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Saei AA, Gharibi H, Lyu H, Nilsson B, Jafari M, Von Holst H, Zubarev RA. Massive Solubility Changes in Neuronal Proteins upon Simulated Traumatic Brain Injury Reveal the Role of Shockwaves in Irreversible Damage. Molecules 2023; 28:6768. [PMID: 37836614 PMCID: PMC10574794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the immediate molecular consequences of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) using a novel proteomics approach. We simulated TBIs using an innovative laboratory apparatus that employed a 5.1 kg dummy head that held neuronal cells and generated a ≤4000 g-force acceleration upon impact. A Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration (PISA) assay was then employed to monitor protein solubility changes in a system-wide manner. Dynamic impacts led to both a reduction in neuron viability and massive solubility changes in the proteome. The affected proteins mapped not only to the expected pathways, such as those of cell adhesion, collagen, and laminin structures, as well as the response to stress, but also to other dense protein networks, such as immune response, complement, and coagulation cascades. The cellular effects were found to be mainly due to the shockwave rather than the g-force acceleration. Soft materials could reduce the impact's severity only until they were fully compressed. This study shows a way of developing a proteome-based meter for measuring irreversible shockwave-induced cell damage and provides a resource for identifying protein biomarkers of TBIs and potential drug targets for the development of products aimed at primary prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ata Saei
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hassan Gharibi
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Hezheng Lyu
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Brady Nilsson
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Maryam Jafari
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Hans Von Holst
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A. Zubarev
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
- Department of Pharmacological & Technological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 115478 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Oura P, Hakkarainen A, Sajantila A. Forensic neuropathology in the past decade: a scoping literature review. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2023:10.1007/s12024-023-00672-9. [PMID: 37439948 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
While there has been notable research activity in the field of clinical neuropathology over the recent years, forensic approaches have been less frequent. This scoping literature review explored original research on forensic neuropathology over the past decade (January 1, 2010, until February 12, 2022) using the MEDLINE database. The aims were to (1) analyze the volume of research on the topic, (2) describe meta-level attributes and sample characteristics, and (3) summarize key research themes and methods. Of 5053 initial hits, 2864 fell within the target timeframe, and 122 were included in the review. Only 3-17 articles were published per year globally. Most articles originated from the Europe (39.3%) and Asia (36.1%) and were published in forensic journals (57.4%). A median sample included 57 subjects aged between 16 and 80 years. The most common research theme was traumatic intracranial injury (24.6%), followed by anatomy (12.3%) and substance abuse (11.5%). Key methods included immunotechniques (31.1%) and macroscopic observation (21.3%). Although a number of novel findings were reported, most were of preliminary nature and will require further validation. In order to reach breakthroughs and validate novel tools for routine use, more research input is urged from researchers across the world. It would be necessary to ensure appropriate sample sizes and make use of control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Oura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland.
| | - Antti Hakkarainen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
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3
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Barker S, Paul BD, Pieper AA. Increased Risk of Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Disease after Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1154. [PMID: 37189772 PMCID: PMC10135798 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors frequently suffer from chronically progressive complications, including significantly increased risk of developing aging-related neurodegenerative disease. As advances in neurocritical care increase the number of TBI survivors, the impact and awareness of this problem are growing. The mechanisms by which TBI increases the risk of developing aging-related neurodegenerative disease, however, are not completely understood. As a result, there are no protective treatments for patients. Here, we review the current literature surrounding the epidemiology and potential mechanistic relationships between brain injury and aging-related neurodegenerative disease. In addition to increasing the risk for developing all forms of dementia, the most prominent aging-related neurodegenerative conditions that are accelerated by TBI are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), with ALS and FTD being the least well-established. Mechanistic links between TBI and all forms of dementia that are reviewed include oxidative stress, dysregulated proteostasis, and neuroinflammation. Disease-specific mechanistic links with TBI that are reviewed include TAR DNA binding protein 43 and motor cortex lesions in ALS and FTD; alpha-synuclein, dopaminergic cell death, and synergistic toxin exposure in PD; and brain insulin resistance, amyloid beta pathology, and tau pathology in AD. While compelling mechanistic links have been identified, significantly expanded investigation in the field is needed to develop therapies to protect TBI survivors from the increased risk of aging-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Barker
- Center for Brain Health Medicines, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bindu D. Paul
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- Center for Brain Health Medicines, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Translational Therapeutics Core, Cleveland Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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4
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Kim HN, McCrea MR, Li S. Advances in molecular therapies for targeting pathophysiology in spinal cord injury. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:171-187. [PMID: 37017093 PMCID: PMC10148912 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2194532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects 25,000-50,000 people around the world each year and there is no cure for SCI patients currently. The primary injury damages spinal cord tissues and secondary injury mechanisms, including ischemia, apoptosis, inflammation, and astrogliosis, further exacerbate the lesions to the spinal cord. Recently, researchers have designed various therapeutic approaches for SCI by targeting its major cellular or molecular pathophysiology. AREAS COVERED Some strategies have shown promise in repairing injured spinal cord for functional recoveries, such as administering neuroprotective reagents, targeting specific genes to promote robust axon regeneration of disconnected spinal fiber tracts, targeting epigenetic factors to enhance cell survival and neural repair, and facilitating neuronal relay pathways and neuroplasticity for restoration of function after SCI. This review focuses on the major advances in preclinical molecular therapies for SCI reported in recent years. EXPERT OPINION Recent progress in developing novel and effective repairing strategies for SCI is encouraging, but many challenges remain for future design of effective treatments, including developing highly effective neuroprotectants for early interventions, stimulating robust neuronal regeneration with functional synaptic reconnections among disconnected neurons, maximizing the recovery of lost neural functions with combination strategies, and translating the most promising therapies into human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neui Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Madeline R. McCrea
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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5
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He C, Xu Y, Sun J, Li L, Zhang JH, Wang Y. Autophagy and Apoptosis in Acute Brain Injuries: From Mechanism to Treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:234-257. [PMID: 35579958 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Autophagy and apoptosis are two important cellular mechanisms behind brain injuries, which are severe clinical situations with increasing incidences worldwide. To search for more and better treatments for brain injuries, it is essential to deepen the understanding of autophagy, apoptosis, and their interactions in brain injuries. This article first analyzes how autophagy and apoptosis participate in the pathogenetic processes of brain injuries respectively and mutually, then summarizes some promising treatments targeting autophagy and apoptosis to show the potential clinical applications in personalized medicine and precision medicine in the future. Recent Advances: Most current studies suggest that apoptosis is detrimental to brain recovery. Several studies indicate that autophagy can cause unnecessary death of neurons after brain injuries, while others show that autophagy is beneficial for acute brain injuries (ABIs) by facilitating the removal of damaged proteins and organelles. Whether autophagy is beneficial or detrimental in ABIs depends on many factors, and the results from different research groups are diverse or even controversial, making this topic more appealing to be explored further. Critical Issues: Neuronal autophagy and apoptosis are two primary pathological processes in ABIs. How they interact with each other and how their regulations affect the outcome and prognosis of brain injuries remain uncertain, making these answers more critical. Future Directions: Insights into the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis and the accurate regulations of their balance in ABIs may promote personalized and precise treatments in the field of brain injuries. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 234-257.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyu He
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Layla Li
- Faculty of Medicine, International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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He X, Li Y, Deng B, Lin A, Zhang G, Ma M, Wang Y, Yang Y, Kang X. The PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in inflammation, cell death and glial scar formation after traumatic spinal cord injury: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13275. [PMID: 35754255 PMCID: PMC9436900 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objects Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) causes neurological dysfunction below the injured segment of the spinal cord, which significantly impacts the quality of life in affected patients. The phosphoinositide 3kinase/serine‐threonine kinase (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway offers a potential therapeutic target for the inhibition of secondary TSCI. This review summarizes updates concerning the role of the PI3K/AKT pathway in TSCI. Materials and Methods By searching articles related to the TSCI field and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, we summarized the mechanisms of secondary TSCI and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway; we also discuss current and potential future treatment methods for TSCI based on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Results Early apoptosis and autophagy after TSCI protect the body against injury; a prolonged inflammatory response leads to the accumulation of pro‐inflammatory factors and excessive apoptosis, as well as excessive autophagy in the surrounding normal nerve cells, thus aggravating TSCI in the subacute stage of secondary injury. Initial glial scar formation in the subacute phase is a protective mechanism for TSCI, which limits the spread of damage and inflammation. However, mature scar tissue in the chronic phase hinders axon regeneration and prevents the recovery of nerve function. Activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway can inhibit the inflammatory response and apoptosis in the subacute phase after secondary TSCI; inhibiting this pathway in the chronic phase can reduce the formation of glial scar. Conclusion The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway has an important role in the recovery of spinal cord function after secondary injury. Inducing the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the subacute phase of secondary injury and inhibiting this pathway in the chronic phase may be one of the potential strategies for the treatment of TSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang He
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The International Cooperation Base of Gansu Province for the Pain Research in Spinal Disorders, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Medical School of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Bo Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Aixin Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The International Cooperation Base of Gansu Province for the Pain Research in Spinal Disorders, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The International Cooperation Base of Gansu Province for the Pain Research in Spinal Disorders, Lanzhou, China
| | - Miao Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The International Cooperation Base of Gansu Province for the Pain Research in Spinal Disorders, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The International Cooperation Base of Gansu Province for the Pain Research in Spinal Disorders, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The International Cooperation Base of Gansu Province for the Pain Research in Spinal Disorders, Lanzhou, China
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7
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Liao HY, Wang ZQ, Ran R, Zhou KS, Ma CW, Zhang HH. Biological Functions and Therapeutic Potential of Autophagy in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:761273. [PMID: 34988074 PMCID: PMC8721099 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.761273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that maintains metabolism and homeostasis by eliminating protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Many studies have reported that autophagy plays an important role in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the spatiotemporal patterns of autophagy activation after traumatic SCI are contradictory. Most studies show that the activation of autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis have neuroprotective effects on traumatic SCI. However, reports demonstrate that autophagy is strongly associated with distal neuronal death and the impaired functional recovery following traumatic SCI. This article introduces SCI pathophysiology, the physiology and mechanism of autophagy, and our current review on its role in traumatic SCI. We also discuss the interaction between autophagy and apoptosis and the therapeutic effect of activating or inhibiting autophagy in promoting functional recovery. Thus, we aim to provide a theoretical basis for the biological therapy of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Liao
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Ran
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai-Sheng Zhou
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chun-Wei Ma
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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8
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Mi Z, Liu H, Rose ME, Ma J, Reay DP, Ma X, Henchir JJ, Dixon CE, Graham SH. Mutation of a Ubiquitin Carboxy Terminal Hydrolase L1 Lipid Binding Site Alleviates Cell Death, Axonal Injury, and Behavioral Deficits After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Neuroscience 2021; 475:127-136. [PMID: 34508847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is a protein highly expressed in neurons that may play important roles in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) in neurons, axonal integrity, and motor function after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Binding of reactive lipid species to cysteine 152 of UCHL1 results in unfolding, aggregation, and inactivation of the enzyme. To test the role of this mechanism in TBI, mice bearing a cysteine to alanine mutation at site 152 (C152A mice) that renders UCHL1 resistant to inactivation by reactive lipids were subjected to the controlled cortical impact model (CCI) of TBI and compared to wild type (WT) controls. Alterations in protein ubiquitination and activation of autophagy pathway markers in traumatized brain were detected by immunoblotting. Cell death and axonal injury were determined by histological assessment and anti-amyloid precursor protein (APP) immunohistochemistry. Behavioral outcomes were determined using the beam balance and Morris water maze tests. C152A mice had reduced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, decreased activation of the autophagy markers Beclin-1 and LC3B, a decreased number of abnormal axons, decreased CA1 cell death, and improved motor and cognitive function compared to WT controls after CCI; no significant change in spared tissue volume was observed. These results suggest that binding of lipid substrates to cysteine 152 of UCHL1 is important in the pathogenesis of injury and recovery after TBI and may be a novel target for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Mi
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Hao Liu
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Marie E Rose
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Jie Ma
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Daniel P Reay
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Xiecheng Ma
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jeremy J Henchir
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Steven H Graham
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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9
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Saikumar J, Bonini NM. Synergistic effects of brain injury and aging: common mechanisms of proteostatic dysfunction. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:728-740. [PMID: 34301397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aftermath of TBI is associated with an acute stress response and the accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates. Even after the symptoms of TBI are resolved, insidious molecular processes continue to develop, which often ultimately result in the development of age-associated neurodegenerative disorders. The precise molecular cascades that drive unhealthy brain aging are still largely unknown. In this review, we discuss proteostatic dysfunction as a converging mechanism contributing to accelerated brain aging after TBI. We examine evidence from human tissue and in vivo animal models, spanning both the aging and injury contexts. We conclude that TBI has a sustained debilitating effect on the proteostatic machinery, which may contribute to the accelerated pathological and cognitive hallmarks of aging that are observed following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Saikumar
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy M Bonini
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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Huang S, Li S, Feng H, Chen Y. Iron Metabolism Disorders for Cognitive Dysfunction After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:587197. [PMID: 33796002 PMCID: PMC8007909 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.587197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most harmful forms of acute brain injury and predicted to be one of the three major neurological diseases that cause neurological disabilities by 2030. A series of secondary injury cascades often cause cognitive dysfunction of TBI patients leading to poor prognosis. However, there are still no effective intervention measures, which drive us to explore new therapeutic targets. In this process, the most part of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is ignored because its initial symptoms seemed not serious. Unfortunately, the ignored mTBI accounts for 80% of the total TBI, and a large part of the patients have long-term cognitive dysfunction. Iron deposition has been observed in mTBI patients and accompanies the whole pathological process. Iron accumulation may affect long-term cognitive dysfunction from three pathways: local injury, iron deposition induces tau phosphorylation, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles; neural cells death; and neural network damage, iron deposition leads to axonal injury by utilizing the iron sensibility of oligodendrocytes. Thus, iron overload and metabolism dysfunction was thought to play a pivotal role in mTBI pathophysiology. Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) located in the ependyma have bidirectional communication function between cerebral-spinal fluid and brain parenchyma, and may participate in the pathway of iron-induced cognitive dysfunction through projected nerve fibers and transmitted factor, such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, etc. The present review provides an overview of the metabolism and function of iron in mTBI, and to seek a potential new treatment target for mTBI with a novel perspective through combined iron and CSF-cNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Su Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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11
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Mi Z, Liu H, Rose ME, Ma X, Reay DP, Ma J, Henchir J, Dixon CE, Graham SH. Abolishing UCHL1's hydrolase activity exacerbates TBI-induced axonal injury and neuronal death in mice. Exp Neurol 2020; 336:113524. [PMID: 33159930 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is a multifunctional protein that is expressed in neurons throughout brain at high levels. UCHL1 deletion is associated with axonal degeneration, progressive sensory motor ataxia, and premature death in mice. UCHL1 has been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and recovery after neuronal injury. UCHL1 hydrolyzes Ub from polyubiquitinated (poly-Ub) proteins, but also may ligate Ub to select neuronal proteins, and interact with cytoskeletal proteins. These and other mechanisms have been hypothesized to underlie UCHL1's role in neurodegeneration and response to brain injury. A UCHL1 knockin mouse containing a C90A mutation (C90A) devoid of hydrolase activity was constructed. The C90A mouse did not develop the sensory and motor deficits, degeneration of the gracile nucleus and tract, or premature death as seen in UCHL1 deficient mice. C90A and wild type (WT) mice were subjected to the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and cell death, axonal injury and behavioral outcome were assessed. C90A mice exhibited decreased spared tissue volume, greater loss of CA1 hippocampal neurons and greater axonal injury as detected using anti-amyloid precursor protein (APP) antibody and anti- non-phosphorylated neurofilament H (SMI-32) antibody immunohistochemistry after CCI compared to WT controls. Poly-Ub proteins and Beclin-1 were elevated after CCI in C90A mice compared to WT controls. Vestibular motor deficits assessed using the beam balance test resolved by day 5 after CCI in WT mice but not in C90A mice. These results suggest that the hydrolase activity of UCHL1 does not account for the progressive neurodegeneration and premature death seen in mice that do not express full length UCHL1. The hydrolase activity of UCHL1 contributes to the function of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP), ameliorates activation of autophagy, and improves motor recovery after CCI. Thus, UCHL1 hydrolase activity plays an important role in acute injury response after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Mi
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Marie E Rose
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Xiecheng Ma
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Daniel P Reay
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Jie Ma
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy Henchir
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Steven H Graham
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA.
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12
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Deng S, Liu J, Wu X, Lu W. Golgi Apparatus: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Autophagy-Associated Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:564975. [PMID: 33015059 PMCID: PMC7509445 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.564975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has dual effects in human diseases: appropriate autophagy may protect cells from stress, while excessive autophagy may cause cell death. Additionally, close interactions exist between autophagy and the Golgi. This review outlines recent advances regarding the role of the Golgi apparatus in autophagy. The signaling processes of autophagy are dependent on the normal function of the Golgi. Specifically, (i) autophagy-related protein 9 is mainly located in the Golgi and forms new autophagosomes in response to stressors; (ii) Golgi fragmentation is induced by Golgi-related proteins and accompanied with autophagy induction; and (iii) the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment and the reticular trans-Golgi network play essential roles in autophagosome formation to provide a template for lipidation of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 and induce further ubiquitination. Golgi-related proteins regulate formation of autophagosomes, and disrupted formation of autophagy can influence Golgi function. Notably, aberrant autophagy has been demonstrated to be implicated in neurological diseases. Thus, targeted therapies aimed at protecting the Golgi or regulating Golgi proteins might prevent or ameliorate autophagy-related neurological diseases. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential application of Golgi therapy in autophagy-based neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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13
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Ray SK. Modulation of autophagy for neuroprotection and functional recovery in traumatic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1601-1612. [PMID: 32209759 PMCID: PMC7437603 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.276322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious central nervous system trauma that leads to loss of motor and sensory functions in the SCI patients. One of the cell death mechanisms is autophagy, which is 'self-eating' of the damaged and misfolded proteins and nucleic acids, damaged mitochondria, and other impaired organelles for recycling of cellular building blocks. Autophagy is different from all other cell death mechanisms in one important aspect that it gives the cells an opportunity to survive or demise depending on the circumstances. Autophagy is a therapeutic target for alleviation of pathogenesis in traumatic SCI. However, functions of autophagy in traumatic SCI remain controversial. Spatial and temporal patterns of activation of autophagy after traumatic SCI have been reported to be contradictory. Formation of autophagosomes following therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy flux is ambiguous in traumatic SCI studies. Both beneficial and harmful outcomes due to enhancement autophagy have been reported in traumatic SCI studies in preclinical models. Only further studies will make it clear whether therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy is beneficial in overall outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic SCI. Therapeutic enhancement of autophagy flux may digest the damaged components of the central nervous system cells for recycling and thereby facilitating functional recovery. Many studies demonstrated activation of autophagy flux and inhibition of apoptosis for neuroprotective effects in traumatic SCI. Therapeutic induction of autophagy in traumatic SCI promotes axonal regeneration, supporting another beneficial role of autophagy in traumatic SCI. In contrast, some other studies demonstrated that disruption of autophagy flux in traumatic SCI strongly correlated with neuronal death at remote location and impaired functional recovery. This article describes our current understanding of roles of autophagy in acute and chronic traumatic SCI, cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis, therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy for promoting functional recovery, and future of autophagy in traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA,Correspondence to: Swapan K. Ray, .
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14
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Ng SY, Lee AYW. Traumatic Brain Injuries: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:528. [PMID: 31827423 PMCID: PMC6890857 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality amongst civilians and military personnel globally. Despite advances in our knowledge of the complex pathophysiology of TBI, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. While initial brain insult involves acute and irreversible primary damage to the parenchyma, the ensuing secondary brain injuries often progress slowly over months to years, hence providing a window for therapeutic interventions. To date, hallmark events during delayed secondary CNS damage include Wallerian degeneration of axons, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death of neurons and glia. Extensive research has been directed to the identification of druggable targets associated with these processes. Furthermore, tremendous effort has been put forth to improve the bioavailability of therapeutics to CNS by devising strategies for efficient, specific and controlled delivery of bioactive agents to cellular targets. Here, we give an overview of the pathophysiology of TBI and the underlying molecular mechanisms, followed by an update on novel therapeutic targets and agents. Recent development of various approaches of drug delivery to the CNS is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yun Ng
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan Yiu Wah Lee
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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15
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Wang S, Smith GM, Selzer ME, Li S. Emerging molecular therapeutic targets for spinal cord injury. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:787-803. [PMID: 31460807 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1661381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complicated and devastating neurological disorder. Patients with SCI usually have dramatically reduced quality of life. In recent years, numerous studies have reported advances in understanding the pathophysiology of SCI and developing preclinical therapeutic strategies for SCI, including various molecular therapies, and yet there is still no cure. Areas covered: After SCI, tissue damage, responses and repair involve interactions among many cellular components, including neurons, axons, glia, leukocytes, and other cells. Accordingly, numerous cellular genes and molecules have become therapeutic targets for neural tissue repair, circuit reconstruction, and behavioral restoration. Here, we review the major recent advances in biological and molecular strategies to enhance neuroprotection, axon regeneration, remyelination, neuroplasticity and functional recovery in preclinical studies of SCI. Expert opinion: Researchers have made tremendous progress in identifying individual and combined molecular therapies in animal studies. It is very important to identify additional highly effective treatments for early neuroprotective intervention and for functionally meaningful axon regeneration and neuronal reconnections. Because multiple mechanisms contribute to the functional loss after SCI, combining the most promising approaches that target different pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms should exhibit synergistic actions for maximal functional restoration. [Databases searched: PubMed; inclusive dates: 6/27/2019].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - George M Smith
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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16
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Autophagy in Neurotrauma: Good, Bad, or Dysregulated. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070693. [PMID: 31295858 PMCID: PMC6678153 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a physiological process that helps maintain a balance between the manufacture of cellular components and breakdown of damaged organelles and other toxic cellular constituents. Changes in autophagic markers are readily detectable in the spinal cord and brain following neurotrauma, including traumatic spinal cord and brain injury (SCI/TBI). However, the role of autophagy in neurotrauma remains less clear. Whether autophagy is good or bad is under debate, with strong support for both a beneficial and detrimental role for autophagy in experimental models of neurotrauma. Emerging data suggest that autophagic flux, a measure of autophagic degradation activity, is impaired in injured central nervous systems (CNS), and interventions that stimulate autophagic flux may provide neuroprotection in SCI/TBI models. Recent data demonstrating that neurotrauma can cause lysosomal membrane damage resulting in pathological autophagosome accumulation in the spinal cord and brain further supports the idea that the impairment of the autophagy–lysosome pathway may be a part of secondary injury processes of SCI/TBI. Here, we review experimental work on the complex and varied responses of autophagy in terms of both the beneficial and detrimental effects in SCI and TBI models. We also discuss the existing and developing therapeutic options aimed at reducing the disruption of autophagy to protect the CNS after injuries.
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17
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Feldmann LK, Le Prieult F, Felzen V, Thal SC, Engelhard K, Behl C, Mittmann T. Proteasome and Autophagy-Mediated Impairment of Late Long-Term Potentiation (l-LTP) after Traumatic Brain Injury in the Somatosensory Cortex of Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123048. [PMID: 31234472 PMCID: PMC6627835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to impaired cognition and memory consolidation. The acute phase (24–48 h) after TBI is often characterized by neural dysfunction in the vicinity of the lesion, but also in remote areas like the contralateral hemisphere. Protein homeostasis is crucial for synaptic long-term plasticity including the protein degradation systems, proteasome and autophagy. Still, little is known about the acute effects of TBI on synaptic long-term plasticity and protein degradation. Thus, we investigated TBI in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model in the motor and somatosensory cortex of mice ex vivo-in vitro. Late long-term potentiation (l-LTP) was induced by theta-burst stimulation in acute brain slices after survival times of 1–2 days. Protein levels for the plasticity related protein calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) was quantified by Western blots, and the protein degradation activity by enzymatical assays. We observed missing maintenance of l-LTP in the ipsilateral hemisphere, however not in the contralateral hemisphere after TBI. Protein levels of CaMKII were not changed but, interestingly, the protein degradation revealed bidirectional changes with a reduced proteasome activity and an increased autophagic flux in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Finally, LTP recordings in the presence of pharmacologically modified protein degradation systems also led to an impaired synaptic plasticity: bath-applied MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, or rapamycin, an activator of autophagy, both administered during theta burst stimulation, blocked the induction of LTP. These data indicate that alterations in protein degradation pathways likely contribute to cognitive deficits in the acute phase after TBI, which could be interesting for future approaches towards neuroprotective treatments early after traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia K Feldmann
- Institute for Physiology, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Florie Le Prieult
- Institute for Physiology, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Felzen
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Serge C Thal
- Clinics for Anaesthesiology, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Kristin Engelhard
- Clinics for Anaesthesiology, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christian Behl
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Thomas Mittmann
- Institute for Physiology, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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18
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Autophagy Biomarkers Beclin 1 and p62 are Increased in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurocrit Care 2018; 26:348-355. [PMID: 28000126 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-016-0351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a process that recycles damaged proteins and organelles. Beclin 1 is involved in the nucleation phase, while p62 is consumed during the elongation phase. We hypothesized that these autophagy biomarkers are increased in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and associated with unfavorable outcome. METHODS Thirty children with severe TBI had CSF collected on days 1, 3, and 7. Patients without TBI or meningoencephalitis served as controls. Beclin 1 and p62 were measured by ELISA. Outcome was assigned 6 months after injury (Glasgow Outcome Scale score; GOS). RESULTS Mean and peak CSF beclin 1 and p62 levels were increased compared to controls (P < 0.05). Peak p62 levels were higher in patients with unfavorable versus favorable outcome (0.79 ± 1.03 vs. 0.17 ± 0.54 ng/ml, respectively; mean ± SD, P = 0.002) and were independently associated with outcome when controlling for age and initial Glasgow Coma Scale score (P = 0.019; AUC 0.88, 95% CI 0.76, 1.00). CONCLUSIONS Beclin 1 and p62 are increased in CSF after TBI, suggesting increased autophagy with impairment of, and/or exceeding the capacity for, autophagic flux. The association of increased p62 with unfavorable outcome suggests that autophagy in excess of the capacity to clear degradation products may be deleterious after TBI.
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19
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Pinchi E, Frati A, Cipolloni L, Aromatario M, Gatto V, La Russa R, Pesce A, Santurro A, Fraschetti F, Frati P, Fineschi V. Clinical-pathological study on β-APP, IL-1β, GFAP, NFL, Spectrin II, 8OHdG, TUNEL, miR-21, miR-16, miR-92 expressions to verify DAI-diagnosis, grade and prognosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2387. [PMID: 29402984 PMCID: PMC5799407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most important death and disability cause, involving substantial costs, also in economic terms, when considering the young age of the involved subject. Aim of this paper is to report a series of patients treated at our institutions, to verify neurological results at six months or survival; in fatal cases we searched for βAPP, GFAP, IL-1β, NFL, Spectrin II, TUNEL and miR-21, miR-16, and miR-92 expressions in brain samples, to verify DAI diagnosis and grade as strong predictor of survival and inflammatory response. Concentrations of 8OHdG as measurement of oxidative stress was performed. Immunoreaction of β-APP, IL-1β, GFAP, NFL, Spectrin II and 8OHdG were significantly increased in the TBI group with respect to control group subjects. Cell apoptosis, measured by TUNEL assay, were significantly higher in the study group than control cases. Results indicated that miR-21, miR-92 and miR-16 have a high predictive power in discriminating trauma brain cases from controls and could represent promising biomarkers as strong predictor of survival, and for the diagnosis of postmortem traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Pinchi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences (SAIMLAL), Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Frati
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Luigi Cipolloni
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences (SAIMLAL), Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Aromatario
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences (SAIMLAL), Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gatto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences (SAIMLAL), Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele La Russa
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences (SAIMLAL), Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00185, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pesce
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Santurro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences (SAIMLAL), Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Fraschetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences (SAIMLAL), Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00185, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences (SAIMLAL), Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, Italy.
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20
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Liu X, Tian F, Wang S, Wang F, Xiong L. Astrocyte Autophagy Flux Protects Neurons Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 21:405-415. [PMID: 29125039 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of autophagy varies with the type of acute brain injury. In general, autophagy mediates a clear neuroprotective effect in intoxication caused by various psychoactive agents, subarachnoid hemorrhage and spinal cord injury. In contrast, autophagic cell death has also been reported to actively contribute to neuronal loss in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. However, it still remains to be determined whether autophagy pays a cytoprotective or a cytotoxic role in stroke. Previous studies focused primarily on the role of neurons rather than the role of astrocytes in brain injury. Thus, it is unknown whether modulating the autophagy flux of astrocytes contributes to improving neuronal survival after stroke. In the current study, we investigated the time course of autophagy flux in vitro using cocultured astrocytes and neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation, which mimicked the process of ischemia/reperfusion. Autophagy flux of astrocytes was regulated by treatment with the autophagy inducer rapamycin, autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine, and the transduction of small interfering RNA against autophagy-related gene 5. In addition, AAV-GFAP-ATG7 was used to induce astrocyte autophagy flux in mice subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. We found that induction of autophagy flux of astrocytes in vitro enhanced the viability of neurons and decreased neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, induction of astrocyte autophagy flux in mice improved neurological outcomes. In contrast, inhibition of autophagy flux in astrocytes decreased the viability of neurons and increased neuronal apoptosis. These results suggest that upregulation of autophagy flux in astrocytes may contribute to endogenous neuroprotective and neurorecovery mechanisms after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Fengfeng Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
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21
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Gardner AJ, Shih SL, Adamov EV, Zafonte RD. Research Frontiers in Traumatic Brain Injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2017; 28:413-431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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The Temporal Pattern, Flux, and Function of Autophagy in Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020466. [PMID: 28230791 PMCID: PMC5343998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that autophagy plays a critical role in spinal cord injury (SCI), including traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) and ischemia-reperfusion spinal cord injury (IRSCI). However, while the understanding of mechanisms underlying autophagy in SCI has progressed, there remain several controversial points: (1) temporal pattern results of autophagic activation after SCI are not consistent across studies; (2) effect of accumulation of autophagosomes due to the blockade or enhancement of autophagic flux is uncertain; (3) overall effect of enhanced autophagy remains undefined, with both beneficial and detrimental outcomes reported in SCI literature. In this review, the temporal pattern of autophagic activation, autophagic flux, autophagic cell death, relationship between autophagy and apoptosis, and pharmacological intervention of autophagy in TSCI (contusion injury, compression injury and hemisection injury) and IRSCI are discussed. Types of SCI and severity appear to contribute to differences in outcomes regarding temporal pattern, flux, and function of autophagy. With future development of specific strategies on autophagy intervention, autophagy may play an important role in improving functional recovery in patients with SCI.
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23
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Lipinski MM, Wu J, Faden AI, Sarkar C. Function and Mechanisms of Autophagy in Brain and Spinal Cord Trauma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:565-77. [PMID: 25808205 PMCID: PMC4545370 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are major causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. Despite important pathophysiological differences between these disorders, in many respects, mechanisms of injury are similar. During both TBI and SCI, some cells are directly mechanically injured, but more die as a result of injury-induced biochemical changes (secondary injury). Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent cellular degradation pathway with neuroprotective properties, has been implicated both clinically and experimentally in the delayed response to TBI and SCI. However, until recently, its mechanisms and function remained unknown, reflecting in part the difficulty of isolating autophagic processes from ongoing cell death and other cellular events. RECENT ADVANCES Emerging data suggest that depending on the location and severity of traumatic injury, autophagy flux--defined as the progress of cargo through the autophagy system and leading to its degradation--may be either increased or decreased after central nervous system trauma. CRITICAL ISSUES While increased autophagy flux may be protective after mild injury, after more severe trauma inhibition of autophagy flux may contribute to neuronal cell death, indicating disruption of autophagy as a part of the secondary injury mechanism. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Augmentation and/or restoration of autophagy flux may provide a potential therapeutic target for treatment of TBI and SCI. Development of those treatments will require thorough characterization of changes in autophagy flux, its mechanisms and function over time after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Lipinski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
Since the original descriptions of postconcussive pathophysiology, there has been a significant increase in interest and ongoing research to study the biological underpinnings of concussion. The initial ionic flux and glutamate release result in significant energy demands and a period of metabolic crisis for the injured brain. These physiological perturbations can now be linked to clinical characteristics of concussion, including migrainous symptoms, vulnerability to repeat injury, and cognitive impairment. Furthermore, advanced neuroimaging now allows a research window to monitor postconcussion pathophysiology in humans noninvasively. There is also increasing concern about the risk for chronic or even progressive neurobehavioral impairment after concussion/mild traumatic brain injury. Critical studies are underway to better link the acute pathobiology of concussion with potential mechanisms of chronic cell death, dysfunction, and neurodegeneration. This "new and improved" article summarizes in a translational fashion and updates what is known about the acute neurometabolic changes after concussive brain injury. Furthermore, new connections are proposed between this neurobiology and early clinical symptoms as well as to cellular processes that may underlie long-term impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Giza
- *Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital-UCLA, Los Angeles, California; ‡Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; §Interdepartmental Programs for Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California; ¶Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Park Y, Liu C, Luo T, Dietrich WD, Bramlett H, Hu B. Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1449-57. [PMID: 25891649 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) and the ubiquitin-proteasomal system (UPS) are two major protein degradation systems responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis, but how these two systems are regulated after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains unknown. TBI produces primary mechanical damage that must be repaired to maintain neuronal homeostasis. The level of lysosomal-associated membrane protein type 2A (LAMP2A) is the hallmark of CMA activity. The level of polyubiquitinated proteins (ubi-proteins) reflects UPS activity. This study utilized a moderate fluid percussion injury model in rats to investigate the changes in CMA and the UPS after TBI. Induction of CMA was manifested by significant upregulation of LAMP2A and secondary lysosomes during the periods of 1-15 days of recovery after TBI. In comparison, the levels of ubi-proteins were increased only moderately after TBI. The increases in the levels of LAMP2A and 70 kDa heat-shock protein for CMA after TBI were seen mainly in the secondary lysosome-containing fractions. Confocal and electron microscopy further showed that increased LAMP2A or lysosomes were found mainly in neurons and proliferated microglia. Because CMA and the UPS are two major routes for elimination of different types of cellular aberrant proteins, the consecutive activation of these two pathways may serve as a protective mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujung Park
- 1 Neurochemistry Laboratory of Brain Injury, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center; University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chunli Liu
- 1 Neurochemistry Laboratory of Brain Injury, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center; University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tianfei Luo
- 1 Neurochemistry Laboratory of Brain Injury, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center; University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- 2 Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Helen Bramlett
- 2 Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Bingren Hu
- 1 Neurochemistry Laboratory of Brain Injury, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center; University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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