1
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Trøseid M, Nielsen SD, Vujkovic-Cvijin I. Gut microbiome and cardiometabolic comorbidities in people living with HIV. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:106. [PMID: 38877521 PMCID: PMC11177534 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) have increased relative risk of inflammatory-driven comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). The gut microbiome could be one of several driving factors, along with traditional risk factors and HIV-related risk factors such as coinfections, ART toxicity, and past immunodeficiency. RESULTS PLWH have an altered gut microbiome, even after adjustment for known confounding factors including sexual preference. The HIV-related microbiome has been associated with cardiometabolic comorbidities, and shares features with CVD-related microbiota profiles, in particular reduced capacity for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) generation. Substantial inter-individual variation has so far been an obstacle for applying microbiota profiles for risk stratification. This review covers updated knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of the gut microbiome and comorbidities in PLWH, with specific focus on cardiometabolic comorbidities and inflammation. It covers a comprehensive overview of HIV-related and comorbidity-related dysbiosis, microbial translocation, and microbiota-derived metabolites. It also contains recent data from studies in PLWH on circulating metabolites related to comorbidities and underlying gut microbiota alterations, including circulating levels of the SCFA propionate, the histidine-analogue imidazole propionate, and the protective metabolite indole-3-propionic acid. CONCLUSIONS Despite recent advances, the gut microbiome and related metabolites are not yet established as biomarkers or therapeutic targets. The review gives directions for future research needed to advance the field into clinical practice, including promises and pitfalls for precision medicine. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Trøseid
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Section for Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen Oe, 2100, Denmark
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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Schinas G, Schinas I, Ntampanlis G, Polyzou E, Gogos C, Akinosoglou K. Bone Disease in HIV: Need for Early Diagnosis and Prevention. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:522. [PMID: 38672792 PMCID: PMC11051575 DOI: 10.3390/life14040522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The transformation of HIV into a manageable chronic condition has unveiled new clinical challenges associated with aging-related pathologies, including bone disease. This review explores the intricate relationship between HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and bone disease, highlighting the necessity of early diagnosis and preventative strategies to mitigate the increased risk of osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fractures in people living with HIV (PLWHIV). It synthesizes the current literature to elucidate the multifactorial etiology of bone pathology in this population, that includes direct viral effects, chronic immune activation, ART-associated risks, and the impact of traditional risk factors for bone loss. Through a critical examination of modern diagnostic methods, lifestyle modifications, evidence-based preventive actions, and pharmacological treatments, the necessity for comprehensive management is highlighted, along with recommendations for integrated healthcare approaches vital for achieving optimal patient outcomes. By advocating for a proactive, patient-centered, and multidisciplinary strategy, this review proposes a plan to integrate bone health into standard HIV care through active risk identification, vigilant screening, effective preventive measures, tailored treatments, and informed decision-making, in an effort to ultimately enhance the quality of life for PLWHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Schinas
- School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece; (G.S.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Ioannis Schinas
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgios Ntampanlis
- School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece; (G.S.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Eleni Polyzou
- School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece; (G.S.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Charalambos Gogos
- School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece; (G.S.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Karolina Akinosoglou
- School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece; (G.S.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (C.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece
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3
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Luo Z, Health SL, Li M, Yang H, Wu Y, Collins M, Deeks SG, Martin JN, Scott A, Jiang W. Variation in blood microbial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contributes to immune reconstitution in response to suppressive antiretroviral therapy in HIV. EBioMedicine 2022; 80:104037. [PMID: 35500539 PMCID: PMC9065923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In HIV infection, even under long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART), up to 20% of HIV-infected individuals fail to restore CD4+ T cell counts to the levels similar to those of healthy controls. The mechanisms of poor CD4+ T cell reconstitution on suppressive ART are not fully understood. METHODS Here, we tested the hypothesis that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria enriched in the plasma from immune non-responders (INRs) contributes to blunted CD4+ T cell recovery on suppressive ART in HIV. We characterized plasma microbiome in HIV INRs (aviremic, CD4+ T cell counts < 350 cells/μl), immune responders (IRs, CD4+ T cell counts > 500 cells/μl), and healthy controls. Next, we analyzed the structure of the lipid A domain of three bacterial species identified by mass spectrometry (MS) and evaluated the LPS function through LPS induced proinflammatory responses and CD4+ T cell apoptosis in PBMCs. In comparison, we also evaluated plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine patterns in these three groups. At last, to study the causality of microbiome-blunted CD4+ T cell recovery in HIV, B6 mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with heat-killed Burkholderia fungorum, Serratia marcescens, or Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum, twice per week for total of eight weeks. FINDINGS INRs exhibited elevated plasma levels of total microbial translocation compared to the IRs and healthy controls. The most enriched bacteria were Burkholderia and Serratia in INRs and were Phyllobacterium in IRs. Further, unlike P. myrsinacearum LPS, B. fungorum and S. marcescens LPS induced proinflammatory responses and CD4+ T cell apoptosis in PBMCs, and gene profiles of bacteria-mediated cell activation pathways in THP-1 cells in vitro. Notably, LPS structural analysis by mass spectrometry revealed that lipid A from P. myrsinacearum exhibited a divergent structure consistent with weak toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 agonism, similar to the biological profile of probiotic bacteria. In contrast, lipid A from B. fungorum and S. marcescens showed structures more consistent with canonical TLR4 agonists stemming from proinflammatory bacterial strains. Finally, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of inactivated B. fungorum and S. marcescens but not P. myrsinacearum resulted in cell apoptosis in mesenteric lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice in vivo. INTERPRETATION These results suggest that the microbial products are causally associated with INR phenotype. In summary, variation in blood microbial LPS immunogenicity may contribute to immune reconstitution in response to suppressive ART. Collectively, this work is consistent with immunologically silencing microbiome being causal and targetable with therapy in HIV. FUNDING This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID; R01 AI128864, Jiang) (NIAID; P30 AI027767, Saag/Health), the Medical Research Service at the Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center (merit grant VA CSRD MERIT I01 CX-002422, Jiang), and the National Institute of Aging (R21 AG074331, Scott). The SCOPE cohort was supported by the UCSF/Gladstone Institute of Virology & Immunology CFAR (P30 AI027763, Gandhi) and the CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (R24 AI067039, Saag). The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number UL1TR001450 (the pilot grant, Jiang). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave. Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Sonya L Health
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave. Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Hyojik Yang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650 W. Baltimore St. Office 9209, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yongxia Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave. Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Michael Collins
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- University of California, San FranciscoDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- University of California, San FranciscoDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Alison Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650 W. Baltimore St. Office 9209, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave. Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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4
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Sherrill-Mix S, Yang M, Aldrovandi GM, Brenchley JM, Bushman FD, Collman RG, Dandekar S, Klatt NR, Lagenaur LA, Landay AL, Paredes R, Tachedjian G, Turpin JA, Serrano-Villar S, Lozupone CA, Ghosh M. A Summary of the Sixth International Workshop on Microbiome in HIV Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:173-180. [PMID: 34969255 PMCID: PMC9009592 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2021.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In October of 2020, researchers from around the world met online for the sixth annual International Workshop on Microbiome in HIV Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment. New research was presented on the roles of the microbiome on immune response and HIV transmission and pathogenesis and the potential for alterations in the microbiome to decrease transmission and affect comorbidities. This article presents a summary of the findings reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Sherrill-Mix
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Address correspondence to: Scott Sherrill-Mix, Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michelle Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Grace M. Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Alan L. Landay
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Roger Paredes
- Institut de Recerca de la SIDA IrsiCaixa i Unitat VIH, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat de Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Jim A. Turpin
- Divison of AIDS, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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5
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Di Pierro F. Gut Microbiota Parameters Potentially Useful in Clinical Perspective. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112402. [PMID: 34835527 PMCID: PMC8623243 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in gut microbiota analyses is at an all-time high. Gut microbiota is thought to relate to an increasing range of diseases of interest to physicians and nutritionists. Overweight, obesity, response to diet, metabolic syndrome, low grade inflammation, diabetes and colon neoplasms could maybe be observed in microbiota if affordable markers were available. Possible biomarkers like the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, the Gram-positive/Gram-negative ratio, the Prevotella/Bacteroides ratio, and the Fusobacterium nucleatum/Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ratio are here reviewed in a narrative way in the attempt to highlight their possible future role in routine practice and clinically relevant diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Pierro
- Digestive Endoscopy & Gastroenterology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
- UNICAM, Camerino University, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Scientific Department, Velleja Research, 20124 Milan, Italy
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6
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Karlsen TR, Kong XY, Holm S, Quiles-Jiménez A, Dahl TB, Yang K, Sagen EL, Skarpengland T, S Øgaard JD, Holm K, Vestad B, Olsen MB, Aukrust P, Bjørås M, Hov JR, Halvorsen B, Gregersen I. NEIL3-deficiency increases gut permeability and contributes to a pro-atherogenic metabolic phenotype. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19749. [PMID: 34611194 PMCID: PMC8492623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its consequences cause considerable morbidity and mortality world-wide. We have previously shown that expression of the DNA glycosylase NEIL3 is regulated in human atherosclerotic plaques, and that NEIL3-deficiency enhances atherogenesis in Apoe-/- mice. Herein, we identified a time point prior to quantifiable differences in atherosclerosis between Apoe-/-Neil3-/- mice and Apoe-/- mice. Mice at this age were selected to explore the metabolic and pathophysiological processes preceding extensive atherogenesis in NEIL3-deficient mice. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of young Apoe-/-Neil3-/- mice revealed significant metabolic disturbances as compared to mice expressing NEIL3, particularly in metabolites dependent on the gut microbiota. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal bacterial DNA indeed confirmed that the NEIL3-deficient mice had altered gut microbiota, as well as increased circulating levels of the bacterially derived molecule LPS. The mice were challenged with a FITC-conjugated dextran to explore gut permeability, which was significantly increased in the NEIL3-deficient mice. Further, immunohistochemistry showed increased levels of the proliferation marker Ki67 in the colonic epithelium of NEIL3-deficient mice, suggesting increased proliferation of intestinal cells and gut leakage. We suggest that these metabolic alterations serve as drivers of atherosclerosis in NEIL3-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Rune Karlsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Xiang Yi Kong
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ana Quiles-Jiménez
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuva B Dahl
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital HF, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kuan Yang
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen L Sagen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tonje Skarpengland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas D S Øgaard
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beate Vestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria B Olsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Johannes R Hov
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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7
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Bourke CD, Prendergast AJ. The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis for People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:347-350. [PMID: 31714953 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire D Bourke
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Zviambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Zviambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
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8
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Falasca F, Cavallari EN, Innocenti GP, Scagnolari C, Mezzaroma I, Santinelli L, Ceccarelli G, Vullo V, Turriziani O, d'Ettorre G. Antiviral Activity of Fecal Water Samples from HIV-1 Infected Subjects Treated with a Specific Probiotic Formulation. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:183-189. [PMID: 31490760 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190903230622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate if the supplementation with multistrain probiotics may be able to modulate T cell response in HIV-1 infected patients and to evaluate the anti-HIV activity of probiotic by studying fecal water (FW) samples. METHODS Three HIV-1-positive patients (Pt1, Pt2 and Pt3) on long-term suppressive combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) received a specific multi-strain probiotic supplementation (Vivomixx ®), for six months (T6). Levels of T cell subsets were evaluated by flow cytometry. Anti- HIV activity of FW samples was evaluated in vitro. RESULTS CD4+ T cells levels increased in all HIV-1 infected patients whereas activation markers (CD38 and HLA-DR) were decreased both on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. FW samples presented an increased inhibitory activity against HIV-1 compared to T0 (FW-Pt1: T0 =40%, T6 = 65% of reduction; FW Pt2: T0 = 26%, T6 = 46% of reduction; FW Pt3: T0 = 47%, T6 = 94% of reduction). DISCUSSION Our data suggest that the administration of the specific probiotic formulation improves the antiviral status of people living with HIV-1 under cART, also modulating T cell response. CONCLUSION Anti-HIV activity of FW may have several public health and social implications for sexually transmitted diseases that need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Falasca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ivano Mezzaroma
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Santinelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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9
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Ashuro AA, Lobie TA, Ye DQ, Leng RX, Li BZ, Pan HF, Fan YG. Review on the Alteration of Gut Microbiota: The Role of HIV Infection and Old Age. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:556-565. [PMID: 32323556 PMCID: PMC7398441 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results in gut microbiota alteration and this is associated with immune activation and chronic inflammation. The gastrointestinal tract is a primary site of viral replication and thus HIV-induced loss of T-helper (Th) cells in the gut causes impairments in intestinal barriers, resulting in disruptions in intestinal immunity and precipitating into gut dysbiosis. Here, we show that late HIV diagnosis can negatively affect the immunological, virological, and clinical prognosis of the patients with its higher implication at an older age. Further, the review indicates that antiretroviral therapy affects the gut microbiota. We discussed the use of probiotics and prebiotics that have been indicated to play a promising role in reversing gut microbiota alteration in HIV patients. Though there are several studies reported with regard to such alterations in gut microbiota regarding HIV infection, there is a need to provide comprehensive updates. It is, therefore, the objective of this review to present most recently available evidence on the alteration of gut microbiota among HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akililu Alemu Ashuro
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tekle Airgecho Lobie
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dong-Qing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui-Xue Leng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yin-Guang Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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10
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Abstract
Recent studies have raised interest in the possibility that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome (i.e., the communities of bacteria residing in the intestine) in HIV-infected patients could contribute to chronic immune activation, and, thus, to elevated mortality and increased risk of inflammation-related clinical diseases (e.g., stroke, cardiovascular disease, cancer, long-bone fractures, and renal dysfunction) found even in those on effective antiretroviral therapy. Yet, to date, a consistent pattern of HIV-associated dysbiosis has not been identified. What is becoming clear, however, is that status as a man who has sex with men (MSM) may profoundly impact the structure of the gut microbiota, and that this factor likely confounded many HIV-related intestinal microbiome studies. However, what factor associated with MSM status drives these gut microbiota-related changes is unclear, and what impact, if any, these changes may have on the health of MSM is unknown. In this review, we outline available data on changes in the structure of the gut microbiome in HIV, based on studies that controlled for MSM status. We then examine what is known regarding the gut microbiota in MSM, and consider possible implications for research and the health of this population. Lastly, we discuss knowledge gaps and needed future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Tuddenham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wei Li Koay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children’s
National Hospital, Washington, D.C.;,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington
University, Washington, D.C
| | - Cynthia Sears
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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11
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Delpino MV, Quarleri J. Influence of HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy on Bone Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:502. [PMID: 32982960 PMCID: PMC7493215 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)/AIDS pandemic represents the most significant global health challenge in modern history. This infection leads toward an inflammatory state associated with chronic immune dysregulation activation that tilts the immune-skeletal interface and its deep integration between cell types and cytokines with a strong influence on skeletal renewal and exacerbated bone loss. Hence, reduced bone mineral density is a complication among HIV-infected individuals that may progress to osteoporosis, thus increasing their prevalence of fractures. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can effectively control HIV replication but the regimens, that include tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), may accelerate bone mass density loss. Molecular mechanisms of HIV-associated bone disease include the OPG/RANKL/RANK system dysregulation. Thereby, osteoclastogenesis and osteolytic activity are promoted after the osteoclast precursor infection, accompanied by a deleterious effect on osteoblast and its precursor cells, with exacerbated senescence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This review summarizes recent basic research data on HIV pathogenesis and its relation to bone quality. It also sheds light on HAART-related detrimental effects on bone metabolism, providing a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in bone dysfunction and damage as well as how the HIV-associated imbalance on the gut microbiome may contribute to bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: María Victoria Delpino
| | - Jorge Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Jorge Quarleri
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Lipopolysaccharide-acylating capacity of the gut microbiota and its potential impact on the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. AIDS 2019; 33:753-755. [PMID: 30829746 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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