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Carey FR, Harbertson J, Sharifian N, Boyko EJ, Rull RP. All-cause mortality among United States military personnel: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study, 2001-2021. Ann Epidemiol 2024; 99:1-8. [PMID: 39214485 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to estimate all-cause mortality among Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn era service members and veterans and to identify protective and risk factors for mortality. METHODS Using 20 years of longitudinal data from the Millennium Cohort Study (2001-2021), sequential Cox proportional hazard models were conducted to examine demographic, military, and health-related characteristics associated with all-cause mortality among service members and veterans. RESULTS Among 201,619 participants, 3806 (1.9 %) were deceased by the end of the observation period, with an age- and sex-adjusted incidence of 37.6 deaths per 100,000 person-years. Deployed service members had lower all-cause mortality risk than those who did not deploy. Personnel who experienced combat had higher mortality risk compared with those who did not in unadjusted models; this association was nonsignificant after accounting for health-related factors. Enlisted and Army personnel both had a higher mortality risk, while women and Hispanic individuals had a lower risk. Stressful life events, lower physical health related quality of life, problem drinking, and smoking were also associated with greater mortality risk. CONCLUSION These profiles may be useful for developing preventive education and intervention efforts in military and veteran populations to reduce premature mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia R Carey
- Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Judith Harbertson
- Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA; Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Neika Sharifian
- Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA; Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Rudolph P Rull
- Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
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Singh K, Timko C, Yu M, Taylor E, Blue-Howells J, Finlay AK. Scoping review of military veterans involved in the criminal legal system and their health and healthcare: 5-year update and map to the Veterans-Sequential Intercept Model. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2024; 12:18. [PMID: 38639813 PMCID: PMC11027330 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous scoping review of legal-involved veterans' health and healthcare (1947-2017) identified studies and their limitations. Given the influx of literature published recently, this study aimed to update the previous review and map articles to the Veterans-Sequential Intercept Model (V-SIM) - a conceptual model used by key partners, including Veterans Health Administration, veteran advocates, criminal justice practitioners, and local governments to identify intercept points in the criminal legal system where resources and programming can be provided. Developing an updated resource of literature is essential to inform current research, discover gaps, and highlight areas for future research. METHODS A systematic search of 5 databases identified articles related to legal-involved veterans' health and healthcare published between December 2017 through December 2022. The first and senior authors conducted abstract reviews, full-text reviews, and data extraction of study characteristics. Finally, each article was sorted by the various intercept points from the V-SIM. RESULTS Of 903 potentially relevant articles, 107 peer-reviewed publications were included in this review, most related to mental health (66/107, 62%) and used an observational quantitative study design (95/107, 89%). Although most articles did not explicitly use the V-SIM to guide data collection, analyses, or interpretation, all could be mapped to this conceptual model. Half of the articles (54/107, 50%) collected data from intercept 5 (Community Corrections and Support Intercept) of the V-SIM. No articles gathered data from intercepts 0 (Community and Emergency Services Intercept), 1 (Law Enforcement Intercept), or 2 (Initial Detention and Court Hearings Intercept). CONCLUSIONS There were 107 articles published in the last five years compared to 190 articles published in 70 years covered in the last review, illustrating the growing interest in legal-involved veterans. The V-SIM is widely used by front-line providers and clinical leadership, but not by researchers to guide their work. By clearly tying their research to the V-SIM, researchers could generate results to help guide policy and practice at specific intercept points. Despite the large number of publications, research on prevention and early intervention for legal-involved veterans is lacking, indicating areas of great need for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kreeti Singh
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Christine Timko
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Li Ka Shing Building, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mengfei Yu
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Emmeline Taylor
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Columbine Hall 4th Floor, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Jessica Blue-Howells
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Justice Programs, 810 Vermont Avenue, Washington DC, NW, 20420, USA
| | - Andrea K Finlay
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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Tsai J, Kelton K, Blonigen DM, Keith Mcinnes D, Sean Clark, Blue-Howells J, Hooshyar D. A Research Agenda for Criminal Justice Involvement Among U.S. Veterans. Mil Med 2024; 189:e481-e485. [PMID: 37283229 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A substantial proportion of adults in the U.S. criminal justice system are military veterans. Justice-involved veterans are of particular public concern given their service to the country and the high rates of health and social problems in the general veteran population. This article describes the development of a national research agenda for justice-involved veterans. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the summer of 2022, the VA National Center on Homelessness among Veterans in partnership with the VA Veterans Justice Programs Office convened a national group of subject matter experts and stakeholders across three listening sessions that included 40-63 attendees per session. These sessions were recorded, and transcriptions of all sessions and chats were synthesized to generate a preliminary list of 41 agenda items. The Delphi method involving two rounds of ratings from subject matter experts was used to develop consensus. RESULTS The final research agenda consists of 22 items covering five domains: Epidemiology and knowledge of the population, treatment and services, systems and systems interface, methodology and research resources, and policies. CONCLUSIONS The intent of sharing this research agenda is to spur stakeholders to conduct, collaborate, and support further study in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Tsai
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Homeless Programs Office, National Center on Homelessness among Veterans, Washington, DC 20420, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Katherine Kelton
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Homeless Programs Office, National Center on Homelessness among Veterans, Washington, DC 20420, USA
| | - Daniel M Blonigen
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Center for Innovation to Implementation, Palo Alto, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 01730, USA
| | - D Keith Mcinnes
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , Bedford Health Care System, Bedford, MA 02118, USA
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 20420, USA
| | - Sean Clark
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Homeless Programs Office, Veterans Justice Programs, Washington, DC 75390, USA
| | - Jessica Blue-Howells
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Homeless Programs Office, Veterans Justice Programs, Washington, DC 75390, USA
| | - Dina Hooshyar
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Homeless Programs Office, National Center on Homelessness among Veterans, Washington, DC 20420, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Yang Y, Lutz G, Zhang Y, Chen C, Kheirbek RE. The Hidden Toll of Incarceration: Exploring the Link Between Incarceration Histories and Pain Among Older Adults in the United States. Innov Aging 2023; 7:igad116. [PMID: 38094938 PMCID: PMC10714910 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Incarceration is linked to poor health outcomes across the life course. However, little is known whether and to what extent incarceration histories shape pain in later life. This study examines the relationships between incarceration histories and pain outcomes among middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Research Design and Methods Data from a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling adults aged 51 and over in the 2012-2018 biennial waves of the U.S. Health and Retirement Study was analyzed to examine how incarceration histories influence older adults' risks of reporting moderate-to-severe pain and pain with physical limitations. We relied on a propensity score matching approach to account for the potential confounding bias. We fit weighted generalized estimating equation models to assess the relationships between incarceration history and pain outcomes. Models were further stratified by gender. Results After propensity score matching, our sample included 2,516 respondents aged 65 years on average (SD = 8.72), 21% female, and 838 with incarceration histories. Persons with incarceration histories have a greater risk of reporting moderate-to-severe pain (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.30, 95% confidence Interval [CI]: 1.20, 1.52) and pain with physical limitations (PR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.30, 1.68) even after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates and early life experiences. In the models stratified by gender, the associations between incarceration histories and incarceration were similar among women and men. Discussion and Implications In a nationally representative sample of older adults (with or without incarceration history), our study demonstrates an independent association between a history of incarceration and pain in later life. Our findings highlight the far-reaching impact of incarceration and the need for developing optimal management strategies to reduce the burden of disabling pain. Interventions should prioritize socioeconomically vulnerable groups who may have the least access to pain treatment in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Lutz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Chixiang Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raya Elfadel Kheirbek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Hoff E, Hansen L, Pulitzer Z, Campalans N, Salyards M, Muquith M, Shavit S, Nguyen H, Crain C, Walker R, Nijhawan AE. A randomized control trial of a combined community health worker and re-entry intervention for people with HIV recently released from jail who use substances. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2023; 152:209118. [PMID: 37454733 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PWH) who use substances are disproportionately involved in the criminal justice system. While HIV viral suppression typically improves during incarceration, these gains are frequently lost after release. We evaluated the impact of a combined intervention (formerly incarcerated community health workers [CHW] plus a re-entry organization; CHW+) on postrelease HIV- and substance use-related outcomes. METHODS We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial of a CHW+ for PWH who use substances, within 30 days of release from a large southern, urban jail. Between February 2019 and August 2021, participants were recruited, enrolled, and randomized to treatment as usual (TAU; passive referral to care) or CHW+. Follow up study visits occurred at 3, 6, and 12 months. The primary outcome was HIV VL at 6 months; secondary outcomes included 6-month urinary toxicology and high-risk substance use at 12 months. RESULTS A total of 31 participants were enrolled who were primarily male (n = 24; 77 %), Black (n = 22; 71 %), unemployed (n = 23; 74.2 %), had unstable housing (n = 18; 58 %), had food insecurity (n = 14; 45 %), and reported their drug of choice was stimulants (n = 24; 77 %). The study identified no significant difference in HIV VL suppression at 6 months (20 % v. 37 %; [CHW+ v. TAU], p = 0.61). We observed improved substance use outcomes in CHW+ v. TAU, including fewer positive urinary toxicology screens for stimulants (40 % v. 100 %; p = 0.01) and a trend toward less high-risk substance use (30 % v. 43 %). The CHW+ group met more basic needs, such as food security [+32 % v. +11 %], housing security [+52 % v. -7 %] and full-time employment [+20 % v. +5 %] compared to TAU. CONCLUSIONS PWH who use substances assigned to a combined intervention of CHW+ after jail release did not achieve higher rates of HIV VL suppression than TAU; however, they had improved substance use outcomes and met more basic subsistence needs. Results highlight the potential of culturally informed interventions to address the competing needs of PWH who use substances after release from jail and call for further development of innovative solutions to successfully bridge to HIV care in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Laura Hansen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Zoe Pulitzer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Nicholas Campalans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Maverick Salyards
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Public Health, Texas Christian University, United States
| | - Maishara Muquith
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Shira Shavit
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hue Nguyen
- Unlocking DOORS®, Dallas, TX, United States
| | | | - Robrina Walker
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States; The Emmes Company, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Ank E Nijhawan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States.
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6
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Hawks LC, Walker RJ, Egede LE. Relationship between criminal legal system exposure and health care utilization in US adults with diabetes: A cross-sectional study. J Natl Med Assoc 2023; 115:244-253. [PMID: 36803852 PMCID: PMC10121761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black Americans have a higher prevalence of diabetes compared to White Americans and have higher rates of complications and death. Exposure to the criminal legal system (CLS) is a social risk factor for chronic disease morbidity and mortality with significant overlap with populations most likely to experience poor diabetes outcomes. However, little is known about the association between CLS exposure and healthcare utilization patterns among U.S. adults with diabetes. METHODS Using data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (2015-2018) a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of U.S. adults with diabetes was created. Negative binomial regression was used to test the association between lifetime CLS exposure and three utilization types (emergency department (ED), inpatient, and outpatient) controlling for relevant socio-demographic and clinical covariates. RESULTS Of 11,562 (weighted to represent 25,742,034 individuals) adults with diabetes, 17.1% reported lifetime CLS exposure. In unadjusted analyses, exposure was associated with increased ED (IRR 1.30 95% CI 1.17-1.46) and inpatient utilization (IRR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01-1.50), but not outpatient visits (IRR 0.99 95% CI 0.94-1.04). The association between CLS exposure and ED (IRR 1.02, p=0.70) and inpatient utilization (IRR 1.18, p=0.12) was attenuated in adjusted analyses. Low socioeconomic status, comorbid substance use disorder, and comorbid mental illness were independently associated with health care utilization in this population. CONCLUSIONS Among those with diabetes, lifetime CLS exposure is associated with higher ED and inpatient visits in unadjusted analyses. Adjusting for socioeconomic status and clinical confounders attenuated these relationships, thus more research is needed to understand how CLS exposure interacts with poverty, structural racism, addiction and mental illness to influence health care utilization for adults with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Hawks
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Rebekah J Walker
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Leonard E Egede
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
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7
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Hawks LC, Walker RJ, Egede LE. Association Between Social Adaptability Index Score and Lifetime Criminal Legal Involvement in U.S. Adults. Health Equity 2022; 6:240-247. [PMID: 35402774 PMCID: PMC8985533 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2021.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to the criminal legal system is associated with negative health outcomes and profound socioeconomic health disparities. The social adaptability index (SAI) is a validated composite scale based on five indicators of socioeconomic status; a higher score predicts better health outcomes. However, little is known about the relationship between cumulative social risk factors as measured by the SAI and lifetime criminal legal involvement (CLI). Methods Using a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, we calculated SAI score by lifetime CLI status, and used logistic regression with predictive margins to calculate risk of lifetime CLI by SAI quartile adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. Results A total of 213,678 participants were included, among whom 16.8% reported lifetime CLI. Mean SAI score was lower among those with lifetime CLI compared with those without (7.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.72–7.83 vs. 8.52, 95% CI: 8.50–8.55). There was a linear association between SAI quartile and predicted probability of lifetime CLI: first quartile: 23.9% (95% CI: 23.0–24.7); second quartile: 19.2% (95% CI: 18.6–19.8); third quartile: 17.5% (95% CI: 16.9–18.1); and fourth quartile: 12.5% (95% CI: 12.1–13.0). Conclusion The SAI score is associated in a reverse linear manner with lifetime risk of CLI, suggesting that to successfully improve health outcomes among those with CLI, interventions may need to target multiple SAI components simultaneously. Interventions that successfully position individuals to achieve higher social adaptability by targeting multiple factors may reduce the health-harming effects of exposure to the criminal legal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Hawks
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rebekah J. Walker
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leonard E. Egede
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Gil RM, Freeman TL, Mathew T, Kullar R, Fekete T, Ovalle A, Nguyen D, Kottkamp A, Poon J, Marcelin JR, Swartz TH. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ+) Communities and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Call to Break the Cycle of Structural Barriers. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1810-1820. [PMID: 34323998 PMCID: PMC9103180 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disproportionately impacted lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) communities. Many disparities mirror those of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS epidemic. These health inequities have repeated throughout history due to the structural oppression of LGBTQ+ people. We aim to demonstrate that the familiar patterns of LGBTQ+ health disparities reflect a perpetuating, deeply rooted cycle of injustice imposed on LGBTQ+ people. Here, we contextualize COVID-19 inequities through the history of the HIV/AIDS crisis, describe manifestations of LGBTQ+ structural oppression exacerbated by the pandemic, and provide recommendations for medical professionals and institutions seeking to reduce health inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Macias Gil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kaiser Permanente Northern
California, Napa/Solano, California, USA
| | - Tracey L Freeman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh-Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Trini Mathew
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Ravina Kullar
- Expert Stewardship, Inc, Newport Beach,
California, USA
| | - Thomas Fekete
- Department of Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of
Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anais Ovalle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical
Center, Dartmouth, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Don Nguyen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh-Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angélica Kottkamp
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of
Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jin Poon
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Northern
California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Jasmine R Marcelin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of
Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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