Notch signalling in healthy and diseased vasculature

Endothelial and macrophage interactions in the angiogenic niche

The interactions between vascular cells, especially endothelial cells, and macrophages play a pivotal role in maintaining the subtle balance of vascular biology, which is crucial for angiogenesis in both healthy and diseased states. These cells are central to ensuring a harmonious balance between tissue repair and preventing excessive angiogenic activity, which could lead to pathological conditions. Recent advances in sophisticated genetic engineering vivo models and novel sequencing approaches, such as single-cell RNA-sequencing, in immunobiology have significantly enhanced our understanding of the gene expression and behavior of macrophages. These insights offer new perspectives on the role macrophages play not only in development but also across various health conditions. In this review, we explore the complex interactions between multiple types of macrophages and endothelium, focusing on their impact on new blood vessel formation. By understanding these intricate interactions, we aim to provide insights into new methods for managing angiogenesis in various diseases, thereby offering hope for the development of novel therapeutic approaches.

Bhlhe40 Regulates Proliferation and Angiogenesis in Mouse Embryoid Bodies under Hypoxia

Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the regulation of major adaptive responses to an unbalanced oxygen tension is central to understanding tissue homeostasis and disease. Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) coordinate changes in the transcriptome that control these adaptive responses. Here, we focused on the functional role of the transcriptional repressor basic-helix-loop-helix family member e40 (Bhlhe40), which we previously identified in a meta-analysis as one of the most consistently upregulated genes in response to hypoxia across various cell types. We investigated the role of Bhlhe40 in controlling proliferation and angiogenesis using a gene editing strategy in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) that we differentiated in embryoid bodies (EBs). We observed that hypoxia-induced Bhlhe40 expression was compatible with the rapid proliferation of pluripotent mESCs under low oxygen tension. However, in EBs, hypoxia triggered a Bhlhe40-dependent cell cycle arrest in most progenitor cells and endothelial cells within vascular structures. Furthermore, Bhlhe40 knockout increased the basal vascularization of the EBs in normoxia and exacerbated the hypoxia-induced vascularization, supporting a novel role for Bhlhe40 as a negative regulator of blood vessel formation. Our findings implicate Bhlhe40 in mediating key functional adaptive responses to hypoxia, such as proliferation arrest and angiogenesis.

Distinct neurological phenotypes associated with biallelic loss of NOTCH3 function: evidence for recessive inheritance

BACKGROUND

NOTCH3 variants are known to be linked to cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). However, some null NOTCH3 variants with homozygous inheritance cause neurological symptoms distinct from CADASIL. The aim of this study was to expand the clinical spectrum of this distinct condition and provide further evidence of its autosomal recessive inheritance.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on a proband who exhibited livedo racemosa, ataxia, cognitive decline, seizures, and MRI white matter abnormalities without anterior temporal pole lesions. Segregation analysis was conducted with Sanger sequencing. WES of the proband identified a novel homozygous NOTCH3 null variant (c.2984delC). The consanguineous parents were confirmed as heterozygous variant carriers. In addition, three heterozygous NOTCH3 null variants were reported as incidental findings in three unrelated cases analyzed in our center.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study suggest an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern in this early-onset leukoencephalopathy, in contrast to CADASIL's dominant gain-of-function mechanism; which is a clear example of genotype-phenotype correlation. Comprehensive genetic analysis provides valuable insights into disease mechanisms and facilitates diagnosis and family planning for NOTCH3-associated neurological disorders.

Exploring cutting-edge strategies for drug repurposing in female cancers - An insight into the tools of the trade

Female cancers, which include breast and gynaecological cancers, represent a significant global health burden for women. Despite advancements in research pertinent to unearthing crucial pathological characteristics of these cancers, challenges persist in discovering potential therapeutic strategies. This is further exacerbated by economic burdens associated with de novo drug discovery and clinical intricacies such as development of drug resistance and metastasis. Drug repurposing, an innovative approach leveraging existing FDA-approved drugs for new indications, presents a promising avenue to expedite therapeutic development. Computational techniques, including virtual screening and analysis of drug-target-disease relationships, enable the identification of potential candidate drugs. Integration of diverse data types, such as omics and clinical information, enhances the precision and efficacy of drug repurposing strategies. Experimental approaches, including high-throughput screening assays, in vitro, and in vivo models, complement computational methods, facilitating the validation of repurposed drugs. This review highlights various target mining strategies based on analysis of differential gene expression, weighted gene co-expression, protein-protein interaction network, and host-pathogen interaction, among others. To unearth drug candidates, the technicalities of leveraging information from databases such as DrugBank, STITCH, LINCS, and ChEMBL, among others are discussed. Further in silico validation techniques encompassing molecular docking, pharmacophore modelling, molecular dynamic simulations, and ADMET analysis are elaborated. Overall, this review delves into the exploration of individual case studies to offer a wide perspective of the ever-evolving field of drug repurposing, emphasizing the multifaceted approaches and methodologies employed for the same to confront female cancers.

Notch Signaling: An Emerging Paradigm in the Pathogenesis of Reproductive Disorders and Diverse Pathological Conditions

The highly conserved Notch pathway, a pillar of juxtacrine signaling, orchestrates intricate intercellular communication, governing diverse developmental and homeostatic processes through a tightly regulated cascade of proteolytic cleavages. This pathway, culminating in the migration of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) to the nucleus and the subsequent activation of downstream target genes, exerts a profound influence on a plethora of molecular processes, including cell cycle progression, lineage specification, cell-cell adhesion, and fate determination. Accumulating evidence underscores the pivotal role of Notch dysregulation, encompassing both gain and loss-of-function mutations, in the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases. This review delves deep into the multifaceted roles of Notch signaling in cellular dynamics, encompassing proliferation, differentiation, polarity maintenance, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tissue regeneration/remodeling, and its intricate interplay with other signaling pathways. We then focus on the emerging landscape of Notch aberrations in gynecological pathologies predisposing individuals to infertility. By highlighting the exquisite conservation of Notch signaling in Drosophila and its power as a model organism, we pave the way for further dissection of disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions through targeted modulation of this master regulatory pathway.

Elucidating VSMC phenotypic transition mechanisms to bridge insights into cardiovascular disease implications

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, despite advances in understanding cardiovascular health. Significant barriers still exist in effectively preventing and managing these diseases. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are crucial for maintaining vascular integrity and can switch between contractile and synthetic functions in response to stimuli such as hypoxia and inflammation. These transformations play a pivotal role in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, facilitating vascular modifications and disease advancement. This article synthesizes the current understanding of the mechanisms and signaling pathways regulating VSMC phenotypic transitions, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease interventions.

The role of the Notch signaling pathway in bacterial infectious diseases

The Notch signaling pathway is the most crucial link in the normal operation and maintenance of physiological functions of mammalian life processes. Notch receptors interact with ligands and this leads to three cleavages and goes on to enter the nucleus to initiate the transcription of target genes. The Notch signaling pathway deeply participates in the differentiation and function of various cells, including immune cells. Recent studies indicate that the outcomes of Notch signaling are changeable and highly dependent on different bacterial infection. The Notch signaling pathway plays a different role in promoting and inhibiting bacterial infection. In this review, we focus on the latest research findings of the Notch signaling pathway in bacterial infectious diseases. The Notch signaling pathway is critically involved in a variety of development processes of immunosuppression of different APCs. The Notch signaling pathway leads to functional changes in epithelial cells to aggravate tissue damage. Specifically, we illustrate the regulatory mechanism of the Notch signaling pathway in various bacterial infections, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Ehrlichia chaffeensis and sepsis. Collectively, this review will not only help beginners intuitively and systematically understand the Notch signaling pathway in bacterial infectious diseases but also help experts to generate fresh insight in this field.

Sacubitril/valsartan inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells through notch signaling and ERK1/2 pathway

AIMS

To explore the role and mechanism of Notch signaling and ERK1/2 pathway in the inhibitory effect of sacubitril/valsartan on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).

MAIN METHODS

Human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HA-VSMCs) were cultured in vitro. The proliferating VSMCs were divided into three groups as control group, Ang II group and Ang II + sacubitril/valsartan group. Cell proliferation and migration were detected by CCK8 and scratch test respectively. The mRNA and protein expression of PCNA, MMP-9, Notch1 and Jagged-1 were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot respectively. The p-ERK1/2 expression was detected by Western blot.

KEY FINDINGS

Compared with the control group, proliferation and migration of VSMCs and the expression of PCNA, MMP-9, Notch1, Jagged-1 and p-ERK1/2 was increased in Ang II group. Sacubitril/valsartan significantly reduced the proliferation and migration. Additionally, pretreatment with sacubitril/valsartan reduced the PCNA, MMP-9, Notch1, Jagged-1 and p-ERK1/2 expression.

Jagged-mediated development and disease: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications for Alagille syndrome

Notch signaling controls multiple aspects of embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Alagille syndrome is usually caused by a single mutation in the jagged canonical Notch ligand 1 (JAG1), and manifests with liver disease and cardiovascular symptoms that are a direct consequence of JAG1 haploinsufficiency. Recent insights into Jag1/Notch-controlled developmental and homeostatic processes explain how pathology develops in the hepatic and cardiovascular systems and, together with recent elucidation of mechanisms modulating liver regeneration, provide a basis for therapeutic efforts. Importantly, disease presentation can be regulated by genetic modifiers, that may also be therapeutically leverageable. Here, we summarize recent insights into how Jag1 controls processes of relevance to Alagille syndrome, focused on Jag1/Notch functions in hepatic and cardiovascular development and homeostasis.

2nd Window NIR Imaging of Radiation Injury Mitigation Provided by Reduced Notch-Dll4 Expression on Vasculature

PURPOSE

Vascular endothelium plays a central role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic radiation injuries, yet the mechanisms which promote sustained endothelial dysfunction and contribute to late responding organ failure are unclear. We employed 2nd window (> 1100 nm emission) Near-Infrared (NIR) imaging using indocyanine green (ICG) to track and define the role of the notch ligand Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) in mediating vascular injury in two late-responding radiosensitive organs: the lung and kidney.

PROCEDURES

Consomic strains of female Salt Sensitive or SS (Dll4-high) and SS with 3rd chromosome inherited from Brown Norway, SS.BN3 (Dll4-low) rats at ages 11-12 weeks were used to demonstrate the impact of reduced Dll4 expression on long-term vascular integrity, renal function, and survival following high-dose 13 Gy partial body irradiation at 42- and 90 days post-radiation. 2nd window dynamic NIR fluorescence imaging with ICG was analyzed with physiology-based pharmacokinetic modeling and confirmed with assays of endothelial Dll4 expression to assess the role of endogenous Dll4 expression on radiation injury protection.

RESULTS

We show that SS.BN3 (Dll4-low) rats are relatively protected from vascular permeability disruption compared to the SS (Dll4-high) strain. We further demonstrated that SS.BN3 (Dll4-low) rats have reduced radiation induced loss of CD31+ vascular endothelial cells, and increased Dll4 vascular expression is correlated with vascular dysfunction.

CONCLUSIONS

Together, these data suggest Dll4 plays a key role in pathogenesis of radiation-induced vascular injury to the lung and kidney.

CADASIL: A NOTCH3-associated cerebral small vessel disease

BACKGROUND

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is the most common hereditary cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), pathologically characterized by a non-atherosclerotic and non-amyloid diffuse angiopathy primarily involving small to medium-sized penetrating arteries and leptomeningeal arteries. In 1996, mutation in the notch receptor 3 gene (NOTCH3) was identified as the cause of CADASIL. However, since that time other genetic CSVDs have been described, including the HtrA serine peptidase 1 gene-associated CSVD and the cathepsin A gene-associated CSVD, that clinically mimic the original phenotype. Though NOTCH3-associated CSVD is now a well-recognized hereditary disorder and the number of studies investigating this disease is increasing, the role of NOTCH3 in the pathogenesis of CADASIL remains elusive.

AIM OF REVIEW

This review aims to provide insights into the pathogenesis and the diagnosis of hereditary CSVDs, as well as personalized therapy, predictive approach, and targeted prevention. In this review, we summarize the current progress in CADASIL, including the clinical, neuroimaging, pathological, genetic, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects, as well as differential diagnosis, in which the role of NOTCH3 mutations is highlighted.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

In this review, CADASIL is revisited as a NOTCH3-associated CSVD along with other hereditary CSVDs.

Transcription factors regulating vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

Transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role in regulating the dynamic and precise patterns of gene expression required for the initial specification of endothelial cells (ECs), and during endothelial growth and differentiation. While sharing many core features, ECs can be highly heterogeneous. Differential gene expression between ECs is essential to pattern the hierarchical vascular network into arteries, veins and capillaries, to drive angiogenic growth of new vessels, and to direct specialization in response to local signals. Unlike many other cell types, ECs have no single master regulator, instead relying on differing combinations of a necessarily limited repertoire of TFs to achieve tight spatial and temporal activation and repression of gene expression. Here, we will discuss the cohort of TFs known to be involved in directing gene expression during different stages of mammalian vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, with a primary focus on development.

E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF187 promotes growth of spermatogonia via lysine 48-linked polyubiquitination-mediated degradation of KRT36/KRT84

Ubiquitination is the most common post-translational modification and is essential for various cellular regulatory processes. RNF187, which is known as RING domain AP1 coactivator-1, is a member of the RING finger family. RNF187 can promote the proliferation and migration of various tumor cells. However, whether it has a similar role in regulating spermatogonia is not clear. This study explored the role and molecular mechanism of RNF187 in a mouse spermatogonia cell line (GC-1). We found that RNF187 knockdown reduced the proliferation and migration of GC-1 cells and promoted their apoptosis. RNF187 overexpression significantly increased the proliferation and migration of GC-1 cells. In addition, we identified Keratin36/Keratin84 (KRT36/KRT84) as interactors with RNF187 by co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analyses. RNF187 promoted GC-1 cell growth by degrading KRT36/KRT84 via lysine 48-linked polyubiquitination. Subsequently, we found that KRT36 or KRT84 overexpression significantly attenuated proliferation and migration of RNF187-overexpressing GC-1 cells. In summary, our study explored the involvement of RNF187 in regulating the growth of spermatogonia via lysine 48-linked polyubiquitination-mediated degradation of KRT36/KRT84. This may provide a promising new strategy for treating infertility caused by abnormal spermatogonia development.

Pioneering therapies for post-infarction angiogenesis: Insight into molecular mechanisms and preclinical studies

Acute myocardial infarction (MI), despite significant progress in its treatment, remains a leading cause of chronic heart failure and cardiovascular events such as cardiac arrest. Promoting angiogenesis in the myocardial tissue after MI to restore blood flow in the ischemic and hypoxic tissue is considered an effective treatment strategy. The repair of the myocardial tissue post-MI involves a robust angiogenic response, with mechanisms involved including endothelial cell proliferation and migration, capillary growth, changes in the extracellular matrix, and stabilization of pericytes for neovascularization. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of six key pathways in angiogenesis post-MI: the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, the Notch signaling pathway, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, the Hippo signaling pathway, the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway, and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. We also discuss novel therapeutic approaches targeting these pathways, including drug therapy, gene therapy, protein therapy, cell therapy, and extracellular vesicle therapy. A comprehensive understanding of these key pathways and their targeted therapies will aid in our understanding of the pathological and physiological mechanisms of angiogenesis after MI and the development and application of new treatment strategies.

Left ventricular hypertrophy and metabolic resetting in the Notch3-deficient adult mouse heart

The heart depends on a functional vasculature for oxygenation and transport of nutrients, and it is of interest to learn how primary impairment of the vasculature can indirectly affect cardiac function and heart morphology. Notch3-deficiency causes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) loss in the vasculature but the consequences for the heart remain largely elusive. Here, we demonstrate that Notch3-/- mice have enlarged hearts with left ventricular hypertrophy and mild fibrosis. Cardiomyocytes were hypertrophic but not hyperproliferative, and the expression of several cardiomyocyte markers, including Tnt2, Myh6, Myh7 and Actn2, was altered. Furthermore, expression of genes regulating the metabolic status of the heart was affected: both Pdk4 and Cd36 were downregulated, indicating a metabolic switch from fatty acid oxidation to glucose consumption. Notch3-/- mice furthermore showed lower liver lipid content. Notch3 was expressed in heart VSMC and pericytes but not in cardiomyocytes, suggesting that a perturbation of Notch signalling in VSMC and pericytes indirectly impairs the cardiomyocytes. In keeping with this, Pdgfbret/ret mice, characterized by reduced numbers of VSMC and pericytes, showed left ventricular and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In conclusion, we demonstrate that reduced Notch3 or PDGFB signalling in vascular mural cells leads to cardiomyocyte dysfunction.

GNAQ R183Q somatic mutation contributes to aberrant arteriovenous specification in Sturge-Weber syndrome through Notch signaling

Episcleral vasculature malformation is a significant feature of Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) secondary glaucoma, the density and diameter of which are correlated with increased intraocular pressure. We previously reported that the GNAQ R183Q somatic mutation was located in the SWS episclera. However, the mechanism by which GNAQ R183Q leads to episcleral vascular malformation remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the correlation between GNAQ R183Q and episcleral vascular malformation via surgical specimens, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and the HUVEC cell line EA.hy926. Our findings demonstrated a positive correlation between episcleral vessel diameter and the frequency of the GNAQ R183Q variant. Furthermore, the upregulation of genes from the Notch signaling pathway and abnormal coexpression of the arterial marker EphrinB2 and venous marker EphB4 were demonstrated in the scleral vasculature of SWS. Analysis of HUVECs overexpressing GNAQ R183Q in vitro confirmed the upregulation of Notch signaling and arterial markers. In addition, knocking down of Notch1 diminished the upregulation of arterial markers induced by GNAQ R183Q. Our findings strongly suggest that GNAQ R183Q leads to malformed episcleral vasculatures through Notch-induced aberrant arteriovenous specification. These insights into the molecular basis of episcleral vascular malformation will provide new pathways for the development of effective treatments for SWS secondary glaucoma.

Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms in Chicken Feather Follicle Morphogenesis

In China, the sale of freshly slaughtered chickens is becoming increasingly popular in comparison with that of live chickens, and due to this emerging trend, the skin and feather follicle traits of yellow-feathered broilers have attracted a great deal of research attention. The feather follicle originates from the interaction between the epidermis and dermis in the early embryonic stage. Feather follicle morphogenesis is regulated by the Wnt, ectodysplasin (Eda), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), sonic hedgehog (Shh), Notch, and other signaling pathways that exist in epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The Wnt pathway is essential for feather follicle and feather morphogenesis. Eda interacts with Wnt to induce FGF expression, which attracts mesenchymal cell movement and aggregates to form feather follicle primordia. BMP acts as an inhibitor of the above signaling pathways to limit the size of the feather tract and distance between neighboring feather primordia in a dose-dependent manner. The Notch/Delta pathway can interact with the FGF pathway to promote feather bud formation. While not a part of the early morphogenesis of feather follicles, Shh and BMP signaling are involved in late feather branching. This review summarizes the roles of miRNAs/lncRNA in the regulation of feather follicle and feather growth and development and suggests topics that need to be solved in a future study. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms involved in feather follicle morphogenesis and analyzes the impact of SNP sites on feather follicle traits in poultry. This work may help us to understand the molecular regulatory networks influencing feather follicle growth and provide basic data for poultry carcass quality.

Pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells in central nervous system arteriovenous malformations

Previously considered passive support cells, mural cells-pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells-have started to garner more attention in disease research, as more subclassifications, based on morphology, gene expression, and function, have been discovered. Central nervous system (CNS) arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) represent a neurovascular disorder in which mural cells have been shown to be affected, both in animal models and in human patients. To study consequences to mural cells in the context of AVMs, various animal models have been developed to mimic and predict human AVM pathologies. A key takeaway from recently published work is that AVMs and mural cells are heterogeneous in their molecular, cellular, and functional characteristics. In this review, we summarize the observed perturbations to mural cells in human CNS AVM samples and CNS AVM animal models, and we discuss various potential mechanisms relating mural cell pathologies to AVMs.

A perspective on Notch signalling in progression and arrhythmogenesis in familial hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies

In this perspective, we discussed emerging data indicating a role for Notch signalling in inherited disorders of the heart failure with focus on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) linked to variants of genes encoding mutant proteins of the sarcomere. We recently reported an upregulation of elements in the Notch signalling cascade in cardiomyocytes derived from human inducible pluripotent stem cells expressing a TNNT2 variant encoding cardiac troponin T (cTnT-I79N+/-), which induces hypertrophy, remodelling, abnormalities in excitation-contraction coupling and electrical instabilities (Shafaattalab S et al. 2021 Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 9, 787581. (doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.787581)). Our search of the literature revealed the novelty of this finding and stimulated us to discuss potential connections between the Notch signalling pathway and familial cardiomyopathies. Our considerations focused on the potential role of these interactions in arrhythmias, microvascular ischaemia, and fibrosis. This finding underscored a need to consider the role of Notch signalling in familial cardiomyopathies which are trigged by sarcomere mutations engaging mechano-signalling pathways for which there is evidence of a role for Notch signalling with crosstalk with Hippo signalling. Our discussion included a role for both cardiac myocytes and non-cardiac myocytes in progression of HCM and DCM. This article is part of the theme issue 'The heartbeat: its molecular basis and physiological mechanisms'.

miR-342-5p promotes vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic transition through a negative-feedback regulation of Notch signaling via targeting FOXO3

AIM

Under various pathological conditions such as cancer, vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) transit their contractile phenotype into phenotype(s) characterized by proliferation and secretion, a process called vSMC phenotypic transition (vSMC-PT). Notch signaling regulates vSMC development and vSMC-PT. This study aims to elucidate how the Notch signal is regulated.

MAIN METHODS

Gene-modified mice with a SM22α-CreER^T2 transgene were generated to activate/block Notch signaling in vSMCs. Primary vSMCs and MOVAS cells were cultured in vitro. RNA-seq, qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to evaluated gene expression level. EdU incorporation, Transwell and collagen gel contraction assays were conducted to determine the proliferation, migration and contraction, respectively.

KEY FINDINGS

Notch activation upregulated, while Notch blockade downregulated, miR-342-5p and its host gene Evl in vSMCs. However, miR-342-5p overexpression promoted vSMC-PT as shown by altered gene expression profile, increased migration and proliferation, and decreased contraction, while miR-342-5p blockade exhibited the opposite effects. Moreover, miR-342-5p overexpression significantly suppressed Notch signaling, and Notch activation partially abolished miR-342-5p-induced vSMC-PT. Mechanically, miR-342-5p directly targeted FOXO3, and FOXO3 overexpression rescued miR-342-5p-induced Notch repression and vSMC-PT. In a simulated tumor microenvironment, miR-342-5p was upregulated by tumor cell-derived conditional medium (TCM), and miR-342-5p blockade abrogated TCM-induced vSMC-PT. Meanwhile, conditional medium from miR-342-5p-overexpressing vSMCs significantly enhanced tumor cell proliferation, while miR-342-5p blockade had the opposite effects. Consistently, in a co-inoculation tumor model, miR-342-5p blockade in vSMCs significantly delayed tumor growth.

SIGNIFICANCE

miR-342-5p promotes vSMC-PT through a negative-feedback regulation of Notch signaling via downregulating FOXO3, which could be a potential target for cancer therapy.

New insights into maladaptive vascular responses to donor specific HLA antibodies in organ transplantation

Transplant vasculopathy (TV) causes thickening of donor blood vessels in transplanted organs, and is a significant cause of graft loss and mortality in allograft recipients. It is known that patients with repeated acute rejection and/or donor specific antibodies are predisposed to TV. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms by which alloimmune injury culminates in this disease have not been fully delineated. As a result of this incomplete knowledge, there is currently a lack of effective therapies for this disease. The immediate intracellular signaling and the acute effects elicited by anti-donor HLA antibodies are well-described and continuing to be revealed in deeper detail. Further, advances in rejection diagnostics, including intragraft gene expression, provide clues to the inflammatory changes within allografts. However, mechanisms linking these events with long-term outcomes, particularly the maladaptive vascular remodeling seen in transplant vasculopathy, are still being delineated. New evidence demonstrates alterations in non-coding RNA profiles and the occurrence of endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) during acute antibody-mediated graft injury. EndMT is also readily apparent in numerous settings of non-transplant intimal hyperplasia, and lessons can be learned from advances in those fields. This review will provide an update on these recent developments and remaining questions in our understanding of HLA antibody-induced vascular damage, framed within a broader consideration of manifestations and implications across transplanted organ types.

The spectrum of cell death in sarcoma

The balance between cell death and cell survival is a highly coordinated process by which cells break down and remove unnecessary or harmful materials in a controlled, highly regulated, and compartmentalized manner. Cell exposure to various stresses, such as oxygen starvation, a lack of nutrients, or exposure to radiation, can initiate autophagy. Autophagy is a carefully orchestrated process with multiple steps, each regulated by specific genes and proteins. Autophagy proteins impact cellular maintenance and cell fate in response to stress, and targeting this process is one of the most promising methods of anti-tumor therapy. It is currently not fully understood how autophagy affects different types of tumor cells, which makes it challenging to predict outcomes when this process is manipulated. In this review, we will explore the mechanisms of autophagy and investigate it as a potential and promising therapeutic target for aggressive sarcomas.

Pericytes: The lung-forgotten cell type

Pericytes are a heterogeneous population of mesenchymal cells located on the abluminal surface of microvessels, where they provide structural and biochemical support. Pericytes have been implicated in numerous lung diseases including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and allergic asthma due to their ability to differentiate into scar-forming myofibroblasts, leading to collagen deposition and matrix remodelling and thus driving tissue fibrosis. Pericyte-extracellular matrix interactions as well as other biochemical cues play crucial roles in these processes. In this review, we give an overview of lung pericytes, the key pro-fibrotic mediators they interact with, and detail recent advances in preclinical studies on how pericytes are disrupted and contribute to lung diseases including PAH, allergic asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Several recent studies using mouse models of PAH have demonstrated that pericytes contribute to these pathological events; efforts are currently underway to mitigate pericyte dysfunction in PAH by targeting the TGF-β, CXCR7, and CXCR4 signalling pathways. In allergic asthma, the dissociation of pericytes from the endothelium of blood vessels and their migration towards inflamed areas of the airway contribute to the characteristic airway remodelling observed in allergic asthma. Although several factors have been suggested to influence this migration such as TGF-β, IL-4, IL-13, and periostin, recent evidence points to the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway as a potential therapeutic target. Pericytes might also play an essential role in lung dysfunction in response to ageing, as they are responsive to environmental risk factors such as cigarette smoke and air pollutants, which are the main drivers of COPD. However, there is currently no direct evidence delineating the contribution of pericytes to COPD pathology. Although there is a lack of human clinical data, the recent available evidence derived from in vitro and animal-based models shows that pericytes play important roles in the initiation and maintenance of chronic lung diseases and are amenable to pharmacological interventions. Therefore, further studies in this field are required to elucidate if targeting pericytes can treat lung diseases.

Emerging structural and pathological analyses on the erectile organ, corpus cavernous containing sinusoids

Background

The corpus cavernosum (CC) containing sinusoids plays fundamental roles for erection. Analysis of pathological changes in the erectile system is studied by recent experimental systems. Various in vitro models utilizing genital mesenchymal-derived cells and explant culture systems are summarized.

Methods

3D reconstruction of section images of murine CC was created. Ectopic chondrogenesis in aged mouse CC was shown by a gene expression study revealing the prominent expression of Sox9. Various experimental strategies utilizing mesenchyme-derived primary cells and tissue explants are introduced.

Main Findings

Possible roles of Sox9 in chondrogenesis and its regulation by several signals are suggested. The unique character of genital mesenchyme is shown by various analyses of external genitalia (ExG) derived cells and explant cultures. Such strategies are also applied to the analysis of erectile contraction/relaxation responses to many signals and aging process.

Conclusion

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the essential topics for the modern aged society. More comprehensive studies are necessary to reveal the nature of the erectile system by combining multiple cell culture strategies.

Danhong injection combined with tPA protects the BBB through Notch-VEGF signaling pathway on long-term outcomes of thrombolytic therapy

Current therapy for ischemic stroke primarily relies on tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), but it is limited by narrow treatment time window, bleeding complications and neurotoxicity. The preliminary study of tPA plus Danhong injection (DHI) shows that it can significantly reduce the side effects of tPA and improve its thrombolytic effect, but the mechanism of this action has not been further studied. In this study, the rats were randomly divided into sham group, vehicle group, DHI group (4 mL/kg), tPA group (5 mg/kg) and DHI+tPA group (4 mL/kg+ 2.5 mg/kg), administered intravenously 4.5 h since focal embolic stroke modeling. After 3 days and 7 days of cerebral ischemia, the neurological function of each treatment group was significantly improved compared with the vehicle group. The combination of DHI and tPA significantly reduced Evans blue (EB) penetration as well as the expressions of the proteins MMP-9, PAI-1 and P-selectin, while upregulating the expressions of claudin-5, occludin, and ZO-1 mRNA. Furthermore, the effect of continuous 7-day treatment was more conspicuous than 3-day treatment. Then, it significantly reduced the expressions of the proteins DLL-4 and VEGFR-2, increased the expressions of Notch-1, HIF-1α and HES-1 mRNA, and promoted the expressions of VEGF/HIF-1α-positive cells at 14 days following stroke. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) also showed that it improved pathological changes of ischemic brain tissue and the cerebral cortex micro-structure. These indicate that DHI combined with tPA may significantly ameliorate blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption by activating Notch-VEGF signaling pathway to promote angiogenesis for long-term outcomes.

Roles of Notch Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment

The Notch signaling pathway is an architecturally simple signaling mechanism, well known for its role in cell fate regulation during organ development and in tissue homeostasis. In keeping with its importance for normal development, dysregulation of Notch signaling is increasingly associated with different types of tumors, and proteins in the Notch signaling pathway can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, depending on the cellular context and tumor type. In addition to a role as a driver of tumor initiation and progression in the tumor cells carrying oncogenic mutations, it is an emerging realization that Notch signaling also plays a role in non-mutated cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss how aberrant Notch signaling can affect three types of cells in the tumor stroma-cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells and vascular cells-and how this influences their interactions with the tumor cells. Insights into the roles of Notch in cells of the tumor environment and the impact on tumor-stroma interactions will lead to a deeper understanding of Notch signaling in cancer and inspire new strategies for Notch-based tumor therapy.