Higher Acuity Resource Utilization With Older Age and Poorer HIV Control in Adolescents and Young Adults in the HIV Research Network

The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Women in the United States

Substantial improvements have been made in reducing HIV incidence rates among women in the United States. However, numerous disparities affect women's risk of HIV acquisition, in addition to affecting treatment outcomes for women living with HIV. As people with HIV continue to live longer due to antiretroviral therapy, clinicians must be cognizant of various health, financial, and social implications that can affect HIV self-management. Successfully ending the HIV epidemic will require more targeted approaches on prevention, linkage to care, and treatment while also addressing underlying factors that affect women's engagement in HIV-related services across the HIV care continuum.

Projected Life Expectancy for Adolescents With HIV in the US

Importance

Life expectancy is a key measure of overall population health. Life expectancy estimates for youth with HIV in the US are needed in the current HIV care and treatment context to guide health policies and resource allocation.

Objective

To compare life expectancy between 18-year-old youth with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV), youth with nonperinatally acquired HIV (NPHIV), and youth without HIV.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Using a US-focused adolescent-specific Monte Carlo state-transition HIV model, we simulated individuals from age 18 years until death. We estimated probabilities of HIV treatment and care engagement, HIV progression, clinical events, and mortality from observational cohorts and clinical trials for model input parameters. The simulated individuals were 18-year-old race and ethnicity-matched youth with PHIV, youth with NPHIV, and youth without HIV; 47%, 85%, and 50% were assigned male sex at birth, respectively. Individuals were categorized by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-defined HIV acquisition risk: men who have sex with men, people who ever injected drugs, heterosexually active individuals at increased risk for HIV infection, or average risk for HIV infection. Distributions were 3%, 2%, 12%, and 83% for youth with PHIV and youth without HIV, and 80%, 6%, 14%, and 0% for youth with NPHIV, respectively. Among the simulated youth in this analysis, individuals were 61% Black, 24% Hispanic, and 15% White, respectively.

Exposures

HIV status by timing of acquisition.

Main Outcomes

Life expectancy loss for youth with PHIV and youth with NPHIV: difference between mean projected life expectancy under current and ideal HIV care scenarios compared with youth without HIV. Uncertainty intervals reflect varying adolescent HIV-related mortality inputs (95% CIs).

Results

Compared with youth without HIV (life expectancy: male, 76.3 years; female, 81.7 years), male youth with PHIV and youth with NPHIV had projected life expectancy losses of 10.4 years (95% CI, 5.5-18.1) and 15.0 years (95% CI, 9.3-26.8); female youth with PHIV and youth with NPHIV had projected life expectancy losses of 11.8 years (95% CI, 6.4-20.2) and 19.5 years (95% CI, 13.8-31.6), respectively. When receiving ideal HIV care, life expectancy losses were projected to improve for youth with PHIV (male: 0.5 years [95% CI, 0.3-1.8]: female: 0.6 years [95% CI, 0.4-2.1]) but were projected to persist for youth with NPHIV (male: 6.0 years [95% CI, 5.0-9.1]; female: 10.4 years [95% CI, 9.4-13.6]).

Conclusions

This adolescent-focused microsimulation modeling analysis projected that youth with HIV would have shorter life expectancy than youth without HIV. Projected differences were larger for youth with NPHIV compared with youth with PHIV. Differences in mortality by sex at birth, sexual behavior, and injection drug use contributed to lower projected life expectancy among youth with NPHIV. Interventions focused on HIV care and social factors are needed to improve life expectancy for youth with HIV in the US.

Adults with Perinatally Acquired HIV; Emerging Clinical Outcomes and Data Gaps

In resourced settings, adults living with perinatally acquired HIV are approaching the 5th decade of life. Their clinical and psychological outcomes highlight potential future issues for the much larger number of adolescents growing up with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, and will inform the development of appropriate healthcare services. Lifelong exposure to HIV, and increasingly to antiretroviral therapy throughout growth and development, contrasts with adults acquiring HIV in later life. This review describes the clinical outcomes for adults living with perinatally acquired HIV including post transition mortality, morbidity and retention in care. Rates of viral suppression, drug resistance and immunological function are explored. Co-morbidities focus on metabolic, cardiovascular, respiratory and bone health with quality-of-life data including neurocognitive functioning and mental health. Sexual and reproductive health including vaccine-preventable disease and the prevention of onward transmission to partners and infants are considered. The data gaps and future research questions to optimise outcomes for this emerging adult cohort are highlighted.

Projecting the Clinical and Economic Impacts of Changes to HIV Care Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States: Lessons From the COVID-19 Pandemic

BACKGROUND

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many US youth with HIV (YHIV) used telehealth services; others experienced disruptions in clinic and antiretroviral therapy (ART) access.

METHODS

Using the Cost-effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications (CEPAC)-Adolescent HIV microsimulation model, we evaluated 3 scenarios: 1) Clinic: in-person care; 2) Telehealth: virtual visits, without CD4 or viral load monitoring for 12 months, followed by return to usual care; and 3) Interruption: complete care interruption with no ART access or laboratory monitoring for 6 months (maximum clinic closure time), followed by return to usual care for 80%. We assigned higher 1-year retention (87% vs 80%) and lower cost/visit ($49 vs $56) for Telehealth vs Clinic. We modeled 2 YHIV cohorts with non-perinatal (YNPHIV) and perinatal (YPHIV) HIV, which differed by mean age (22 vs 16 years), sex at birth (85% vs 47% male), starting CD4 count (527/μL vs 635/μL), ART, mortality, and HIV-related costs. We projected life months (LMs) and costs/100 YHIV over 10 years.

RESULTS

Over 10 years, LMs in Clinic and Telehealth would be similar (YNPHIV: 11 350 vs 11 360 LMs; YPHIV: 11 680 LMs for both strategies); costs would be $0.3M (YNPHIV) and $0.4M (YPHIV) more for Telehealth than Clinic. Interruption would be less effective (YNPHIV: 11 230 LMs; YPHIV: 11 620 LMs) and less costly (YNPHIV: $1.3M less; YPHIV: $0.2M less) than Clinic. Higher retention in Telehealth led to increased ART use and thus higher costs.

CONCLUSIONS

Telehealth could be as effective as in-person care for some YHIV, at slightly increased cost. Short interruptions to ART and laboratory monitoring may have negative long-term clinical implications.

Economic Burden of HIV in a Commercially Insured Population in the United States

Background: With advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), people with HIV infection are living longer. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to reduce HIV infection risk continues to be underutilized in high-risk individuals. Recent data on economic burden for patients with newly diagnosed HIV-1 or initiated with PrEP are limited. Objectives: To assess characteristics, healthcare resource utilization (HRU), and costs among adults and adolescents either with newly diagnosed HIV-1 or initiated with PrEP. Methods: This retrospective observational study utilized data from the IBM MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters database. Adults with newly diagnosed HIV-1 or those initiated with PrEP were included (index date was the first HIV diagnosis or PrEP prescription, respectively, between January 1, 2016, and April 30, 2021). Corresponding cohorts of adolescents were considered exploratory. Descriptive analyses were conducted to assess baseline demographics and clinical characteristics, and all-cause and HIV-related HRU and costs per patient per month (PPPM) during follow-up. Results: Data from 18 154 adults and 220 adolescents with newly diagnosed HIV and 34 123 adults and 175 adolescents initiated with PrEP were included. Approximately 70% of adolescents and 9% of adults receiving PrEP were female. Baseline depression/anxiety was present in 16.1% and 24.6% of adults and 14.5% and 45.1% of adolescents in the HIV and PrEP cohorts, respectively. Substance abuse in the HIV and PrEP cohorts, respectively, was reported in 10.1% and 7.0% of adults, and 2.7% and 17.7% of adolescents. During follow-up, among adults with newly diagnosed HIV, mean (SD) total all-cause and HIV-related PPPM costs were $2657 ($5954) and $1497 ($4463), respectively; pharmacy costs represented 47% of all-cause costs and 67% of HIV-related costs, but only 37% of patients had an HIV-related prescription. All-cause costs PPPM for adults with PrEP were $1761 ($1938), with pharmacy costs accounting for 71%. Conclusions: Despite advances in ART, patients with newly diagnosed HIV and at-risk patients receiving PrEP continue to incur HRU costs. The chronic nature of HIV warrants further exploration of factors contributing to disease burden and opportunities to improve prevention strategies.

Rates of Sexually Transmitted Infection Diagnoses Among US Youth With Perinatally and Nonperinatally Acquired HIV

BACKGROUND

Of new sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States, 50% occur among youth aged 15 to 24 years. Previous studies among youth with HIV (YHIV) do not distinguish STI trends among individuals with perinatally (YPHIV) and nonperinatally (YNPHIV) acquired HIV.

METHODS

Among 3 Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (ATN) studies conducted between 2009 and 2015, we estimated incident diagnoses of trichomonal, bacterial, viral, and overall STIs stratified by sex assigned at birth, mode of HIV acquisition (perinatal [YPHIV] and nonperinatal [YNPHIV]), age (13-17 and 18-24 years), CD4 count (<200, 200-499, and ≥500/μL), and HIV viral load (VL) (<400 and ≥400 copies/mL).

RESULTS

Among 3131 YHIV, across the 3 studies, mean (SD) age was 20.6 (2.6) years, 888 (28%) were female, 2498 (80%) had nonperinatal HIV acquisition recorded, and 2298 (73%) were African American/Black. Mean follow-up was 0.9 (0.3) years. Compared with YPHIV, YNPHIV spent less person-time with VL <400 copies/mL (47% vs. 53%) and more time off antiretroviral therapy (49% vs. 15%), and had higher overall STI rates (males, 65.9 vs. 8.5/100 person-years [PY]; females, 54.7 vs. 17.2/100 PY). Among YPHIV, bacterial STIs were higher during person-time spent with VL ≥400 vs. <400 copies/mL (male YPHIV, 10.9 vs. 0.6/100 PY; female YPHIV, 11.2 vs. 2.9/100 PY); no difference was observed among YNPHIV, which may be due to concurrent acquisition of HIV and other STIs and limited follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with YPHIV, YNPHIV spent less time on antiretroviral therapy and virologically suppressed; YNPHIV also had higher STI diagnosis rates. Very high STI diagnosis rates among YHIV, including among those without virologic suppression, highlight the importance of youth-focused efforts to support durable virologic suppression and identify and treat STIs.

Modeling Adherence Interventions Among Youth with HIV in the United States: Clinical and Economic Projections

The Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions is evaluating treatment adherence interventions (AI) to improve virologic suppression (VS) among youth with HIV (YWH). Using a microsimulation model, we compared two strategies: standard-of-care (SOC) and a hypothetical 12-month AI that increased cohort-level VS in YWH in care by an absolute ten percentage points and cost $100/month/person. Projected outcomes included primary HIV transmissions, deaths and life-expectancy, lifetime HIV-related costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs, $/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY]). Compared to SOC, AI would reduce HIV transmissions by 15% and deaths by 12% at 12 months. AI would improve discounted life expectancy/person by 8 months at an added lifetime cost/person of $5,300, resulting in an ICER of $7,900/QALY. AI would be cost-effective at $2,000/month/person or with efficacies as low as a 1 percentage point increase in VS. YWH-targeted adherence interventions with even modest efficacy could improve life expectancy, prevent onward HIV transmissions, and be cost-effective.