1
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Abendroth JM, Herb K, Janitz E, Zhu T, Völker LA, Degen CL. Single-Nitrogen-Vacancy NMR of Amine-Functionalized Diamond Surfaces. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7294-7303. [PMID: 36069765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging with shallow nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond offers an exciting route toward sensitive and localized chemical characterization at the nanoscale. Remarkable progress has been made to combat the degradation in coherence time and stability suffered by near-surface NV centers using suitable chemical surface termination. However, approaches that also enable robust control over adsorbed molecule density, orientation, and binding configuration are needed. We demonstrate a diamond surface preparation for mixed nitrogen- and oxygen-termination that simultaneously improves NV center coherence times for <10 nm-deep emitters and enables direct and recyclable chemical functionalization via amine-reactive cross-linking. Using this approach, we probe single NV centers embedded in nanopillar waveguides to perform 19F NMR sensing of covalently bound fluorinated molecules with detection on the order of 100 molecules. This work signifies an important step toward nuclear spin localization and structure interrogation at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tianqi Zhu
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Boruleva EA, Nagovitsyn IA, Chudinova GK, Lobanov AV. Effect of DNA on the Fluorescence of ZnO Composite Films Containing Nanosized Diamonds. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793121060026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Catalan FCI, Anh LT, Oh J, Kazuma E, Hayazawa N, Ikemiya N, Kamoshida N, Tateyama Y, Einaga Y, Kim Y. Localized Graphitization on Diamond Surface as a Manifestation of Dopants. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103250. [PMID: 34487374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Doped diamond electrodes have attracted significant attention for decades owing to their excellent physical and electrochemical properties. However, direct experimental observation of dopant effects on the diamond surface has not been available until now. Here, low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy is utilized to investigate the atomic-scale morphology and electronic structures of (100)- and (111)-oriented boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Graphitized domains of a few nanometers are shown to manifest the effects of boron dopants on the BDD surface. Confirmed by first-principles calculations, local density of states measurements reveal that the electronic structure of these features is characterized by in-gap states induced by boron-related lattice deformation. The dopant-related graphitization is uniquely observed in BDD (111), which explains its electrochemical superiority over the (100) facet. These experimental observations provide atomic-scale information about the role of dopants in modulating the conductivity of diamond, as well as, possibly, other functional doped materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le The Anh
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Junepyo Oh
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Norihiko Hayazawa
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Norihito Ikemiya
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Naoki Kamoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateyama
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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4
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Handschuh-Wang S, Wang T, Tang Y. Ultrathin Diamond Nanofilms-Development, Challenges, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007529. [PMID: 34041849 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diamond is a highly attractive material for ample applications in material science, engineering, chemistry, and biology because of its favorable properties. The advent of conductive diamond coatings and the steady demand for miniaturization in a plethora of economic and scientific fields resulted in the impetus for interdisciplinary research to develop intricate deposition techniques for thin (≤1000 nm) and ultra-thin (≤100 nm) diamond films on non-diamond substrates. By virtue of the lowered thickness, diamond coatings feature high optical transparency in UV-IR range. Combined with their semi-conductivity and mechanical robustness, they are promising candidates for solar cells, optical devices, transparent electrodes, and photochemical applications. In this review, the difficulty of (ultra-thin) diamond film development and production, introduction of important stepping stones for thin diamond synthesis, and summarization of the main nucleation procedures for diamond film synthesis are elucidated. Thereafter, applications of thin diamond coatings are highlighted with a focus on applications relying on ultrathin diamond coatings, and the excellent properties of the diamond exploited in said applications are discussed, thus guiding the reader and enabling the reader to quickly get acquainted with the research field of ultrathin diamond coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongbing Tang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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5
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The Role of Functionalization in the Applications of Carbon Materials: An Overview. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/c5040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The carbon-based materials (CbMs) refer to a class of substances in which the carbon atoms can assume different hybridization states (sp1, sp2, sp3) leading to different allotropic structures -. In these substances, the carbon atoms can form robust covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or with a vast class of metallic and non-metallic elements, giving rise to an enormous number of compounds from small molecules to long chains to solids. This is one of the reasons why the carbon chemistry is at the basis of the organic chemistry and the biochemistry from which life on earth was born. In this context, the surface chemistry assumes a substantial role dictating the physical and chemical properties of the carbon-based materials. Different functionalities are obtained by bonding carbon atoms with heteroatoms (mainly oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur) determining a certain reactivity of the compound which otherwise is rather weak. This holds for classic materials such as the diamond, the graphite, the carbon black and the porous carbon but functionalization is widely applied also to the carbon nanostructures which came at play mainly in the last two decades. As a matter of fact, nowadays, in addition to fabrication of nano and porous structures, the functionalization of CbMs is at the basis of a number of applications as catalysis, energy conversion, sensing, biomedicine, adsorption etc. This work is dedicated to the modification of the surface chemistry reviewing the different approaches also considering the different macro and nano allotropic forms of carbon.
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6
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Sojková M, Siffalovic P, Babchenko O, Vanko G, Dobročka E, Hagara J, Mrkyvkova N, Majková E, Ižák T, Kromka A, Hulman M. Carbide-free one-zone sulfurization method grows thin MoS 2 layers on polycrystalline CVD diamond. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2001. [PMID: 30765759 PMCID: PMC6375934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The last few decades faced on the fabrication of advanced engineering materials involving also different composites. Here, we report on the fabrication of few-layer molybdenum disulfide on top of thin polycrystalline diamond substrates with a high specific surface area. In the method, pre-deposited molybdenum coatings were sulfurized in a one-zone furnace at ambient pressure. As-prepared MoS2 layers were characterized by several techniques including grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We found out that the initial thickness of Mo films determined the final c-axis crystallographic orientation of MoS2 layer as previously observed on other substrates. Even though it is well-known that Mo diffuses into diamond at elevated temperatures, the competing sulfurization applied effectively suppressed the diffusion and a chemical reaction between molybdenum and diamond. In particular, a Mo2C layer does not form at the interface between the Mo film and diamond substrate. The combination of diamond high specific surface area along with a controllable layer orientation might be attractive for applications, such as water splitting or water disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Sojková
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Siffalovic
- Institute of Physics, SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Oleg Babchenko
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Vanko
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Edmund Dobročka
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Hagara
- Institute of Physics, SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nada Mrkyvkova
- Institute of Physics, SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Majková
- Institute of Physics, SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Ižák
- Institute of Physics AS CR, Cukrovarnícka 10, 162 00, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute of Physics AS CR, Cukrovarnícka 10, 162 00, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hulman
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
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7
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Yang N, Yu S, Macpherson JV, Einaga Y, Zhao H, Zhao G, Swain GM, Jiang X. Conductive diamond: synthesis, properties, and electrochemical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:157-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00757d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes systematically the growth, properties, and electrochemical applications of conductive diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | - Siyu Yu
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | | | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Hongying Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | | | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
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8
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Sartori AF, Orlando S, Bellucci A, Trucchi DM, Abrahami S, Boehme T, Hantschel T, Vandervorst W, Buijnsters JG. Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) on Heavily Boron-Doped Diamond for Electrode Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:43236-43251. [PMID: 30431259 PMCID: PMC6326536 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diamond is known as a promising electrode material in the fields of cell stimulation, energy storage (e.g., supercapacitors), (bio)sensing, catalysis, etc. However, engineering its surface and electrochemical properties often requires costly and complex procedures with addition of foreign material (e.g., carbon nanotube or polymer) scaffolds or cleanroom processing. In this work, we demonstrate a novel approach using laser-induced periodic surface structuring (LIPSS) as a scalable, versatile, and cost-effective technique to nanostructure the surface and tune the electrochemical properties of boron-doped diamond (BDD). We study the effect of LIPSS on heavily doped BDD and investigate its application as electrodes for cell stimulation and energy storage. We show that quasi-periodic ripple structures formed on diamond electrodes laser-textured with a laser accumulated fluence of 0.325 kJ/cm2 (800 nm wavelength) displayed a much higher double-layer capacitance of 660 μF/cm2 than the as-grown BDD (20 μF/cm2) and that an increased charge-storage capacity of 1.6 mC/cm2 (>6-fold increase after laser texturing) and a low impedance of 2.74 Ω cm2 turn out to be appreciable properties for cell stimulation. Additional morphological and structural characterization revealed that ripple formation on heavily boron-doped diamond (2.8 atom % [B]) occurs at much lower accumulated fluences than the 2 kJ/cm2 typically reported for lower doping levels and that the process involves stronger graphitization of the BDD surface. Finally, we show that the exposed interface between sp2 and sp3 carbon layers (i.e. the laser-ablated diamond surface) revealed faster kinetics than the untreated BDD in both ferrocyanide and RuHex mediators, which can be used for electrochemical (bio)sensing. Overall, our work demonstrates that LIPSS is a powerful single-step tool for the fabrication of surface-engineered diamond electrodes with tunable material, electrochemical, and charge-storage properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F. Sartori
- Department of Precision
and Microsystems Engineering, Research Group of Micro and Nano Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- E-mail: . Tel.: +31 (0)15 27 86089 (A.F.S.)
| | - Stefano Orlando
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Unit of Montelibretti, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Research
Area of Rome 1, Via Salaria
km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bellucci
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Unit of Montelibretti, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Research
Area of Rome 1, Via Salaria
km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele M. Trucchi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Unit of Montelibretti, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Research
Area of Rome 1, Via Salaria
km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - Shoshan Abrahami
- Department
of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group Electrochemical and Surface
Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thijs Boehme
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- IKS-Department of Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Wilfried Vandervorst
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- IKS-Department of Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Josephus G. Buijnsters
- Department of Precision
and Microsystems Engineering, Research Group of Micro and Nano Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- E-mail: . Tel.: +31 (0)15 27 85396 (J.G.B)
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9
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Liu J, Koide Y. An Overview of High- k Oxides on Hydrogenated-Diamond for Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Capacitors and Field-Effect Transistors. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18061813. [PMID: 29867032 PMCID: PMC6022191 DOI: 10.3390/s18061813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to its excellent intrinsic properties, diamond is promising for applications of high-power electronic devices, ultraviolet detectors, biosensors, high-temperature tolerant gas sensors, etc. Here, an overview of high-k oxides on hydrogenated-diamond (H-diamond) for metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors and MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) is demonstrated. Fabrication routines for the H-diamond MOS capacitors and MOSFETs, band configurations of oxide/H-diamond heterointerfaces, and electrical properties of the MOS and MOSFETs are summarized and discussed. High-k oxide insulators are deposited using atomic layer deposition (ALD) and sputtering deposition (SD) techniques. Electrical properties of the H-diamond MOS capacitors with high-k oxides of ALD-Al₂O₃, ALD-HfO₂, ALD-HfO₂/ALD-Al₂O₃ multilayer, SD-HfO₂/ALD-HfO₂ bilayer, SD-TiO₂/ALD-Al₂O₃ bilayer, and ALD-TiO₂/ALD-Al₂O₃ bilayer are discussed. Analyses for capacitance-voltage characteristics of them show that there are low fixed and trapped charge densities for the ALD-Al₂O₃/H-diamond and SD-HfO₂/ALD-HfO₂/H-diamond MOS capacitors. The k value of 27.2 for the ALD-TiO₂/ALD-Al₂O₃ bilayer is larger than those of the other oxide insulators. Drain-source current versus voltage curves show distinct pitch-off and p-type channel characteristics for the ALD-Al₂O₃/H-diamond, SD-HfO₂/ALD-HfO₂/H-diamond, and ALD-TiO₂/ALD-Al₂O₃/H-diamond MOSFETs. Understanding of fabrication routines and electrical properties for the high-k oxide/H-diamond MOS electronic devices is meaningful for the fabrication of high-performance H-diamond MOS capacitor and MOSFET gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Liu
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Koide
- Research Network and Facility Services Division, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Ibaraki, Japan.
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10
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Gillis KD, Liu XA, Marcantoni A, Carabelli V. Electrochemical measurement of quantal exocytosis using microchips. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:97-112. [PMID: 28866728 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber electrodes (CFEs) are the gold standard for quantifying the release of oxidizable neurotransmitters from single vesicles and single cells. Over the last 15 years, microfabricated devices have emerged as alternatives to CFEs that offer the possibility of higher throughput, subcellular spatial resolution of exocytosis, and integration with other techniques for probing exocytosis including microfluidic cell handling and solution exchange, optical imaging and stimulation, and electrophysiological recording and stimulation. Here we review progress in developing electrochemical electrode devices capable of resolving quantal exocytosis that are fabricated using photolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Gillis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Xin A Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug Science and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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11
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Nistor PA, May PW. Diamond thin films: giving biomedical applications a new shine. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:20170382. [PMID: 28931637 PMCID: PMC5636274 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress made in the last two decades in chemical vapour deposition technology has enabled the production of inexpensive, high-quality coatings made from diamond to become a scientific and commercial reality. Two properties of diamond make it a highly desirable candidate material for biomedical applications: first, it is bioinert, meaning that there is minimal immune response when diamond is implanted into the body, and second, its electrical conductivity can be altered in a controlled manner, from insulating to near-metallic. In vitro, diamond can be used as a substrate upon which a range of biological cells can be cultured. In vivo, diamond thin films have been proposed as coatings for implants and prostheses. Here, we review a large body of data regarding the use of diamond substrates for in vitro cell culture. We also detail more recent work exploring diamond-coated implants with the main targets being bone and neural tissue. We conclude that diamond emerges as one of the major new biomaterials of the twenty-first century that could shape the way medical treatment will be performed, especially when invasive procedures are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Nistor
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - P W May
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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12
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Handschuh-Wang S, Wang T, Druzhinin SI, Wesner D, Jiang X, Schönherr H. Detailed Study of BSA Adsorption on Micro- and Nanocrystalline Diamond/β-SiC Composite Gradient Films by Time-Resolved Fluorescence Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:802-813. [PMID: 28025889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on micro- and nanocrystalline diamond/β-SiC composite films synthesized using the hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique has been investigated by confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. BSA labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was employed as a probe. The BSAFITC conjugate was found to preferentially adsorb on both O-/OH-terminated microcrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond compared to the OH-terminated β-SiC, resulting in an increasing amount of BSA adsorbed to the gradient surfaces with an increasing diamond/β-SiC ratio. The different strength of adsorption (>30 times for diamond with a grain size of 570 nm) coincides with different surface energy parameters and differing conformational changes upon adsorption. Fluorescence data of the adsorbed BSAFITC on the gradient film with different diamond coverage show a four-exponential decay with decay times of 3.71, 2.54, 0.66, and 0.13 ns for a grain size of 570 nm. The different decay times are attributed to the fluorescence of thiourea fluorescein residuals of linked FITC distributed in BSA with different dye-dye and dye-surface distances. The longest decay time was found to correlate linearly with the diamond grain size. The fluorescence of BSAFITC undergoes external dynamic fluorescence quenching on the diamond surface by H- and/or sp2-defects and/or by amorphous carbon or graphite phases. An acceleration of the internal fluorescence concentration quenching in BSAFITC because of structural changes of albumin due to adsorption, is concluded to be a secondary contributor. These results suggest that the micro- and nanocrystalline diamond/β-SiC composite gradient films can be utilized to spatially control protein adsorption and diamond crystallite size, which facilitates systematic studies at these interesting (bio)interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- Physical Chemistry I, ‡Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), and §Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen , 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Tao Wang
- Physical Chemistry I, ‡Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), and §Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen , 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Sergey I Druzhinin
- Physical Chemistry I, ‡Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), and §Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen , 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Daniel Wesner
- Physical Chemistry I, ‡Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), and §Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen , 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Xin Jiang
- Physical Chemistry I, ‡Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), and §Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen , 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I, ‡Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), and §Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen , 57076 Siegen, Germany
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13
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Zhang W, Radadia AD. Toward a Boron-Doped Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Electrode-Based Dielectrophoretic Preconcentrator. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2605-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhang
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Center
for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, Chemical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United States
| | - Adarsh D. Radadia
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Center
for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, Chemical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United States
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14
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Abstract
Analysis of the induced stress on undoped and boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin films by confocal Raman microscopy is performed in this study to investigate its correlation with sample chemical composition and the substrate used during fabrication. Knowledge of this nature is very important to the issue of long-term stability of BDD coated neurosurgical electrodes that will be used in fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, as potential occurrence of film delaminations and dislocations during their surgical implantation can have unwanted consequences for the reliability of BDD-based biosensing electrodes. To achieve a more uniform deposition of the films on cylindrically-shaped tungsten rods, substrate rotation was employed in a custom-built chemical vapor deposition reactor. In addition to visibly preferential boron incorporation into the diamond lattice and columnar growth, the results also reveal a direct correlation between regions of pure diamond and enhanced stress. Definite stress release throughout entire film thicknesses was found in the current Raman mapping images for higher amounts of boron addition. There is also a possible contribution to the high values of compressive stress from sp2 type carbon impurities, besides that of the expected lattice mismatch between film and substrate.
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15
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Gan P, Foord JS, Compton RG. Surface Modification of Boron-Doped Diamond with Microcrystalline Copper Phthalocyanine: Oxygen Reduction Catalysis. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:606-12. [PMID: 26491640 PMCID: PMC4608528 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface modification of boron-doped diamond (BDD) with copper phthalocyanine was achieved using a simple and convenient dropcast deposition, giving rise to a microcrystalline structure. Both unmodified and modified BDD electrodes of different surface terminations (namely hydrogen and oxygen) were compared via the electrochemical reduction of oxygen in aqueous solution. A significant lowering of the cathodic overpotential by about 500 mV was observed after modification of hydrogen-terminated (hydrophobic) diamond, while no voltammetric peak was seen on modified oxidised (hydrophilic) diamond, signifying greater interaction between copper phthalocyanine and the hydrogen-terminated BDD. Oxygen reduction was found to undergo a two-electron process on the modified hydrogen-terminated diamond, which was shown to be also active for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The lack of a further conversion of the peroxide was attributed to its rapid diffusion away from the triple phase boundary at which the reaction is expected to exclusively occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - John S Foord
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G Compton
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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16
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Aramesh M, Shimoni O, Fox K, Karle TJ, Lohrmann A, Ostrikov K, Prawer S, Cervenka J. Ultra-high-density 3D DNA arrays within nanoporous biocompatible membranes for single-molecule-level detection and purification of circulating nucleic acids. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:5998-6006. [PMID: 25744416 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07351g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleic acids freely circulating in blood and other physiologic fluids are important biomarkers for non-invasive diagnostics and early detection of cancer and other diseases, yet difficult to detect because they exist in very low concentrations and large volumes. Here we demonstrate a new broad-range sensor platform for ultrasensitive and selective detection of circulating DNA down to the single-molecule level. The biosensor is based on a chemically functionalized nanoporous diamond-like carbon (DLC) coated alumina membrane. The few nanometer-thick, yet perfect and continuous DLC-coating confers the chemical stability and biocompatibility of the sensor, allowing its direct application in biological conditions. The selective detection is based on complementary hybridization of a fluorescently-tagged circulating cancer oncomarker (a 21-mer nucleic acid) with covalently immobilized DNA on the surface of the membrane. The captured DNAs are detected in the nanoporous structure of the sensor using confocal scanning laser microscopy. The flow-through membrane sensor demonstrates broad-range sensitivity, spanning from 10(15) molecules per cm(2) down to single molecules, which is several orders of magnitude improvement compared to the flat DNA microarrays. Our study suggests that these flow-through type nanoporous sensors represent a new powerful platform for large volume sampling and ultrasensitive detection of different chemical biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aramesh
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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17
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Taylor AC, Edgington R, Jackman RB. Patterning of nanodiamond tracks and nanocrystalline diamond films using a micropipette for additive direct-write processing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:6490-5. [PMID: 25669757 DOI: 10.1021/am507900a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to pattern the seeding of nanodiamonds (NDs), and thus selectively control areas of diamond growth, is a useful capability for many applications, including photonics, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) prototyping, and biomaterial design. A microprinting technique using a computer-driven micropipette has been developed to deposit patterns of ND monolayers from an unreactive water/glycerol ND ink to 5-μm resolution. The concentration and composition of the ND solution were optimized to realize high-density monolayers of NDs and consistent ND printing. Subsequent nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) patterns grown using chemical vapor deposition showed a high level of compliance with the printed ND pattern. This "direct-write", bottom-up, and additive process offers a versatile and simple alternative to pattern diamond. The process has the particular advantage that it does not require lithography or destructive processing such as reactive-ion etching (RIE) and, pertinently, does not involve reactive chemicals that could alter the surface chemistry of NDs. Furthermore, given that this process obviates the use of conventional lithography, substrates that are not suitable for lithographic processing (e.g., excessively small or three-dimensional structured substrates) can be inscribed with ND patterns. The technique also allows for the growth of discrete, localized, single-crystal nanodiamonds with applications in quantum technology.
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18
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Seshan V, Island JO, van Leeuwen R, Venstra WJ, Schneider BH, Janssens SD, Haenen K, Sudhölter EJR, de Smet LCPM, van der Zant HSJ, Steele GA, Castellanos-Gomez A. Pick-up and drop transfer of diamond nanosheets. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:125706. [PMID: 25742057 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/12/125706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) is a promising material for electronic and mechanical micro- and nanodevices. Here we introduce a versatile pick-up and drop technique that makes it possible to investigate the electrical, optical and mechanical properties of as-grown NCD films. Using this technique, NCD nanosheets, as thin as 55 nm, can be picked-up from a growth substrate and positioned on another substrate. As a proof of concept, electronic devices and mechanical resonators are fabricated and their properties are characterized. In addition, the versatility of the method is further explored by transferring NCD nanosheets onto an optical fiber, which allows measuring its optical absorption. Finally, we show that NCD nanosheets can also be transferred onto two-dimensional crystals, such as MoS2, to fabricate heterostructures. Pick-up and drop transfer enables the fabrication of a variety of NCD-based devices without requiring lithography or wet processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Seshan
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands. Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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19
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Manciu FS, Manciu M, Durrer WG, Salazar JG, Lee KH, Bennet KE. A Drude model analysis of conductivity and free carriers in boron-doped diamond films and investigations of their internal stress and strain. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2014; 49:5782-5789. [PMID: 25328245 PMCID: PMC4199101 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-014-8309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) has seen a substantial increase in interest for use as electrode coating material for electrochemistry and studies of deep brain stimulation mechanism. In this study, we present an alternative method for determining important characteristics, including conductivity, carrier concentration, and time constant, of such material by the signature of Drude-like metallic behavior in the far-infrared (IR) spectral range. Unlike the direct determination of conductivity from the four-point probe method, using far-IR transmittance provides additional information, such as whether the incorporation of boron results in a large concentration of carriers or in inducing defects in the diamond lattice. The slightly doped to medium-doped BDD samples that were produced using chemical vapor deposition and analyzed in this work show conductivities ranging between 5.5 and 11 (Ω cm)-1. Different growth conditions demonstrate that increasing boron concentration results in an increase in the carrier concentration, with values between 7.2 × 1016 and 2.5 × 1017 carriers/cm3. Addition of boron, besides leading to a decrease in the resistivity, also resulted in a decrease in the time constant, limiting BDD conductivity. Investigations, by confocal Raman mapping, of the induced stress in the material due to interaction with the substrate or to the amount of doping are also presented and discussed. The induced tensile stress, which was distributed closer to the film-substrate interface decreased slightly with doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia S. Manciu
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Marian Manciu
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - William G. Durrer
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Jessica G. Salazar
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Kendall H. Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kevin E. Bennet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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20
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Seshan V, Murthy DHK, Castellanos-Gomez A, Sachdeva S, Ahmad HA, Janssens SD, Janssen W, Haenen K, van der Zant HSJ, Sudhölter EJR, Savenije TJ, de Smet LCPM. Contactless photoconductance study on undoped and doped nanocrystalline diamond films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:11368-11375. [PMID: 24918631 DOI: 10.1021/am501907q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen and oxygen surface-terminated nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films are studied by the contactless time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) technique and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optoelectronic properties of undoped NCD films are strongly affected by the type of surface termination. Upon changing the surface termination from oxygen to hydrogen, the TRMC signal rises dramatically. For an estimated quantum yield of 1 for sub-bandgap optical excitation the hole mobility of the hydrogen-terminated undoped NCD was found to be ∼0.27 cm(2)/(V s) with a lifetime exceeding 1 μs. Assuming a similar mobility for the oxygen-terminated undoped NCD a lifetime of ∼100 ps was derived. Analysis of the valence band spectra obtained by XPS suggests that upon oxidation of undoped NCD the surface Fermi level shifts (toward an increased work function). This shift originates from the size and direction of the electronic dipole moment of the surface atoms, and leads to different types of band bending at the diamond/air interface in the presence of a water film. In the case of boron-doped NCD no shift of the work function is observed, which can be rationalized by pinning of the Fermi level. This is confirmed by TRMC results of boron-doped NCD, which show no dependency on the surface termination. We suggest that photoexcited electrons in boron-doped NCD occupy nonionized boron dopants, leaving relatively long-lived mobile holes in the valence band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Seshan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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21
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Zhang W, Patel K, Schexnider A, Banu S, Radadia AD. Nanostructuring of biosensing electrodes with nanodiamonds for antibody immobilization. ACS NANO 2014; 8:1419-28. [PMID: 24397797 PMCID: PMC4004312 DOI: 10.1021/nn405240g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
While chemical vapor deposition of diamond films is currently cost prohibitive for biosensor construction, in this paper, we show that sonication-assisted nanostructuring of biosensing electrodes with nanodiamonds (NDs) allows harnessing the hydrolytic stability of the diamond biofunctionalization chemistry for real-time continuous sensing, while improving the detector sensitivity and stability. We find that the higher surface coverages were important for improved bacterial capture and can be achieved through proper choice of solvent, ND concentration, and seeding time. A mixture of methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide provides the highest surface coverage (33.6 ± 3.4%) for the NDs with positive zeta-potential, compared to dilutions of dimethyl sulfoxide with acetone, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or water. Through impedance spectroscopy of ND-seeded interdigitated electrodes (IDEs), we found that the ND seeds serve as electrically conductive islands only a few nanometers apart. Also we show that the seeded NDs are amply hydrogenated to be decorated with antibodies using the UV-alkene chemistry, and higher bacterial captures can be obtained compared to our previously reported work with diamond films. When sensing bacteria from 10(6) cfu/mL E. coli O157:H7, the resistance to charge transfer at the IDEs decreased by ∼ 38.8%, which is nearly 1.5 times better than that reported previously using redox probes. Further in the case of 10(8) cfu/mL E. coli O157:H7, the charge transfer resistance changed by ∼ 46%, which is similar to the magnitude of improvement reported using magnetic nanoparticle-based sample enrichment prior to impedance detection. Thus ND seeding allows impedance biosensing in low conductivity solutions with competitive sensitivity.
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22
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Wang T, Handschuh-Wang S, Yang Y, Zhuang H, Schlemper C, Wesner D, Schönherr H, Zhang W, Jiang X. Controlled surface chemistry of diamond/β-SiC composite films for preferential protein adsorption. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:1089-99. [PMID: 24410163 DOI: 10.1021/la404277p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Diamond and SiC both process extraordinary biocompatible, electronic, and chemical properties. A combination of diamond and SiC may lead to highly stable materials, e.g., for implants or biosensors with excellent sensing properties. Here we report on the controllable surface chemistry of diamond/β-SiC composite films and its effect on protein adsorption. For systematic and high-throughput investigations, novel diamond/β-SiC composite films with gradient composition have been synthesized using the hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique. As revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the diamond/β-SiC ratio of the composite films shows a continuous change from pure diamond to β-SiC over a length of ∼ 10 mm on the surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was employed to unveil the surface termination of chemically oxidized and hydrogen treated surfaces. The surface chemistry of the composite films was found to depend on diamond/β-SiC ratio and the surface treatment. As observed by confocal fluorescence microscopy, albumin and fibrinogen were preferentially adsorbed from buffer: after surface oxidation, the proteins preferred to adsorb on diamond rather than on β-SiC, resulting in an increasing amount of proteins adsorbed to the gradient surfaces with increasing diamond/β-SiC ratio. By contrast, for hydrogen-treated surfaces, the proteins preferentially adsorbed on β-SiC, leading to a decreasing amount of albumin adsorbed on the gradient surfaces with increasing diamond/β-SiC ratio. The mechanism of preferential protein adsorption is discussed by considering the hydrogen bonding of the water self-association network to OH-terminated surfaces and the change of the polar surface energy component, which was determined according to the van Oss method. These results suggest that the diamond/β-SiC gradient film can be a promising material for biomedical applications which require good biocompatibility and selective adsorption of proteins and cells to direct cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen , Paul-Bonatz-Straße 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany
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23
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Wu CC, Han CC, Chang HC. Applications of Surface-Functionalized Diamond Nanoparticles for Mass-Spectrometry-Based Proteomics. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization by a zirconia modified diamond electrode. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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25
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Wang Q, Kromka A, Houdkova J, Babchenko O, Rezek B, Li M, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Nanomolar hydrogen peroxide detection using horseradish peroxidase covalently linked to undoped nanocrystalline diamond surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:587-592. [PMID: 22066858 DOI: 10.1021/la202967t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report on the low-level detection of hydrogen peroxide, a key player in the redox signaling pathway and a toxic product in the cellular system, using a colorimetric solution assay. Amine-terminated undoped nanocrystalline diamond thin films were grown on glass using a linear-antenna microwave plasma CVD process. The diamond surface consists mainly of -NH(2) termination. The aminated diamond surface was decorated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme using carbodiimide coupling chemistry. The success of the HRP immobilization was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The enzymatic activity of immobilized HRP was determined with a colorimetric test based on the HRP-catalyzed oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sufonic acid (ABTS) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The surface coverage of active HRP was estimated to be Γ = 7.3 × 10(13) molecules cm(-2). The use of the functionalized diamond surface as an optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide with a detection limit of 35 nM was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (USR 3078), Université de Lille1, Parc de la Haute Borne, 50 Avenue de Halley, BP 70478, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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26
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Meziane D, Barras A, Kromka A, Houdkova J, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Thiol-yne reaction on boron-doped diamond electrodes: application for the electrochemical detection of DNA-DNA hybridization events. Anal Chem 2011; 84:194-200. [PMID: 22022777 DOI: 10.1021/ac202350c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) interfaces were chemically functionalized through the catalyst free thiol-yne reaction. Different thiolated precursors (e.g., perfluorodecanethiol, 6-(ferrocenyl)-hexanethiol, DNA) were successfully "clicked" to alkynyl-terminated BDD by irradiating the interface at 365 nm for 30 min. Thiolated oligonucleotide strands were immobilized using the optimized reaction conditions, and the surface concentration was tuned to obtain a surface coverage of 3.1 × 10(12) molecules cm(-2). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to follow the kinetics of hybridization and dehybridization events. The sensitivity of the oligonucleotide modified BDD interface was assayed, and a detection limit of 1 nM was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Meziane
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI), CNRS USR 3078, Université de Lille1, Parc de la Haute Borne, 50 avenue de Halley, B;P 70478, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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27
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Grausova L, Kromka A, Burdikova Z, Eckhardt A, Rezek B, Vacik J, Haenen K, Lisa V, Bacakova L. Enhanced growth and osteogenic differentiation of human osteoblast-like cells on boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond thin films. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20943. [PMID: 21695172 PMCID: PMC3112228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films have been proven to be promising substrates for the adhesion, growth and osteogenic differentiation of bone-derived cells. To understand the role of various degrees of doping (semiconducting to metallic-like), the NCD films were deposited on silicon substrates by a microwave plasma-enhanced CVD process and their boron doping was achieved by adding trimethylboron to the CH4:H2 gas mixture, the B∶C ratio was 133, 1000 and 6700 ppm. The room temperature electrical resistivity of the films decreased from >10 MΩ (undoped films) to 55 kΩ, 0.6 kΩ, and 0.3 kΩ (doped films with 133, 1000 and 6700 ppm of B, respectively). The increase in the number of human osteoblast-like MG 63 cells in 7-day-old cultures on NCD films was most apparent on the NCD films doped with 133 and 1000 ppm of B (153,000±14,000 and 152,000±10,000 cells/cm2, respectively, compared to 113,000±10,000 cells/cm2 on undoped NCD films). As measured by ELISA per mg of total protein, the cells on NCD with 133 and 1000 ppm of B also contained the highest concentrations of collagen I and alkaline phosphatase, respectively. On the NCD films with 6700 ppm of B, the cells contained the highest concentration of focal adhesion protein vinculin, and the highest amount of collagen I was adsorbed. The concentration of osteocalcin also increased with increasing level of B doping. The cell viability on all tested NCD films was almost 100%. Measurements of the concentration of ICAM-1, i.e. an immunoglobuline adhesion molecule binding inflammatory cells, suggested that the cells on the NCD films did not undergo significant immune activation. Thus, the potential of NCD films for bone tissue regeneration can be further enhanced and tailored by B doping and that B doping up to metallic-like levels is not detrimental for cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Grausova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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28
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Hongthani W, Fox NA, Fermín DJ. Electrochemical properties of two dimensional assemblies of insulating diamond particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:5112-5118. [PMID: 21405066 DOI: 10.1021/la1045833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical properties of two-dimensional assemblies of 500 nm type Ib diamond particles are investigated as a function of their surface oxidation state. High Pressure High Temperature particles are sequentially exposed to a hot strong acid bath and to H(2) plasma in order to generate oxygen (ODP) and hydrogen surface terminations (HDP). Changes in the surface composition following the chemical treatments are confirmed by FTIR. Electrophoretic mobility measurements show that the diamond particles exhibit a negative surface charge at pH above 7 independently of the surface termination. Oxidation in the acid bath and subsequent reduction in the H(2) plasma only affects about 30% of the particle surface charge. The intrinsic negative charge allows the formation of 2D assemblies by electrostatic adsorption on poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) modified In-doped SnO(2) electrodes (ITO). The particle number density in the assembly was controlled by the adsorption time up to a maximum coverage of ca. 40%. Cyclic voltammetry in the absence of redox species in solution show that the acid treatment effectively removes responses associated with sp(2) carbon impurities, resulting in a potential independent capacitive signal. On the other hand, HDP assemblies are characterized by a charging process at a potential above 0.1 V vs Ag/AgCl. These responses are associated with hole-injection into the valence band edge which is shifted to approximately -4.75 eV vs vacuum upon hydrogenation. Information concerning the position of the valence band edge as well as hole number density at the HDP surface as a function of the applied potential are extracted from the electrochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiphada Hongthani
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks close, Bristol, BS8 1TS United Kingdom
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29
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Radadia AD, Stavis CJ, Carr R, Zeng H, King WP, Carlisle JA, Aksimentiev A, Hamers RJ, Bashir R. Control of Nanoscale Environment to Improve Stability of Immobilized Proteins on Diamond Surfaces. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2011; 21:1040-1050. [PMID: 21949497 PMCID: PMC3177702 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201002251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunoassays for detection of bacterial pathogens rely on the selectivity and stability of bio-recognition elements such as antibodies tethered to sensor surfaces. The search for novel surfaces that improve the stability of biomolecules and assay performance has been pursued for a long time. However, the anticipated improvements in stability have not been realized in practice under physiological conditions because the surface functionalization layers on commonly used substrates, silica and gold, are themselves unstable on time scales of days. In this paper, we show that covalent linking of antibodies to diamond surfaces leads to substantial improvements in biological activity of proteins as measured by the ability to selectively capture cells of the pathogenic bacterium Escherichia coli O157:H7 even after exposure to buffer solutions at 37 °C for extended periods of time, approaching 2 weeks. Our results from ELISA, XPS, fluorescence microscopy, and MD simulations suggest that by using highly stable surface chemistry and controlling the nanoscale organization of the antibodies on the surface, it is possible to achieve significant improvements in biological activity and stability. Our findings can be easily extended to functionalization of micro and nanodimensional sensors and structures of biomedical diagnostic and therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh D. Radadia
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois, 208 North Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Courtney J. Stavis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rogan Carr
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hongjun Zeng
- Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc, Romeoville, IL 60446, USA
| | - William P. King
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois, 208 North Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | | | - Robert J. Hamers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois, 208 North Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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30
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Zhao L, Takimoto T, Ito M, Kitagawa N, Kimura T, Komatsu N. Chromatographic Separation of Highly Soluble Diamond Nanoparticles Prepared by Polyglycerol Grafting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Zhao L, Takimoto T, Ito M, Kitagawa N, Kimura T, Komatsu N. Chromatographic separation of highly soluble diamond nanoparticles prepared by polyglycerol grafting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1388-92. [PMID: 21290519 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Japan
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Moore A, Celorrio V, de Oca MM, Plana D, Hongthani W, Lázaro MJ, Fermín DJ. Insulating diamond particles as substrate for Pd electrocatalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7656-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12387d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Tran DT, Vermeeren V, Grieten L, Wenmackers S, Wagner P, Pollet J, Janssen KPF, Michiels L, Lammertyn J. Nanocrystalline diamond impedimetric aptasensor for the label-free detection of human IgE. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:2987-93. [PMID: 21185167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Like antibodies, aptamers are highly valuable as bioreceptor molecules for protein biomarkers because of their excellent selectivity, specificity and stability. The integration of aptamers with semiconducting materials offers great potential for the development of reliable aptasensors. In this paper we present an aptamer-based impedimetric biosensor using a nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) film as a working electrode for the direct and label-free detection of human immunoglobulin E (IgE). Amino (NH(2))-terminated IgE aptamers were covalently attached to carboxyl (COOH)-modified NCD surfaces using carbodiimide chemistry. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied to measure the changes in interfacial electrical properties that arise when the aptamer-functionalized diamond surface was exposed to IgE solutions. During incubation, the formation of aptamer-IgE complexes caused a significant change in the capacitance of the double-layer, in good correspondence with the IgE concentration. The linear dynamic range of IgE detection was from 0.03 μg/mL to 42.8 μg/mL. The detection limit of the aptasensor reached physiologically relevant concentrations (0.03 μg/mL). The NCD-based aptasensor was demonstrated to be highly selective even in the presence of a large excess of IgG. In addition, the aptasensor provided reproducible signals during six regeneration cycles. The impedimetric aptasensor was successfully tested on human serum samples, which opens up the potential of using EIS for direct and label-free detection of IgE levels in blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh T Tran
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Rezek B, Krátká M, Kromka A, Kalbacova M. Effects of protein inter-layers on cell–diamond FET characteristics. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1307-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Biswas HS, Datta J, Chowdhury DP, Reddy AVR, Ghosh UC, Srivastava AK, Ray NR. Covalent immobilization of protein onto a functionalized hydrogenated diamond-like carbon substrate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:17413-17418. [PMID: 20949913 DOI: 10.1021/la103489g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (HDLC) has an atomically smooth surface that can be deposited on high-surface area substrata and functionalized with reactive chemical groups, providing an ideal substrate for protein immobilization. A synthetic sequence is described involving deposition and hydrogenation of DLC followed by chemical functionalization. These functional groups are reacted with amines on proteins causing covalent immobilization on contact. Raman measurements confirm the presence of these surface functional groups, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms covalent protein immobilization. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of immobilized proteins is reproducible because proteins do not move as a result of interactions with the AFM probe-tip, thus providing an advantage over mica substrata typically used in AFM studies of protein. HDLC offers many of the same technical advantages as oxidized graphene but also allows for coating large surface areas of biomaterials relevant to the fabrication of medical/biosensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shankar Biswas
- Nanocrystalline Diamond like Carbon Synthesis Laboratory, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata-700 064, India
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Abstract
The surface of hydrogen-terminated diamond resembles a solid hydrocarbon substrate. Interestingly, the C-H bonds on the diamond surface are not as unreactive as that of saturated hydrocarbon molecules owing to its unique surface electronic properties. The invention of C-H bond activation and C-C coupling reactions on the diamond surface allows chemists to develop powerful chemical transistors, biosensors, and photovoltaic cells on the diamond platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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38
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Ma J, Richley JC, Davies DRW, Ashfold MNR, Mankelevich YA. Spectroscopic and Modeling Investigations of the Gas Phase Chemistry and Composition in Microwave Plasma Activated B2H6/CH4/Ar/H2 Mixtures. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:10076-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jp104532y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS
| | - James C. Richley
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS
| | - David R. W. Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS
| | | | - Yuri A. Mankelevich
- Skobel’tsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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Ma J, Richley JC, Davies DRW, Cheesman A, Ashfold MNR, Mankelevich YA. Spectroscopic and Modeling Investigations of the Gas-Phase Chemistry and Composition in Microwave Plasma Activated B2H6/Ar/H2 Mixtures. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2447-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9094694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS and
| | - James C. Richley
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS and
| | - David R. W. Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS and
| | - Andrew Cheesman
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS and
| | | | - Yuri A. Mankelevich
- Skobel’tsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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40
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Geisler M, Hugel T. Aging of hydrogenated and oxidized diamond. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:398-402. [PMID: 20217727 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Geisler
- IMETUM, Physics Department CeNS and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
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41
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Geisler M, Balzer BN, Hugel T. Polymer adhesion at the solid-liquid interface probed by a single-molecule force sensor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:2864-2869. [PMID: 19882687 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A method based on atomic force microscopy is used to delineate the properties that determine single-molecule adhesion onto solid substrates in aqueous environment. Hydrophobicity as well as electrical properties of the substrate and the polymer are varied. In addition, the influence of the solvent composition, in particular the effect of ions, on the molecular adhesion at the solid-liquid interface is studied. Surprisingly, the polymer and surface-related properties account for only small changes in adhesion force, while dissolved ions show a much larger effect. These results point towards the energy of solvation as the most important contribution to adhesion for a wide variety of polymers and substrate materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Geisler
- IMETUM, Physics Department, CeNS and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
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42
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Poghossian A, Abouzar M, Razavi A, Bäcker M, Bijnens N, Williams O, Haenen K, Moritz W, Wagner P, Schöning M. Nanocrystalline-diamond thin films with high pH and penicillin sensitivity prepared on a capacitive Si–SiO2 structure. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wang M, Simon N, Decorse-Pascanut C, Bouttemy M, Etcheberry A, Li M, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Comparison of the chemical composition of boron-doped diamond surfaces upon different oxidation processes. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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44
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Balmer RS, Brandon JR, Clewes SL, Dhillon HK, Dodson JM, Friel I, Inglis PN, Madgwick TD, Markham ML, Mollart TP, Perkins N, Scarsbrook GA, Twitchen DJ, Whitehead AJ, Wilman JJ, Woollard SM. Chemical vapour deposition synthetic diamond: materials, technology and applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:364221. [PMID: 21832327 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Substantial developments have been achieved in the synthesis of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond in recent years, providing engineers and designers with access to a large range of new diamond materials. CVD diamond has a number of outstanding material properties that can enable exceptional performance in applications as diverse as medical diagnostics, water treatment, radiation detection, high power electronics, consumer audio, magnetometry and novel lasers. Often the material is synthesized in planar form; however, non-planar geometries are also possible and enable a number of key applications. This paper reviews the material properties and characteristics of single crystal and polycrystalline CVD diamond, and how these can be utilized, focusing particularly on optics, electronics and electrochemistry. It also summarizes how CVD diamond can be tailored for specific applications, on the basis of the ability to synthesize a consistent and engineered high performance product.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Balmer
- Element Six Ltd, Kings Ride Park, Ascot SL5 8BP, UK
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45
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46
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Vermeeren V, Wenmackers S, Wagner P, Michiels L. DNA sensors with diamond as a promising alternative transducer material. SENSORS 2009; 9:5600-36. [PMID: 22346717 PMCID: PMC3274169 DOI: 10.3390/s90705600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bio-electronics is a scientific field coupling the achievements in biology with electronics to obtain higher sensitivity, specificity and speed. Biosensors have played a pivotal role, and many have become established in the clinical and scientific world. They need to be sensitive, specific, fast and cheap. Electrochemical biosensors are most frequently cited in literature, often in the context of DNA sensing and mutation analysis. However, many popular electrochemical transduction materials, such as silicon, are susceptible to hydrolysis, leading to loss of bioreceptor molecules from the surface. Hence, increased attention has been shifted towards diamond, which surpasses silicon on many levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Vermeeren
- Biomedical Research Institute, School for Life Sciences, Hasselt University and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Agoralaan, Bldg. C, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Sylvia Wenmackers
- Institute for Materials Research, School for Life Sciences, Hasselt University and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mail: (P.W.)
| | - Patrick Wagner
- Institute for Materials Research, School for Life Sciences, Hasselt University and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mail: (P.W.)
| | - Luc Michiels
- Biomedical Research Institute, School for Life Sciences, Hasselt University and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Agoralaan, Bldg. C, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +32-11-269-231; Fax: +32-11-269-235
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47
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Boudou JP, Curmi P, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J, Aubert P, Sennour M, Balasubramanian G, Reuter R, Thorel A, Gaffet E. High yield fabrication of fluorescent nanodiamonds. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:235602. [PMID: 19451687 PMCID: PMC3201699 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/23/235602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A new fabrication method to produce homogeneously fluorescent nanodiamonds with high yields is described. The powder obtained by high energy ball milling of fluorescent high pressure, high temperature diamond microcrystals was converted in a pure concentrated aqueous colloidal dispersion of highly crystalline ultrasmall nanoparticles with a mean size less than or equal to 10 nm. The whole fabrication yield of colloidal quasi-spherical nanodiamonds was several orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported starting from microdiamonds. The results open up avenues for the industrial cost-effective production of fluorescent nanodiamonds with well-controlled properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Boudou
- Structure et activité des biomolécules normales et pathologiques
INSERM : U829Université d'Evry-Val d'EssonneUniversité d'Evry val d'essonne 1,rue du pere jarlan batiment maupertuis 91025 EVRY CEDEX,FR
- Correspondence should be adressed to: Jean-Paul Boudou
| | - Patrick Curmi
- Structure et activité des biomolécules normales et pathologiques
INSERM : U829Université d'Evry-Val d'EssonneUniversité d'Evry val d'essonne 1,rue du pere jarlan batiment maupertuis 91025 EVRY CEDEX,FR
- Correspondence should be adressed to: Patrick Curmi
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Physikalisches Institut
Universität StuttgartFR
- Correspondence should be adressed to: Fedor Jelezko
| | | | - Pascal Aubert
- LMN, Laboratoire d'étude des milieux nanométriques
Université d'Evry-Val d'EssonneBâtiment Maupertuis, aile ouest, 2ème étage 1 rue du père Jarlan 91000 Evry,FR
| | - Mohamed Sennour
- MAT, Centre des Matériaux
CNRS : UMR7633Mines ParisTechCentre des matériaux P. M. Fourt RN 447 - BP 87 91003 EVRY CEDEX,FR
| | | | - Rolf Reuter
- Physikalisches Institut
Universität StuttgartFR
| | - Alain Thorel
- MAT, Centre des Matériaux
CNRS : UMR7633Mines ParisTechCentre des matériaux P. M. Fourt RN 447 - BP 87 91003 EVRY CEDEX,FR
| | - Eric Gaffet
- IRAMAT, Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux
CNRS : UMR5060Université de Technologie de Belfort-MontbeliardUniversité Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux IIIUniversité d'OrléansFR
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48
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Pust SE, Szunerits S, Boukherroub R, Wittstock G. Electro-oxidative nanopatterning of silane monolayers on boron-doped diamond electrodes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:075302. [PMID: 19417413 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/7/075302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes were coated with a monolayer of n-octadecyltrichlorosilane as well as of other silanes. Scanning force microscopy was applied to pattern these monolayers, utilizing doped diamond-coated conductive probes. Patterns were generated on the nanometer scale, and conditions for the patterning process were quantified with regard to humidity and potential bias. It was observed that a sample bias of 3-3.5 V and a relative humidity >70% are necessary to generate reproducible and stable patterns. At potentials and relative humidities below these values, no or incomplete removal of the monolayer occurred. The results show that electro-oxidative patterning is an expedient way for the generation of nanostructures on chemically modified BDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha E Pust
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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49
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Vaijayanthimala V, Chang HC. Functionalized fluorescent nanodiamonds for biomedical applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:47-55. [DOI: 10.2217/17435889.4.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, carbon and carbon-based nanomaterials have received increasing attention for applications in life sciences. Nanodiamond (ND) stands out as a unique new substance in these applications because it holds several momentous properties such as good biocompatibility, excellent photostability and facile surface functionalizability. A number of experiments have shown that ND has the highest biocompatibility of all carbon-based nanomaterials including carbon blacks, multiwalled nanotubes, single-walled nanotubes and fullerenes. Additionally, the surface of ND can be readily derivatized with various functional groups for either covalent or noncovalent conjugation with biomolecules. Furthermore, some radiation-damaged NDs can emit strong and stable photoluminescence (red or green) from nitrogen-vacancy defect centers embedded in the crystal lattice. These properties together make ND a highly promising nanomaterial for both in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vaijayanthimala
- Institute of Atomic & Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R.O.C
- Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R.O.C
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C
| | - H-C Chang
- Institute of Atomic & Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R.O.C
- Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R.O.C
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50
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Abouzar M, Poghossian A, Razavi A, Williams O, Bijnens N, Wagner P, Schöning M. Characterisation of capacitive field-effect sensors with a nanocrystalline-diamond film as transducer material for multi-parameter sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:1298-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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