1
|
Bradley NA, McGovern J, Beecroft C, Roxburgh CSD, McMillan DC, Guthrie GJK. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing, computed tomography-derived body composition, systemic inflammation and survival after elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: A retrospective cohort study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2024; 41:490-499. [PMID: 38757161 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardio-pulmonary exercise testing (CPEX) is selectively used before intervention for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Sarcopenia, a chronic condition defined by reduced skeletal muscle function and volume, can be assessed radiologically by computed tomography (CT)-derived body composition analysis (CT-BC), and is associated with systemic inflammation. OBJECTIVE The aim was to describe the association between CT-BC, CPEX, inflammation and survival in patients undergoing elective intervention for AAA. SETTING Patients were recruited retrospectively from a single, secondary-care centre-operative database. Cases undergoing elective endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and open surgical repair (OSR) between 31 March 2015 and 25 June 2020 were included. PATIENTS There were 176 patients (130 EVAR, 46 OSR) available for analysis in the final study; median (interquartile range [IQR]) follow-up was 60.5 [27] months, and all completed a minimum of 2 years follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Preoperative CPEX tests were recorded. CT sarcopenia score [CT-SS, range 0 to 2, calculated based on normal/low SMI (0/1) and normal/low SMD (0/1)] assessed radiological sarcopenia. Preoperative modified Glasgow Prognostic score (mGPS) was used to assess systemic inflammation. RESULTS Mean [95% confidence interval (CI) survival in the CT-SS 0 vs. CT-SS 1 vs. CT-SS 2 subgroups was 80.1 (73.6 to 86.6) months vs. 70.3 (63.5 to 77.1) months vs. 63.8 (53.4 to 74.2) months] ( P = 0.01). CT-SS was not associated with CPEX results ( P > 0.05). Elevated CT-SS [hazard ratio (HR) 1.83, 95% CI, 1.16 to 2.89, P < 0.01] was independently associated with increased hazard of long-term mortality; however, CPEX results were not ( P > 0.05). CONCLUSION CPEX test results were not consistently associated with body composition and did not have significant prognostic value in patients undergoing elective treatment for AAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Bradley
- From the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (NAB, JM, CSDR, DCM, GJKG) and NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK (CB)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brown LR, Sousa MS, Yule MS, Baracos VE, McMillan DC, Arends J, Balstad TR, Bye A, Dajani O, Dolan RD, Fallon MT, Greil C, Hjermstad MJ, Jakobsen G, Maddocks M, McDonald J, Ottestad IO, Phillips I, Sayers J, Simpson MR, Vagnildhaug OM, Solheim TS, Laird BJ, Skipworth RJ. Body weight and composition endpoints in cancer cachexia clinical trials: Systematic Review 4 of the cachexia endpoints series. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024; 15:816-852. [PMID: 38738581 PMCID: PMC11154800 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant variation exists in the outcomes used in cancer cachexia trials, including measures of body composition, which are often selected as primary or secondary endpoints. To date, there has been no review of the most commonly selected measures or their potential sensitivity to detect changes resulting from the interventions being examined. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the frequency and diversity of body composition measures that have been used in cancer cachexia trials. MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched between January 1990 and June 2021. Eligible trials examined adults (≥18 years) who had received an intervention aiming to treat or attenuate the effects of cancer cachexia for >14 days. Trials were also of a prospective controlled design and included body weight or at least one anthropometric, bioelectrical or radiological endpoint pertaining to body composition, irrespective of the modality of intervention (e.g., pharmacological, nutritional, physical exercise and behavioural) or comparator. Trials with a sample size of <40 patients were excluded. Data extraction used Covidence software, and reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidance. This review was prospectively registered (PROSPERO: CRD42022276710). A total of 84 clinical trials, comprising 13 016 patients, were eligible for inclusion. Non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer were studied most frequently. The majority of trial interventions were pharmacological (52%) or nutritional (34%) in nature. The most frequently reported endpoints were assessments of body weight (68 trials, n = 11 561) followed by bioimpedance analysis (BIA)-based estimates (23 trials, n = 3140). Sixteen trials (n = 3052) included dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)-based endpoints, and computed tomography (CT) body composition was included in eight trials (n = 841). Discrepancies were evident when comparing the efficacy of interventions using BIA-based estimates of lean tissue mass against radiological assessment modalities. Body weight, BIA and DEXA-based endpoints have been most frequently used in cancer cachexia trials. Although the optimal endpoints cannot be determined from this review, body weight, alongside measurements from radiological body composition analysis, would seem appropriate. The choice of radiological modality is likely to be dependent on the trial setting, population and intervention in question. CT and magnetic resonance imaging, which have the ability to accurately discriminate tissue types, are likely to be more sensitive and provide greater detail. Endpoints are of particular importance when aligned with the intervention's mechanism of action and/or intended patient benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo R. Brown
- Clinical SurgeryThe University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Mariana S. Sousa
- Improving Palliative, Aged and Chronic Care Through Clinical Research and Translation (IMPACCT)University of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Michael S. Yule
- Clinical SurgeryThe University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Institute of Genetics and CancerThe University of Edinburgh, Western General HospitalEdinburghUK
- St Columba's Hospice CareEdinburghUK
| | | | - Donald C. McMillan
- Academic Unit of SurgeryUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal InfirmaryGlasgowUK
| | - Jann Arends
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Centre—University of Freiburg Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Trude R. Balstad
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Nutrition Research GroupUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Asta Bye
- Department of OncologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health SciencesOslo Metropolitan UniversityOsloNorway
| | - Olav Dajani
- Department of OncologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Ross D. Dolan
- Academic Unit of SurgeryUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal InfirmaryGlasgowUK
| | - Marie T. Fallon
- Institute of Genetics and CancerThe University of Edinburgh, Western General HospitalEdinburghUK
- St Columba's Hospice CareEdinburghUK
| | - Christine Greil
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Centre—University of Freiburg Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | - Gunnhild Jakobsen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Cancer ClinicSt. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Matthew Maddocks
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and RehabilitationKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - James McDonald
- Institute of Genetics and CancerThe University of Edinburgh, Western General HospitalEdinburghUK
- St Columba's Hospice CareEdinburghUK
| | - Inger O. Ottestad
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- The Clinical Nutrition Outpatient Clinic, Section of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Service, Division of Cancer MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Iain Phillips
- Edinburgh Cancer CentreWestern General HospitalEdinburghUK
| | - Judith Sayers
- Clinical SurgeryThe University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Institute of Genetics and CancerThe University of Edinburgh, Western General HospitalEdinburghUK
- St Columba's Hospice CareEdinburghUK
| | - Melanie R. Simpson
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health SciencesOslo Metropolitan UniversityOsloNorway
| | - Ola M. Vagnildhaug
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Tora S. Solheim
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Barry J.A. Laird
- Institute of Genetics and CancerThe University of Edinburgh, Western General HospitalEdinburghUK
- St Columba's Hospice CareEdinburghUK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
McDonald J, Sayers J, Anker SD, Arends J, Balstad TR, Baracos V, Brown L, Bye A, Dajani O, Dolan R, Fallon MT, Fraser E, Griel C, Grzyb A, Hjermstad M, Jamal‐Hanjani M, Jakobsen G, Kaasa S, McMillan D, Maddocks M, Philips I, Ottestad IO, Reid KF, Sousa MS, Simpson MR, Vagnildhaug OM, Skipworth RJE, Solheim TS, Laird BJA. Physical function endpoints in cancer cachexia clinical trials: Systematic Review 1 of the cachexia endpoints series. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:1932-1948. [PMID: 37671529 PMCID: PMC10570071 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer cachexia trials, measures of physical function are commonly used as endpoints. For drug trials to obtain regulatory approval, efficacy in physical function endpoints may be needed alongside other measures. However, it is not clear which physical function endpoints should be used. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the frequency and diversity of physical function endpoints in cancer cachexia trials. Following a comprehensive electronic literature search of MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane (1990-2021), records were retrieved. Eligible trials met the following criteria: adults (≥18 years), controlled design, more than 40 participants, use of a cachexia intervention for more than 14 days and use of a physical function endpoint. Physical function measures were classified as an objective measure (hand grip strength [HGS], stair climb power [SCP], timed up and go [TUG] test, 6-min walking test [6MWT] and short physical performance battery [SPPB]), clinician assessment of function (Karnofsky Performance Status [KPS] or Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-Performance Status [ECOG-PS]) or patient-reported outcomes (physical function subscale of the European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaires [EORTC QLQ-C30 or C15]). Data extraction was performed using Covidence and followed PRISMA guidance (PROSPERO registration: CRD42022276710). A total of 5975 potential studies were examined and 71 were eligible. Pharmacological interventions were assessed in 38 trials (54%). Of these, 11 (29%, n = 1184) examined megestrol and 5 (13%, n = 1928) examined anamorelin; nutritional interventions were assessed in 21 trials (30%); and exercise-based interventions were assessed in 6 trials (8%). The remaining six trials (8%) assessed multimodal interventions. Among the objective measures of physical function (assessed as primary or secondary endpoints), HGS was most commonly examined (33 trials, n = 5081) and demonstrated a statistically significant finding in 12 (36%) trials (n = 2091). The 6MWT was assessed in 12 trials (n = 1074) and was statistically significant in 4 (33%) trials (n = 403), whereas SCP, TUG and SPPB were each assessed in 3 trials. KPS was more commonly assessed than the newer ECOG-PS (16 vs. 9 trials), and patient-reported EORTC QLQ-C30 physical function was reported in 25 trials. HGS is the most commonly used physical function endpoint in cancer cachexia clinical trials. However, heterogeneity in study design, populations, intervention and endpoint selection make it difficult to comment on the optimal endpoint and how to measure this. We offer several recommendations/considerations to improve the design of future clinical trials in cancer cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James McDonald
- Edinburgh Cancer Research CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- St Columba's HospiceEdinburghUK
| | - Judith Sayers
- Edinburgh Cancer Research CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- St Columba's HospiceEdinburghUK
- Clinical SurgeryUniversity of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Stefan D. Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK), Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site BerlinCharité UniversitätsmedizinBerlinGermany
- Institute of Heart DiseasesWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site BerlinCharité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Jann Arends
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg im BreisgauGermany
| | - Trude Rakel Balstad
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNTNU–Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Nutrition Research GroupUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Vickie Baracos
- Division of Palliative Care Medicine, Department of OncologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Leo Brown
- Clinical SurgeryUniversity of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Asta Bye
- Regional Advisory Unit for Palliative Care, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital/European Palliative Care Research Centre (PRC), and Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health SciencesOslo Metropolitan UniversityOsloNorway
| | - Olav Dajani
- Regional Advisory Unit for Palliative Care, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital/European Palliative Care Research Centre (PRC), and Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Ross Dolan
- Academic Unit of SurgeryUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal InfirmaryGlasgowUK
| | - Marie T. Fallon
- Edinburgh Cancer Research CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Eilidh Fraser
- Edinburgh Cancer Research CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Christine Griel
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg im BreisgauGermany
| | - Aleksandra Grzyb
- Edinburgh Cancer Research CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Marianne Hjermstad
- Regional Advisory Unit for Palliative Care, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital/European Palliative Care Research Centre (PRC), and Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Mariam Jamal‐Hanjani
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of ExcellenceUniversity College London Cancer InstituteLondonUK
- Cancer Metastasis LaboratoryUniversity College London Cancer InstituteLondonUK
- Department of OncologyUniversity College London HospitalsLondonUK
| | - Gunnhild Jakobsen
- Department of Public Health and NursingNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Stein Kaasa
- Regional Advisory Unit for Palliative Care, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital/European Palliative Care Research Centre (PRC), and Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Donald McMillan
- Academic Unit of SurgeryUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal InfirmaryGlasgowUK
| | - Matthew Maddocks
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and RehabilitationKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Iain Philips
- Edinburgh Cancer Research CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Inger O. Ottestad
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway and The Clinical Nutrition Outpatient Clinic, Section of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Service, Division of Cancer MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolOslo University HospitalNorway
| | - Kieran F. Reid
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Physical Performance, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center for Function Promoting Therapies, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Mariana S. Sousa
- Improving Palliative, Aged and Chronic Care through Clinical Research and Translation (IMPACCT)University of Technology SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Melanie R. Simpson
- Department of Public Health and NursingNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Ola Magne Vagnildhaug
- Cancer ClinicSt Olavs Hospital – Trondheim University HospitalTrondheimNorway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | | | - Tora S. Solheim
- Cancer ClinicSt Olavs Hospital – Trondheim University HospitalTrondheimNorway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Barry J. A. Laird
- Edinburgh Cancer Research CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- St Columba's HospiceEdinburghUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aryal S, Bachman SL, Lyden K, Clay I. Measuring What Is Meaningful in Cancer Cachexia Clinical Trials: A Path Forward With Digital Measures of Real-World Physical Behavior. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2023; 7:e2300055. [PMID: 37851933 PMCID: PMC10642875 DOI: 10.1200/cci.23.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The burden of cancer cachexia on patients' health-related quality of life, specifically their physical functioning, is well documented, but clinical trials thus far have failed to show meaningful improvement in physical functioning. The purpose of this review is to summarize existing methods of assessing physical function in cancer cachexia, outline a path forward for measuring what is meaningful to patients using digital measures derived from digital health technologies (DHTs), and discuss the current landscape of digital measures from the clinical and regulatory standpoint. DESIGN For this narrative review, peer-reviewed articles were searched on PubMed, clinical trials records were searched on clinicaltrials.gov, and records of digital measures submitted for regulatory qualification were searched on the US Food and Drug Administration's Drug Development Tool Qualification Program database. RESULTS There are gaps in assessing aspects of physical function that matter to patients. Existing assessment methods such as patient-reported outcomes and objective performance outcomes have limitations, including their episodic nature and burden to patients. DHTs such as wearable sensors can capture real-world physical behavior continuously, passively, and remotely, and may provide a more comprehensive picture of patients' everyday functioning. Recent regulatory submissions showcase potential clinical implementation of digital measures in various therapeutic areas. CONCLUSION Digital measures of real-world physical behavior present an opportunity to detect and demonstrate improvements in physical functioning in cancer cachexia, but evidence-based development is critical. For their use in clinical and regulatory decision making, studies demonstrating meaningfulness to patients as well as feasibility and validation are necessary.
Collapse
|
5
|
Brown LR, Laird BJA, Wigmore SJ, Skipworth RJE. Longitudinal characterisation of cachexia in patients undergoing surgical resection for cancer. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2023; 17:172-176. [PMID: 37389614 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The complexity of the cancer cachexia phenotype has undoubtedly hindered researchers' understanding of this devastating syndrome. The presence and magnitude of host-tumour interactions are rarely considered during clinical decision-making within the current staging paradigm. Furthermore, treatment options for those patients who are identified as suffering from cancer cachexia remain extremely limited. RECENT FINDINGS Previous attempts to characterise cachexia have largely focussed on individual surrogate disease markers, often studied across a limited timeframe. While the adverse prognostic value of clinical and biochemical features is evident, the relationships between these are less clear. Investigation of patients with earlier-stage disease could allow researchers to identify markers of cachexia that precede the refractory stage of the wasting process. Appreciation of the cachectic phenotype within 'curative' populations may aid our understanding of the syndrome's genesis and provide potential routes for prevention, rather than treatment. SUMMARY Holistic, longitudinal characterisation of cancer cachexia, across all at-risk and affected populations, is of vital importance for future research in the field. This paper presents the protocol for an observational study aiming to create a robust and holistic characterisation of surgical patients with, or at risk of, cancer cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo R Brown
- Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
| | - Barry J A Laird
- St Columba's Hospice
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Stephen J Wigmore
- Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kerr HL, Krumm K, Lee I(I, Anderson B, Christiani A, Strait L, Breckheimer BA, Irwin B, Jiang A(S, Rybachok A, Chen A, Caeiro L, Dacek E, Hall DB, Kostyla CH, Hales LM, Soliman TM, Garcia JM. EXT418, a novel long-acting ghrelin, mitigates Lewis lung carcinoma induced cachexia in mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:1337-1348. [PMID: 36942661 PMCID: PMC10235874 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is a potential therapy for cachexia due to its orexigenic properties and anabolic effects on muscle and fat. However, its clinical use is limited by the short half-life of active (acylated) ghrelin (~11 min in humans). EXT418 is a novel long-acting, constitutively active ghrelin analog created by covalently linking it to a vitamin D derivative. Here, we evaluated the effects and mechanisms of action of EXT418 on Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-induced cachexia in mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice (5- to 7-month-old) were implanted with 1 × 106 heat-killed (HK) or live LLC cells. When the tumour was palpable, mice were injected with vehicle (T + V) or EXT418 daily (T + 418 Daily, 0.25 mg/kg/day) or every other day (T + 418 EOD, 0.5 mg/kg/EOD) for up to 14 days, whereas HK-treated mice were given vehicle (HK + V). Subsets of T + 418 Daily or EOD-treated mice were pair-fed to the T + V group. Body composition and grip strength were evaluated before tumour implantation and at the end of the experiment. Molecular markers were probed in muscles upon termination. RESULTS In tumour-bearing mice, administration of EXT418 daily or EOD partially prevented weight loss (T + V vs. T + 418 Daily, P = 0.030; and vs. T + 418 EOD, P = 0.020). Similar effects were observed in whole body fat and lean body mass. Grip strength in tumour-bearing mice was improved by EXT418 daily (P = 0.010) or EOD (P = 0.008) administration compared with vehicle-treated mice. These effects of EXT418 on weight and grip strength were partially independent of food intake. EXT418 daily administration also improved type IIA (P = 0.015), IIB (P = 0.037) and IIX (P = 0.050) fibre cross-sectional area (CSA) in tibialis anterior (TA) and EXT418 EOD improved CSA of IIB fibres in red gastrocnemius (GAS; P = 0.005). In skeletal muscles, tumour-induced increases in atrogenes Fbxo32 and Trim63 were ameliorated by EXT418 treatments (TA and GAS/plantaris, PL), which were independent of food intake. EXT418 administration decreased expression of the mitophagy marker Bnip3 (GAS/PL; P ≤ 0.010). Similar effects of EXT418 EOD were observed in p62 (GAS/PL; P = 0.039). In addition, EXT418 treatments ameliorated the tumour-induced elevation in muscle Il6 transcript levels (TA and GAS/PL), independently of food intake. Il-6 transcript levels in adipose tissue and circulating IL-10 were elevated in response to the tumour but these increases were not significant with EXT418 administration. Tumour mass was not altered by EXT418. CONCLUSIONS EXT418 mitigates LLC-induced cachexia by attenuating skeletal muscle inflammation, proteolysis, and mitophagy, without affecting tumour mass and partially independent of food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming L. Kerr
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Kora Krumm
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Ian (In‐gi) Lee
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Barbara Anderson
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Anthony Christiani
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Lena Strait
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Beatrice A. Breckheimer
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Brynn Irwin
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Alice (Siyi) Jiang
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Artur Rybachok
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Amanda Chen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Lucas Caeiro
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Elizabeth Dacek
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| | | | - Caroline H. Kostyla
- Extend Biosciences, Inc.St. NewtonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
Atalanta TherapeuticsBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | - Jose M. Garcia
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineWashingtonSeattleUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Oliveira LC, Rosa KSDC, Gaspar T, Paiva BSR, Paiva CE, Peres WAF. Clinical usefulness of the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment and modified Glasgow Prognostic Score in decision making concerning the indication of enteral nutritional therapy in patients with incurable cancer receiving palliative care. Nutrition 2023; 112:112057. [PMID: 37224572 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the clinical usefulness of assessing nutritional status using validated tools for the indication of enteral nutrition for patients with incurable cancer in palliative care. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, patients were assessed for nutritional risk using the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment and for cancer cachexia (CC) using the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score upon enrollment and after ∼30 d. The outcome was stable or improved Karnofsky Performance Status. Logistic regression models were used, providing the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS A total of 180 patients participated. The only nutritional status parameter that was associated with function was CC. The less severe the CC, the more likely Karnofsky Performance Status was to remain stable or improve over 30 d (non-cachectic: OR = 1.95; 95% CI, 1.01-3.47; malnourished: OR = 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.42). Furthermore, white skin color (OR = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.04-2.47), higher educational level (OR = 1.39; 95% CI, 1.13-2.78), and inadequate calorie intake (OR = 1.96; 95% CI, 1.02-2.81) were also associated with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS Using the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score to identify the existence and severity of CC, which is associated with function, has the potential to help clinical decision making concerning the indication of enteral nutrition in patients with incurable cancer receiving palliative care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo Paiva
- Research Group on Palliative Care and Quality of Life (GPQual), Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schmeusser BN, Ali AA, Fintelmann FJ, Garcia JM, Williams GR, Master VA, Psutka SP. Imaging Techniques to Determine Degree of Sarcopenia and Systemic Inflammation in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. Curr Urol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11934-023-01157-6. [PMID: 37036632 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-023-01157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date understanding regarding the literature on sarcopenia and inflammation as prognostic factors in the context of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RECENT FINDINGS Sarcopenia is increasingly recognized as a prognostic factor in RCC. Emerging literature suggests monitoring quantity of muscle on successive imaging and examining muscle density may be additionally informative. Inflammation has prognostic ability in RCC and is also considered a key contributor to development and progression of both RCC and sarcopenia. Recent studies suggest these two prognostic factors together may provide additional prognostic ability when used in combination. Ongoing developments include quality control regarding sarcopenia research and imaging, improving understanding of muscle loss mechanisms, and enhancing clinical incorporation of sarcopenia via improving imaging analysis practicality (i.e., artificial intelligence) and feasible biomarkers. Sarcopenia and systemic inflammation are complementary prognostic factors for adverse outcomes in patients with RCC. Further study on high-quality sarcopenia assessment standardization and expedited sarcopenia assessment is desired for eventual routine clinical incorporation of these prognostic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Schmeusser
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Building B, Suite 1400, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Adil A Ali
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Building B, Suite 1400, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Jose M Garcia
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Grant R Williams
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Viraj A Master
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Building B, Suite 1400, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Sarah P Psutka
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Stree, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zambrano DN, Xiao J, Soares JLS, Prado CM, Gonzalez MC. Muscle abnormalities in patients with liver cirrhosis and its effect on muscle function. Nutrition 2023; 110:112001. [PMID: 36940626 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The progression of chronic liver disease is associated with metabolic alterations that compromise the patient's body composition and physical function. Muscle wasting often occurs with pathologic fat accumulation in the muscle (myosteatosis). Unfavorable changes in body composition frequently arise in conjunction with a decrease in muscle strength. These conditions are associated with worse prognoses. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between computed tomography (CT)-derived measures of muscle mass and muscle radiodensity (myosteatosis) and its correlation with muscle strength in patients with advanced chronic liver disease. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2016 and July 2017. CT images at the third lumbar vertebra level (L3) were analyzed, and skeletal muscle index (SMI) and skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD) were defined. Handgrip strength (HGS) was assessed by dynamometry. Correlations between CT-assessed body composition and HGS were tested. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine the factors associated with HGS. RESULTS We evaluated 118 patients with cirrhosis, of whom 64.4% were men. Of those evaluated, the mean age was 57.5 ± 8.5 y. Both SMI and SMD showed a positive correlation with muscle strength (r = 0.46 and 0.25, respectively); and age and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD)score showed the highest negative correlations (r = -0.37 and -0.34, respectively). In multivariable analyses, the presence of comorbidities (≥1), MELD score, and SMI were significantly associated with HGS. CONCLUSIONS Low muscle mass and clinical characteristics of disease severity may adversely affect muscle strength in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela N Zambrano
- Postgraduate Program in Health in Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jingjie Xiao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Covenant Health Palliative Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jorge L S Soares
- Radiology Service of Medical School of Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Maria Cristina Gonzalez
- Postgraduate Program in Health in Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao S, Zhang G, Zhang Z, Zhu JZ, Li L, Zhou Y, Rodney GG, Abo-Zahrah RS, Anderson L, Garcia JM, Kwon YT, Li YP. UBR2 targets myosin heavy chain IIb and IIx for degradation: Molecular mechanism essential for cancer-induced muscle wasting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200215119. [PMID: 36252004 PMCID: PMC9618047 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200215119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a lethal metabolic syndrome featuring muscle wasting with preferential loss of fast-twitching muscle mass through an undefined mechanism. Here, we show that cancer induces muscle wasting by selectively degrading myosin heavy chain (MHC) subtypes IIb and IIx through E3 ligase UBR2-mediated ubiquitylation. Induction of MHC loss and atrophy in C2C12 myotubes and mouse tibialis anterior (TA) by murine cancer cells required UBR2 up-regulation by cancer. Genetic gain or loss of UBR2 function inversely altered MHC level and muscle mass in TA of tumor-free mice. UBR2 selectively interacted with and ubiquitylated MHC-IIb and MHC-IIx through its substrate recognition and catalytic domain, respectively, in C2C12 myotubes. Elevation of UBR2 in muscle of tumor-bearing or free mice caused loss of MHC-IIb and MHC-IIx but not MHC-I and MHC-IIa or other myofibrillar proteins, including α-actin, troponin, tropomyosin, and tropomodulin. Muscle-specific knockout of UBR2 spared KPC tumor-bearing mice from losing MHC-IIb and MHC-IIx, fast-twitching muscle mass, cross-sectional area, and contractile force. The rectus abdominis (RA) muscle of patients with cachexia-prone cancers displayed a selective reduction of MHC-IIx in correlation with higher UBR2 levels. These data suggest that UBR2 is a regulator of MHC-IIb/IIx essential for cancer-induced muscle wasting, and that therapeutic interventions can be designed by blocking UBR2 up-regulation by cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Zicheng Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - James Z. Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Li Li
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - George G. Rodney
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Reem S. Abo-Zahrah
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lindsey Anderson
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA98018
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98108
| | - Jose M. Garcia
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA98018
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98108
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- World Class University Program, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Oliveira LC, Calixto-Lima L, Cunha GDC, Silva NFD, Souza-Silva RD, Fonseca TSM, Souza TD, Santos CDM, Santos DAD, Varea Maria Wiegert E. Effects of specialised nutritional interventions in patients with incurable cancer: a systematic review. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2022; 12:388-402. [DOI: 10.1136/spcare-2022-003893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo evaluate current evidence of the effect of specialised nutritional interventions on nutritional status, survival, quality of life and measures of functionality in patients with incurable cancer.MethodsSystematic literature review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, LILACS and Cochrane Library databases. Clinical studies that evaluated different specialised nutritional interventions, such as nutritional counselling, oral nutritional supplementation (ONS), enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN), were eligible. Only studies classified as being of high methodological quality (ie, low or moderate risk of bias) were included.ResultsA total of 22 studies reporting on 2448 patients were deemed eligible. Five types of specialised nutrition were observed: mixed (multimodal nature, ie, dietary counseling, ONS, physical activity and/or drugs) (n=12), ONS (n=5), PN (n=3), EN (n=1) and multidisciplinary team counselling (n=1). Benefits of any kind from the interventions were reported in 14 (63.6%) studies, mainly resulting from mixed intervention. Nutritional status improved in 12 (60.0%) of 20 studies and quality of life improved in eight (50.0%) of 16 studies. Few studies have evaluated the influence of nutritional interventions on survival and measure of functionality, and have not shown improvement in these outcomes.ConclusionDespite the limited evidence, specialised nutritional interventions can yield positive effects for patients with incurable cancer, mainly in their nutritional status and quality of life.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Cachexia is a complex wasting syndrome, accompanying a variety of end-stage chronic diseases, such as cancer, heart failure and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It significantly affects patients' quality of life and survival. Multiple therapeutic approaches have been studied over time. However, despite promising results, no drug has been approved to date. In this review, we examine and discuss the available data on the therapeutic effects of androgens and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) for cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giovanelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20100, Milan, Italy; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals, NE1 4LP, UK.
| | - Richard Quinton
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals, NE1 4LP, UK; Translational & Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moon SW, Kim KJ, Lee HS, Yun YM, Kim JE, Chun YJ, Kim CO. Low muscle mass, low muscle function, and sarcopenia in the urban and rural elderly. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14314. [PMID: 35995980 PMCID: PMC9395512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Health outcomes of the elderly vary between rural and urban areas. Sarcopenia is diagnosed as loss of muscle strength or impaired physical performance, namely "low muscle function" and low muscle mass. Outcomes of low muscle mass and low muscle function are not equal. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of low muscle mass, low muscle function, and sarcopenia in rural and urban populations and to determine whether regional differences were associated with each of these components. Participants aged ≥ 69 years (n = 2354) were recruited from three urban districts and one rural district in Korea. Low muscle mass was defined by appendicular lean mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Low muscle function was defined by handgrip strength and 5-chair stand test. Sarcopenia was defined as low muscle mass plus low muscle function. The prevalence of low muscle function (53.7% vs. 72.8%), and sarcopenia (16.3% vs. 24.4%) were higher in the rural elderly population. Rural residence was associated with low muscle function (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.13-2.37, P = 0.009), but not with low muscle mass (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.22-1.54, P = 0.271) or with sarcopenia (OR 1.13; 95% CI 0.63-2.00, P = 0.683). Interventions to detect and improve low muscle function in rural elderly population are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Woo Moon
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Integrated Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Joon Kim
- Division of Integrated Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sung Lee
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.,Division of Integrated Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Yun
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jin Chun
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.,Severance Executive Healthcare Clinic, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Oh Kim
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effect of low skeletal muscle mass combined with low muscle strength to predict survival in patients with incurable cancer. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 51:445-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Patton R, Cook J, Haraldsdottir E, Brown D, Dolan RD, McMillan DC, Skipworth RJE, Fallon M, Laird BJA. REVOLUTION (Routine EValuatiOn of people LivIng with caNcer)-Protocol for a prospective characterisation study of patients with incurable cancer. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261175. [PMID: 34914733 PMCID: PMC8675681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a pressing need for a holistic characterisation of people with incurable cancer. In this group, where quality of life and improvement of symptoms are therapeutic priorities, the physical and biochemical manifestations of cancer are often studied separately, giving an incomplete picture. In order to improve care, spur therapeutic innovation, provide meaningful endpoints for trials and set priorities for future research, work must be done to explore how the tumour influences the clinical phenotype. Characterisation of the host-tumour interaction may also provide information regarding prognosis, allowing appropriate planning of investigations, treatment and referral to palliative medicine services. Methods Routine EValuatiOn of people LivIng with caNcer (REVOLUTION) is a prospective observational study that aims to characterise people with incurable cancer around five key areas, namely body composition, physical activity, systemic inflammatory response, symptoms, and quality of life by developing a bio-repository. Participants will initially be recruited from a single centre in the UK and will have assessments of body composition (bio-impedance analysis [BIA] and computed tomography [CT]), assessment of physical activity using a physical activity monitor, measurement of simple markers of inflammation and plasma cytokine proteins and three symptom and quality of life questionnaires. Discussion This study aims to create a comprehensive biochemical and clinical characterisation of people with incurable cancer. Data in this study can be used to give a better understanding of the ‘symptom phenotype’ and quality of life determinants, development of a profile of the systemic inflammatory response and a detailed characterisation of body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Patton
- St Columba’s Hospice, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jane Cook
- St Columba’s Hospice, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ross D. Dolan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Donald C. McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. E. Skipworth
- Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Fallon
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Barry J. A. Laird
- St Columba’s Hospice, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cereda E, Tancredi R, Klersy C, Lobascio F, Crotti S, Masi S, Cappello S, Stobäus N, Tank M, Cutti S, Arcaini L, Bonzano E, Colombo S, Pedrazzoli P, Norman K, Caccialanza R. Muscle weakness as an additional criterion for grading sarcopenia-related prognosis in patients with cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 11:308-316. [PMID: 34894098 PMCID: PMC8729063 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low muscle strength has been pointed out as a key characteristic of sarcopenia, but the prognostic significance of muscle function next to reduced skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in patients with cancer has been scantily investigated. Methods Data on muscle strength by handgrip (HG) dynamometry and total‐body SMM estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) of Italian and German patients with cancer observed prospectively until death or censoring were analysed (N = 1076). Patients were stratified in four risk categories based on low HG (<10th percentiles of age and gender‐specific normative values) and low total‐body SMM according to SMM index cutoffs (<10.75 and <6.75 kg/m2 in men and women, respectively). Results During a median follow‐up of 58 months [25th–75th percentile, 37–60], 566 patients had died. Patients presenting low HG in combination or not with low SMM were characterised by shorter median survival (12.7 vs. 27.2 months, respectively; p < 0.001) compared to those with low SMM/normal HG and normal SMM/normal HG (>60 months for both). After adjusting for sex, age, body mass index and percentage of weight loss, disease's stage, performance status and type of cancer, compared to reference category (normal HG and SMM; N = 210) the hazard ratios were: low SMM/normal HG (N = 342), 0.83 [95% confidence interval, CI, 0.67–1.02] (p = 0.073); normal SMM/low HG (N = 158), 1.19 [95% CI, 1.07–1.32] (p = 0.002); low SMM/low HG (N = 366), 1.39 [95% CI, 1.27–1.53] (p < 0.001). Conclusions Muscle weakness was found to be a more powerful predictor of survival than BIA‐estimated SMM and should be considered as an additional key feature of sarcopenia in patients with cancer. Low muscle strength has been pointed out as a key characteristic of sarcopenia, but the prognostic significance of muscle function next to reduced skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in patients with cancer has been scantily investigated. Muscle weakness was found to be a more powerful predictor of survival than SMM and should be considered as additional key feature of sarcopenia in patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Cereda
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Richard Tancredi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Catherine Klersy
- Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Lobascio
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Crotti
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Masi
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicole Stobäus
- Clinical Research Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maja Tank
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Hämatologie-Onkologie Tempelhof, Berlin, Germany.,Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Cutti
- Medical Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Arcaini
- Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bonzano
- Radiation Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Colombo
- Radiation Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pedrazzoli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Kristina Norman
- Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Deutschland
| | - Riccardo Caccialanza
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang LT, Wang JH. The Therapeutic Intervention of Sex Steroid Hormones for Sarcopenia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:739251. [PMID: 34760899 PMCID: PMC8573092 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.739251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, characterized by the excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, is associated with the overall poor muscle performance status of the elderly, and occurs more frequently in those with chronic diseases. The causes of sarcopenia are multifactorial due to the inherent relationship between muscles and molecular mechanisms, such as mitochondrial function, inflammatory pathways, and circulating hormones. Age-related changes in sex steroid hormone concentrations, including testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and their precursors and derivatives, are an important aspect of the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. In this review, we provide an understanding of the treatment of sarcopenia through the regulation of sex steroid hormones. The potential benefits and future research emphasis of each sex steroid hormone therapeutic intervention (testosterone, SARMs, estrogen, SERMs, DHEA, and progesterone) for sarcopenia are discussed. Enhanced understanding of the role of sex steroid hormones in the treatment for sarcopenia could lead to the development of hormone therapeutic approaches in combination with specific exercise and nutrition regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le-Tian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-He Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu H, Zang P, Lee I(I, Anderson B, Christiani A, Strait‐Bodey L, Breckheimer BA, Storie M, Tewnion A, Krumm K, Li T, Irwin B, Garcia JM. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1a mediates ghrelin's effects on attenuating tumour-induced loss of muscle strength but not muscle mass. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:1280-1295. [PMID: 34264027 PMCID: PMC8517358 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin may ameliorate cancer cachexia (CC) by preventing anorexia, muscle, and fat loss. However, the mechanisms mediating these effects are not fully understood. This study characterizes the pathways involved in muscle mass and strength loss in the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-induced cachexia model, and the effects of ghrelin in mice with or without its only known receptor: the growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1a ((GHSR-1a), Ghsr+/+ and Ghsr-/- ). METHODS Five to 7-month-old male C57BL/6J Ghsr+/+ and Ghsr-/- mice were inoculated with 1 × 106 heat-killed (HK) or live LLC cells (tumour implantation, TI). When tumours were palpable (7 days after TI), tumour-bearing mice were injected with vehicle (T + V) or ghrelin twice/day for 14 days (T + G, 0.8 mg/kg), while HK-treated mice were given vehicle (HK + V). Body weight and grip strength were evaluated before TI and at termination (21 days after TI). Hindlimb muscles were collected for analysis. RESULTS Less pronounced body weight (BW) loss (87.70 ± 0.98% vs. 83.92 ± 1.23%, percentage of baseline BW in tumour-bearing Ghsr+/+ vs. Ghsr-/- , P = 0.008), and lower upregulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS, MuRF1/Trim63, 5.71 ± 1.53-fold vs. 9.22 ± 1.94-fold-change from Ghsr+/+ HK + V in tumour-bearing Ghsr+/+ vs. Ghsr-/- , P = 0.036) and autophagy markers (Becn1, Atg5, Atg7, tumour-bearing Ghsr+/+ < Ghsr-/- , all P < 0.02) were found in T + V Ghsr+/+ vs. Ghsr-/- mice. Ghrelin attenuated LLC-induced UPS marker upregulation in both genotypes, [Trim63 was decreased from 5.71 ± 1.53-fold to 1.96 ± 0.47-fold in Ghsr+/+ (T + V vs. T + G: P = 0.032) and 9.22 ± 1.94-fold to 4.72 ± 1.06-fold in Ghsr-/- (T + V vs. T + G: P = 0.008)]. Only in Ghsr+/+ mice ghrelin ameliorated LLC-induced grip strength loss [improved from 89.24 ± 3.48% to 97.80 ± 2.31% of baseline (T + V vs. T + G: P = 0.042)], mitophagy markers [Bnip3 was decreased from 2.28 ± 0.56 to 1.38 ± 0.14-fold (T + V vs. T + G: P ≤ 0.05)], and impaired mitochondrial respiration [State 3u improved from 698.23 ± 73.96 to 934.37 ± 95.21 pmol/min (T + V vs. T + G: P ≤ 0.05)], whereas these markers were not improved by ghrelin Ghsr-/- . Compared with Ghsr+/+ , Ghsr-/- tumour-bearing mice also showed decreased response to ghrelin in BW [T + G-treated Ghsr+/+ vs. Ghsr -/- : 91.75 ± 1.05% vs. 86.18 ± 1.13% of baseline BW, P < 0.001)], gastrocnemius (T + G-treated Ghsr+/+ vs. Ghsr-/- : 96.9 ± 2.08% vs. 88.15 ± 1.78% of Ghsr+/+ HK + V, P < 0.001) and quadriceps muscle mass (T + G-treated Ghsr+/+ vs. Ghsr-/- : 96.12 ± 2.31% vs. 88.36 ± 1.94% of Ghsr+/+ HK + V, P = 0.01), and gastrocnemius type IIA (T + G-treated Ghsr+/+ vs. Ghsr-/- : 1250.49 ± 31.72 vs. 1017.62 ± 70.99 μm2 , P = 0.027) and IIB fibre cross-sectional area (T + G-treated Ghsr+/+ vs. Ghsr-/- : 2496.48 ± 116.88 vs. 2183.04 ± 103.43 μm2 , P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1a mediates ghrelin's effects on attenuating LLC-induced weakness but not muscle mass loss by modulating the autophagy-lysosome pathway, mitophagy, and mitochondrial respiration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Liu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
- Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington Department of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Pu Zang
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
- Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington Department of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
- Department of EndocrinologyNanjing Jinling HospitalNanjingChina
| | - Ian (In‐gi) Lee
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
- Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington Department of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Barbara Anderson
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
- Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington Department of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Anthony Christiani
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
- Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington Department of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Lena Strait‐Bodey
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
- Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington Department of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Beatrice A. Breckheimer
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
- Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington Department of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Mackenzie Storie
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
- Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington Department of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Alison Tewnion
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
- Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington Department of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Kora Krumm
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
- Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington Department of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Theresa Li
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
- Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington Department of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Brynn Irwin
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
- Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington Department of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Jose M. Garcia
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
- Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington Department of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Han J, Harrison L, Patzelt L, Wu M, Junker D, Herzig S, Berriel Diaz M, Karampinos DC. Imaging modalities for diagnosis and monitoring of cancer cachexia. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 34557972 PMCID: PMC8460705 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia, a multifactorial wasting syndrome, is highly prevalent among advanced-stage cancer patients. Unlike weight loss in healthy humans, the progressive loss of body weight in cancer cachexia primarily implicates lean body mass, caused by an aberrant metabolism and systemic inflammation. This may lead to disease aggravation, poorer quality of life, and increased mortality. Timely detection is, therefore, crucial, as is the careful monitoring of cancer progression, in an effort to improve management, facilitate individual treatment and minimize disease complications. A detailed analysis of body composition and tissue changes using imaging modalities—that is, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, (18F) fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18FDG) PET and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry—shows great premise for charting the course of cachexia. Quantitative and qualitative changes to adipose tissue, organs, and muscle compartments, particularly of the trunk and extremities, could present important biomarkers for phenotyping cachexia and determining its onset in patients. In this review, we present and compare the imaging techniques that have been used in the setting of cancer cachexia. Their individual limitations, drawbacks in the face of clinical routine care, and relevance in oncology are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Han
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Luke Harrison
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Patzelt
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Junker
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Chair of Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mauricio Berriel Diaz
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hanson ED, Stopforth CK, Alzer M, Carver J, Lucas AR, Whang YE, Milowsky MI, Bartlett DB, Harrison MR, Hayes A, Bitting RL, Deal AM, Hackney AC, Battaglini CL. Body composition, physical function and quality of life in healthy men and across different stages of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:725-732. [PMID: 33495569 PMCID: PMC8310529 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-00317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer (PC) has detrimental effects on physical function and quality of life (QoL), but the addition of androgen receptor signalling inhibitors (ARSI) on these outcomes is unclear. PURPOSE To compare body composition, physical function, and QoL across progressive stages of PC and non-cancer controls (CON). METHODS In men with hormone sensitive PC (HSPC, n = 43) or metastatic castration-resistant PC (mCRPC, n = 22) or CON (n = 37), relative and absolute lean and fat mass, physical function (6 m walk, chair stands, timed up and go [TUG], stair climb), and QoL were determined. RESULTS Relative body composition differed amongst all groups, along with ~39% greater absolute fat mass in mCRPC vs. CON. TUG and chair stands were ~71% and ~33% slower in mCRPC compared to both CON and HSPC, whereas stair climb was ~29% and 6 m walk was ~18% slower in mCRPC vs. CON. Relative body composition was correlated with physical function (r = 0.259-0.385). Clinically relevant differences for mCRPC were observed for overall QoL and several subscales vs. CON, although body composition and physical function did not influence QoL. CONCLUSIONS PC progression is associated with deteriorations in body composition and physical function. As ADT length was similar between groups, ARSI use for mCRPC likely contributed in part to these changes. Given the difficulties of improving lean mass during ADT, interventions that reduce adiposity may lessen the side effects of hormone therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik D. Hanson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Cameron K. Stopforth
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mohamdod Alzer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jackson Carver
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Alexander R. Lucas
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC,Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Young E. Whang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Matthew I. Milowsky
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David B. Bartlett
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael R. Harrison
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | | | - Allison M. Deal
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Anthony C. Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Claudio L. Battaglini
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vanderveen BN, Fix DK, Counts BR, Carson JA. The Effect of Wheel Exercise on Functional Indices of Cachexia in Tumor-bearing Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 52:2320-2330. [PMID: 33064407 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer-related fatigue and muscle wasting have received significant attention over the last few decades with the goal of establishing interventions that can improve cancer patient life quality and survival. Increased physical activity has shown to reduce cancer-associated fatigue and has been proposed as a promising therapeutic to attenuate cancer-induced wasting. However, significant gaps remain in our understanding of how physical activity affects the compositional and functional changes that initiate muscle wasting. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of wheel exercise on body composition and functional indices of cancer cachexia before the development of significant wasting. METHODS Thirteen-week-old male Apc (MIN) and C57BL/6 (B6) mice were given free wheel access (W) or a locked wheel (Sed) for 5 wk. RESULTS Wheel activity was reduced in the MIN compared with B6; however, wheel access increased complex II expression in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria regardless of genotype. Wheel access had no effect on tumor burden or plasma interleukin-6 in the MIN. MIN-W increased body weight and lean mass compared with MIN-Sed, and there was a direct correlation between wheel distance and lean mass change. MIN-W increased grip strength and treadmill time to fatigue compared with MIN-Sed. Within MIN-W mice, skeletal muscle fatigability was only improved in high runners (>60 min·d). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there were therapeutic benefits of increased activity related to body composition, behavior, and whole-body function that were not dependent on exercise duration; however, there was an exercise threshold needed to improve skeletal muscle fatigability in tumor-bearing mice. Interestingly, wheel access was able to improve compositional and functional outcomes without mitigating tumor number or size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis K Fix
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Brittany R Counts
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, The University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN
| | - James A Carson
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, The University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cereda E, Pedrazzoli P, Lobascio F, Masi S, Crotti S, Klersy C, Turri A, Stobäus N, Tank M, Franz K, Cutti S, Giaquinto E, Filippi AR, Norman K, Caccialanza R. The prognostic impact of BIA-derived fat-free mass index in patients with cancer. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:3901-3907. [PMID: 34134007 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Reduced muscle mass represents one of the top ranked phenotypic criteria for malnutrition proposed by the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition. Although height-indexed fat-free mass (FFMI) thresholds have been proposed as useful surrogate measures of reduced muscle mass, the independent prognostic value of BIA-derived FFMI by bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) in patients with cancer still needs to be fully explored. METHODS Data on body mass index (BMI), 6-month percentage of weight loss (%WL), FFMI by BIA and quality of life (QoL by EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire [EORTC QLQ-C30]) of Italian and German patients observed prospectively until death or censoring were used (N = 1217). Patients were stratified in 5 risk categories according to a robustly validated scoring system based on BMI and %WL. Low FFMI was defined as follows: men, <17 kg/m2; women, <15 kg/m2. RESULTS Reduced FFMI was found in 234 patients (19.2%). After a median follow-up of 57 months [25th-75th, 31-60], 620 patients (50.9%) had died. The study detected differences in survival between patients presenting with and without reduced FFMI (14.0 months vs. 45.1 months; P < 0.001). The fully-adjusted hazard ratio of mortality for low FFMI was 1.46 [95%CI, 1.18-1.81] (P < 0.001). Low FFMI was also independently associated with reduced QoL: fully-adjusted odds ratio, 1.50 [95%CI, 1.00-2.25] (P = 0.050). CONCLUSIONS Reduced FFMI by BIA independently predicted survival and was associated with impaired QoL. Altered body composition should always be considered in all patients with cancer as additional phenotypic criterion of poor prognosis and BIA offers the possibility of multiple, noninvasive bedside assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Cereda
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Pedrazzoli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Lobascio
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Masi
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Crotti
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Catherine Klersy
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Turri
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicole Stobäus
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Clinical Research Unit, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maja Tank
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Hämatologie-Onkologie Tempelhof Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany; Department of Geriatrics, Research Group on Geriatrics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Franz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany; Department of Geriatrics, Research Group on Geriatrics, Berlin, Germany; German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sara Cutti
- Medical Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ester Giaquinto
- M. Bufalini Hospital, Dietetic and Nutrition Unit, Cesena, Italy
| | - Andrea Riccardo Filippi
- Radiation Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Kristina Norman
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany; Department of Geriatrics, Research Group on Geriatrics, Berlin, Germany; German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Riccardo Caccialanza
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Balstad TR, Brunelli C, Pettersen CH, Schønberg SA, Skorpen F, Fallon M, Kaasa S, Bye A, Laird BJA, Stene GB, Solheim TS. Power Comparisons and Clinical Meaning of Outcome Measures in Assessing Treatment Effect in Cancer Cachexia: Secondary Analysis From a Randomized Pilot Multimodal Intervention Trial. Front Nutr 2021; 7:602775. [PMID: 33585533 PMCID: PMC7874039 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.602775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: New clinical trials in cancer cachexia are essential, and outcome measures with high responsiveness to detect meaningful changes are crucial. This secondary analysis from a multimodal intervention trial estimates sensitivity to change and between treatment effect sizes (ESs) of outcome measures associated with body composition, physical function, metabolism, and trial intervention. Methods: The study was a multicenter, open-label, randomized pilot study investigating the feasibility of a 6-week multimodal intervention [exercise, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and oral nutritional supplements containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (n−3 PUFAs)] vs. standard cancer care in non-operable non-small-cell lung cancer and advanced pancreatic cancer. Body composition measures from computerized tomography scans and circulating biomarkers were analyzed. Results: Forty-six patients were randomized, and the analysis included 22 and 18 patients in the treatment and control groups, respectively. The between-group ESs were high for body weight (ES = 1.2, p < 0.001), small for body composition and physical function [handgrip strength (HGS)] measures (ES < 0.25), moderate to high for n-3 PUFAs and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH vitamin D) (ES range 0.64–1.37, p < 0.05 for all), and moderate for serum C-reactive protein (ES = 0.53, p = 0.12). Analysis within the multimodal treatment group showed high sensitivity to change for adiponectin (ES = 0.86, p = 0.001) and n-3 PUFAs (ES > 0.8, p < 0.05 for all) and moderate for 25-OH vitamin D (ES = 0.49, p = 0.03). In the control group, a moderate sensitivity to change for body weight (ES = −0.84, p = 0.002) and muscle mass (ES = −0.67, p = 0.016) and a high sensitivity to change for plasma levels of 25-OH vitamin D (ES = −0.88, p = 0.002) were found. Conclusion: Demonstrating high sensitivity to change and between treatment ES and body composition measures, body weight still stands out as a clinical and relevant outcome measure in cancer cachexia. Body composition and physical function measures clearly are important to address but demand large sample sizes to detect treatment group differences. Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01419145.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trude R Balstad
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cinzia Brunelli
- Palliative Care, Pain Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Caroline H Pettersen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svanhild A Schønberg
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frank Skorpen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marie Fallon
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stein Kaasa
- Department of Oncology, European Palliative Care Research Centre (PRC), Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Asta Bye
- Department of Oncology, European Palliative Care Research Centre (PRC), Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Barry J A Laird
- St. Columba's Hospice, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Guro B Stene
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tora S Solheim
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Computed tomography-derived body composition analysis in patients with advanced cancer: clinical utility and future research. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2020; 14:309-315. [PMID: 33105241 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With weight loss increasingly occurring against a background of obesity across a variety of advanced cancers, there has been increasing interest in computed tomography (CT)-derived body composition analysis. Various imaging software packages and thresholds are commonly in use in CT-derived body composition analysis. This review discusses the current research in field of body composition with emphasis on the information required for such measurements to be taken into routine clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS CT is widely used for tumour staging in patients with cancer. Over the last decade, this imaging modality has been exploited to make measurements of body composition. Using a common landmark (L3) several different thresholds have been developed to stratify adipose and muscle tissue areas according to age, sex and BMI and their relationship with survival. A significant relationship between CT-derived body composition and clinical outcomes has been shown in different tumour types and geographical locations. However, there is considerable variation with methods, thresholds and muscle groups used for analysis. Therefore, there would appear to be a need to develop reliable methodology and population-specific reference ranges to guide clinical interpretation and enable routine clinical use. SUMMARY There has been an explosion of clinical research interest in CT-derived body composition analysis. Such body composition analysis provides important host phenotype information which has prognostic value. For CT-derived body composition to be fit for use in routine clinical practice, there is need for universally accepted terminology, software, muscle group selection, prognostic thresholds to standardize such body composition analysis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Bozzetti F. Multimodal treatment to support cancer patients. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
26
|
VanderVeen BN, Murphy EA, Carson JA. The Impact of Immune Cells on the Skeletal Muscle Microenvironment During Cancer Cachexia. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1037. [PMID: 32982782 PMCID: PMC7489038 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive weight loss combined with skeletal muscle atrophy, termed cachexia, is a common comorbidity associated with cancer that results in adverse consequences for the patient related to decreased chemotherapy responsiveness and increased mortality. Cachexia's complexity has provided a barrier for developing successful therapies to prevent or treat the condition, since a large number of systemic disruptions that can regulate muscle mass are often present. Furthermore, considerable effort has focused on investigating how tumor derived factors and inflammatory mediators directly signal skeletal muscle to disrupt protein turnover regulation. Currently, there is developing appreciation for understanding how cancer alters skeletal muscle's complex microenvironment and the tightly regulated interactions between multiple cell types. Skeletal muscle microenvironment interactions have established functions in muscle response to regeneration from injury, growth, aging, overload-induced hypertrophy, and exercise. This review explores the growing body of evidence for immune cell modulation of the skeletal muscle microenvironment during cancer-induced muscle wasting. Emphasis is placed on the regulatory network that integrates physiological responses between immune cells with other muscle cell types including satellite cells, fibroblast cells, and endothelial cells to regulate myofiber size and plasticity. The overall goal of this review is to provide an understanding of how different cell types that constitute the muscle microenvironment and their signaling mediators contribute to cancer and chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N. VanderVeen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - E. Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - James A. Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abbass T, Tsz Ho YT, Horgan PG, Dolan RD, McMillan DC. The relationship between computed tomography derived skeletal muscle index, psoas muscle index and clinical outcomes in patients with operable colorectal cancer. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 39:104-113. [PMID: 32859302 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computed tomography-based measures of body composition are emerging as important prognostic factors for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between total skeletal muscle index (SMI), psoas muscle index (PMI) and clinical outcomes in patients with operable CRC. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of prospectively maintained database at Glasgow Royal Infirmary. CT image at L3 was carried out to assess total skeletal and psoas muscle areas and these were normalized for height squared to calculate SMI and PMI respectively. Patients were classified into high and low groups using calculated optimal thresholds and their relationship to clinical outcomes was studied using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 1002 patients included, 55% were male, 50% had low SMI and 42% had low PMI. A moderate correlation was found between total skeletal muscle and psoas areas (rs = 0.70, p < 0.001). On univariate analysis, low SMI was associated with length of hospital stay (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.15-1.89, p = 0.002) and overall survival (HR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.47-3.58, p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, low SMI was independently associated with length of hospital stay (HR 1.32; 95% CI, 1.02-1.70, p < 0.05). On univariate analysis, low PMI was associated with length of hospital stay (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.04-1.73, p < 0.05) and overall survival (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.10-1.86 p < 0.01). On multivariate analysis, low PMI was not independently significant. CONCLUSION The present study shows that though both total skeletal muscle index and psoas muscle index were directly associated and had prognostic value, total skeletal muscle index had independent prognostic value in patients with operable CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Abbass
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Yeung Timothy Tsz Ho
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul G Horgan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ross D Dolan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Donald C McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
The Relationship between ECOG-PS, mGPS, BMI/WL Grade and Body Composition and Physical Function in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051187. [PMID: 32397102 PMCID: PMC7281405 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide and the associated reduction in physical function has a marked impact on both quality of life and survival. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-Performance status (ECOG-PS), modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), Body Mass Index/ Weight Loss grade (BMI/WL grade), and Computerised Tomography (CT)-derived body composition measurement and physical function in patients with advanced cancer. Nine sites contributed prospective data on patient demographics, ECOG-PS, mGPS, physical function tests, and CT-derived body composition. Categorical variables were analysed using χ2 test for linear-by-linear association, or χ2 test for 2-by-2 tables. Associations were analysed using binary logistic regression. A total of 523 cancer patients (266 males, 257 females) were included in the final analysis and most had metastatic disease (83.2%). The median overall survival was 5.6 months. On multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, a high ECOG-PS remained independently associated with a low skeletal muscle index (p < 0.001), low skeletal muscle density (p < 0.05), and timed up and go test failure (p < 0.001). A high mGPS remained independently associated with a low skeletal muscle density (p < 0.05) and hand grip strength test failure (p < 0.01). A high BMI/WL grade remained independently associated with a low subcutaneous fat index (p < 0.05), low visceral obesity (p < 0.01), and low skeletal muscle density (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a high ECOG-PS and a high mGPS as outlined in the ECOG-PS/mGPS framework were consistently associated with poorer body composition and physical function in patients with advanced cancer.
Collapse
|
29
|
Christiansen AR, Lipshultz LI, Hotaling JM, Pastuszak AW. Selective androgen receptor modulators: the future of androgen therapy? Transl Androl Urol 2020; 9:S135-S148. [PMID: 32257854 PMCID: PMC7108998 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2019.11.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are small molecule drugs that function as either androgen receptor (AR) agonists or antagonists. Variability in AR regulatory proteins in target tissues permits SARMs to selectively elicit anabolic benefits while eschewing the pitfalls of traditional androgen therapy. SARMs have few side effects and excellent oral and transdermal bioavailability and may, therefore, represent viable alternatives to current androgen therapies. SARMs have been studied as possible therapies for many conditions, including osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s disease, breast cancer, stress urinary incontinence (SUI), prostate cancer (PCa), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), male contraception, hypogonadism, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and sarcopenia/muscle wasting/cancer cachexia. While there are no indications for SARMs currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), many potential applications are still being explored, and results are promising. In this review, we examine the literature assessing the use of SARMS for a number of indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry I Lipshultz
- Scott Department of Urology.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James M Hotaling
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexander W Pastuszak
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stene GB, Balstad TR, Leer ASM, Bye A, Kaasa S, Fallon M, Laird B, Maddocks M, Solheim TS. Deterioration in Muscle Mass and Physical Function Differs According to Weight Loss History in Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121925. [PMID: 31816924 PMCID: PMC6966581 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Muscle mass and physical function (PF) are common co-primary endpoints in cancer cachexia trials, but there is a lack of data on how these outcomes interact over time. The aim of this secondary analysis of data from a trial investigating multimodal intervention for cancer cachexia (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01419145) is to explore whether changes in muscle mass and PF are associated with weight loss and cachexia status at baseline. Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted using data from a phase II randomized controlled trial including 46 patients with stage III–IV non-small cell lung cancer (n = 26) or inoperable pancreatic cancer (n = 20) due to commence chemotherapy. Cachexia status at baseline was classified according to international consensus. Muscle mass (assessed using computed tomography (CT)) and PF outcomes, i.e., Karnofsky performance status (KPS), self-reported PF (self-PF), handgrip strength (HGS), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and physical activity (PA), were measured at baseline and after six weeks. Results: When compared according to cachexia status at baseline, patients with no/pre-cachexia had a mean loss of muscle mass (−5.3 cm2, p = 0.020) but no statistically significant change in PF outcomes. Patients with cachexia also lost muscle mass but to a lesser extent (−2.8 cm2, p = 0.146), but demonstrated a statistically significant decline in PF; KPS (−3.8 points, p = 0.030), self-PF (−8.8 points, p = 0.027), and HGS (−2.7 kg, p = 0.026). Conclusions: Weight loss history and cachexia status at baseline are of importance if one aims to detect changes in PF outcomes in cancer cachexia trials. To improve the use of co-primary endpoints that include PF in future trials, outcomes that have the potential to detect change relative to weight loss should be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guro Birgitte Stene
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (T.R.B.); (S.K.); (B.L.); (T.S.S.)
- Cancer Clinic, Trondheim University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-48226799
| | - Trude Rakel Balstad
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (T.R.B.); (S.K.); (B.L.); (T.S.S.)
- Cancer Clinic, Trondheim University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Silja M. Leer
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (T.R.B.); (S.K.); (B.L.); (T.S.S.)
| | - Asta Bye
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway;
- Regional Advisory Unit for Palliative Care, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stein Kaasa
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (T.R.B.); (S.K.); (B.L.); (T.S.S.)
- Cancer Clinic, Trondheim University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- European Palliative Care Research Centre (PRC), Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie Fallon
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK;
| | - Barry Laird
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (T.R.B.); (S.K.); (B.L.); (T.S.S.)
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
- St Columba’s Hospice, Boswall Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Matthew Maddocks
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King’s College London, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, UK;
| | - Tora S. Solheim
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (T.R.B.); (S.K.); (B.L.); (T.S.S.)
- Cancer Clinic, Trondheim University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Naito T. Emerging Treatment Options For Cancer-Associated Cachexia: A Literature Review. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2019; 15:1253-1266. [PMID: 31754304 PMCID: PMC6825473 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s196802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a disease that has been recognized since antiquity; however, research in this area has recently increased. Promising new agents, including anamorelin hydrochloride, have been tested in large randomized controlled studies, and multidrug as well as multimodal approaches have been proposed as having the potential to improve outcomes in patients with cancer cachexia. However, standard treatment remains elusive. This review summarizes the current literature on treatment of cancer-associated cachexia, showing that there are challenges associated with conducting clinical trials in such patients. First, poor recruitment, retention, and compliance among cachectic patients cause research delays. Second, the lack of consensus regarding clinically meaningful endpoints impedes standardization of study designs and results. Further consideration is needed to identify the most suitable study design and endpoints, which can lead to the development of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions that improve patients’ prognosis and outcomes. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/0yiCRNGZyXk
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tateaki Naito
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hamauchi S, Furuse J, Takano T, Munemoto Y, Furuya K, Baba H, Takeuchi M, Choda Y, Higashiguchi T, Naito T, Muro K, Takayama K, Oyama S, Takiguchi T, Komura N, Tamura K. A multicenter, open-label, single-arm study of anamorelin (ONO-7643) in advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients with cancer cachexia. Cancer 2019; 125:4294-4302. [PMID: 31415709 PMCID: PMC6900019 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Cancer cachexia is characterized by weight loss and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. Anamorelin (ONO‐7643; ANAM) is a novel and selective ghrelin receptor agonist that improves appetite, lean body mass (LBM), body weight, and anorexia. Methods This multicenter, open‐label, single‐arm study investigated the efficacy and safety of 100 mg anamorelin in 50 Japanese patients with advanced and unresectable gastrointestinal (colorectal, gastric, or pancreatic) cancer. ANAM was administered once daily over 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients that maintained or gained LBM over the course of the study. Secondary endpoints included changes in LBM, body weight, quality of life (QoL), and nutritional status biomarkers. Results The proportion of patients who responded to treatment was 63.3% (95% CI, 48.3%‐76.6%), with a least square mean ± SE change in LBM and body weight from baseline of 1.89 ± 0.36 kg and 1.41 ± 0.61 kg, respectively. Appetite‐related questions on the QoL questionnaire showed that ANAM improved appetite. Adverse events occurred in 79.6% of patients, and the most common treatment‐related adverse events were increased γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (8.2%), diabetes mellitus (6.1%), hyperglycemia (6.1%), and prolonged QRS complex (6.1%). Conclusions ANAM improved anorexia and patients' nutritional status, resulting in rapid increases in LBM and body weight in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer who had cancer cachexia. ANAM treatment was well tolerated over 12 weeks. ANAM is a potential clinically beneficial pharmacotherapeutic option for patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer who have cancer cachexia. The receipt of 100 mg anamorelin increases lean body mass and improves symptoms of anorexia and nutritional status in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer who have cancer cachexia. Anamorelin is well tolerated in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hamauchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Junji Furuse
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshimi Takano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ken Furuya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japan Community Health Care Organization, Hokkaido Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Takeuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Choda
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Higashiguchi
- Department of Surgery and Palliative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tateaki Naito
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kei Muro
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Takayama
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shusuke Oyama
- Data Science, Ono Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Takiguchi
- Clinical Development Planning, Ono Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Komura
- Clinical Development Planning, Ono Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tamura
- General Medical Research Center, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cancer-associated muscle wasting affects many patients and leads to reduced patient function, decreased quality of life and poor responses to surgical and oncological treatments. Despite advancements in the understanding of its pathophysiology, no current treatment or accepted strategy for successful management exists. In this review, we provide an update on potential novel therapeutic targets in cancer cachexia. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has focused on molecular mechanisms underlying cancer-associated muscle wasting, allowing identification of potential therapeutic targets and the development of several promising drugs. However, due to the multifactorial and patient-specific pathogenesis of cachexia, the demonstration of a measurable and meaningful clinical effect in randomized controlled trials has proven difficult. Potential novel targets such as circulating macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1/growth differentiation factor 15 and ZRT/IRT-like protein 14 have shown relevance in animal models, but their therapeutic manipulation has yet to be translated to patients. Increasing evidence has suggested that a single therapy may not be successful and a targeted, multimodal approach is required. SUMMARY The management of cancer-associated muscle wasting is complex. Future clinical trials should focus on early multimodal therapeutic interventions involving targeted therapies, with careful deliberation of chosen nutritional and functional outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice Miller
- Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
VanderVeen BN, Fix DK, Montalvo RN, Counts BR, Smuder AJ, Murphy EA, Koh HJ, Carson JA. The regulation of skeletal muscle fatigability and mitochondrial function by chronically elevated interleukin-6. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:385-397. [PMID: 30576589 DOI: 10.1113/ep087429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Interleukin-6 has been associated with muscle mass and metabolism in both physiological and pathological conditions. A causal role for interleukin-6 in the induction of fatigue and disruption of mitochondrial function has not been determined. What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrate that chronically elevated interleukin-6 increased skeletal muscle fatigability and disrupted mitochondrial content and function independent of changes in fibre type and mass. ABSTRACT Interleukin-6 (IL-6) can initiate intracellular signalling in skeletal muscle by binding to the IL-6-receptor and interacting with the transmembrane gp130 protein. Circulating IL-6 has established effects on skeletal muscle mass and metabolism in both physiological and pathological conditions. However, the effects of circulating IL-6 on skeletal muscle function are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine whether chronically elevated systemic IL-6 was sufficient to disrupt skeletal muscle force, fatigue and mitochondrial function. Additionally, we examined the role of muscle gp130 signalling during overexpression of IL-6. Systemic IL-6 overexpression for 2 weeks was achieved by electroporation of an IL-6 overexpression plasmid or empty vector into the quadriceps of either C57BL/6 (WT) or skeletal muscle gp130 knockout (KO) male mice. Tibialis anterior muscle in situ functional properties and mitochondrial respiration were determined. Interleukin-6 accelerated in situ skeletal muscle fatigue in the WT, with a 18.5% reduction in force within 90 s of repeated submaximal contractions and a 7% reduction in maximal tetanic force after 5 min. There was no difference between fatigue in the KO and KO+IL-6. Interleukin-6 reduced WT muscle mitochondrial respiratory control ratio by 36% and cytochrome c oxidase activity by 42%. Interleukin-6 had no effect on either KO respiratory control ratio or cytochrome c oxidase activity. Interleukin-6 also had no effect on body weight, muscle mass or tetanic force in either genotype. These results provide evidence that 2 weeks of elevated systemic IL-6 is sufficient to increase skeletal muscle fatigability and decrease muscle mitochondrial content and function, and these effects require muscle gp130 signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N VanderVeen
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Dennis K Fix
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ryan N Montalvo
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Brittany R Counts
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ashley J Smuder
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - E Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Ho-Jin Koh
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - James A Carson
- College of Health Professions, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| |
Collapse
|