of atherosclerosis in female but not in male mice. The size of aortic root lesions was 3-4.5-fold larger in female αM-/-/ApoE-/- than in ApoE-/- mice. Monocyte and macrophage content within the lesions was increased 2.5-fold in female αM-/-/ApoE-/- mice due to enhanced proliferation. αMβ2 elimination promoted gender-dependent foam cell formation due to enhanced uptake of cholesterol by αM-/-/ApoE-/- macrophages. This difference was attributed to enhanced expression of lipid uptake receptors, CD36 and scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1), in female mice. Macrophages from female αM-/-/ApoE-/- mice showed dramatically reduced expression of FoxM1 transcription factor and estrogen receptors (ER) α and β. As their antagonists inhibited the effect of 17β-estradiol (E2), E2 decreased CD36, SR-A1, and foam cell formation in ApoE-/- macrophages in an ERα- and ERβ-dependent manner. However, female αM-/-/ApoE-/- macrophages failed to respond to E2 and maintained elevated CD36, SR-A1, and lipid accumulation. FoxM1 inhibition in ApoE-/- macrophages reduced ERs and enhanced CD36 and SR-A1 expression, whereas FoxM1 overexpression in αM-/-/ApoE-/- macrophages reversed their proatherogenic phenotype. We demonstrate a new, surprising atheroprotective role of αMβ2 in female ApoE-/- mice. αMβ2 maintains ER expression in macrophages and E2-dependent inhibition of foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Szpak
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Lahoucine Izem
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | | | - Dmitry A Soloviev
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Valentin P Yakubenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Elzbieta Pluskota
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195;
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Li J, Li Y, Gao B, Qin C, He Y, Xu F, Yang H, Lin M. Engineering mechanical microenvironment of macrophage and its biomedical applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:555-576. [PMID: 29334336 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the most plastic cells in the hematopoietic system and can be widely found in almost all tissues. Recently studies have shown that mechanical cues (e.g., matrix stiffness and stress/strain) can significantly affect macrophage behaviors. Although existing reviews on the physical and mechanical cues that regulate the macrophage's phenotype are available, engineering mechanical microenvironment of macrophages in vitro as well as a comprehensive overview and prospects for their biomedical applications (e.g., tissue engineering and immunotherapy) has yet to be summarized. Thus, this review provides an overview on the existing methods for engineering mechanical microenvironment of macrophages in vitro and then a section on their biomedical applications and further perspectives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China.,Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China.,Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.,Key Laboratory on Space Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory on Macromolecular Science & Technology of Shanxi Province, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, P.R China
| | - Yuhui Li
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.,The Key Library of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Bin Gao
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.,The Key Library of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China.,Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Chuanguang Qin
- Key Laboratory on Space Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory on Macromolecular Science & Technology of Shanxi Province, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, P.R China
| | - Yining He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.,The Key Library of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China.,Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China
| | - Min Lin
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.,The Key Library of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
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Hashimoto R, Daida H, Okada T, Katoh Y. A simple method to increase the proportion of bone marrow-derived macrophages positive for M-CSFR using the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT). MethodsX 2018; 5:1540-1548. [PMID: 30555796 PMCID: PMC6279884 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a few bone marrow-derived macrophages (BM-MΦ) are positive for macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR). Thus, a method is needed to increase the proportion of BM-MΦ that are positive for M-CSFR to facilitate the investigation of the effects of M-CSFR downregulation on various diseases. We used mouse primary BM-MΦ to evaluate the expression of M-CSFR on the cytoplasmic membrane using flow cytometry. Treatment with a reducing agent, dithiothreitol (DTT), increased the proportion of BM-MΦ that were positive for M-CSFR, and this increase was time dependent. We next determined whether DTT-treated BM-MΦ can lead to the downregulation of M-CSFR. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. decreased the proportion of DTT-treated BM-MΦ that were positive for M-CSFR. These results suggest that DTT treatment increases the proportion of BM-MΦ that are positive for M-CSFR and that the upregulation of M-CSFR on BM-MΦ can be abrogated by treatment with LPS. Here, we propose a simple method to increase the number of M-CSFR-positive BM-MΦ using the reducing agent DTT, which could be useful in investigations of the relationship between the downregulation of M-CSFR and some diseases. The proportion of BM-MΦ that expresses M-CSFR on the membrane increases by approximately twice following DTT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takao Okada
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Youichi Katoh
- Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Juntendo University, Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8421, Japan
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Tapia-Vieyra JV, Delgado-Coello B, Mas-Oliva J. Atherosclerosis and Cancer; A Resemblance with Far-reaching Implications. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:12-26. [PMID: 28577865 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and cancer are chronic diseases considered two of the main causes of death all over the world. Taking into account that both diseases are multifactorial, they share not only several important molecular pathways but also many ethiological and mechanistical processes from the very early stages of development up to the advanced forms in both pathologies. Factors involved in their progression comprise genetic alterations, inflammatory processes, uncontrolled cell proliferation and oxidative stress, as the most important ones. The fact that external effectors such as an infective process or a chemical insult have been proposed to initiate the transformation of cells in the artery wall and the process of atherogenesis, emphasizes many similarities with the progression of the neoplastic process in cancer. Deregulation of cell proliferation and therefore cell cycle progression, changes in the synthesis of important transcription factors as well as adhesion molecules, an alteration in the control of angiogenesis and the molecular similarities that follow chronic inflammation, are just a few of the processes that become part of the phenomena that closely correlates atherosclerosis and cancer. The aim of the present study is therefore, to provide new evidence as well as to discuss new approaches that might promote the identification of closer molecular ties between these two pathologies that would permit the recognition of atherosclerosis as a pathological process with a very close resemblance to the way a neoplastic process develops, that might eventually lead to novel ways of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blanca Delgado-Coello
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jaime Mas-Oliva
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
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31
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Phosphatidylethanolamine targeting for cell death imaging in early treatment response evaluation and disease diagnosis. Apoptosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wang B, Ge Z, Cheng Z, Zhao Z. Tanshinone IIA suppresses the progression of atherosclerosis by inhibiting the apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells and the proliferation and migration of macrophages induced by ox-LDL. Biol Open 2017; 6:489-495. [PMID: 28412716 PMCID: PMC5399561 DOI: 10.1242/bio.024133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The profound inhibitory effect of Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) on atherosclerosis has been demonstrated, whereas the latent mechanism is not completely cleared. This study aimed to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying Tan IIA protecting against atherosclerosis. Oil Red O staining and ELISA assay showed that Tan IIA suppressed the progress of atherosclerosis and reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum of apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE -/- ) mice. Flow cytometry assay revealed that Tan IIA inhibited oxidized LDL (ox-LDL)-induced apoptosis of VSMCs. MTT and transwell assay indicated that Tan IIA suppressed the ox-LDL-stimulated proliferation and migration of RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, Tan IIA ameliorated inflammatory cytokine upregulation elicited by ox-LDL in RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, Tan IIA inhibited the apoptosis of VSMCs and decreased the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 in ApoE-/- mice. In conclusion, our study demonstrated Tan IIA suppressed the progression of atherosclerosis by inhibiting vascular inflammation, apoptosis of VSMCs and proliferation and migration of macrophages induced by ox-LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Ge
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyun Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziniu Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
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High density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) inhibits macrophage apoptosis by stimulating STAT3 activity and survivin expression. Atherosclerosis 2017; 257:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Thrombomodulin regulates monocye differentiation via PKCδ and ERK1/2 pathway in vitro and in atherosclerotic artery. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38421. [PMID: 27910925 PMCID: PMC5133669 DOI: 10.1038/srep38421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) modulates the activation of protein C and coagulation. Additionally, TM regulates monocyte migration and inflammation. However, its role on monocyte differentiation is still unknown. We investigated the effects of TM on monocyte differentiation. First, we found that TM was increased when THP-1 cells were treated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Overexpression of TM enhanced the macrophage markers, CD14 and CD68 expression in PMA-induced THP-1. TM siRNA depressed the PMA-induced increase of p21Cip1/WAF1 via ERK1/2-NF-kB p65 signaling. TM regulated cytoskeletal reorganization via its interaction with paxillin, cofilin, LIMK1, and PYK2. In addition, PMA-induced p21Cip1/WAF1 expression, CD14-positive cell labeling intensity and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were markedly inhibited when protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ) was knocked down. We identified that TM directly interacts with PKCδ. PKCδ was highly expressed in human atherosclerotic arteries and colocalized with TM in CD68-positive infiltrated macrophages of plaques, indicating that the coordination between TM and PKCδ in macrophages participated in atherogenesis. TM may act as a scaffold for PKCδ docking, which keeps PKCδ in the region close to the monocyte membrane to promote the activation of ERK1/2. Taken together, our findings suggest that TM-PKCδ interaction may contribute to cardiovascular disorders by affecting monocye differentiation, which may develop future therapeutic applications.
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Cheng F, Twardowski L, Fehr S, Aner C, Schaeffeler E, Joos T, Knorpp T, Dorweiler B, Laufer S, Schwab M, Torzewski M. Selective p38α MAP kinase/MAPK14 inhibition in enzymatically modified LDL‐stimulated human monocytes: implications for atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2016; 31:674-686. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600669r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Department of Laboratory MedicineRobert‐Bosch‐HospitalStuttgartGermany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of TübingenStuttgartGermany
| | - Laura Twardowski
- Department of Laboratory MedicineRobert‐Bosch‐HospitalStuttgartGermany
| | - Sarah Fehr
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of TübingenStuttgartGermany
| | - Christoph Aner
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of TübingenStuttgartGermany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of TübingenStuttgartGermany
| | - Thomas Joos
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TübingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Thomas Knorpp
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TübingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Bernhard Dorweiler
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular SurgeryUniversity Medical Center, Johannes‐Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Institute of PharmacyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of TübingenStuttgartGermany
- Institute of PharmacyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity Hospital TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Michael Torzewski
- Department of Laboratory MedicineRobert‐Bosch‐HospitalStuttgartGermany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of TübingenStuttgartGermany
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Intracellular cholesterol transport proteins: roles in health and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1843-59. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Effective cholesterol homoeostasis is essential in maintaining cellular function, and this is achieved by a network of lipid-responsive nuclear transcription factors, and enzymes, receptors and transporters subject to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation, whereas loss of these elegant, tightly regulated homoeostatic responses is integral to disease pathologies. Recent data suggest that sterol-binding sensors, exchangers and transporters contribute to regulation of cellular cholesterol homoeostasis and that genetic overexpression or deletion, or mutations, in a number of these proteins are linked with diseases, including atherosclerosis, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, cancer, autosomal dominant hearing loss and male infertility. This review focuses on current evidence exploring the function of members of the ‘START’ (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer) and ‘ORP’ (oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins) families of sterol-binding proteins in sterol homoeostasis in eukaryotic cells, and the evidence that they represent valid therapeutic targets to alleviate human disease.
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Lhoták Š, Gyulay G, Cutz JC, Al-Hashimi A, Trigatti BL, Richards CD, Igdoura SA, Steinberg GR, Bramson J, Ask K, Austin RC. Characterization of Proliferating Lesion-Resident Cells During All Stages of Atherosclerotic Growth. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003945. [PMID: 27528409 PMCID: PMC5015311 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Monocyte recruitment leads to accumulation of macrophage foam cells and contributes to atherosclerotic lesion growth. Recent studies have reported that lesion‐resident macrophages can proliferate and represent a major cellular component during lesion development. This study was designed to assess whether the rate of macrophage proliferation changes during well‐established stages of lesion growth and to characterize other populations of proliferating cells within these lesions. Methods and Results Using murine models of atherosclerosis (Apoe−/− and LDLr−/− mice) and human coronary artery lesions, in situ proliferation of lesion‐resident cells at different stages of growth was assessed by staining for Ki67 and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). In early lesions, close to half of all actively growing macrophages were proliferating in situ. BrdU pulse labeling allowed for accurate identification of in situ proliferating macrophages compared to those derived from monocyte recruitment. Local macrophage proliferation declined as lesions advanced. Interestingly, intimal inflammatory cell infiltrates containing proliferating T lymphocytes were identified during the active phase of lesion growth and correlated with apoptotic cell death. Inflammatory cell infiltrates were completely resolved in advanced lesions and replaced with the necrotic core. Conclusions Our findings indicate that atherosclerotic lesions contain locally proliferating macrophages primarily during early and intermediate stages of lesion growth. Furthermore, T‐lymphocyte‐enriched inflammatory cell infiltrates represent a novel subset of proliferating cells within the atherosclerotic lesion that correlate with apoptosis and precede the necrotic core. These findings have novel implications in understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and may implicate proliferating T lymphocytes as a contributing factor to lesion progression and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šárka Lhoták
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriel Gyulay
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Cutz
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Al-Hashimi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernardo L Trigatti
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl D Richards
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Bramson
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Cytokines: roles in atherosclerosis disease progression and potential therapeutic targets. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1317-30. [PMID: 27357616 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a chronic inflammatory disorder in the walls of medium and large arteries. CVD is currently responsible for about one in three global deaths and this is expected to rise in the future due to an increase in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Current therapies for atherosclerosis mainly modulate lipid homeostasis and while successful at reducing the risk of a CVD-related death, they are associated with considerable residual risk and various side effects. There is, therefore, a need for alternative therapies aimed at regulating inflammation in order to reduce atherogenesis. This review will highlight the key role cytokines play during disease progression as well as potential therapeutic strategies to target them.
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Liu Z, Larsen BT, Lerman LO, Gray BD, Barber C, Hedayat AF, Zhao M, Furenlid LR, Pak KY, Woolfenden JM. Detection of atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-deficient mice using (99m)Tc-duramycin. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:496-505. [PMID: 27236285 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Apoptosis of macrophages and smooth muscle cells is linked to atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. The apoptotic cascade leads to exposure of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, thereby making apoptosis detectable using probes targeting PE. The objective of this study was to exploit capabilities of a PE-specific imaging probe, (99m)Tc-duramycin, in localizing atherosclerotic plaque and assessing plaque evolution in apolipoprotein-E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice. METHODS Atherosclerosis was induced in ApoE(-/-) mice by feeding an atherogenic diet. (99m)Tc-duramycin images were acquired using a small-animal SPECT imager. Six ApoE(-/-) mice at 20weeks of age (Group I) were imaged and then sacrificed for ex vivo analyses. Six additional ApoE(-/-) mice (Group II) were imaged at 20 and 40weeks of age before sacrifice. Six ApoE wild-type (ApoE(+/+)) mice (Group III) were imaged at 40weeks as controls. Five additional ApoE(-/-) mice (40weeks of age) (Group IV) were imaged with a (99m)Tc-labeled inactive peptide, (99m)Tc-LinDUR, to assess (99m)Tc-duramycin targeting specificity. RESULTS Focal (99m)Tc-duramycin uptake in the ascending aorta and aortic arch was detected at 20 and 40weeks in the ApoE(-/-) mice but not in ApoE(+/+) mice. (99m)Tc-duramycin uptake in the aortic lesions increased 2.2-fold on quantitative imaging in the ApoE(-/-) mice between 20 and 40weeks. Autoradiographic and histological data indicated significantly increased (99m)Tc-duramycin uptake in the ascending aorta and aortic arch associated with advanced plaques. Quantitative autoradiography showed that the ratio of activity in the aortic arch to descending thoracic aorta, which had no plaques or radioactive uptake, was 2.1 times higher at 40weeks than at 20weeks (6.62±0.89 vs. 3.18±0.29, P<0.01). There was barely detectable focal uptake of (99m)Tc-duramycin in the aortic arch of ApoE(+/+) mice. No detectable (99m)Tc-LinDUR uptake was observed in the aortas of ApoE(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS PE-targeting properties of (99m)Tc-duramycin in the atherosclerotic mouse aortas were noninvasively characterized. (99m)Tc-duramycin is promising in localizing advanced atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brian D Gray
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Christy Barber
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ahmad F Hedayat
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lars R Furenlid
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Koon Y Pak
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc, West Chester, PA, USA
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Money KM, Olah Z, Korade Z, Garbett KA, Shelton RC, Mirnics K. An altered peripheral IL6 response in major depressive disorder. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 89:46-54. [PMID: 26804030 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent major psychiatric disorders with a lifetime prevalence of 17%. Recent evidence suggests MDD is not only a brain dysfunction, but a systemic disease affecting the whole body. Central and peripheral inflammatory changes seem to be a centerpiece of MDD pathology: a subset of patients show elevated blood cytokine and chemokine levels that partially normalize with symptom improvement over the course of anti-depressant treatment. As this inflammatory process in MDD is poorly understood, we hypothesized that the peripheral tissues of MDD patients will respond differently to inflammatory stimuli, resulting in an aberrant transcriptional response to elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines. To test this, we used MDD patient- and control-derived dermal fibroblast cultures to investigate their response to an acute treatment with IL6, IL1β, TNFα, or vehicle. Following RNA isolation and subsequent cDNA synthesis, quantitative PCR was used to determine the relative expression level of several families of inflammation-responsive genes. Our results showed comparable expression of the tested genes between MDD patients and controls at baseline. In contrast, MDD patient fibroblasts had a diminished transcriptional response to IL6 in all the gene sets tested (oxidative stress response, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism). We also found a significant increase in baseline and IL6 stimulated transcript levels of the IL6 receptor gene. This IL6 receptor transcript increase in MDD fibroblasts was accompanied by an IL6 stimulated increase in induction of SOCS3, which dampens IL6 receptor signaling. Altogether our results demonstrate that there is an altered transcriptional response to IL6 in MDD, which may represent one of the molecular mechanisms contributing to disease pathophysiology. Ultimately we hope that these studies will lead to validation of novel MDD drug targets focused on normalizing the altered IL6 response in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli M Money
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zita Olah
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt International Scholar Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Richard C Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Lin Y, Zhuang J, Li H, Zhu G, Zhou S, Li W, Peng W, Xu Y. Vaspin attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis by inhibiting ER stress-induced macrophage apoptosis in apoE‑/‑ mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1509-16. [PMID: 26708512 PMCID: PMC4732829 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (vaspin) is a novel adipokine with potential insulin-sensitizing properties, which was initially detected in the visceral adipose tissue of genetically obese rats. Previous studies have demonstrated that vaspin exerts a protective effect on arteries undergoing atherosclerosis in vitro, and it has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and antimigratory effects on vascular smooth muscle cells. Vaspin promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in endothelial cells, and decreases proliferation of the arterial intima under diabetic conditions. In addition, macrophage apoptosis is an important characteristic of atherosclerotic plaque development. In vivo experiments were performed by histological analysis, including Oil Red O, hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. Mice were injected with lentivirus via the tail vein and tissues were obtained for histological analysis. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry of Annexin-V/propidium iodide dual staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling assay. Total proteins were extracted and protein expression levels were detected by western blot analysis. The present study aimed to investigate whether vaspin was able to protect against atherosclerotic development in vivo, and to explore the underlying mechanisms of the potential antiatherogenic effects. The results of the current study indicated that vaspin inhibited the progression of atherosclerotic plaques in apoE(‑/‑) mice by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced macrophage apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jianhui Zhuang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Hailing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Guofu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Shunping Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Wenhui Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yawei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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Graham A. Mitochondrial regulation of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:982-92. [PMID: 26416507 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the relationship between mitochondrial structure and function in the regulation of macrophage cholesterol metabolism and proposes that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to loss of the elegant homeostatic mechanisms which normally maintain cellular sterol levels within defined limits. Mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) can generate oxysterol activators of liver X receptors which heterodimerise with retinoid X receptors, enhancing the transcription of ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCA1, ABCG1, and ABCG4), that can remove excess cholesterol via efflux to apolipoproteins A-1, E, and high density lipoprotein, and inhibit inflammation. The activity of CYP27A1 is regulated by the rate of supply of cholesterol substrate to the inner mitochondrial membrane, mediated by a complex of proteins. The precise identity of this dynamic complex remains controversial, even in steroidogenic tissues, but may include steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and the 18 kDa translocator protein, together with voltage-dependent anion channels, ATPase AAA domain containing protein 3A, and optic atrophy type 1 proteins. Certainly, overexpression of StAR and TSPO proteins can enhance macrophage cholesterol efflux to apoA-I and/or HDL, while perturbations in mitochondrial function, or changes in the expression of mitochondrial fusion proteins, alter the efficiency of cholesterol efflux. Molecules which can sustain or improve mitochondrial function or increase the activity of the protein complex involved in cholesterol transfer may have utility in resolving the problem of dysregulated macrophage cholesterol homeostasis, a condition which may contribute to inflammation, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, osteoblastic bone resorption, and some disorders of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Graham
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, and Institute for Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom.
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Lind L, Siegbahn A, Lindahl B, Stenemo M, Sundström J, Ärnlöv J. Discovery of New Risk Markers for Ischemic Stroke Using a Novel Targeted Proteomics Chip. Stroke 2015; 46:3340-7. [PMID: 26542692 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.010829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Emerging technologies have made it possible to simultaneously evaluate a large number of circulating proteins as potential new stroke risk markers. METHODS We explored associations between 85 cardiovascular proteins, assessed by a proteomics chip, and incident ischemic stroke in 2 independent cohorts of elderly (Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors [PIVUS]: n=977; 50% women, mean age=70.1 years, 71 fatal/nonfatal ischemic stroke events during 10.0 years; and Uppsala Longitudinal Study in Adult Men [ULSAM]: n=720, mean age=77.5 years, 75 ischemic stroke events during 9.5 years). The proteomics chip uses 2 antibodies for each protein and a polymerase chain reaction step to achieve a high-specific binding and the possibility to measure multiple proteins in parallel, but gives no absolute concentrations. RESULTS In PIVUS, 16 proteins were related to incident ischemic stroke using a false discovery rate of 5%. Of these, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (P=0.0032), adrenomedullin (P=0.018), and eosinophil cationic protein (P=0.0071) were replicated in ULSAM after adjustment for established stroke risk factors. In predefined secondary meta-analyses of individual data, interleukin-27 subunit α, growth/differentiation factor 15, urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1, and matrix metalloproteinase-7 were also potential risk markers for ischemic stroke after adjustment for multiple comparisons (P<0.0006). The addition of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, adrenomedullin, and eosinophil cationic protein to a model with established risk factors increased the C-statistic from 0.629 to 0.689 (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that large-scale proteomics analysis is a promising way of discovering novel biomarkers that could substantially improve the prediction of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lind
- From the Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Agneta Siegbahn
- From the Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bertil Lindahl
- From the Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Stenemo
- From the Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Sundström
- From the Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ärnlöv
- From the Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Tissue factor pathway inhibitor gene transfer prevents vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by interfering with the MCP-3/CCR2 pathway. J Transl Med 2015; 95:1246-57. [PMID: 26302185 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation substantially contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. The importance of inflammation in VSMC proliferation is now being recognized. Preventing the inflammatory response is one therapeutic strategy that can be used to inhibit atherosclerosis in the clinic. The present study, using RNA interference and gene transfer techniques, was conducted to investigate the effect of monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3) on VSMC proliferation that is a result of TNF-α stimulation, and whether overexpression of the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) gene could prevent VSMC proliferation by blocking the MCP-3/CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) pathway. Mouse VSMCs were infected in vitro with recombinant adenoviruses containing either mouse MCP-3-shRNA (Ad-MCP-3-shRNA), the TFPI gene (Ad-TFPI), or the negative control, which was shRNA encoding the sequence for EGFP (Ad-EGFP) or DMEM only. The cells were then stimulated with TNF-α for different time periods on the third day after gene transfer. The data show that VSMC proliferation in the Ad-MCP-3-shRNA and Ad-TFPI groups was markedly decreased using BrdU ELISA and MTT assays; MCP-3-shRNA and TFPI inhibited the expression of MCP-3 and CCR2 after long-term stimulation and inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT after short-term stimulation, as shown by ELISA and western blot analysis. This study provides convincing evidence that clarifies the effect of the proinflammatory factor MCP-3 in promoting VSMC proliferation. Our data also show, for the first time, that TFPI has an anti-proliferative role in TNF-α stimulated-VSMCs at least partly by interfering with the MCP-3/CCR2 pathway and then via suppression of the ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. We conclude that TFPI gene transfer may be a safe and effective therapeutic tool for treating atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia.
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Quantitative analysis of the expression of caspase 3 and caspase 9 in different types of atherosclerotic lesions in the human aorta. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Chang C, Yang H, Xin SL, Liu JX, Zhao XF, Liu LJ, Han LY, Meng LM, Li Q. The Inhibition of Oxidised Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Apoptosis of Macrophages by Recombinant Human Brain Natriuretic Peptide and the Underlying Mechanism. Cardiology 2015; 132:137-46. [PMID: 26278917 DOI: 10.1159/000433464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophage apoptosis plays a key role in atherosclerotic plaque rupture. This study investigated the effects of recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) on oxidised low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced macrophage apoptosis and explored the underlying mechanism. METHODS A model of ox-LDL-induced macrophage injury was established to evaluate the role of BNP. Flow cytometry was employed to detect apoptosis and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (x0394;x03A8;m), and confocal microscopy was used to determine cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Additionally, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and colourimetry were used to detect the mRNA expression and activity, respectively, of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). RESULTS Ox-LDL induced macrophage apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, and maximum apoptosis occurred at 100 μg/ml ox-LDL (45.62 ± 2.76 vs. 6.84 ± 1.94%; p < 0.05). Conversely, BNP suppressed macrophage apoptosis, with a maximal effect at 10-9 mol/l (18.56 ± 1.79%; p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, intracellular ROS levels increased, x0394;x03A8;m decreased, SOD mRNA expression and activity decreased and MDA mRNA expression and content increased in the 100-μg/ml ox-LDL group (527.30 ± 36.20 vs. 100.00 ± 0.00%, 3.01 ± 0.52 vs. 9.67 ± 0.51%, 0.53 ± 0.18 vs. 1.00 ± 0.00, 256.6 ± 8.20 vs. 355.8 ± 9.58 U/ml, 1.59 ± 0.23 vs. 1.00 ± 0.00 and 29.4 ± 1.68 vs. 5.94 ± 0.51 nmol/ml; p < 0.05); these effects were significantly counteracted by 10-9 mol/l BNP (237.30 ± 30.62%, 6.55 ± 1.57%, 0.90 ± 0.07, 310.4 ± 2.97 U/ml, 1.14 ± 0.10, 20.54 ± 1.55 nmol/ml; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION BNP attenuates ox-LDL-induced macrophage apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress and preventing x0394;x03A8;m loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Handan First Hospital, Handan, PR China
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Expression characteristics of neutrophil and mononuclear-phagocyte related genes mRNA in the stable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction stages of coronary artery disease. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2015; 12:279-86. [PMID: 26089853 PMCID: PMC4460172 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate expression differences of neutrophil and mononuclear phagocyte related gene mRNAs among acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stable angina (SA) and control groups, and then discuss their expression characteristics in the stable angina pectoris (SAP) and AMI stages of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods Whole Human Genome Oligo Microarrays were applied to assess the differential expression characteristics of neutrophil and mononuclear phagocyte related mRNAs in patients with AMI (n = 20), SA (n = 20) and controls (n = 20). Results (1) Almost all colony-stimulating factors (CSF) and their receptors related mRNAs was up-regulated in AMI and SA groups compared with the control group, and the expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (GM-CSFR) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) mRNAs in the AMI group was significantly up-regulated compared with the other two groups (P < 0.01). (2) The expression of mRNAs related to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), CCR2 (MCP-1 receptor) and CXCR2 (IL-8 receptor) was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.01) in AMI group compared with SA and control groups. IL-8 mRNA expression in the AMI group was clearly higher than the controls (P < 0.05). (3) All mRNAs expression related to opsonic receptors (IgG FcR and C3bR/C4bR) was significantly up-regulated in AMI group compared with SA and control group (P < 0.01), and the SA group showed an upward trend compared with controls. (4) Most pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-related mRNAs expression was up-regulated in AMI group compared with SA and control groups. Most toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNAs expression was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.01) than the SA and control groups; macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR) mRNA was significantly up-regulated in AMI group compared with the control group (P < 0.01), and the SA group showed an upward trend compared with the controls. Conclusions The expression of most neutrophil and mononuclear-macrophage function related genes mRNAs was significantly up-regulated by stages during the progression of CAD, suggesting that the adhesive, chemotactic and phagocytic functions of neutrophil and mononuclear-macrophage were strengthened in the occurrence and development of coronary atherosclerosis and AMI. This also showed a stepped upward trend as the disease progressed.
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Graham A, Allen AM. Mitochondrial function and regulation of macrophage sterol metabolism and inflammatory responses. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:277-286. [PMID: 26015858 PMCID: PMC4438467 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i5.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to explore the role of mitochondria in regulating macrophage sterol homeostasis and inflammatory responses within the aetiology of atherosclerosis. Macrophage generation of oxysterol activators of liver X receptors (LXRs), via sterol 27-hydroxylase, is regulated by the rate of flux of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane, via a complex of cholesterol trafficking proteins. Oxysterols are key signalling molecules, regulating the transcriptional activity of LXRs which coordinate macrophage sterol metabolism and cytokine production, key features influencing the impact of these cells within atherosclerotic lesions. The precise identity of the complex of proteins mediating mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking in macrophages remains a matter of debate, but may include steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and translocator protein. There is clear evidence that targeting either of these proteins enhances removal of cholesterol via LXRα-dependent induction of ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCA1, ABCG1) and limits the production of inflammatory cytokines; interventions which influence mitochondrial structure and bioenergetics also impact on removal of cholesterol from macrophages. Thus, molecules which can sustain or improve mitochondrial structure, the function of the electron transport chain, or increase the activity of components of the protein complex involved in cholesterol transfer, may therefore have utility in limiting or regressing atheroma development, reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.
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Cytokines in atherosclerosis: Key players in all stages of disease and promising therapeutic targets. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:673-85. [PMID: 26005197 PMCID: PMC4671520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the arteries, is responsible for most deaths in westernized societies with numbers increasing at a marked rate in developing countries. The disease is initiated by the activation of the endothelium by various risk factors leading to chemokine-mediated recruitment of immune cells. The uptake of modified lipoproteins by macrophages along with defective cholesterol efflux gives rise to foam cells associated with the fatty streak in the early phase of the disease. As the disease progresses, complex fibrotic plaques are produced as a result of lysis of foam cells, migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and continued inflammatory response. Such plaques are stabilized by the extracellular matrix produced by smooth muscle cells and destabilized by matrix metalloproteinase from macrophages. Rupture of unstable plaques and subsequent thrombosis leads to clinical complications such as myocardial infarction. Cytokines are involved in all stages of atherosclerosis and have a profound influence on the pathogenesis of this disease. This review will describe our current understanding of the roles of different cytokines in atherosclerosis together with therapeutic approaches aimed at manipulating their actions.
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Shirai T, Hilhorst M, Harrison DG, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Macrophages in vascular inflammation--From atherosclerosis to vasculitis. Autoimmunity 2015; 48:139-51. [PMID: 25811915 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2015.1027815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of vascular inflammatory disease ranges from atherosclerosis and hypertension, widespread conditions affecting large proportions of the population, to the vasculitides, rare syndromes leading to fast and irreversible organ failure. Atherosclerosis progresses over decades, inevitably proceeding through multiple phases of disease and causes its major complications when the vessel wall lesion ruptures, giving rise to lumen-occlusive atherothrombosis. Vasculitides of medium and large arteries progress rapidly, causing tissue ischemia through lumen-occlusive intimal hyperplasia. In both disease entities, macrophages play a decisive role in pathogenesis, but function in the context of other immune cells that direct their differentiation and their functional commitments. In atherosclerosis, macrophages are involved in the removal of lipids and tissue debris and make a critical contribution to tissue damage and wall remodeling. In several of the vasculitides, macrophages contribute to granuloma formation, a microstructural platform optimizing macrophage-T-cell interactions, antigen containment and inflammatory amplification. By virtue of their versatility and plasticity, macrophages are able to promote a series of pathogenic functions, ranging from the release of cytokines and enzymes, the production of reactive oxygen species, presentation of antigen and secretion of tissue remodeling factors. However, as short-lived cells that lack memory, macrophages are also amendable to reprogramming, making them promising targets for anti-inflammatory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA and
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