1
|
Wang Z, Lin X, Luo X, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Xu J, Wang S, Zhao F, Wang H, Zheng H, Zhang W, Lin C, Tan Z, Cao L, Wang Z, Tan Y, Chen W, Cao Y, Guo X, Pittenger C, Luo X. Pleiotropic Association of CACNA1C Variants With Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:1174-1184. [PMID: 37306960 PMCID: PMC10483336 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric disorders are highly heritable and have overlapping genetic underpinnings. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene CACNA1C have been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders, across multiple genome-wide association studies. METHOD A total of 70,711 subjects from 37 independent cohorts with 13 different neuropsychiatric disorders were meta-analyzed to identify overlap of disorder-associated SNPs within CACNA1C. The differential expression of CACNA1C mRNA in five independent postmortem brain cohorts was examined. Finally, the associations of disease-sharing risk alleles with total intracranial volume (ICV), gray matter volumes (GMVs) of subcortical structures, cortical surface area (SA), and average cortical thickness (TH) were tested. RESULTS Eighteen SNPs within CACNA1C were nominally associated with more than one neuropsychiatric disorder (P < .05); the associations shared among schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and alcohol use disorder survived false discovery rate correction (five SNPs with P < 7.3 × 10-4 and q < 0.05). CACNA1C mRNA was differentially expressed in brains from individuals with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Parkinson's disease, relative to controls (three SNPs with P < .01). Risk alleles shared by schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, substance dependence, and Parkinson's disease were significantly associated with ICV, GMVs, SA, or TH (one SNP with P ≤ 7.1 × 10-3 and q < 0.05). CONCLUSION Integrating multiple levels of analyses, we identified CACNA1C variants associated with multiple psychiatric disorders, and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were most strongly implicated. CACNA1C variants may contribute to shared risk and pathophysiology in these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuxing Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine of Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiandong Lin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Radiobiology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, the Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, China
| | - Xinqun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine of Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin 300180, China
| | - Jianying Xu
- Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Shibin Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Fen Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huifen Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hangxiao Zheng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, P. R. China
| | - Chen Lin
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Zewen Tan
- Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510370, China
| | - Liping Cao
- Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510370, China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Wenzhong Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yuping Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiaoyun Guo
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, US
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, US
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100096, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sneddon EA, Masters BM, Ream KD, Fennell KA, DeMedio JN, Cash MM, Hollingsworth BP, Pandrangi S, Thach CM, Shi H, Radke AK. Sex chromosome and gonadal hormone contributions to binge-like and aversion-resistant ethanol drinking behaviors in Four Core Genotypes mice. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1098387. [PMID: 36960454 PMCID: PMC10027717 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1098387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction While substantial research has focused on the contribution of sex hormones to driving elevated levels of alcohol drinking in female rodents, fewer studies have investigated how genetic influences may underlie sex differences in this behavior. Methods We used the Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mouse model to explore the contribution of sex chromosome complement (XX/XY) and gonad type [ovaries (Sry-)/testes (Sry+)] to ethanol (EtOH) consumption and quinine-resistant drinking across two voluntary self-administration tasks: limited access consumption in the home cage and an operant response task. Results For limited access drinking in the dark, XY/Sry + (vs. XX/Sry +) mice consumed more 15% EtOH across sessions while preference for 15% EtOH vs. water was higher in XY vs. XX mice regardless of gonad type. XY chromosomes promoted quinine-resistant drinking in mice with ovaries (Sry-) and the estrous cycle did not affect the results. In the operant response task, responding for EtOH was concentration dependent in all genotypes except XX/Sry + mice, which maintained consistent response levels across all concentrations (5-20%) of EtOH. When increasing concentrations of quinine (100-500 μM) were added to the solution, FCG mice were insensitive to quinine-punished EtOH responding, regardless of sex chromosome complement. Sry + mice were further found to be insensitive to quinine when presented in water. Importantly, these effects were not influenced by sensitivity to EtOH's sedative effect, as no differences were observed in the time to lose the righting reflex or the time to regain the righting reflex between genotypes. Additionally, no differences in EtOH concentration in the blood were observed between any of the genotypes once the righting reflex was regained. Discussion These results provide evidence that sex chromosome complement regulates EtOH consumption, preference, and aversion resistance and add to a growing body of literature suggesting that chromosomal sex may be an important contributor to alcohol drinking behaviors. Examination of sex-specific genetic differences may uncover promising new therapeutic targets for high-risk drinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Sneddon
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Brianna M. Masters
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Kiara D. Ream
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Kaila A. Fennell
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Jenelle N. DeMedio
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Miranda M. Cash
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Brynn P. Hollingsworth
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Sai Pandrangi
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Chloe M. Thach
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Haifei Shi
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Anna K. Radke
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gangisetty O, Chaudhary S, Palagani A, Sarkar DK. Transgenerational inheritance of fetal alcohol effects on proopiomelanocortin gene expression and methylation, cortisol response to stress, and anxiety-like behaviors in offspring for three generations in rats: Evidence for male germline transmission. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263340. [PMID: 35143549 PMCID: PMC8830645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously it has been shown that fetal alcohol exposure increases the stress response partly due to lowering stress regulatory proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) gene expression in the hypothalamus via epigenetic mechanisms for multiple generations in mixed-breed rats. In this study we assess the induction of heritable epigenetic changes of Pomc-related variants by fetal alcohol exposure in isogenic Fischer 344 rats. Using transgenerational breeding models and fetal alcohol exposure procedures, we determined changes in hypothalamic Pomc gene expression and its methylation levels, plasma corticosterone hormone response to restraint stress, and anxiety-like behaviors using elevated plus maze tests in fetal alcohol-exposed offspring for multiple generations in isogenic Fischer rats. Fetal alcohol-exposed male and female rat offspring showed significant deficits in POMC neuronal functions with increased Pomc gene methylation and reduced expression. These changes in POMC neuronal functions were associated with increased plasma corticosterone response to restraint stress and increased anxiety-like behavior. These effects of fetal alcohol exposure persisted in the F1, F2, and F3 progeny of the male germline but not of the female germline. These data suggest that fetal alcohol exposure induces heritable changes in Pomc-related variants involving stress hyperresponsiveness and anxiety-like behaviors which perpetuate into subsequent generations through the male germline via epigenetic modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omkaram Gangisetty
- Rutgers Endocrine Research Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Shaista Chaudhary
- Rutgers Endocrine Research Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ajay Palagani
- Rutgers Endocrine Research Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Dipak K. Sarkar
- Rutgers Endocrine Research Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nursyifa C, Brüniche-Olsen A, Garcia-Erill G, Heller R, Albrechtsen A. Joint identification of sex and sex-linked scaffolds in non-model organisms using low depth sequencing data. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:458-467. [PMID: 34431216 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Being able to assign sex to individuals and identify autosomal and sex-linked scaffolds are essential in most population genomic analyses. Non-model organisms often have genome assemblies at scaffold-level and lack characterization of sex-linked scaffolds. Previous methods to identify sex and sex-linked scaffolds have relied on synteny between the non-model organism and a closely related species or prior knowledge about the sex of the samples to identify sex-linked scaffolds. In the latter case, the difference in depth of coverage between the autosomes and the sex chromosomes are used. Here, we present "sex assignment through coverage" (SATC), a method to assign sex to samples and identify sex-linked scaffolds from next generation sequencing (NGS) data. The method works for species with a homogametic/heterogametic sex determination system and only requires a scaffold-level reference assembly and sampling of both sexes with whole genome sequencing (WGS) data. We use the sequencing depth distribution across scaffolds to jointly identify: (i) male and female individuals, and (ii) sex-linked scaffolds. This is achieved through projecting the scaffold depths into a low-dimensional space using principal component analysis (PCA) and subsequent Gaussian mixture clustering. We demonstrate the applicability of our method using data from five mammal species and a bird species complex. The method is freely available at https://github.com/popgenDK/SATC as R code and a graphical user interface (GUI).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casia Nursyifa
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Brüniche-Olsen
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Genis Garcia-Erill
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Heller
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Albrechtsen
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gangisetty O, Mead EA, Sarkar DK. Sex-Determining Region Y Controls the Effects of Fetal Alcohol Exposure on Proopiomelanocortin Gene Expression. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:608102. [PMID: 33796006 PMCID: PMC8008069 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.608102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) causes various neurodevelopmental deficits in offspring, including reduced expression of the stress regulatory proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) gene and an elevated stress response for multiple generations via the male germline. Male germline-specific effects of FAE on the Pomc gene raises the question if the sex-determining region Y (SRY) may have a role in regulating Pomc gene expression. Using a transgenerational model of FAE in Fischer 344 rats, we determined the role of SRY in the regulation of the Pomc gene. FAEs, like on the Pomc gene, reduced Sry gene expression in sperm and the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) in male adult offspring. Fetal alcohol-induced inhibition of Sry gene expression was associated with increased Sry promoter DNA methylation. Additionally, fetal alcohol effects on the Sry gene persisted for three generations in the male germline but not in the female germline. Sry gene knockdown reduced the Pomc gene expression. Sry recruitment onto the Pomc promoter was found to be reduced in the hypothalamus of fetal alcohol-exposed rats compared to control rats. Pomc promoter luciferase activity was increased following Sry overexpression. A site-directed mutagenesis study revealed that SRY binding sites are required for POMC promoter transcription activity. Overall, these findings suggest that SRY plays a stimulatory role in the regulation of Pomc gene expression and may potentially contribute to the fetal alcohol-induced changes in the level of Pomc gene expression for multiple generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omkaram Gangisetty
- Rutgers Endocrine Research Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Edward A Mead
- Rutgers Endocrine Research Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Dipak K Sarkar
- Rutgers Endocrine Research Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mulligan MK, Lu L, Cavigelli SA, Mormède P, Terenina E, Zhao W, Williams RW, Jones BC. Impact of Genetic Variation on Stress-Related Ethanol Consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1391-1402. [PMID: 31034606 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of stress on alcohol consumption in humans is highly variable, and the underlying processes are not yet understood. Attempts to model a positive relationship between stress and increased ethanol (EtOH) consumption in animals have been only modestly successful. Our hypothesis is that individual differences in stress effects on EtOH consumption are mediated by genetics. METHODS We measured alcohol consumption, using the drinking-in-the-dark (DID) paradigm in females from 2 inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2), and 35 of their inbred progeny (the BXD family). A control group was maintained in normal housing and a stress group was exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS), consisting of unpredictable stressors over 7 weeks. These included predator, social, and environmental perturbations. Alcohol intake was measured over 16 weeks in both groups during baseline (preceding 5-week period), CMS (intervening 7-week period), and post-CMS (final 4-week period). RESULTS We detected a strong effect of CMS on alcohol intake. A few strains demonstrated CMS-related increased alcohol consumption; however, most showed decreased intake. We identified 1 nearly significant quantitative trait locus on chromosome 5 that contains the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene (Nos1). The expression of Nos1 is frequently changed following alcohol exposure, and variants in this gene segregating among the BXD population may modulate alcohol intake in response to stress. CONCLUSIONS The results we present here represent the first study to combine chronic stress and alcohol consumption in a genetic reference population of mice. Differences in susceptibility to the effects of stressful environments vis-à-vis alcohol use disorders would suggest that the differences have at least some basis in genetic constitution. We have also nominated a likely candidate gene underlying the large individual differences in effects of stress on alcohol consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Mulligan
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lu Lu
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Pierre Mormède
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Elena Terenina
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Robert W Williams
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Byron C Jones
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Powers MS, Smith PH, McKee SA, Ehringer MA. From sexless to sexy: Why it is time for human genetics to consider and report analyses of sex. Biol Sex Differ 2017; 8:15. [PMID: 28473910 PMCID: PMC5415751 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-017-0136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Science has come a long way with regard to the consideration of sex differences in clinical and preclinical research, but one field remains behind the curve: human statistical genetics. The goal of this commentary is to raise awareness and discussion about how to best consider and evaluate possible sex effects in the context of large-scale human genetic studies. Over the course of this commentary, we reinforce the importance of interpreting genetic results in the context of biological sex, establish evidence that sex differences are not being considered in human statistical genetics, and discuss how best to conduct and report such analyses. Our recommendation is to run stratified analyses by sex no matter the sample size or the result and report the findings. Summary statistics from stratified analyses are helpful for meta-analyses, and patterns of sex-dependent associations may be hidden in a combined dataset. In the age of declining sequencing costs, large consortia efforts, and a number of useful control samples, it is now time for the field of human genetics to appropriately include sex in the design, analysis, and reporting of results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Powers
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Phillip H. Smith
- Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031 USA
| | - Sherry A. McKee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Marissa A. Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zuo L, Wang T, Lin X, Wang J, Tan Y, Wang X, Yu X, Luo X. Sex difference of autosomal alleles in populations of European and African descent. Genes Genomics 2015; 37:1007-1016. [PMID: 26702338 PMCID: PMC4684836 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-015-0332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to report the individual sex-different genetic markers across autosomes in European- and African-origin populations. A total of 8,400 females and 8,081 males in 19 independent cohorts were genotyped across genomes using Illumina or Affymetrix arrays. The allele frequencies were compared between females and males in 9 non-clean cohorts (with some human disease traits) using genome-wide logistic regression and then the nominally significant associations were replicated across 10 clean cohorts (without disease traits). Meta-analysis was performed to derive the combined p values across all cohorts. We found 13 markers that were genome-wide significant (p≤5×10-8) between females and males in the meta-analysis of all cohorts of European descent, including rs7740449 at SYNE1, rs7531151 at PLD5, rs697455 at PPP1R12B, rs6745746 at LOC100128413, rs17000079 at PARM1, rs11948070 at PDE4D, rs7801825 at INSIG1, rs9551642 at MTUS2, rs2932174 at TPTE2, rs1961597 at SALL3, rs4117529 at METTL4, rs6021473 at SALL4 and rs6092466 at RAE1, and one marker, i.e., rs10145208 at PCNX, that was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis of all cohorts of African descent. The most robust finding was rs7740449 at SYNE1, next to ESR1. We conclude that there are many sex-different markers on autosomes. These markers may be informative in differentiating females and males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven Campus, CT, USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiandong Lin
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Department of EEG & Neuroimaging, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven Campus, CT, USA
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|