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Delrio-Lorenzo A, Rojo-Ruiz J, Torres-Vidal P, Alonso MT, García-Sancho J. In vitro and in vivo calibration of low affinity genetic Ca 2+ indicators. Cell Calcium 2024; 117:102819. [PMID: 37956535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is a universal intracellular messenger and proper Ca2+concentrations ([Ca2+]) both in the cytosol and in the lumen of cytoplasmic organelles are essential for cell functions. Ca2+ homeostasis is achieved by a delicate pump/leak balance both at the plasma membrane and at the endomembranes, and improper Ca2+ levels result in malfunction and disease. Selective intraorganellar Ca2+measurements are best achieved by using targeted genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs) but to calibrate the luminal fluorescent signals into accurate [Ca2+] is challenging, especially in vivo, due to the difficulty to normalize and calibrate the fluorescent signal in various tissues or conditions. We report here a procedure to calibrate the ratiometric signal of GAP (GFP-Aequorin Protein) targeted to the endo-sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) into [Ca2+]ER/SR based on imaging of fluorescence after heating the tissue at 50-52 °C, since this value coincides with that obtained in the absence of Ca2+ (Rmin). Knowledge of the dynamic range (Rmax/Rmin) and the Ca2+-affinity (KD) of the indicator permits calculation of [Ca2+] by applying a simple algorithm. We have validated this procedure in vitro using several cell types (HeLa, HEK 293T and mouse astrocytes), as well as in vivo in Drosophila. Moreover, this methodology is applicable to other low Ca2+ affinity green and red GECIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Delrio-Lorenzo
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid 47003, Spain
| | - Jonathan Rojo-Ruiz
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid 47003, Spain
| | - Patricia Torres-Vidal
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid 47003, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Alonso
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid 47003, Spain.
| | - Javier García-Sancho
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid 47003, Spain
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Silvani G, Romanov V, Martinac B. Sounding a New Era in Biomechanics with Acoustic Force Spectroscopy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1436:109-118. [PMID: 36571699 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The acoustic force spectroscopy (AFS) tool was recently introduced as a novel tool for probing mechanical properties of biomolecules, expanding the application of sound waves to high-throughput quantification of the mechanical properties of single cells. By using controlled acoustic forces in the piconewton to nanonewton range, tens to hundreds of cells functionalized by attached microspheres can simultaneously be stretched and tracked in real-time with sub millisecond time response. Since its first application, several studies have demonstrated the potential and versatility of the AFS for high-throughput measurements of force-induced molecular mechanisms, revealing insight into cellular biomechanics and mechanobiology at the molecular level. In this chapter, we describe the operation of the AFS starting with the underlying physical principles, followed by a run-down of experimental considerations, and finally leading to applications in molecular and cellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Silvani
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Valentin Romanov
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Lowy Packer Building, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Boris Martinac
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Lowy Packer Building, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Huang R, Li S, Tian C, Zhou P, Zhao H, Xie W, Xiao J, Wang L, Habimana JDD, Lin Z, Yang Y, Cheng N, Li Z. Thermal stress involved in TRPV2 promotes tumorigenesis through the pathways of HSP70/27 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1424-1439. [PMID: 35896815 PMCID: PMC9553907 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 2 (TRPV2) has been found to participate in the pathogenesis of various types of cancers, however, its role(s) in the tumorigenesis of ESCC remain poorly understood. METHODS Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine the expression profiles of TRPV2 in the ESCC patient tissues. A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to reveal the role of TRPV2 in the tumorigenesis of ESCC. RESULTS Our study first uncovered that the activation of TRPV2 by recurrent acute thermal stress (54 °C) or O1821 (20 μM) promoted cancerous behaviours in ESCC cells. The pro-angiogenic capacity of the ESCC cells was found to be enhanced profoundly and both tumour formation and metastasis that originated from the cells were substantially promoted in nude mouse models upon the activation of TRPV2. These effects were inhibited significantly by tranilast (120 μM) and abolished by TRPV2 knockout. Conversely, overexpression of TRPV2 could switch the cells to tumorigenesis upon activation of TRPV2. Mechanistically, the driving role of TRPV2 in the progression of ESCC is mainly regulated by the HSP70/27 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathways. CONCLUSIONS We revealed that TRPV2-PI3K/Akt/mTOR is a novel and promising target for the prevention and treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Tian
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pathology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huifang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Provincial Cancer Hospital of Hunan, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jean de Dieu Habimana
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoxian Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
- GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Chen Y, Guo K, Jiang L, Zhu S, Ni Z, Xiang N. Microfluidic deformability cytometry: A review. Talanta 2022; 251:123815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Hauck N, Beck T, Cojoc G, Schlüßler R, Ahmed S, Raguzin I, Mayer M, Schubert J, Müller P, Guck J, Thiele J. PNIPAAm microgels with defined network architecture as temperature sensors in optical stretchers. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 3:6179-6190. [PMID: 35979502 PMCID: PMC9342673 DOI: 10.1039/d2ma00296e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretching individual living cells with light is a standard method to assess their mechanical properties. Yet, heat introduced by the laser light of optical stretchers may unwittingly change the mechanical properties of cells therein. To estimate the temperature induced by an optical trap, we introduce cell-sized, elastic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) microgels that relate temperature changes to hydrogel swelling. For their usage as a standardized calibration tool, we analyze the effect of free-radical chain-growth gelation (FCG) and polymer-analogous photogelation (PAG) on hydrogel network heterogeneity, micromechanics, and temperature response by Brillouin microscopy and optical diffraction tomography. Using a combination of tailor-made PNIPAAm macromers, PAG, and microfluidic processing, we obtain microgels with homogeneous network architecture. With that, we expand the capability of standardized microgels in calibrating and validating cell mechanics analysis, not only considering cell and microgel elasticity but also providing stimuli-responsiveness to consider dynamic changes that cells may undergo during characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hauck
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Timon Beck
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light Staudtstraße 2 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Gheorghe Cojoc
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Raimund Schlüßler
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Ivan Raguzin
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Martin Mayer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Jonas Schubert
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Paul Müller
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light Staudtstraße 2 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light Staudtstraße 2 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julian Thiele
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
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Aermes C, Hayn A, Fischer T, Mierke CT. Cell mechanical properties of human breast carcinoma cells depend on temperature. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10771. [PMID: 34031462 PMCID: PMC8144563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of cell mechanics is required to understand cellular processes and functions, such as the movement of cells, and the development of tissue engineering in cancer therapy. Cell mechanical properties depend on a variety of factors, such as cellular environments, and may also rely on external factors, such as the ambient temperature. The impact of temperature on cell mechanics is not clearly understood. To explore the effect of temperature on cell mechanics, we employed magnetic tweezers to apply a force of 1 nN to 4.5 µm superparamagnetic beads. The beads were coated with fibronectin and coupled to human epithelial breast cancer cells, in particular MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Cells were measured in a temperature range between 25 and 45 °C. The creep response of both cell types followed a weak power law. At all temperatures, the MDA-MB-231 cells were pronouncedly softer compared to the MCF-7 cells, whereas their fluidity was increased. However, with increasing temperature, the cells became significantly softer and more fluid. Since mechanical properties are manifested in the cell's cytoskeletal structure and the paramagnetic beads are coupled through cell surface receptors linked to cytoskeletal structures, such as actin and myosin filaments as well as microtubules, the cells were probed with pharmacological drugs impacting the actin filament polymerization, such as Latrunculin A, the myosin filaments, such as Blebbistatin, and the microtubules, such as Demecolcine, during the magnetic tweezer measurements in the specific temperature range. Irrespective of pharmacological interventions, the creep response of cells followed a weak power law at all temperatures. Inhibition of the actin polymerization resulted in increased softness in both cell types and decreased fluidity exclusively in MDA-MB-231 cells. Blebbistatin had an effect on the compliance of MDA-MB-231 cells at lower temperatures, which was minor on the compliance MCF-7 cells. Microtubule inhibition affected the fluidity of MCF-7 cells but did not have a significant effect on the compliance of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In summary, with increasing temperature, the cells became significant softer with specific differences between the investigated drugs and cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Aermes
- Biological Physics Division, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Hayn
- Biological Physics Division, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tony Fischer
- Biological Physics Division, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Biological Physics Division, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Romanov V, Silvani G, Zhu H, Cox CD, Martinac B. An Acoustic Platform for Single-Cell, High-Throughput Measurements of the Viscoelastic Properties of Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005759. [PMID: 33326190 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellular processes including adhesion, migration, and differentiation are governed by the distinct mechanical properties of each cell. Importantly, the mechanical properties of individual cells can vary depending on local physical and biochemical cues in a time-dependent manner resulting in significant inter-cell heterogeneity. While several different methods have been developed to interrogate the mechanical properties of single cells, throughput to capture this heterogeneity remains an issue. Here, single-cell, high-throughput characterization of adherent cells is demonstrated using acoustic force spectroscopy (AFS). AFS works by simultaneously, acoustically driving tens to hundreds of silica beads attached to cells away from the cell surface, allowing the user to measure the stiffness of adherent cells under multiple experimental conditions. It is shown that cells undergo marked changes in viscoelasticity as a function of temperature, by altering the temperature within the AFS microfluidic circuit between 21 and 37 °C. In addition, quantitative differences in cells exposed to different pharmacological treatments specifically targeting the membrane-cytoskeleton interface are shown. Further, the high-throughput format of the AFS is utilized to rapidly probe, in excess of 1000 cells, three different cell lines expressing different levels of a mechanosensitive protein, Piezo1, demonstrating the ability to differentiate between cells based on protein expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Romanov
- Department of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Giulia Silvani
- Department of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Huiyu Zhu
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Charles D Cox
- Department of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Boris Martinac
- Department of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
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8
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Hao Y, Cheng S, Tanaka Y, Hosokawa Y, Yalikun Y, Li M. Mechanical properties of single cells: Measurement methods and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Aermes C, Hayn A, Fischer T, Mierke CT. Environmentally controlled magnetic nano-tweezer for living cells and extracellular matrices. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13453. [PMID: 32778758 PMCID: PMC7417586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70428-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The magnetic tweezer technique has become a versatile tool for unfolding or folding of individual molecules, mainly DNA. In addition to single molecule analysis, the magnetic tweezer can be used to analyze the mechanical properties of cells and extracellular matrices. We have established a magnetic tweezer that is capable of measuring the linear and non-linear viscoelastic behavior of a wide range of soft matter in precisely controlled environmental conditions, such as temperature, CO2 and humidity. The magnetic tweezer presented in this study is suitable to detect specific differences in the mechanical properties of different cell lines, such as human breast cancer cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, as well as collagen matrices of distinct concentrations in the presence and absence of fibronectin crosslinks. The precise calibration and control mechanism employed in the presented magnetic tweezer setup provides the ability to apply physiological force up to 5 nN on 4.5 µm superparamagnetic beads coated with fibronectin and coupled to the cells or collagen matrices. These measurements reveal specific local linear and non-linear viscoelastic behavior of the investigated samples. The viscoelastic response of cells and collagen matrices to the force application is best described by a weak power law behavior. Our results demonstrate that the stress stiffening response and the fluidization of cells is cell type specific and varies largely between differently invasive and aggressive cancer cells. Finally, we showed that the viscoelastic behavior of collagen matrices with and without fibronectin crosslinks measured by the magnetic tweezer can be related to the microstructure of these matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Aermes
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Hayn
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tony Fischer
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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10
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Morshed A, Karawdeniya BI, Bandara Y, Kim MJ, Dutta P. Mechanical characterization of vesicles and cells: A review. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:449-470. [PMID: 31967658 PMCID: PMC7567447 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vesicles perform many essential functions in all living organisms. They respond like a transducer to mechanical stress in converting the applied force into mechanical and biological responses. At the same time, both biochemical and biophysical signals influence the vesicular response in bearing mechanical loads. In recent years, liposomes, artificial lipid vesicles, have gained substantial attention from the pharmaceutical industry as a prospective drug carrier which can also serve as an artificial cell-mimetic system. The ability of these vesicles to enter through pores of even smaller size makes them ideal candidates for therapeutic agents to reach the infected sites effectively. Engineering of vesicles with desired mechanical properties that can encapsulate drugs and release as required is the prime challenge in this field. This requirement has led to the modifications of the composition of the bilayer membrane by adding cholesterol, sphingomyelin, etc. In this article, we review the manufacturing and characterization techniques of various artificial/synthetic vesicles. We particularly focus on the electric field-driven characterization techniques to determine different properties of vesicle and its membranes, such as bending rigidity, viscosity, capacitance, conductance, etc., which are indicators of their content and mobility. Similarities and differences between artificial vesicles, natural vesicles, and cells are highlighted throughout the manuscript since most of these artificial vesicles are intended for cell mimetic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Morshed
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2920
| | - Buddini Iroshika Karawdeniya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lyle School of Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Y.M.NuwanD.Y. Bandara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lyle School of Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Min Jun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lyle School of Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Prashanta Dutta
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2920
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Delrio-Lorenzo A, Rojo-Ruiz J, Alonso MT, García-Sancho J. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ decreases with age and correlates with the decline in muscle function in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs240879. [PMID: 32005702 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass and strength associated with age, has been linked to impairment of the cytosolic Ca2+ peak that triggers muscle contraction, but mechanistic details remain unknown. Here we explore the hypothesis that a reduction in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]SR) is at the origin of this loss of Ca2+ homeostasis. We engineered Drosophila melanogaster to express the Ca2+ indicator GAP3 targeted to muscle SR, and we developed a new method to calibrate the signal into [Ca2+]SRin vivo [Ca2+]SR fell with age from ∼600 µM to 50 µM in close correlation with muscle function, which declined monotonically when [Ca2+]SR was <400 µM. [Ca2+]SR results from the pump-leak steady state at the SR membrane. However, changes in expression of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pump and of the ryanodine receptor leak were too modest to explain the large changes seen in [Ca2+]SR Instead, these changes are compatible with increased leakiness through the ryanodine receptor as the main determinant of the [Ca2+]SR decline in aging muscle. In contrast, there were no changes in endoplasmic reticulum [Ca2+] with age in brain neurons.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Delrio-Lorenzo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jonathan Rojo-Ruiz
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Alonso
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier García-Sancho
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
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12
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Mierke CT. The Role of the Optical Stretcher Is Crucial in the Investigation of Cell Mechanics Regulating Cell Adhesion and Motility. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:184. [PMID: 31552247 PMCID: PMC6736998 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells, tissues, and the surrounding extracellular matrix environment play important roles in the process of cell adhesion and migration. In physiological and pathological processes of the cells, such as wound healing and cancer, the capacity to migrate through the extracellular matrix is crucial. Hence biophysical techniques were used to determine the mechanical properties of cells that facilitate the various migratory capacities. Since the field of mechanobiology is rapidly growing, the reliable and reproducible characterization of cell mechanics is required that facilitates the adhesion and migration of cells. One of these cell mechanical techniques is the optical stretching device, which was originally developed to investigate the mechanical properties of cells, such as the deformation of single cells in suspension. After discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the technology, the latest findings in optical stretching-based cell mechanics are presented in this review. Finally, the mechanical properties of cells are correlated with their migratory potential and it is pointed out how the inhibition of biomolecules that contribute to the to the maintenance of cytoskeletal structures in cells affect their mechanical deformability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Biological Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Aeby EA, Misun PM, Hierlemann A, Frey O. Microfluidic Hydrogel Hanging-Drop Network for Long-Term Culturing of 3D Microtissues and Simultaneous High-Resolution Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise A. Aeby
- Bio Engineering Laboratory; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering; ETH Zürich; Mattenstrasse 26 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Patrick M. Misun
- Bio Engineering Laboratory; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering; ETH Zürich; Mattenstrasse 26 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Bio Engineering Laboratory; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering; ETH Zürich; Mattenstrasse 26 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Olivier Frey
- Bio Engineering Laboratory; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering; ETH Zürich; Mattenstrasse 26 4058 Basel Switzerland
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14
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Mechanical phenotyping of K562 cells by the Micropipette Aspiration Technique allows identifying mechanical changes induced by drugs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1219. [PMID: 29352174 PMCID: PMC5775209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties of living cells can be used as reliable markers of their state, such as the presence of a pathological state or their differentiation phase. The mechanical behavior of cells depends on the organization of their cytoskeletal network and the main contribution typically comes from the actomyosin contractile system, in both suspended and adherent cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a pharmaceutical formulation (OTC – Ossitetraciclina liquida 20%) used as antibiotic, on the mechanical properties of K562 cells by using the Micropipette Aspiration Technique (MAT). This formulation has been shown to increase in a time dependent way the inflammation and toxicity in terms of apoptosis in in vitro experiments on K562 and other types of cells. Here we show that by measuring the mechanical properties of cells exposed to OTC for different incubation times, it is possible to infer modifications induced by the formulation to the actomyosin contractile system. We emphasize that this system is involved in the first stages of the apoptotic process where an increase of the cortical tension leads to the formation of blebs. We discuss the possible relation between the observed mechanical behavior of cells aspirated inside a micropipette and apoptosis.
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15
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Gullekson C, Cojoc G, Schürmann M, Guck J, Pelling A. Mechanical mismatch between Ras transformed and untransformed epithelial cells. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8483-8491. [PMID: 29091102 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01396e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The organization of the actin cytoskeleton plays a key role in regulating cell mechanics. It is fundamentally altered during transformation, affecting how cells interact with their environment. We investigated mechanical properties of cells expressing constitutively active, oncogenic Ras (RasV12) in adherent and suspended states. To do this, we utilized atomic force microscopy and a microfluidic optical stretcher. We found that adherent cells stiffen and suspended cells soften with the expression of constitutively active Ras. The effect on adherent cells was reversed when contractility was inhibited with the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632, resulting in softer RasV12 cells. Our findings suggest that increased ROCK activity as a result of Ras has opposite effects on suspended and adhered cells. Our results also establish the importance of the activation of ROCK by Ras and its effect on cell mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Gullekson
- Centre for Interdisciplinary NanoPhysics, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 598 King Edward, Ottawa, ON, K1N5N5 Canada.
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16
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Chan CJ, Li W, Cojoc G, Guck J. Volume Transitions of Isolated Cell Nuclei Induced by Rapid Temperature Increase. Biophys J 2017; 112:1063-1076. [PMID: 28355535 PMCID: PMC5374986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physical mechanisms governing nuclear mechanics is important as it can impact gene expression and development. However, how cell nuclei respond to external cues such as heat is not well understood. Here, we studied the material properties of isolated nuclei in suspension using an optical stretcher. We demonstrate that isolated nuclei regulate their volume in a highly temperature-sensitive manner. At constant temperature, isolated nuclei behaved like passive, elastic and incompressible objects, whose volume depended on the pH and ionic conditions. When the temperature was increased suddenly by even a few degrees Kelvin, nuclei displayed a repeatable and reversible temperature-induced volume transition, whose sign depended on the valency of the solvent. Such phenomenon is not observed for nuclei subjected to slow heating. The transition temperature could be shifted by adiabatic changes of the ambient temperature, and the magnitude of temperature-induced volume transition could be modulated by modifying the chromatin compaction state and remodeling processes. Our findings reveal that the cell nucleus can be viewed as a highly charged polymer gel with intriguing thermoresponsive properties, which might play a role in nuclear volume regulation and thermosensing in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chii J Chan
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Wenhong Li
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gheorghe Cojoc
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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17
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Hama B, Mahajan G, Kothapalli C. Characterizing viscoelasticity of unhydrolyzed chicken sternal cartilage extract suspensions: Towards development of injectable therapeutics formulations. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 72:90-101. [PMID: 28472711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous delivery of cartilage extract is being explored as a promising candidate for knee arthritis treatment as it biomimics native cartilage tissue characteristics. In this study, we report on the rheological characterization of aqueous suspensions constituted from a powdered form of unhydrolyzed chicken sternum extract. The effect of particle size (as-received vs. milled), suspension fluid (water vs. PBS), and temperature (37°C vs. 4°C), on the viscoelastic properties of the sternum extract based particulate suspensions were evaluated. Results showed that these suspensions exhibit shear-thinning characteristics as shear rate (γ̇) increases, while viscosity (η), storage (G'), and loss (G″) moduli of the suspensions increased with increasing particulate loading (ϕ: 2.5-10wt%). Reducing the as-received particle size by milling decreased G', G, and η of the suspensions and increased the influence of ϕ on these properties, possibly due to improved particle packing. Replacing water with PBS had no significant effect on the rheological properties, but temperature reduction from 37°C to 4°C increased G', G", and η of the suspensions and lowered the impact of powder loading on viscoelastic properties. The suspension's time-dependent response was typical of viscoelastic materials, characterized by an asymptotical approach to a final stress (stress relaxation) or strain (creep). Results were fit to a power-law model for creep, a general relaxation model for exponential decay in stress, Carreau-Yasuda models for flow curves, and a two-parameter Liu model to identify the maximum powder loading (ϕm). Among the various forces involved in particle-particle interactions within these suspensions, electrostatic forces appeared to dominate the most. Such characterization of the viscoelastic nature of these suspensions would help in formulating stable injectable cartilage extract based therapeutics for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hama
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Gautam Mahajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar Kothapalli
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
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18
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Fan Z, McArdle S, Marki A, Mikulski Z, Gutierrez E, Engelhardt B, Deutsch U, Ginsberg M, Groisman A, Ley K. Neutrophil recruitment limited by high-affinity bent β2 integrin binding ligand in cis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12658. [PMID: 27578049 PMCID: PMC5013657 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential for innate immunity and inflammation and many neutrophil functions are β2 integrin-dependent. Integrins can extend (E(+)) and acquire a high-affinity conformation with an 'open' headpiece (H(+)). The canonical switchblade model of integrin activation proposes that the E(+) conformation precedes H(+), and the two are believed to be structurally linked. Here we show, using high-resolution quantitative dynamic footprinting (qDF) microscopy combined with a homogenous conformation-reporter binding assay in a microfluidic device, that a substantial fraction of β2 integrins on human neutrophils acquire an unexpected E(-)H(+) conformation. E(-)H(+) β2 integrins bind intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) in cis, which inhibits leukocyte adhesion in vitro and in vivo. This endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanism inhibits neutrophil aggregation, accumulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Fan
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sara McArdle
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Alex Marki
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Edgar Gutierrez
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 1 Freiestrasse, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 1 Freiestrasse, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Alex Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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19
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Yang T, Bragheri F, Minzioni P. A Comprehensive Review of Optical Stretcher for Cell Mechanical Characterization at Single-Cell Level. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E90. [PMID: 30404265 PMCID: PMC6189960 DOI: 10.3390/mi7050090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the development of the optical stretcher, a powerful optofluidic device for single cell mechanical study by using optical force induced cell stretching. The different techniques and the different materials for the fabrication of the optical stretcher are first summarized. A short description of the optical-stretching mechanism is then given, highlighting the optical force calculation and the cell optical deformability characterization. Subsequently, the implementations of the optical stretcher in various cell-mechanics studies are shown on different types of cells. Afterwards, two new advancements on optical stretcher applications are also introduced: the active cell sorting based on cell mechanical characterization and the temperature effect on cell stretching measurement from laser-induced heating. Two examples of new functionalities developed with the optical stretcher are also included. Finally, the current major limitation and the future development possibilities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Yang
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5A, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bragheri
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, CNR & Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Paolo Minzioni
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5A, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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20
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Oyama K, Arai T, Isaka A, Sekiguchi T, Itoh H, Seto Y, Miyazaki M, Itabashi T, Ohki T, Suzuki M, Ishiwata S. Directional bleb formation in spherical cells under temperature gradient. Biophys J 2016. [PMID: 26200871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Living cells sense absolute temperature and temporal changes in temperature using biological thermosensors such as ion channels. Here, we reveal, to our knowledge, a novel mechanism of sensing spatial temperature gradients within single cells. Spherical mitotic cells form directional membrane extensions (polar blebs) under sharp temperature gradients (≥∼0.065°C μm(-1); 1.3°C temperature difference within a cell), which are created by local heating with a focused 1455-nm laser beam under an optical microscope. On the other hand, multiple nondirectional blebs are formed under gradual temperature gradients or uniform heating. During heating, the distribution of actomyosin complexes becomes inhomogeneous due to a break in the symmetry of its contractile force, highlighting the role of the actomyosin complex as a sensor of local temperature gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Oyama
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Arai
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Isaka
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Sekiguchi
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Itoh
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yusuke Seto
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makito Miyazaki
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itabashi
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohki
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Suzuki
- WASEDA Bioscience Research Institute in Singapore (WABIOS), Singapore, Singapore; Organization for University Research Initiatives, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shin'ichi Ishiwata
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan; WASEDA Bioscience Research Institute in Singapore (WABIOS), Singapore, Singapore; Organization for University Research Initiatives, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
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21
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Gladilin E, Eils R, Peshkin L. On the embryonic cell division beyond the contractile ring mechanism: experimental and computational investigation of effects of vitelline confinement, temperature and egg size. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1490. [PMID: 26713241 PMCID: PMC4690382 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic cell division is a mechanical process which is predominantly driven by contraction of the cleavage furrow and response of the remaining cellular matter. While most previous studies focused on contractile ring mechanisms of cytokinesis, effects of environmental factors such as pericellular vitelline membrane and temperature on the mechanics of dividing cells were rarely studied. Here, we apply a model-based analysis to the time-lapse imaging data of two species (Saccoglossus kowalevskii and Xenopus laevis) with relatively large eggs, with the goal of revealing the effects of temperature and vitelline envelope on the mechanics of the first embryonic cell division. We constructed a numerical model of cytokinesis to estimate the effects of vitelline confinement on cellular deformation and to predict deformation of cellular contours. We used the deviations of our computational predictions from experimentally observed cell elongation to adjust variable parameters of the contractile ring model and to quantify the contribution of other factors (constitutive cell properties, spindle polarization) that may influence the mechanics and shape of dividing cells. We find that temperature affects the size and rate of dilatation of the vitelline membrane surrounding fertilized eggs and show that in native (not artificially devitellinized) egg cells the effects of temperature and vitelline envelope on mechanics of cell division are tightly interlinked. In particular, our results support the view that vitelline membrane fulfills an important role of micromechanical environment around the early embryo the absence or improper function of which under moderately elevated temperature impairs normal development. Furthermore, our findings suggest the existence of scale-dependent mechanisms that contribute to cytokinesis in species with different egg size, and challenge the view of mechanics of embryonic cell division as a scale-independent phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Gladilin
- Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg , Germany ; BioQuant and IPMB, University Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg , Germany ; BioQuant and IPMB, University Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Leonid Peshkin
- Systems Biology, Harvad Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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22
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Delabre U, Feld K, Crespo E, Whyte G, Sykes C, Seifert U, Guck J. Deformation of phospholipid vesicles in an optical stretcher. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:6075-88. [PMID: 26135540 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00562k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid vesicles are common model systems for cell membranes. Important aspects of the membrane function relate to its mechanical properties. Here we have investigated the deformation behaviour of phospholipid vesicles in a dual-beam laser trap, also called an optical stretcher. This study explicitly makes use of the inherent heating present in such traps to investigate the dependence of vesicle deformation on temperature. By using lasers with different wavelengths, optically induced mechanical stresses and temperature increase can be tuned fairly independently with a single setup. The phase transition temperature of vesicles can be clearly identified by an increase in deformation. In the case of no heating effects, a minimal model for drop deformation in an optical stretcher and a more specific model for vesicle deformation that takes explicitly into account the angular dependence of the optical stress are presented to account for the experimental results. Elastic constants are extracted from the fitting procedures, which agree with literature data. This study demonstrates the utility of optical stretching, which is easily combined with microfluidic delivery, for the future serial, high-throughput study of the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of phospholipid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulysse Delabre
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, UMR 5798, F-33400 Talence, France.
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23
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Yang T, Nava G, Minzioni P, Veglione M, Bragheri F, Lelii FD, Vazquez RM, Osellame R, Cristiani I. Investigation of temperature effect on cell mechanics by optofluidic microchips. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:2991-2996. [PMID: 26309762 PMCID: PMC4541526 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.002991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we present the results of a study concerning the effect of temperature on cell mechanical properties. Two different optofluidic microchips with external temperature control are used to investigate the temperature-induced changes of highly metastatic human melanoma cells (A375MC2) in the range of ~0 - 35 °C. By means of an integrated optical stretcher, we observe that cells' optical deformability is strongly enhanced by increasing cell and buffer-fluid temperature. This finding is supported by the results obtained from a second device, which probes the cells' ability to be squeezed through a constriction. Measured data demonstrate a marked dependence of cell mechanical properties on temperature, thus highlighting the importance of including a proper temperature-control system in the experimental apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Yang
- Dip. Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nava
- Dip. Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Dip. Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Milano,Via F.lli Cervi 91, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Paolo Minzioni
- Dip. Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Manuela Veglione
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare (IGM) – CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Bragheri
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR,Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Demetra Lelii
- Dip. Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rebeca Martinez Vazquez
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR,Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR,Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cristiani
- Dip. Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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24
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Abstract
Traditionally, cell analysis has focused on using molecular biomarkers for basic research, cell preparation, and clinical diagnostics; however, new microtechnologies are enabling evaluation of the mechanical properties of cells at throughputs that make them amenable to widespread use. We review the current understanding of how the mechanical characteristics of cells relate to underlying molecular and architectural changes, describe how these changes evolve with cell-state and disease processes, and propose promising biomedical applications that will be facilitated by the increased throughput of mechanical testing: from diagnosing cancer and monitoring immune states to preparing cells for regenerative medicine. We provide background about techniques that laid the groundwork for the quantitative understanding of cell mechanics and discuss current efforts to develop robust techniques for rapid analysis that aim to implement mechanophenotyping as a routine tool in biomedicine. Looking forward, we describe additional milestones that will facilitate broad adoption, as well as new directions not only in mechanically assessing cells but also in perturbing them to passively engineer cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Darling
- Center for Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology.,Department of Orthopaedics, and.,School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912;
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering.,California NanoSystems Institute, and.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
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25
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Hecht FM, Rheinlaender J, Schierbaum N, Goldmann WH, Fabry B, Schäffer TE. Imaging viscoelastic properties of live cells by AFM: power-law rheology on the nanoscale. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:4584-4591. [PMID: 25891371 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02718c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We developed force clamp force mapping (FCFM), an atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique for measuring the viscoelastic creep behavior of live cells with sub-micrometer spatial resolution. FCFM combines force-distance curves with an added force clamp phase during tip-sample contact. From the creep behavior measured during the force clamp phase, quantitative viscoelastic sample properties are extracted. We validate FCFM on soft polyacrylamide gels. We find that the creep behavior of living cells conforms to a power-law material model. By recording short (50-60 ms) force clamp measurements in rapid succession, we generate, for the first time, two-dimensional maps of power-law exponent and modulus scaling parameter. Although these maps reveal large spatial variations of both parameters across the cell surface, we obtain robust mean values from the several hundreds of measurements performed on each cell. Measurements on mouse embryonic fibroblasts show that the mean power-law exponents and the mean modulus scaling parameters differ greatly among individual cells, but both parameters are highly correlated: stiffer cells consistently show a smaller power-law exponent. This correlation allows us to distinguish between wild-type cells and cells that lack vinculin, a dominant protein of the focal adhesion complex, even though the mean values of viscoelastic properties between wildtype and knockout cells did not differ significantly. Therefore, FCFM spatially resolves viscoelastic sample properties and can uncover subtle mechanical signatures of proteins in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M Hecht
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Rheinlaender
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Schierbaum
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang H Goldmann
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestraße 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestraße 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilman E Schäffer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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26
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Chan CJ, Ekpenyong AE, Golfier S, Li W, Chalut KJ, Otto O, Elgeti J, Guck J, Lautenschläger F. Myosin II Activity Softens Cells in Suspension. Biophys J 2015; 108:1856-69. [PMID: 25902426 PMCID: PMC4407259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular cytoskeleton is crucial for many cellular functions such as cell motility and wound healing, as well as other processes that require shape change or force generation. Actin is one cytoskeleton component that regulates cell mechanics. Important properties driving this regulation include the amount of actin, its level of cross-linking, and its coordination with the activity of specific molecular motors like myosin. While studies investigating the contribution of myosin activity to cell mechanics have been performed on cells attached to a substrate, we investigated mechanical properties of cells in suspension. To do this, we used multiple probes for cell mechanics including a microfluidic optical stretcher, a microfluidic microcirculation mimetic, and real-time deformability cytometry. We found that nonadherent blood cells, cells arrested in mitosis, and naturally adherent cells brought into suspension, stiffen and become more solidlike upon myosin inhibition across multiple timescales (milliseconds to minutes). Our results hold across several pharmacological and genetic perturbations targeting myosin. Our findings suggest that myosin II activity contributes to increased whole-cell compliance and fluidity. This finding is contrary to what has been reported for cells attached to a substrate, which stiffen via active myosin driven prestress. Our results establish the importance of myosin II as an active component in modulating suspended cell mechanics, with a functional role distinctly different from that for substrate-adhered cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chii J Chan
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrew E Ekpenyong
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Golfier
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wenhong Li
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin J Chalut
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Otto
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Elgeti
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Faigle C, Lautenschläger F, Whyte G, Homewood P, Martín-Badosa E, Guck J. A monolithic glass chip for active single-cell sorting based on mechanical phenotyping. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1267-1275. [PMID: 25537986 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of biological cells have long been considered as inherent markers of biological function and disease. However, the screening and active sorting of heterogeneous populations based on serial single-cell mechanical measurements has not been demonstrated. Here we present a novel monolithic glass chip for combined fluorescence detection and mechanical phenotyping using an optical stretcher. A new design and manufacturing process, involving the bonding of two asymmetrically etched glass plates, combines exact optical fiber alignment, low laser damage threshold and high imaging quality with the possibility of several microfluidic inlet and outlet channels. We show the utility of such a custom-built optical stretcher glass chip by measuring and sorting single cells in a heterogeneous population based on their different mechanical properties and verify sorting accuracy by simultaneous fluorescence detection. This offers new possibilities of exact characterization and sorting of small populations based on rheological properties for biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Faigle
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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28
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Moeendarbary E, Harris AR. Cell mechanics: principles, practices, and prospects. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 6:371-88. [PMID: 25269160 PMCID: PMC4309479 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells generate and sustain mechanical forces within their environment as part of their normal physiology. They are active materials that can detect mechanical stimulation by the activation of mechanosensitive signaling pathways, and respond to physical cues through cytoskeletal re-organization and force generation. Genetic mutations and pathogens that disrupt the cytoskeletal architecture can result in changes to cell mechanical properties such as elasticity, adhesiveness, and viscosity. On the other hand, perturbations to the mechanical environment can affect cell behavior. These transformations are often a hallmark and symptom of a variety of pathologies. Consequently, there are now a myriad of experimental techniques and theoretical models adapted from soft matter physics and mechanical engineering to characterize cell mechanical properties. Interdisciplinary research combining modern molecular biology with advanced cell mechanical characterization techniques now paves the way for furthering our fundamental understanding of cell mechanics and its role in development, physiology, and disease. We describe a generalized outline for measuring cell mechanical properties including loading protocols, tools, and data interpretation.We summarize recent advances in the field and explain how cell biomechanics research can be adopted by physicists, engineers, biologists, and clinicians alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Hughes Hall, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Andrew R Harris
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Kang Liu
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Michelle L. Oyen
- Engineering Department, Cambridge University, Trumpington St., Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
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