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Bi R, Zhao Y, Li S, Xu F, Peng W, Tan S, Zhang D. Brain stimulation over the left DLPFC enhances motivation for effortful rewards in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 356:414-423. [PMID: 38640975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amotivation is a typical feature in major depressive disorder (MDD), which produces reduced willingness to exert effort. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a crucial structure in goal-directed actions and therefore is a potential target in modulating effortful motivation. However, it remains unclear whether the intervention is effective for patients with MDD. METHODS We employed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), computational modelling and event-related potentials (ERPs) to reveal the causal relationship between the left DLPFC and motivation for effortful rewards in MDD. Fifty patients underwent both active and sham TMS sessions, each followed by performing an Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task, during which participants chose and implemented between low-effort/low-reward and high-effort/high-reward options. RESULTS The patients showed increased willingness to exert effort for rewards during the DLPFC facilitated session, compared with the sham session. They also had a trend in larger P3 amplitude for motivated attention toward chosen options, larger CNV during preparing for effort exertion, and larger SPN during anticipating a high reward. Besides, while behavior indexes for effortful choices were negatively related to depression severity in the sham session, this correlation was weakened in the active stimulation session. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide behavioral, computational, and neural evidence for the left DLPFC on effortful motivation for rewards. Facilitated DLPFC improves motor preparation and value anticipation after making decisions especially for highly effortful rewards in MDD. Facilitated DLPFC also has a potential function in enhancing motivated attention during cost-benefit trade-off. This neuromodulation effect provides a potential treatment for improving motivation in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Bi
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Sijin Li
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Shenzhen Yingchi Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Weiwei Peng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shuping Tan
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing 100096, China.
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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2
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Abado E, Aue T, Pourtois G, Okon-Singer H. Expectancy and attention bias to spiders: Dissecting anticipation and allocation processes using ERPs. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14546. [PMID: 38406863 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The current registered report focused on the temporal dynamics of the relationship between expectancy and attention toward threat, to better understand the mechanisms underlying the prioritization of threat detection over expectancy. In the current event-related potentials experiment, a-priori expectancy was manipulated, and attention bias was measured, using a well-validated paradigm. A visual search array was presented, with one of two targets: spiders (threatening) or birds (neutral). A verbal cue stating the likelihood of encountering a target preceded the array, creating congruent and incongruent trials. Following cue presentation, preparatory processes were examined using the contingent negative variation (CNV) component. Following target presentation, two components were measured: early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP), reflecting early and late stages of natural selective attention toward emotional stimuli, respectively. Behaviorally, spiders were found faster than birds, and congruency effects emerged for both targets. For the CNV, a non-significant trend of more negative amplitudes following spider cues emerged. As expected, EPN and LPP amplitudes were larger for spider targets compared to bird targets. Data-driven, exploratory, topographical analyses revealed different patterns of activation for bird cues compared to spider cues. Furthermore, 400-500 ms post-target, a congruency effect was revealed only for bird targets. Together, these results demonstrate that while expectancy for spider appearance is evident in differential neural preparation, the actual appearance of spider target overrides this expectancy effect and only in later stages of processing does the cueing effect come again into play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Abado
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tatjana Aue
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Pourtois
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hadas Okon-Singer
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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3
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He Y, Huang X, Zhang E. Social power modulates individuals' neural responses to monetary and social rewards. Brain Cogn 2024; 177:106167. [PMID: 38704903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Although previous research has shown that social power modulates individuals' sensitivity to rewards, it is currently unclear whether social power increases or decreases individuals' sensitivity to rewards. This study employed event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the effects of social power on individuals' neural responses to monetary and social rewards. Specifically, participants underwent an episodic priming task to manipulate social power (high-power vs. low-power) and then completed monetary and social delayed incentive tasks while their behavioral responses and electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded. According to ERP analysis, during the anticipatory stage, low-power individuals exhibited a greater cue-P3 amplitude than high-power individuals in both monetary and social tasks. In the consummatory stage, though no impact of social power on the reward positivity (RewP) was found, low-power individuals showed a higher feedback-P3 (FB-P3) amplitude than high-power individuals, regardless of task types (the MID and SID tasks). In conclusion, these results provide evidence that social power might decrease one's sensitivity to monetary and social rewards in both the anticipatory and consummatory stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying He
- Institute of Cognition, Brain & Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoyang Huang
- Institute of Cognition, Brain & Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Entao Zhang
- Institute of Cognition, Brain & Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
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4
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Yi W, Chen Y, Yan L, Kohn N, Wu J. Acute stress selectively blunts reward anticipation but not consumption: An ERP study. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 27:100583. [PMID: 38025282 PMCID: PMC10660484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced dysfunction of reward processing is documented to be a critical factor associated with mental illness. Although many studies have attempted to clarify the relationship between stress and reward, few studies have investigated the effect of acute stress on the temporal dynamics of reward processing. The present study applied event-related potentials (ERP) to examine how acute stress differently influences reward anticipation and consumption. In this study, seventy-eight undergraduates completed a two-door reward task following a Trier Social Stress Task (TSST) or a placebo task. The TSST group showed higher cortisol levels, perceived stress, anxiety, and negative affect than the control group. For the control group, a higher magnitude of reward elicited a reduced cue-N2 but increased stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN), suggesting that controls were sensitive to reward magnitude. In contrast, these effects were absent in the stress group, suggesting that acute stress reduces sensitivity to reward magnitude during the anticipatory phase. However, the reward positivity (RewP) and P3 of both groups showed similar patterns, which suggests that acute stress has no impact on reward responsiveness during the consummatory phase. These findings suggest that acute stress selectively blunts sensitivity to reward magnitude during the anticipatory rather than the consummatory phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yi
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yantao Chen
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linlin Yan
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nils Kohn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jianhui Wu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Deng G, Ai H, Qin L, Xu J, Feng C, Xu P. Dissociated modulations of intranasal vasopressin on prosocial learning between reward-seeking and punishment-avoidance. Psychol Med 2023; 53:5415-5427. [PMID: 35983609 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722002483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an integral ingredient of human sociality, prosocial behavior requires learning what acts can benefit or harm others. However, it remains unknown how individuals adjust prosocial learning to avoid punishment or to pursue reward. Given that arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neuropeptide that has been involved in modulating various social behaviors in mammals, it could be a crucial neurochemical facilitator that supports prosocial learning. METHODS In 50 placebo controls and 54 participants with AVP administration, we examined the modulation of AVP on the prosocial learning characterized by reward and punishment framework, as well as its underlying neurocomputational mechanisms combining computational modeling, event-related potentials and oscillations. RESULTS We found a self-bias that individuals learn to avoid punishment asymmetrically more severely than reward-seeking. Importantly, AVP increased behavioral performances and learning rates when making decisions to avoid losses for others and to obtain gains for self. These behavioral effects were underpinned by larger responses of stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) to anticipation, as well as higher punishment-related feedback-related negativity (FRN) for prosocial learning and reward-related P300 for proself benefits, while FRN and P300 neural processes were integrated into theta (4-7 Hz) oscillation at the outcome evaluation stage. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AVP context-dependently up-regulates altruism for concerning others' losses and reward-seeking for self-oriented benefits. Our findings provide insight into the selectively modulatory roles of AVP in prosocial behaviors depending on learning contexts between proself reward-seeking and prosocial punishment-avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (BNU), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lili Qin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunliang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education (South China Normal University), Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (BNU), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Center for Emotion and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Luckhardt C, Mühlherr AM, Schütz M, Jarczok TA, Jungmann SM, Howland V, Veit L, Althen H, Freitag CM. Reward processing in adolescents with social phobia and depression. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 150:205-215. [PMID: 37104910 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.03.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired reward processing has been found in individuals with anxiety, but also major depressive disorder (MDD). Here, we studied neural correlates of reward anticipation and processing in a sample of youth with severe social phobia and comorbid depression (SP/MDD) and investigated the specific contribution of SP and MDD symptoms. METHODS 15 affected, unmedicated and 25 typically developing (TD) youth completed a monetary gambling task, which included a positive, negative and ambiguous reward condition. Event-related potentials representing cue processing (cue P300), reward anticipation (stimulus preceding negativity, SPN), reward sensitivity (feedback related negativity, FRN) and reward processing (reward P300) were analysed. RESULTS Reduced amplitudes of the right hemispheric (r)SPN and reward P300 were observed in SP/MDD compared to TD. Within the SP/MDD group SP symptoms correlated with larger rSPN, and FRN amplitudes. MDD symptoms correlated with smaller rSPN and smaller FRN positive-negative difference wave. CONCLUSIONS Reward anticipation and feedback processing are reduced in SP/MDD. Higher SP symptoms are associated with stronger neural activation during reward anticipation and reward sensitivity. Depressive symptoms are associated with decreased reward anticipation and sensitivity. Findings are in line with the theory of heightened vigilance in anxiety and blunted reward processing due to anhedonia in MDD. SIGNIFICANCE The study results can inform behavioural interventions for SP and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Luckhardt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt Deutschordenstr. 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Andreas M Mühlherr
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt Deutschordenstr. 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Magdalena Schütz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt Deutschordenstr. 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Tomasz A Jarczok
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt Deutschordenstr. 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Stefanie M Jungmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt Deutschordenstr. 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, Institute of Psychology Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Howland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt Deutschordenstr. 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Lisa Veit
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt Deutschordenstr. 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Heike Althen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt Deutschordenstr. 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt Deutschordenstr. 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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7
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Ohgami Y, Kotani Y, Yoshida N, Akai H, Kunimatsu A, Kiryu S, Inoue Y. The contralateral effects of anticipated stimuli on brain activity measured by ERP and fMRI. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14189. [PMID: 36166644 PMCID: PMC10077996 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of unilateral stimulus presentation on the right hemisphere preponderance of the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) in the event-related potential (ERP) experiment, and aimed to elucidate whether unilateral stimulus presentation affected activations in the bilateral anterior insula in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment. Separate fMRI and ERP experiments were conducted using visual and auditory stimuli by manipulating the position of stimulus presentation (left side or right side) with the time estimation task. The ERP experiment revealed a significant right hemisphere preponderance during left stimulation and no laterality during the right stimulation. The fMRI experiment revealed that the left anterior insula was activated only in the right stimulation of auditory and visual stimuli whereas the right anterior insula was activated by both left and right stimulations. The visual condition retained a contralateral dominance, but the auditory condition showed a right hemisphere dominance in a localized area. The results of this study indicate that the SPN reflects perceptual anticipation, and also that the anterior insula is involved in its occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Ohgami
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kotani
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobukiyo Yoshida
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Akai
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kunimatsu
- Department of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kiryu
- Department of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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8
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Ishikawa M, Itakura S. Social reward anticipation in infants as revealed by event-related potentials. Soc Neurosci 2022; 17:480-489. [PMID: 36259467 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2022.2138535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infants engage in gaze interaction from the early stage of life. Emerging studies suggest that infants may expect social reward of shared attention before looking to the same object with another person. However, it was unknown about the neural responses during the anticipation of social rewards before shared attention in infants. We tested infants' reward anticipations in the gaze cueing situation measured by event-related potentials in the social association learning task. Six- to ten-month-old infants (N = 20) repeatedly observed that a female predictively looked toward the animation position (valid condition) or another female looking away from the animation (invalid condition). It was posited that infants could learn associations between female faces and the event of shared attention. The results showed that the stimulus preceding negativity which reflects reward anticipation before the animation presentation was elicited in the second half of the learning phases in the valid condition. Additionally, after the presentation of the face, N290 was greater in the second half of the learning phase than in the first half in the valid condition. These results suggest that infants can anticipate social reward from gaze cues, and learning the gaze cueing validity may affect not only reward anticipation but face perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Ishikawa
- Centre for Baby Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.,Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Shoji Itakura
- Centre for Baby Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
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9
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Topel S, van Noordt SJR, Willner CJ, Banz BC, Wu J, Castagna P, Kortink ED, van der Molen MJW, Crowley MJ. As they wait: Anticipatory neural response to evaluative peer feedback varies by pubertal status and social anxiety. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 51:101004. [PMID: 34411955 PMCID: PMC8377527 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by substantial biological, neural, behavioral, and social changes. Learning to navigate the complex social world requires adaptive skills. Although anticipation of social situations can serve an adaptive function, providing opportunity to adjust behavior, socially anxious individuals may engage in maladaptive anticipatory processing. Importantly, elevated social anxiety often coincides with adolescence. This study investigated cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) responses during anticipation of evaluative feedback in 106 healthy adolescents aged 12–17 years. We examined differences in anticipatory event-related potentials (i.e., stimulus preceding negativity [SPN]) in relation to social anxiety levels and pubertal maturation. As expected, the right frontal SPN was more negative during feedback anticipation, particularly for adolescents with higher social anxiety and adolescents who were at a more advanced pubertal stage. Effects for the left posterior SPN were the opposite of those for the right frontal SPN consistent with a dipole. Anticipatory reactivity in adolescence was related to social anxiety symptom severity, especially in females, and pubertal maturation in a social evaluative situation. This study provides evidence for the development of social anticipatory processes in adolescence and potential mechanisms underlying maladaptive anticipation in social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Topel
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands; Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands; Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, United States.
| | - Stefon J R van Noordt
- Department of Psychology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Barbara C Banz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University, United States
| | - Jia Wu
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, United States
| | | | - Elise D Kortink
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Melle J W van der Molen
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, the Netherlands
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10
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Bhangal S, Sharma S, Valle-Inclán F, Ren X, Hackley SA. Learning to deal with delayed outcomes: EEG oscillatory and slow potentials during the prefeedback interval. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13853. [PMID: 34106482 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) decreases in amplitude as a task is mastered, a phenomenon generally attributed to the reduction in anticipatory attention as feedback becomes less needed. Typically, the experiments supporting this assumption have used relatively short delays (<3 s). However, we found in a previous study that this decline in amplitude, although present during the 2.5-s prefeedback delay of a patterned key-pressing task, was absent with an 8-s delay. We reexamined this finding using a 6-s delay and found that the SPN diminished at frontal sites as participants learned a sequence of four keypress durations, but that this modulation was limited to the early half of the delay (maximum at 2 s). Decline of lateralized sensorimotor theta activity across trials was also limited to early portions of the delay. These findings suggest that processes other than anticipatory attention to feedback may be more relevant for explaining SPN diminution. Such processes could include adjustment and maintenance of action-outcome expectancies (e.g., forward models) during the prefeedback interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bhangal
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shreya Sharma
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Xi Ren
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven A Hackley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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11
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Towards a Functional Neuromarker of Impulsivity: Feedback-Related Brain Potential during Risky Decision-Making Associated with Self-Reported Impulsivity in a Non-Clinical Sample. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060671. [PMID: 34063798 PMCID: PMC8224100 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk-taking is part of the multidimensional nature of impulsivity, consisting of an active engagement in behaviors or choices with potentially undesirable results, with probability as the cost for an expected reward. In order to understand the neurophysiological activity during risky behavior and its relationship with other dimensions of impulsivity, we have acquired event-related-potential (ERP) data and self-reported impulsivity scores from 17 non-clinical volunteers. They underwent high-resolution electroencephalography (HR-EEG) combined with an adapted version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), and completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-10) and the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS). The ERP components were sensitive to valence (FRN, P300) and risk/reward magnitude (SPN, RewP). Our main finding evidenced a positive correlation between the amplitude of the P300 component following positive feedback and both the global UPPS score and the (lack of) perseverance UPPS subscale, significant for several adjacent electrodes. This finding might suggest an adaptive form of impulsive behavior, which could be associated to the reduction on the difference of the P300 amplitude following negative and positive feedback. However, further investigation with both larger clinical and non-clinical samples is required.
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12
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Toma FM, Miyakoshi M. Left Frontal EEG Power Responds to Stock Price Changes in a Simulated Asset Bubble Market. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060670. [PMID: 34063778 PMCID: PMC8223788 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Financial bubbles are a result of aggregate irrational behavior and cannot be explained by standard economic pricing theory. Research in neuroeconomics can improve our understanding of their causes. We conducted an experiment in which 28 healthy subjects traded in a simulated market bubble, while scalp EEG was recorded using a low-cost, BCI-friendly desktop device with 14 electrodes. Independent component (IC) analysis was performed to decompose brain signals and the obtained scalp topography was used to cluster the ICs. We computed single-trial time-frequency power relative to the onset of stock price display and estimated the correlation between EEG power and stock price across trials using a general linear model. We found that delta band (1-4 Hz) EEG power within the left frontal region negatively correlated with the trial-by-trial stock prices including the financial bubble. We interpreted the result as stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) occurring as a dis-inhibition of the resting state network. We conclude that the combination between the desktop-BCI-friendly EEG, the simulated financial bubble and advanced signal processing and statistical approaches could successfully identify the neural correlate of the financial bubble. We add to the neuroeconomics literature a complementary EEG neurometric as a bubble predictor, which can further be explored in future decision-making experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makoto Miyakoshi
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0559, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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The effort-doors task: Examining the temporal dynamics of effort-based reward processing using ERPs. Neuroimage 2021; 228:117656. [PMID: 33359338 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant reward processing is a cardinal feature of various forms of psychopathology. However, recent research indicates that aberrant reward processing may manifest at temporally distinct substages and involve interdependent subcomponents of reward processing. To improve our understanding of both the temporal dynamics and distinct subcomponents of reward processing, we added an effort manipulation to the "doors" reward-task paradigm, to derive behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measures of effort-based reward processing. Behavioral measures consisting of reaction time, response rate, and response rate change were used to index effort expenditure, and ERP measures were used to index attention allocated toward effort-completion cues, anticipation of reward, valuation of reward, and attention toward monetary feedback. Reduced response rate and slowing of response were evident during the high effort versus the low effort condition. ERP findings indicated increased attention to signals of high- compared to low-effort completion cues-as well as reduced anticipation of rewards, and reduced attention toward feedback information following high effort expenditure. Participants showing the most response-rate slowing evidenced the greatest reward devaluation following high versus low effort. Findings demonstrate that the addition of an effort expenditure manipulation to the doors reward paradigm produced reliable ERP and behavioral measures of effort-based reward processing, providing opportunities for future researchers to utilize the effort-doors task to parse the temporal dynamics of both anticipatory and consummatory reward processing components.
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Wang Z, Li Q, Nie L, Zheng Y. Neural dynamics of monetary and social reward processing in social anhedonia. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:991-1003. [PMID: 32945882 PMCID: PMC7647377 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Being characterized by reduced pleasure from social interaction, social anhedonia constitutes a transdiagnostic marker for various psychiatric disorders. However, the neural portrait of social anhedonia remains elusive because of heterogeneities of reward type and reward dynamics in previous studies. The present event-related potential study investigated neural dynamics in response to monetary and social rewards in social anhedonia. Event-related potential responses were examined when a high social anhedonia (HSA, N = 23) group and a low social anhedonia (LSA, N = 26) group were anticipating and consuming social and monetary rewards. LSA but not HSA participants showed an increased stimulus-preceding negativity (anticipatory phase) and and increased reward positivity (consummatory phase) for monetary as compared with social rewards. This group difference could spring from an increased relevance of social rewards or a general decline in affective responding due to a potential association between social anhedonia and depression. Our findings provide preliminary evidence for neural aberrations of the reward system in social anhedonia, which is contingent upon reward type and reward dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Qi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lu Nie
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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15
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Hackley SA, Hirao T, Onoda K, Ogawa K, Masaki H. Anterior insula activity and the effect of agency on the Stimulus‐Preceding Negativity. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13519. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Hackley
- Department of Psychological Sciences University of Missouri‐Columbia Columbia MO USA
| | - Takahiro Hirao
- Faculty of Sport Sciences Waseda University Tokorozawa Japan
| | - Keiichi Onoda
- Department of Neurology Shimane University Izumo-shi Japan
| | - Keiko Ogawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masaki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences Waseda University Tokorozawa Japan
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16
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Mei S, Yi W, Zhou S, Liu X, Zheng Y. Contextual valence modulates the effect of choice on incentive processing. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 13:1249-1258. [PMID: 30395334 PMCID: PMC6277738 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that reward-related neural activity is enhanced for choice relative to no-choice opportunities in the gain context. The current event-related potential study examined whether this modulatory effect of choice can be observed in both the gain and the loss contexts across anticipatory and consummatory phases of incentive processing. Thirty-two participants performed a simple choice task during which choices were made either by themselves (a choice condition) or by a computer (a no-choice condition) during a gain context (gain vs nongain) and a loss context (nonloss vs loss). Behaviorally, participants reported a higher level of perceived control in the choice than the no-choice condition as well as in the gain than loss context. During the anticipatory phase, the choice relative to the no-choice condition elicited an increased cue-P3 in the loss context and an enhanced stimulus-preceding negativity in the gain context. During the consummatory phase, the choice condition elicited a larger reward positivity (ΔRewP) than the no-choice condition in the gain relative to the loss context but a comparable feedback P3 across contexts. These findings demonstrate that the crucial role of voluntary choice in reward processing is contingent upon contextual valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Mei
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shiyu Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Glazer JE, Kelley NJ, Pornpattananangkul N, Mittal VA, Nusslock R. Beyond the FRN: Broadening the time-course of EEG and ERP components implicated in reward processing. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 132:184-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Walentowska W, Paul K, Severo MC, Moors A, Pourtois G. Relevance and uncertainty jointly influence reward anticipation at the level of the SPN ERP component. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 132:287-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Yi W, Mei S, Li Q, Liu X, Zheng Y. How choice influences risk processing: An ERP study. Biol Psychol 2018; 138:223-230. [PMID: 30118756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined how the experience of choice by which individuals exercise control modulates risk processing during the anticipatory phase as indexed by the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN), and the consummatory phase as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and feedback P3 (fb-P3). Twenty-four participants performed a simple gambling task during which they could win or lose either a small (a low-risk condition) or a large (a high-risk condition) amount of points by either choosing freely between two doors (a choice condition) or accepting a computer-selected door (a no-choice condition) while their EEG was recorded. As expected, participants rated the high-risk condition as more risky than the low-risk condition and reported higher feelings of control for the choice versus no-choice condition. Regardless of the involvement of choice, risk processing in this task was associated with greater fb-P3 amplitudes. However, during the choice condition, risk processing was associated with a more negative SPN during the anticipatory phase and a more positive FRN during the consummatory phase, which was absent (the SPN) or reduced (the FRN) in the no-choice condition. These findings suggest that the modulation of risk processing by choice occurs during both the anticipatory phase and the consummatory phase, which may be driven by motivation salience imposed by control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yi
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuting Mei
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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20
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Megías A, Torres MA, Catena A, Cándido A, Maldonado A. Electrophysiological brain indices of risk behavior modification induced by contingent feedback. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 124:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Chen W, Li Q, Mei S, Yi W, Yang G, Zhou S, Liu X, Zheng Y. Diminished choice effect on anticipating improbable rewards. Neuropsychologia 2018; 111:45-50. [PMID: 29355649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous research found that the neural substrates underlying perceived control highly overlap those of reward system, especially during reward anticipation stage. The current event-related potential study examined whether the experience of choice by which individuals exercise control is modulated by reward probability during reward anticipation stage as indexed by the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN). Thirty participants performed a cued gambling task during which choices could be made either by themselves (a choice condition) or by a computer (a no-choice condition) with three levels of reward probability (low, medium, and high) while their EEG was recording. As expected, the participants perceived higher control during the choice compared to no-choice condition. Correspondingly, the SPN was enhanced in the choice condition than the no-choice condition. Critically, the SPN choice effect was present when reward probability was high and medium, but was diminished when reward probability was low. These findings suggest that the perceived control as exercised by choice is associated with reward anticipation, which may be sensitive to the fundamental properties of reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Chen
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuting Mei
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guochun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Angus DJ, Latham AJ, Harmon‐Jones E, Deliano M, Balleine B, Braddon‐Mitchell D. Electrocortical components of anticipation and consumption in a monetary incentive delay task. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1686-1705. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Angus
- School of PsychologyUniversity of New South WalesSydney Australia
| | - Andrew J. Latham
- School of PhilosophyUniversity of SydneySydney Australia
- Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of SydneySydney Australia
| | | | - Matthias Deliano
- Department SystemphysiologyLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg Germany
| | - Bernard Balleine
- School of PsychologyUniversity of New South WalesSydney Australia
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23
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Hirao T, Murphy TI, Masaki H. Brain activities associated with learning of the Monty Hall Dilemma task. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1359-1369. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hirao
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Tokorozawa Japan
| | - Timothy I. Murphy
- Department of Psychology; Brock University; St. Catharines Ontario Canada
| | - Hiroaki Masaki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Tokorozawa Japan
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24
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Electroencephalographic Evidence of Abnormal Anticipatory Uncertainty Processing in Gambling Disorder Patients. J Gambl Stud 2017; 34:321-338. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-017-9693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Neural mechanisms of reward processing associated with depression-related personality traits. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1184-1196. [PMID: 28521266 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although impaired reward processing in depression has been well-documented, the exact nature of that deficit remains poorly understood. To investigate the link between depression and the neural mechanisms of reward processing, we examined individual differences in personality. METHODS We recorded the electroencephalogram from healthy college students engaged in a probabilistic reinforcement learning task. Participants also completed several personality questionnaires that assessed traits related to reward sensitivity, motivation, and depression. We examined whether behavioral measures of reward learning and event-related potential components related to outcome processing and reward anticipation-namely, the cue and feedback-related reward positivity (RewP) and the stimulus preceding negativity (SPN)-would link these personality traits to depression. RESULTS Participants who scored high in reward sensitivity produced a relatively larger feedback-RewP. By contrast, participants who scored high in depression learned the contingencies for infrequently rewarded cue-response combinations relatively poorly, exhibited a larger SPN, and produced a smaller feedback-RewP, especially to outcomes following cue-response combinations that were frequently rewarded. CONCLUSION These results point to a primary deficit in reward valuation in individuals who score high in depression, with secondary consequences that impact reward learning and anticipation. SIGNIFICANCE Despite recent evidence arguing for an anticipatory deficit in depression, impaired reward valuation as a primary deficit should be further examined in clinical samples.
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26
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Ren X, Valle-Inclán F, Tukaiev S, Hackley SA. Changes in the stimulus-preceding negativity and lateralized readiness potential during reinforcement learning. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:969-981. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ren
- Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri
| | | | - Sergii Tukaiev
- Institute of Biology; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev; Kiev Ukraine
| | - Steven A. Hackley
- Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri
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27
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Ma Q, Pei G, Meng L. Inverted U-Shaped Curvilinear Relationship between Challenge and One's Intrinsic Motivation: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:131. [PMID: 28400712 PMCID: PMC5368271 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between task demand and one's competence is critical for the maintenance of intrinsic motivation. According to Flow theory and Self-determination theory, optimal challenge gives rise to the maximum intrinsic motivation, and an inverted U-shaped curvilinear relationship between perceived challenge and one's intrinsic motivation is suggested. In order to provide direct experimental evidences for predictions of these theories, in this study, we employed the two-player StopWatch game that we previously designed, which made references to the game format of a badminton tournament. According to our manipulation, a male participant was defeated by the same-sex player paired with him (played by a well-trained confederate of the experimenter) in two matches, one with a wide margin (the complete defeat condition) and another with a narrow one (the near miss condition). Participants performed better and reported to enjoy the near miss match to a greater extent. Besides, an enlarged Stimulus-preceding negativity was elicited when participants were actively anticipating outcomes in the near miss condition, suggesting greater anticipatory attention toward the outcome and an enhanced intrinsic motivation to win. Thus, converging electrophysiological evidences from this study and our former study confirmed the inverted U-shaped curvilinear relationship between perceived challenge and one's intrinsic motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Ma
- Institute of Neural Management Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanxiong Pei
- School of Management, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Meng
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies UniversityShanghai, China; Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies UniversityShanghai, China
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28
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Zheng Y, Li Q, Zhang Y, Li Q, Shen H, Gao Q, Zhou S. Reward processing in gain versus loss context: An ERP study. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1040-1053. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zheng
- Department of Psychology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Qi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science; Institute of Psychology; Beijing China
- Department of Psychology; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Public Health; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Psychology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Huijuan Shen
- Department of Psychology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Qianhui Gao
- Department of Psychology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Shiyu Zhou
- Department of Psychology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
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29
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Mühlberger C, Angus DJ, Jonas E, Harmon-Jones C, Harmon-Jones E. Perceived control increases the reward positivity and stimulus preceding negativity. Psychophysiology 2016; 54:310-322. [PMID: 28118688 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reward positivity (RewP) and the stimulus preceding negativity (SPN), two ERPs associated with reward delivery and reward anticipation, are modulated by motivational intensity. Motivational intensity is the effort organisms would make to exert behaviors, and it varies with the difficulty of exerting that behavior. If a task is perceived as impossible, which means that one does not have control over own outcomes, motivational intensity is low. In the current study, we tested the prediction that perceiving control over one's outcomes increases both the RewP to feedback and the SPN prior to feedback compared to perceiving no control. We also examined whether P300 and LPP amplitudes to reward and nonreward images were similarly modulated. Twenty-five female participants completed a gambling task in which correct choices were followed by pictures of attractive men and incorrect choices were followed by pictures of rocks. To manipulate perceived control, participants were told that, in one block of trials, they could learn a mouse-click rule in order to see only pictures of men (high perceived control condition), while in the other block, the pictures would appear randomly (low perceived control condition). However, in both conditions, feedback appeared randomly. Although the RewP was elicited in both blocks, the RewP and SPN were higher in the high perceived control condition (i.e., when participants thought that they could influence their outcomes). Perceived control did not modulate the P300 and LPP to pictures. The results suggest that approach motivation and its intensity modulate the processing of performance feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Jonas
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cindy Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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30
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Meng L, Pei G, Zheng J, Ma Q. Close games versus blowouts: Optimal challenge reinforces one's intrinsic motivation to win. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 110:102-108. [PMID: 27816482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When immersed in intrinsically motivating activities, individuals actively seek optimal challenge, which generally brings the most satisfaction as they play hard and finally win. To better simulate real-life scenarios in the controlled laboratory setting, a two-player online StopWatch (SW) game was developed, whose format is similar to that of a badminton tournament. During the game, a male opponent played by a confederate ensured that the same-sex participant paired with him won both matches, one with a wide margin (the lack of challenge condition) and another with a narrow one (the optimal challenge condition). Electrophysiological data were recorded during the entire experiment. An enlarged Stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) was observed in the optimal challenge condition, indicating a more concentrated anticipatory attention toward the feedback and a stronger intrinsic motivation during close games. Thus, this study provided original neural evidence for predictions of Self-determination theory (SDT) and Flow theory, and confirmed and emphasized the significant role of optimal challenge in promoting one's intrinsic motivation to win.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Meng
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China; School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Guanxiong Pei
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Neuromanagement Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehui Zheng
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Neuromanagement Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingguo Ma
- Institute of Neural Management Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China; Neuromanagement Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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31
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Abstract
Humans tend to be conservative and typically will retain their initial decision even if an option to change is provided. We investigated whether the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN), an event-related potential associated with the affective-motivational anticipation of feedback in gambling tasks, represents the strong response tendency to retain an initial decision. We compared SPNs in three different card-gambling tasks wherein the participants were given the opportunity to change their initial decision after they chose one of three cards. In two of these tasks, the winning probability was equiprobable (1/3 and 1/2, respectively) whether or not the participants changed their initial decision. However, in the Monty Hall dilemma task, changing the initial decision stochastically doubled the probability of winning (2/3) compared with retaining (1/3). In this counterintuitive probabilistic dilemma task, after the participant chose an option among three cards, a nonreward (losing) option is revealed. Then, the participants are offered a chance to change their mind and asked to make their final decision: to retain their initial choice or change to the alternate option. In all tasks, maintenance of previous behaviors was observed, although the rate of retaining earlier choices tended to be lower in the Monty Hall dilemma task than in the other two tasks. The SPNs were larger on retain trials than on change trials irrespective of task. These results suggest that underlying brain activities associated with the strong tendency to retain the initial decision can be observed by the SPN and thus it reflects expectancy of outcomes in terms of self-chosen behaviors.
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32
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Pei G, Meng L. What do we expect from a beauty? Facial attractiveness of the opposite sex gives rise to discrepancies in males' anticipation and demand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 53:411-416. [PMID: 27658937 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Facial attractiveness plays a significant role in social interactions and the effect of beauty premium is frequently observed. Previous studies showed that observing attractive counterparts would alleviate one's sense of unfairness. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remained to be clarified. In this study, male participants were engaged in a modified Dictator game as recipients and their electroencephalograms were recorded. They were convinced that anonymous females who vary in facial attractiveness played as dictators. An outcome anticipation stage was implemented before proposed offers were presented and we focused on the cognitive process of subjective anticipation. A less negative Stimulus-preceding negativity was observed in the attractive face condition, suggesting that subjects paid less anticipatory attention toward proposed offers, and subjective expectation toward fair ones was weakened when beauties played as dictators. Thus, this study provides additional neural evidences for the beauty premium effect and suggests a reasonable explanation for this commonly reported phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxiong Pei
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Meng
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
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33
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Single-Trial Event-Related Potential Correlates of Belief Updating(1,2,3). eNeuro 2015; 2:eN-NWR-0076-15. [PMID: 26473170 PMCID: PMC4606160 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0076-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Belief updating—the process by which an agent alters an internal model of its environment—is a core function of the CNS. Recent theory has proposed broad principles by which belief updating might operate, but more precise details of its implementation in the human brain remain unclear. In order to address this question, we studied how two components of the human event-related potential encoded different aspects of belief updating. Participants completed a novel perceptual learning task while electroencephalography was recorded. Participants learned the mapping between the contrast of a dynamic visual stimulus and a monetary reward and updated their beliefs about a target contrast on each trial. A Bayesian computational model was formulated to estimate belief states at each trial and was used to quantify the following two variables: belief update size and belief uncertainty. Robust single-trial regression was used to assess how these model-derived variables were related to the amplitudes of the P3 and the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN), respectively. Results showed a positive relationship between belief update size and P3 amplitude at one fronto-central electrode, and a negative relationship between SPN amplitude and belief uncertainty at a left central and a right parietal electrode. These results provide evidence that belief update size and belief uncertainty have distinct neural signatures that can be tracked in single trials in specific ERP components. This, in turn, provides evidence that the cognitive mechanisms underlying belief updating in humans can be described well within a Bayesian framework.
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Kotani Y, Ohgami Y, Ishiwata T, Arai JI, Kiryu S, Inoue Y. Source analysis of stimulus-preceding negativity constrained by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychol 2015; 111:53-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Meng L, Ma Q. Live as we choose: The role of autonomy support in facilitating intrinsic motivation. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 98:441-7. [PMID: 26344180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
According to Self-determination Theory (SDT), autonomy is a basic psychological need, satisfaction of which may lead to enhanced intrinsic motivation and related beneficial outcomes. By manipulating the opportunity to choose between tasks of equal difficulty, throughout the motivational process, the effect of autonomy support was examined both behaviorally and electrophysiologically. More negative stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) and an enlarged FRN loss-win difference wave (d-FRN) indicated an enhanced expectation toward the positive outcome (during the anticipation stage) as well as intensified intrinsic motivation toward the task (during the outcome appraisal stage) when choice was available. Taken together, results of the present study suggest d-FRN upon feedback as a real-time electrophysiological indicator of intrinsic/autonomous motivation and illustrate the important role of autonomy-supportive job design in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Meng
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Neuromanagement Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
| | - Qingguo Ma
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Neuromanagement Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Zheng Y, Li Q, Wang K, Wu H, Liu X. Contextual valence modulates the neural dynamics of risk processing. Psychophysiology 2015; 52:895-904. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Department of Psychology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Xun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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Hebert KR, Valle-Inclán F, Hackley SA. Modulation of eyeblink and postauricular reflexes during the anticipation and viewing of food images. Psychophysiology 2014; 52:509-17. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen R. Hebert
- Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri USA
- Department of Occupational Therapy; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri USA
| | | | - Steven A. Hackley
- Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri USA
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Luque D, Morís J, Rushby JA, Le Pelley ME. Goal-directed EEG activity evoked by discriminative stimuli in reinforcement learning. Psychophysiology 2014; 52:238-48. [PMID: 25098203 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In reinforcement learning (RL), discriminative stimuli (S) allow agents to anticipate the value of a future outcome, and the response that will produce that outcome. We examined this processing by recording EEG locked to S during RL. Incentive value of outcomes and predictive value of S were manipulated, allowing us to discriminate between outcome-related and response-related activity. S predicting the correct response differed from nonpredictive S in the P2. S paired with high-value outcomes differed from those paired with low-value outcomes in a frontocentral positivity and in the P3b. A slow negativity then distinguished between predictive and nonpredictive S. These results suggest that, first, attention prioritizes detection of informative S. Activation of mental representations of these informative S then retrieves representations of outcomes, which in turn retrieve representations of responses that previously produced those outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Luque
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Harms MB, Zayas V, Meltzoff AN, Carlson SM. Stability of executive function and predictions to adaptive behavior from middle childhood to pre-adolescence. Front Psychol 2014; 5:331. [PMID: 24795680 PMCID: PMC4001056 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The shift from childhood to adolescence is characterized by rapid remodeling of the brain and increased risk-taking behaviors. Current theories hypothesize that developmental enhancements in sensitivity to affective environmental cues in adolescence may undermine executive function (EF) and increase the likelihood of problematic behaviors. In the current study, we examined the extent to which EF in childhood predicts EF in early adolescence. We also tested whether individual differences in neural responses to affective cues (rewards/punishments) in childhood serve as a biological marker for EF, sensation-seeking, academic performance, and social skills in early adolescence. At age 8, 84 children completed a gambling task while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. We examined the extent to which selections resulting in rewards or losses in this task elicited (i) the P300, a post-stimulus waveform reflecting the allocation of attentional resources toward a stimulus, and (ii) the SPN, a pre-stimulus anticipatory waveform reflecting a neural representation of a "hunch" about an outcome that originates in insula and ventromedial PFC. Children also completed a Dimensional Change Card-Sort (DCCS) and Flanker task to measure EF. At age 12, 78 children repeated the DCCS and Flanker and completed a battery of questionnaires. Flanker and DCCS accuracy at age 8 predicted Flanker and DCCS performance at age 12, respectively. Individual differences in the magnitude of P300 (to losses vs. rewards) and SPN (preceding outcomes with a high probability of punishment) at age 8 predicted self-reported sensation seeking (lower) and teacher-rated academic performance (higher) at age 12. We suggest there is stability in EF from age 8 to 12, and that childhood neural sensitivity to reward and punishment predicts individual differences in sensation seeking and adaptive behaviors in children entering adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline B Harms
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vivian Zayas
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew N Meltzoff
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Carlson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Stavropoulos KKM, Carver LJ. Reward sensitivity to faces versus objects in children: an ERP study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1569-75. [PMID: 24036961 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How children respond to social and nonsocial rewards has important implications for understanding social cognitive development. Adults find faces intrinsically rewarding. However, little is known about how children respond to face vs nonface rewards. We utilized event-related potentials (the stimulus-preceding negativity, SPN) to measure differences in reward anticipation during a guessing game in 6- to 8-year-olds. Children were presented with reward indicators accompanied by incidental face or nonface stimuli. Nonface stimuli were comprised of scrambled faces in the shape of arrows, controlling for low-level properties of the two conditions. Children showed an increased SPN when the reward stimuli were accompanied by faces, relative to nonface stimuli. This suggests that children find a face stimulus more rewarding than a nonface stimulus. The results have important implications for processing social vs nonsocial rewards in typically developing children, and allow testing of populations with deficits in social reward processing, such as autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K M Stavropoulos
- Psychology Department and Human Development Program, University of California, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0109, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Leslie J Carver
- Psychology Department and Human Development Program, University of California, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0109, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Psychology Department and Human Development Program, University of California, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0109, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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41
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Morís J, Luque D, Rodríguez-Fornells A. Learning-induced modulations of the stimulus-preceding negativity. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:931-9. [PMID: 23808750 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Morís
- Department of Basic Psychology; University of Málaga; Málaga Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga (IBIMA); Málaga Spain
| | - David Luque
- Department of Basic Psychology; University of Málaga; Málaga Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga (IBIMA); Málaga Spain
| | - Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute); IDIBELL; L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology; University of Barcelona; L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); Barcelona Spain
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Catena A, Perales JC, Megías A, Cándido A, Jara E, Maldonado A. The brain network of expectancy and uncertainty processing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40252. [PMID: 22768344 PMCID: PMC3388057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Stimulus Preceding Negativity (SPN) is a non-motor slow cortical potential elicited by temporally predictable stimuli, customarily interpreted as a physiological index of expectancy. Its origin would be the brain activity responsible for generating the anticipatory mental representation of an expected upcoming event. The SPN manifests itself as a slow cortical potential with negative slope, growing in amplitude as the stimulus approximates. The uncertainty hypothesis we present here postulates that the SPN is linked to control-related areas in the prefrontal cortex that become more active before the occurrence of an upcoming outcome perceived as uncertain. METHODS/FINDINGS We tested the uncertainty hypothesis by using a repeated measures design in a Human Contingency Learning task with two levels of uncertainty. In the high uncertainty condition, the outcome is unpredictable. In the mid uncertainty condition, the outcome can be learnt to be predicted in 75% of the trials. Our experiment shows that the Stimulus Preceding Negativity is larger for probabilistically unpredictable (uncertain) outcomes than for probabilistically predictable ones. sLoreta estimations of the brain activity preceding the outcome suggest that prefrontal and parietal areas can be involved in its generation. Prefrontal sites activation (Anterior Cingulate and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex) seems to be related to the degree of uncertainty. Activation in posterior parietal areas, however, does not correlates with uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We suggest that the Stimulus Preceding Negativity reflects the attempt to predict the outcome, when posterior brain areas fail to generate a stable expectancy. Uncertainty is thus conceptualized, not just as the absence of learned expectancy, but as a state with psychological and physiological entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Catena
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Foti D, Hajcak G. Genetic variation in dopamine moderates neural response during reward anticipation and delivery: Evidence from event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:617-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Foti
- Department of Psychology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook; New York; USA
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook; New York; USA
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Brunia CHM, Hackley SA, van Boxtel GJM, Kotani Y, Ohgami Y. Waiting to perceive: Reward or punishment? Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 122:858-68. [PMID: 21215692 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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