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Alves M, Laranjeira F, Correia-da-Silva G. Understanding Hypertriglyceridemia: Integrating Genetic Insights. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:190. [PMID: 38397180 PMCID: PMC10887881 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is an exceptionally complex metabolic disorder characterized by elevated plasma triglycerides associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis and cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease. Its phenotype expression is widely heterogeneous and heavily influenced by conditions as obesity, alcohol consumption, or metabolic syndromes. Looking into the genetic underpinnings of hypertriglyceridemia, this review focuses on the genetic variants in LPL, APOA5, APOC2, GPIHBP1 and LMF1 triglyceride-regulating genes reportedly associated with abnormal genetic transcription and the translation of proteins participating in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Hypertriglyceridemia resulting from such genetic abnormalities can be categorized as monogenic or polygenic. Monogenic hypertriglyceridemia, also known as familial chylomicronemia syndrome, is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in the five canonical genes. Polygenic hypertriglyceridemia, also known as multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome in extreme cases of hypertriglyceridemia, is caused by heterozygous pathogenic genetic variants with variable penetrance affecting the canonical genes, and a set of common non-pathogenic genetic variants (polymorphisms, using the former nomenclature) with well-established association with elevated triglyceride levels. We further address recent progress in triglyceride-lowering treatments. Understanding the genetic basis of hypertriglyceridemia opens new translational opportunities in the scope of genetic screening and the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Alves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Francisco Laranjeira
- CGM—Centro de Genética Médica Jacinto de Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António (CHUdSA), 4099-028 Porto, Portugal;
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-346 Porto, Portugal
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Georgina Correia-da-Silva
- UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Burr SD, Chen Y, Hartley CP, Zhao X, Liu J. Replacement of saturated fatty acids with linoleic acid in western diet attenuates atherosclerosis in a mouse model with inducible ablation of hepatic LDL receptor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16832. [PMID: 37803087 PMCID: PMC10558454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary saturate fatty acids (SFAs) have been consistently linked to atherosclerosis and obesity, both of which are characterized by chronic inflammation and impaired lipid metabolism. In comparison, the effects of linoleic acid (LA), the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acid in the Western diet, seem to diverge. Data from human studies suggest a positive association between high dietary intake of LA and the improvement of cardiovascular risk. However, excessive LA intake has been implicated in the development of obesity. Concerns have also been raised on the potential pro-inflammatory properties of LA metabolites. Herein, by utilizing a mouse model with liver-specific Ldlr knockdown, we directly determined the effects of replacing SFAs with LA in a Western diet on the development of obesity and atherosclerosis. Specifically, mice treated with a Ldlr ASO were placed on a Western diet containing either SFA-rich butter (WD-B) or LA-rich corn oil (WD-CO) for 12 weeks. Despite of showing no changes in body weight gain or adiposity, mice on WD-CO exhibited significantly less atherosclerotic lesions compared to those on WD-B diet. Reduced lesion formation in the WD-CO-fed mice corresponded with a reduction of plasma triglyceride and cholesterol content, especially in VLDL and LDL, and ApoB protein levels. Although it increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in the liver, WD-CO did not appear to affect hepatic injury or damage when compared to WD-B. Collectively, our results indicate that replacing SFAs with LA in a Western diet could reduce the development of atherosclerosis independently of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Burr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Guggenheim Building 14-11A, 222 3Rd Avenue SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Christopher P Hartley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xianda Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Guggenheim Building 14-11A, 222 3Rd Avenue SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Thai SF, Jones CP, Robinette BL, Ren H, Vallanat B, Fisher A, Kitchin KT. Differential genomic effects of four nano-sized and one micro-sized CeO 2 particles on HepG2 cells. MATERIALS EXPRESS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON MULTIDISCIPLINARY MATERIALS RESEARCH 2023; 13:1799-1811. [PMID: 38009104 PMCID: PMC10667950 DOI: 10.1166/mex.2023.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to perform a genomics study of five cerium oxide particles, 4 nano and one micrometer-sized particles which have been studied previously by our group with respect to cytotoxicity, biochemistry and metabolomics. Human liver carcinoma HepG2 cells were exposed to between 0.3 to 300 ug/ml of CeO2 particles for 72 hours and then total RNA was harvested. Fatty acid accumulation was observed with W4, X5, Z7 and less with Q but not Y6. The gene expression changes in the fatty acid metabolism genes correlated the fatty acid accumulation we detected in the prior metabolomics study for the CeO2 particles named W4, Y6, Z7 and Q, but not for X5. In particular, the observed genomics effects on fatty acid uptake and fatty acid oxidation offer a possible explanation of why many CeO2 particles increase cellular free fatty acid concentrations in HepG2 cells. The major genomic changes observed in this study were sirtuin, ubiquitination signaling pathways, NRF2-mediated stress response and mitochondrial dysfunction. The sirtuin pathway was affected by many CeO2 particle treatments. Sirtuin signaling itself is sensitive to oxidative stress state of the cells and may be an important contributor in CeO2 particle induced fatty acid accumulation. Ubiquitination pathway regulates many protein functions in the cells, including sirtuin signaling, NRF2 mediated stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction pathways. NRF2-mediated stress response and mitochondrial were reported to be altered in many nanoparticles treated cells. All these pathways may contribute to the fatty acid accumulation in the CeO2 particle treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheau-Fung Thai
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Durham NC 27709 USA
| | - Carlton P Jones
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Durham NC 27709 USA
| | - Brian L Robinette
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Durham NC 27709 USA
| | - Hongzu Ren
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Durham NC 27709 USA
| | - Beena Vallanat
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Durham NC 27709 USA
| | - Anna Fisher
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Durham NC 27709 USA
| | - Kirk T Kitchin
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Durham NC 27709 USA
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Abstract
The exogenous lipoprotein pathway starts with the incorporation of dietary lipids into chylomicrons in the intestine. Chylomicron triglycerides are metabolized in muscle and adipose tissue and chylomicron remnants are formed, which are removed by the liver. The endogenous lipoprotein pathway begins in the liver with the formation of very low-density lipoprotein particles (VLDL). VLDL triglycerides are metabolized in muscle and adipose tissue forming intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), which may be taken up by the liver or further metabolized to low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Reverse cholesterol transport begins with the formation of nascent high-density lipoprotein (HDL) by the liver and intestine that acquire cholesterol from cells resulting in mature HDL. The HDL then transports the cholesterol to the liver either directly or indirectly by transferring the cholesterol to VLDL or LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94117, USA.
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A Clinical Case of a Homozygous Deletion in the APOA5 Gene with Severe Hypertriglyceridemia. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061062. [PMID: 35741823 PMCID: PMC9222921 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is one of the most common forms of lipid metabolism disorders. The leading clinical manifestations are pancreatitis, atherosclerotic vascular lesions, and the formation of eruptive xanthomas. The most severe type of HTG is primary (or hereditary) hypertriglyceridemia, linked to pathogenic genetic variants in LPL, APOC2, LMF1, and APOA5 genes. Case: We present a clinical case of severe primary hypertriglyceridemia (TG level > 55 mmol/L in a 4-year-old boy) in a consanguineous family. The disease developed due to a previously undescribed homozygous deletion in the APOA5 gene (NM_052968: c.579_592delATACGCCGAGAGCC p.Tyr194Gly*68). We also evaluate the clinical significance of a genetic variant in the LPL gene (NM_000237.2: c.106G>A (rs1801177) p.Asp36Asn), which was previously described as a polymorphism. In one family, we also present a different clinical significance even in heterozygous carriers: from hypertriglyceridemia to normotriglyceridemia. We provide evidence that this heterogeneity has developed due to polymorphism in the LPL gene, which plays the role of an additional trigger. Conclusions: The homozygous deletion of the APOA5 gene is responsible for the severe hypertriglyceridemia, and another SNP in the LPL gene worsens the course of the disease.
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Apolipoprotein A5, a unique modulator of fasting and postprandial triglycerides. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yu Y, Yu L, Cheng N, Liu X, Fang C, Liu S, Zhu L. Exercise Alleviates the Apolipoprotein A5-Toll-Like Receptor 4 Axis Impairment in Mice With High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Physiol 2022; 12:783341. [PMID: 35035359 PMCID: PMC8758581 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.783341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5), an important modulator of plasma and hepatic triglyceride metabolism, has been found to be downregulated by metformin to improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Meanwhile, exercise has been recommended as a therapeutic strategy for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, no study has yet determined whether exercise affects hepatic ApoA5 expression or the inhibition of ApoA5 to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). We herein examined the effects of exercise on hepatic ApoA5 expression and the relevance of ApoA5 and TLR4-mediated pathway in mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NASH. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were built NASH model with high-fat diet for 12 weeks, and following mice were subjected to exercise for 12 weeks on a treadmill. Microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to measure histological analysis of liver and hepatic lipids, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were used to determined mRNA and protein levels of ApoA5 and TLR4-mediated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway components, respectively. ApoA5 overexpression plasmids transfected into mice to investigate the relevance of ApoA5 and TLR4. Results: 12 weeks of exercise remarkably alleviated HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis, as well as reduced serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), hepatic TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and NF-κBp65 expression. Importantly, exercise did not reduce ApoA5 expression but instead enhanced its ability to suppress TLR4-mediated NF-κB pathway components by decreasing circulating LPS in our experiments involving transfection of ApoA5 overexpression plasmids and LPS interventions. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that exercise improved HFD-induced NASH by triggering the inhibitory effects of ApoA5 on the TLR4-mediated NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Yu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nuo Cheng
- Graduate School of Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlu Fang
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujing Liu
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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Low-density lipoprotein receptor and apolipoprotein A 5, myocardial infarction biomarkers in plasma-derived exosomes. J Cardiol 2022; 79:605-610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Esteve-Luque V, Padró-Miquel A, Fanlo-Maresma M, Corbella E, Corbella X, Pintó X, Candás-Estébanez B. Implication between Genetic Variants from APOA5 and ZPR1 and NAFLD Severity in Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020552. [PMID: 33567543 PMCID: PMC7914661 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lipid metabolism disorders, especially hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), are risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the association between genetic factors related to HTG and the risk of NAFLD has been scarcely studied. Methods: A total of 185 subjects with moderate HTG were prospectively included. We investigated the association between genetic factors’ (five allelic variants with polygenic hypertriglyceridemia) clinical and biochemical biomarkers with NAFLD severity. The five allelic variants’ related clinical and biochemical data of HTG were studied in all the subjects. NAFLD was assessed by abdominal ultrasound and patients were divided into two groups, one with no or mild NAFLD and another with moderate/severe NAFLD. Results: Patients with moderate/severe NAFLD had higher weight and waist values and a higher prevalence of insulin resistance than patients with no or mild NAFLD. Moderate/severe NAFLD was independently associated with APOA5 rs3134406 and ZPR1 rs964184 variants, and also showed a significant inverse relationship with lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations. Conclusions: APOA5 rs3135506 and ZPR1 rs964184 variants and lipoprotein(a) are associated with moderate/severe NAFLD. This association was independent of body weight, insulin resistance, and other factors related to NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Esteve-Luque
- Cardiovascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (V.E.-L.); (M.F.-M.); (E.C.); (X.C.)
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (A.P.-M.); (B.C.-E.)
- Medicine and Translational Research, University of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Padró-Miquel
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (A.P.-M.); (B.C.-E.)
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Fanlo-Maresma
- Cardiovascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (V.E.-L.); (M.F.-M.); (E.C.); (X.C.)
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (A.P.-M.); (B.C.-E.)
- Medicine and Translational Research, University of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emili Corbella
- Cardiovascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (V.E.-L.); (M.F.-M.); (E.C.); (X.C.)
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (A.P.-M.); (B.C.-E.)
- CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Corbella
- Cardiovascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (V.E.-L.); (M.F.-M.); (E.C.); (X.C.)
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (A.P.-M.); (B.C.-E.)
- School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Cardiovascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (V.E.-L.); (M.F.-M.); (E.C.); (X.C.)
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (A.P.-M.); (B.C.-E.)
- CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Beatriz Candás-Estébanez
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (A.P.-M.); (B.C.-E.)
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry, SCIAS-Hospital de Barcelona, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Kloska A, Węsierska M, Malinowska M, Gabig-Cimińska M, Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka J. Lipophagy and Lipolysis Status in Lipid Storage and Lipid Metabolism Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6113. [PMID: 32854299 PMCID: PMC7504288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses how lipophagy and cytosolic lipolysis degrade cellular lipids, as well as how these pathway ys communicate, how they affect lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in cells and how their dysfunction affects the pathogenesis of lipid storage and lipid metabolism diseases. Answers to these questions will likely uncover novel strategies for the treatment of aforementioned human diseases, but, above all, will avoid destructive effects of high concentrations of lipids-referred to as lipotoxicity-resulting in cellular dysfunction and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kloska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Magdalena Węsierska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcelina Malinowska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Magdalena Gabig-Cimińska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.W.); (M.M.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.W.); (M.M.)
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Park S, Kang S. Alcohol, Carbohydrate, and Calcium Intakes and Smoking Interactions with APOA5 rs662799 and rs2266788 were Associated with Elevated Plasma Triglyceride Concentrations in a Cross-Sectional Study of Korean Adults. J Acad Nutr Diet 2020; 120:1318-1329.e1. [PMID: 32335043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations are markedly higher among Asians, which may be associated with the interaction of genetics and lifestyle factors. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic variants that have a strong association with plasma TG concentrations from genome-wide association study and to identify lifestyle interactions with the genetic variants that are associated with dyslipidemia in a cohort of Korean adults. DESIGN Korean genome and epidemiology study utilized a cross-sectional design of Koreans to determine genetic variants and lifestyle factors, including nutrient intakes, in a retrospective hospital-based city cohort conducted by the Korean Center for Disease and Control during 2004-2013. PARTICIPANTS Korean adults aged 40 to 77 years were participants (n=28,445). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The genetic variants that influence plasma TG concentrations were selected by genome-wide association study using an allele genetic model after adjusting for age, sex, area of residence, and body mass index. Lipid profiles and nutrient intakes from food frequency questionnaires were measured. The interactions between the single nucleotide polymorphisms and lifestyle factors were determined to influence plasma TG levels. RESULTS Carrying the minor alleles of APOA5 rs662799 and rs2266788 had an association with higher plasma TG concentrations by 1.86- and 1.51-fold, respectively, compared with those with the major allele (P=8.89E-150 and P=4.75E-68, respectively). Sex had an interaction with these single nucleotide polymorphisms, with males having higher plasma TG concentrations. The single nucleotide polymorphisms had significant interactions with carbohydrate, fat, and calcium intakes; alcohol consumption; and smoking status that were associated with plasma TG concentrations. Carriers with the minor allele of each single nucleotide polymorphisms had higher plasma TG concentrations when consuming-low fat (<15%) and high carbohydrate (≥72%) diets than those with major alleles. Carriers of the minor alleles with low calcium intakes (<500 mg/day) experienced elevated plasma TG concentrations compared with carriers of the major alleles. Smokers and alcohol drinkers with either of the minor alleles of APOA5, rs662799 or rs2266788, had higher plasma TG concentrations than those with its major allele. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that carrying the minor alleles of APOA5 rs662799 and rs2266788, especially for men, was associated with elevated TG concentrations and suggested that Korean carriers of the minor alleles could be at increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia. Further research is needed to investigate the efficacy of modulating lifestyle factors to prevent dyslipidemia in people carrying the minor alleles of APOA5 rs662799 and rs2266788.
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Li XY, Pu N, Chen WW, Shi XL, Zhang GF, Ke L, Ye B, Tong ZH, Wang YH, Liu G, Chen JM, Yang Q, Li WQ, Li JS. Identification of a novel LPL nonsense variant and further insights into the complex etiology and expression of hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:63. [PMID: 32264896 PMCID: PMC7140582 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a leading cause of acute pancreatitis. HTG can be caused by either primary (genetic) or secondary etiological factors, and there is increasing appreciation of the interplay between the two kinds of factors in causing severe HTG. Objectives The main aim of this study was to identify the genetic basis of hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP) in a Chinese family with three affected members (the proband, his mother and older sister). Methods The entire coding and flanking sequences of LPL, APOC2, APOA5, GPIHBP1 and LMF1 genes were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. The newly identified LPL nonsense variant was subjected to functional analysis by means of transfection into HEK-293 T cells followed by Western blot and activity assays. Previously reported pathogenic LPL nonsense variants were collated and compared with respect to genotype and phenotype relationship. Results We identified a novel nonsense variant, p.Gln118* (c.351C > T), in the LPL gene, which co-segregated with HTG-AP in the Chinese family. We provided in vitro evidence that this variant resulted in a complete functional loss of the affected LPL allele. We highlighted a role of alcohol abuse in modifying the clinical expression of the disease in the proband. Additionally, our survey of 12 previously reported pathogenic LPL nonsense variants (in 20 carriers) revealed that neither serum triglyceride levels nor occurrence of HTG-AP was distinguishable among the three carrier groups, namely, simple homozygotes, compound heterozygotes and simple heterozygotes. Conclusions Our findings, taken together, generated new insights into the complex etiology and expression of HTG-AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yao Li
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Pu
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Subei People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Shi
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Fu Zhang
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Ke
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Tong
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Hui Wang
- Key laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - George Liu
- Key laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Min Chen
- Inserm, EFS, University of Brest, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Qi Yang
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wei-Qin Li
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jie-Shou Li
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Emerging evidences for the opposite role of apolipoprotein C3 and apolipoprotein A5 in lipid metabolism and coronary artery disease. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:220. [PMID: 31836003 PMCID: PMC6909560 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C3 (apoC3) and apolipoprotein A5 (apoA5), encoded by APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster, are two critical regulators of plasma triglyceride (TG) metabolism. Deficiency of apoC3 or apoA5 led to significant decreased or increased plasma TG levels, respectively. Recent studies indicated apoC3 and apoA5 also played roles in plasma remnant cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and hepatic TG metabolisms. Moreover, large scale population genetic studies indicated that loss of function mutations in APOC3 and APOA5 gene conferred decreased and increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), respectively. This manuscript mainly reviewed existing evidences suggesting the opposite role of apoC3 and apoA5 in lipid metabolism and CAD risk, and discussed the potential correlation between these two apolipoproteins.
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High density lipoprotein promotes nascent apolipoprotein A-V secretion from mRNA transfected cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:387-391. [PMID: 30902391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite its exceptionally low circulating concentration, apolipoprotein (apo) A-V is a potent modulator of plasma triacylglycerol levels. The secretion efficiency of nascent apoA-V was investigated in cultured cells transfected with mRNA. Following transfection of HepG2 cells with wild type apoA-V mRNA, apoA-V protein was detectable in cell lysates by 6 h. At 24 h post transfection, evidence of apoA-V secretion into media was obtained, although most apoA-V was recovered in the cell lysate fraction. By contrast, apoA-I was efficiently secreted into the culture medium. A positive correlation between culture medium fetal bovine serum content and the percentage of apoA-V recovered in conditioned media was observed. When transfected cells were cultured in serum-free media supplemented with increasing amounts of high density lipoprotein, a positive correlation with apoA-V secretion was observed. The data indicate that, following signal sequence cleavage, the bulk of nascent apoA-V remains cell associated. Transit of nascent apoA-V out of cultured cells is enhanced by the availability of extracellular lipid particle acceptors.
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15
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Abstract
It is now evident that elevated circulating levels of triglycerides in the non-fasting state, a marker for triglyceride (TG)-rich remnant particles, are associated with increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent findings from basic and clinical studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms that contribute to the atherogenicity of these apoB-containing particles. Here, we review current knowledge of the formation, intravascular remodelling and catabolism of TG-rich lipoproteins and highlight (i) the pivotal players involved in this process, including lipoprotein lipase, glycosylphosphatidylinositol HDL binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), apolipoprotein (apo) C-II, apoC-III, angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) 3, 4 and 8, apoA-V and cholesteryl ester transfer protein; (ii) key determinants of triglyceride (TG) levels and notably rates of production of very-low-density lipoprotein 1 (VLDL1) particles; and (iii) the mechanisms which underlie the atherogenicity of remnant particles. Finally, we emphasise the polygenic nature of moderate hypertriglyceridemia and briefly discuss modalities for its clinical management. Several new therapeutic strategies to attenuate hypertriglyceridemia have appeared recently, among which those targeted to apoC-III appear to hold considerable promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geesje M Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M John Chapman
- INSERM and University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, France
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16
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Sithu SD, Malovichko MV, Riggs KA, Wickramasinghe NS, Winner MG, Agarwal A, Hamed-Berair RE, Kalani A, Riggs DW, Bhatnagar A, Srivastava S. Atherogenesis and metabolic dysregulation in LDL receptor-knockout rats. JCI Insight 2017; 2:86442. [PMID: 28469073 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of atherogenesis have been studied extensively in genetically engineered mice with disturbed cholesterol metabolism such as those lacking either the LDL receptor (Ldlr) or apolipoprotein E (apoe). Few other animal models of atherosclerosis are available. WT rabbits or rats, even on high-fat or high-cholesterol diets, develop sparse atherosclerotic lesions. We examined the effects of Ldlr deletion on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerotic lesion formation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Deletion of Ldlr resulted in the loss of the LDLR protein and caused a significant increase in plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides. On normal chow, Ldlr-KO rats gained more weight and were more glucose intolerant than WT rats. Plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) and leptin levels were higher and adiponectin levels were lower in KO than WT rats. On the Western diet, the KO rats displayed exaggerated obesity and age-dependent increases in glucose intolerance. No appreciable aortic lesions were observed in KO rats fed normal chow for 64 weeks or Western diet for 16 weeks; however, after 34-52 weeks of Western diet, the KO rats developed exuberant atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic arch and throughout the abdominal aorta. The Ldlr-KO rat may be a useful model for studying obesity, insulin resistance, and early-stage atherosclerosis.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are of increasing concern, not only to patients but also to the health care profession and service providers. The preventative benefit of treatment of dyslipidaemia is unquestioned but there is a large, so far unmet need to improve clinical outcome. There are exciting new discoveries of targets that may translate into improved clinical outcome. Areas covered: This review highlights some new pathways in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism and examines new targets, new drugs and new molecules. The review includes the results of recent trials of relatively new drugs that have shown benefit in cardiovascular endpoint outcomes, drugs that have been licenced without endpoint trials yet available and new drugs that have not yet been licenced but have produced exciting results in animal studies and some in early phase 2 human studies. Expert opinion: The new areas that have been discovered as the cause of dyslipidaemia have opened up a host of new targets for new drugs including antisense RNA's, microRNA's and human monoclonal antibodies. The plethora of new targets and new drugs has made it an extraordinarily exciting time in the development of therapeutics to combat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald H Tomkin
- a Diabetes Institute of Ireland , Beacon Clinic and Trinity College , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Daphne Owens
- a Diabetes Institute of Ireland , Beacon Clinic and Trinity College , Dublin 2 , Ireland
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18
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Reimund M, Kovrov O, Olivecrona G, Lookene A. Lipoprotein lipase activity and interactions studied in human plasma by isothermal titration calorimetry. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:279-288. [PMID: 27845686 PMCID: PMC5234706 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d071787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LPL hydrolyzes triglycerides in plasma lipoproteins. Due to the complex regulation mechanism, it has been difficult to mimic the physiological conditions under which LPL acts in vitro. We demonstrate that isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), using human plasma as substrate, overcomes several limitations of previously used techniques. The high sensitivity of ITC allows continuous recording of the heat released during hydrolysis. Both initial rates and kinetics for complete hydrolysis of plasma lipids can be studied. The heat rate was shown to correspond to the release of fatty acids and was linearly related to the amount of added enzyme, either purified LPL or postheparin plasma. Addition of apoC-III reduced the initial rate of hydrolysis by LPL, but the inhibition became less prominent with time when the lipoproteins were triglyceride poor. Addition of angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL)3 or ANGPTL4 caused reduction of the activity of LPL via a two-step mechanism. We conclude that ITC can be used for quantitative measurements of LPL activity and interactions under in vivo-like conditions, for comparisons of the properties of plasma samples from patients and control subjects as substrates for LPL, as well as for testing of drug candidates developed with the aim to affect the LPL system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Reimund
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Oleg Kovrov
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Olivecrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aivar Lookene
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
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19
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Khavandi M, Duarte F, Ginsberg HN, Reyes-Soffer G. Treatment of Dyslipidemias to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017; 19:7. [PMID: 28132397 PMCID: PMC5503120 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-017-0818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current preventive and treatment guidelines for type 2 diabetes have failed to decrease the incidence of comorbidities, such as dyslipidemia and ultimately heart disease. The goal of this review is to describe the physiological and metabolic lipid alterations that develop in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Questions addressed include the differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism that characterize the dyslipidemia of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We also examine the relevance of the new AHA/ADA treatment guidelines to dyslipidemic individuals. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we provide an update on the pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia, including the role of several apolipoproteins such as apoC-III. We also point to new studies and new agents for the treatment of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus who need lipid therapies. Type 2 diabetes mellitus causes cardiovascular disease via several pathways, including dyslipidemia characterized by increased plasma levels of apoB-lipoproteins and triglycerides, and low plasma concentrations of HDL cholesterol. Treatments to normalize the dyslipidemia and reduce the risk for cardiovascular events include the following: lifestyle and medication, particularly statins, and if necessary, ezetimibe, to significantly lower LDL cholesterol. Other treatments, more focused on triglycerides and HDL cholesterol, are less well supported by randomized clinical trials and should be used on an individual basis. Newer agents, particularly the PCSK9 inhibitors, show a great promise for even greater lowering of LDL cholesterol, but we await the results of ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khavandi
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH-10-305, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Francisco Duarte
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH-10-305, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH-10-305, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gissette Reyes-Soffer
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH-10-305, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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20
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Forte TM, Sharma V, Ryan RO. Apolipoprotein A-V gene therapy for disease prevention / treatment: a critical analysis. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:88-93. [PMID: 26679785 PMCID: PMC4820885 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) A-V is a novel member of the class of exchangeable apo's involved in triacylglycerol (TG) homeostasis. Whereas a portion of hepatic-derived apoA-V is secreted into plasma and functions to facilitate lipoprotein lipase-mediated TG hydrolysis, another portion is recovered intracellularly, in association with cytosolic lipid droplets. Loss of apoA-V function is positively correlated with elevated plasma TG and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the APOA5 locus can affect transcription efficiency or introduce deleterious amino acid substitutions. Likewise, rare mutations in APOA5 that compromise functionality are associated with increased plasma TG and premature myocardial infarction. Genetically engineered mouse models and human population studies suggest that, in certain instances, supplementation with wild type (WT) apoA-V may have therapeutic benefit. It is hypothesized that individuals that manifest elevated plasma TG owing to deleterious APOA5 SNPs or rare mutations would respond to WT apoA-V supplementation with improved plasma TG clearance. On the other hand, subjects with hypertriglyceridemia of independent origin (unrelated to apoA-V function) may not respond to apoA-V augmentation in this manner. Improvement in the ability to identify individuals predicted to benefit, advances in gene transfer technology and the strong connection between HTG and heart disease, point to apoA-V supplementation as a viable disease prevention / therapeutic strategy. Candidates would include individuals that manifest chronic TG elevation, have low plasma apoA-V due to an APOA5 mutation/polymorphism and not have deleterious mutations/polymorphisms in other genes known to influence plasma TG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy M Forte
- Center for Prevention of Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Vineeta Sharma
- Center for Prevention of Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Robert O Ryan
- Center for Prevention of Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA;
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21
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Khetarpal SA, Rader DJ. Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Coronary Artery Disease Risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:e3-9. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.305172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet A. Khetarpal
- From the Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- From the Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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22
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Amyloid-Forming Properties of Human Apolipoproteins: Sequence Analyses and Structural Insights. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 855:175-211. [PMID: 26149931 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17344-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins are protein constituents of lipoproteins that transport cholesterol and fat in circulation and are central to cardiovascular health and disease. Soluble apolipoproteins can transiently dissociate from the lipoprotein surface in a labile free form that can misfold, potentially leading to amyloid disease. Misfolding of apoA-I, apoA-II, and serum amyloid A (SAA) causes systemic amyloidoses, apoE4 is a critical risk factor in Alzheimer's disease, and apolipoprotein misfolding is also implicated in cardiovascular disease. To explain why apolipoproteins are over-represented in amyloidoses, it was proposed that the amphipathic α-helices, which form the lipid surface-binding motif in this protein family, have high amyloid-forming propensity. Here, we use 12 sequence-based bioinformatics approaches to assess amyloid-forming potential of human apolipoproteins and to identify segments that are likely to initiate β-aggregation. Mapping such segments on the available atomic structures of apolipoproteins helps explain why some of them readily form amyloid while others do not. Our analysis shows that nearly all amyloidogenic segments: (i) are largely hydrophobic, (ii) are located in the lipid-binding amphipathic α-helices in the native structures of soluble apolipoproteins, (iii) are predicted in both native α-helices and β-sheets in the insoluble apoB, and (iv) are predicted to form parallel in-register β-sheet in amyloid. Most of these predictions have been verified experimentally for apoC-II, apoA-I, apoA-II and SAA. Surprisingly, the rank order of the amino acid sequence propensity to form amyloid (apoB>apoA-II>apoC-II≥apoA-I, apoC-III, SAA, apoC-I>apoA-IV, apoA-V, apoE) does not correlate with the proteins' involvement in amyloidosis. Rather, it correlates directly with the strength of the protein-lipid association, which increases with increasing protein hydrophobicity. Therefore, the lipid surface-binding function and the amyloid-forming propensity are both rooted in apolipoproteins' hydrophobicity, suggesting that functional constraints make it difficult to completely eliminate pathogenic apolipoprotein misfolding. We propose that apolipoproteins have evolved protective mechanisms against misfolding, such as the sequestration of the amyloidogenic segments via the native protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions involving amphipathic α-helices and, in case of apoB, β-sheets.
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23
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Forte TM, Ryan RO. Apolipoprotein A5: Extracellular and Intracellular Roles in Triglyceride Metabolism. Curr Drug Targets 2015; 16:1274-80. [PMID: 26028042 PMCID: PMC6594035 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150531161138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses two major functions of apolipoprotein (apo) A5 including (1) its role in maintaining normal plasma levels of circulating triglyceride (TG) and (2) its role as a component of hepatic lipid droplets. ApoA5 is synthesized solely in the liver and circulating concentrations are extremely low. In the plasma, ApoA5 associates with TG-rich lipoproteins and enhances TG hydrolysis and remnant lipoprotein clearance. ApoA5 loss-of-function single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with reduced lipolysis, poor remnant clearance and concomitantly, hypertriglyceridemia. Although there have been substantial breakthroughs in understanding pathophysiology associated with secreted ApoA5, there is a paucity of knowledge on the functionality of intracellular ApoA5. However, recent studies indicate that overexpression of intracellular ApoA5 is positively associated with accumulation of TG-rich lipid droplets in hepatocytes. It is thought that ApoA5 may have a causal role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and thus, may serve as a target for developing therapeutics for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy M Forte
- Center for Prevention of Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Children`s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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24
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Almeda-Valdes P, Cuevas-Ramos D, Mehta R, Muñoz-Hernandez L, Cruz-Bautista I, Perez-Mendez O, Tusie-Luna MT, Gomez-Perez FJ, Pajukanta P, Matikainen N, Taskinen MR, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Factors associated with postprandial lipemia and apolipoprotein A-V levels in individuals with familial combined hyperlipidemia. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14:90. [PMID: 25425215 PMCID: PMC4253986 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-14-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in postprandial metabolism have been described in familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH); however, their underlying mechanisms are not well characterized. We aimed to identify factors related to the magnitude of postprandial lipemia and apolipoprotein (apo) A-V levels in subjects with FCH. METHODS FCH cases (n = 99) were studied using a standardized meal test. Abdominal obesity was assessed using the waist to hip ratio (WHR). A linear regression model was performed to investigate the variables associated with the triglycerides incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Independent associations between metabolic variables and apo A-V iAUC were also investigated in a randomly selected subgroup (n = 44). The study sample was classified according to the presence of fasting hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dL) and abdominal obesity (WHR ≥0.92 in men and ≥0.85 in women) to explore differences in parameters. RESULTS The fasting apo B-48 levels (r = 0.404), and the WHR (r = 0.359) were independent factors contributing to the triglycerides iAUC (r2 = 0.29, P < 0.001). The triglycerides iAUC was independently associated with the apo A-V iAUC (r2 = 0.54, P < 0.01). Patients with both hypertriglyceridemia and abdominal obesity showed the most robust triglycerides and apo A-V postprandial responses. CONCLUSIONS In patients with FCH the fasting apo B-48 level is the main factor associated with postprandial lipemia. Abdominal obesity also contributes to the magnitude of the postprandial response.The triglycerides postprandial increment is the principal factor associated with the apo A-V postprandial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Almeda-Valdes
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cuevas-Ramos
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roopa Mehta
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Liliana Muñoz-Hernandez
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivette Cruz-Bautista
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Perez-Mendez
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio A. Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Teresa Tusie-Luna
- />Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine Units. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran. Biomedical Investigation Institute, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Gomez-Perez
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- />Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Niina Matikainen
- />Diabetes and Obesity Units, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- />Diabetes and Obesity Units, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
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25
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Sharma V, Witkowski A, Witkowska HE, Dykstra A, Simonsen JB, Nelbach L, Beckstead JA, Pullinger CR, Kane JP, Malloy MJ, Watson G, Forte TM, Ryan RO. Aberrant hetero-disulfide bond formation by the hypertriglyceridemia-associated p.Gly185Cys APOA5 variant (rs2075291). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2254-60. [PMID: 25127531 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V) is a low-abundance plasma protein that modulates triacylglycerol homeostasis. Gene transfer studies were undertaken in apoa5 (-/-) mice to define the mechanism underlying the correlation between the single-nucleotide polymorphism c.553G>T in APOA5 and hypertriglyceridemia. APPROACH AND RESULTS Adeno-associated virus (AAV) 2/8-mediated gene transfer of wild-type apoA-V induced a dramatic lowering of plasma triacylglycerol in apoa5 (-/-) mice, whereas AAV2/8-Gly162Cys apoA-V (corresponding to the c.553G>T single-nucleotide polymorphism: rs2075291; p.Gly185Cys when numbering includes signal sequence) had a modest effect. Characterization studies revealed that plasma levels of wild-type and G162C apoA-V in transduced mice were similar and within the physiological range. Fractionation of plasma from mice transduced with AAV2/8-G162C apoA-V indicated that, unlike wild-type apoA-V, >50% of G162C apoA-V was recovered in the lipoprotein-free fraction. Nonreducing SDS-PAGE immunoblot analysis provided evidence that G162C apoA-V present in the lipoprotein-free fraction, but not that portion associated with lipoproteins, displayed altered electrophoretic mobility consistent with disulfide-linked heterodimer formation. Immunoprecipitation followed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of human plasma from subjects homozygous for wild-type APOA5 and c.553G>T APOA5 revealed that G162C apoA-V forms adducts with extraneous plasma proteins including fibronectin, kininogen-1, and others. CONCLUSIONS Substitution of Cys for Gly at position 162 of mature apoA-V introduces a free cysteine that forms disulfide bonds with plasma proteins such that its lipoprotein-binding and triacylglycerol-modulation functions are compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Sharma
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Andrzej Witkowski
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - H Ewa Witkowska
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Andrew Dykstra
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Jens B Simonsen
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Lisa Nelbach
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Jennifer A Beckstead
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Clive R Pullinger
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - John P Kane
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Mary J Malloy
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Gordon Watson
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Trudy M Forte
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Robert O Ryan
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.).
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Hooper AJ, Kurtkoti J, Hamilton-Craig I, Burnett JR. Clinical features and genetic analysis of three patients with severe hypertriglyceridaemia. Ann Clin Biochem 2014; 51:485-9. [PMID: 24591733 DOI: 10.1177/0004563214525767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridaemia is a common biochemical abnormality that can be due to primary causes or, more commonly, secondary causes. Moderate hypertriglyceridaemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and can develop into severe hypertriglyceridaemia which is a risk factor for acute pancreatitis. Familial chylomicronaemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, usually diagnosed in childhood and is characterized by marked hypertriglyceridaemia and biochemical deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), apolipoprotein (apo) C-II, homozygous (or compound heterozygous) gene mutations in LPL or more rarely, APOC2. Recently, loss-of-function mutations in the APOA5 gene have been reported in patients with severe hypertriglyceridaemia in whom LPL or APOC2 mutations were not found. We describe the clinical features and genetic analysis of three patients with severe hypertriglyceridaemia including novel mutations LPL c.464T>C (p.Leu155Pro) and APOA5 c.823C>T (p.Gln275*).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Hooper
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Path West Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jagadeesh Kurtkoti
- Griffith University School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Gold Coast University Hospital and Griffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ian Hamilton-Craig
- Griffith University School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - John R Burnett
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Path West Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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